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Olga Constantinovna of Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia

Queen consort of the Hellenes

Tenure 27 October 186718 March 1913

Regent of Greece

Tenure 17 November19 December 1920

Spouse George I of Greece

Issue

Constantine I of Greece

Prince George

Princess Alexandra

Prince Nicholas

Princess Marie

Princess Olga
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Prince Andrew

Prince Christopher

House Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (by birth)

Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg (by

marriage)

Father Grand Duke Constantine of Russia

Mother Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg

Born 3 September 1851

Pavlovsk,Russian Empire

Died 18 June 1926 (aged 74)

Burial 17 November 1936

Royal Cemetery,Tatoi Palace,Greece

Religion Eastern Orthodox

Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia(Russian: ),

later Queen Olga of the Hellenes(Greek: ) (3 September [O.S. 22

August] 185118 June 1926), was thewife of KingGeorge I of Greece and, briefly in 1920,regent of

Greece.

A member of theRomanov dynasty,she was the daughter ofGrand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and

his wife,Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg.She spent her childhood inSaint Petersburg,Poland and

theCrimea,and married King George I of Greece in 1867 at the age of sixteen. At first, she felt ill at ease

in theKingdom of Greece,but she quickly became involved in social and charitable work. She founded

hospitals and help centers, but her attempt to promote a new, more accessible, Greek translation of the

Gospels sparked riots by religious conservatives.

On the assassination of her husband in 1913, Olga returned to Russia. When theFirst World War broke

out, she set up amilitary hospital inPavlovsk Palace,which belonged to her brother. She was trapped in

the palace after theRussian Revolution of 1917, until the Danish embassy intervened, allowing her to

escape to Switzerland. Olga could not return to Greece as her son,King Constantine I,had been

deposed.

In October 1920, she returned to Athens on the fatal illness of her grandson,King Alexander.After his

death, she was appointed regent until the restoration of Constantine I the following month. However,
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after the defeat of the Greeks in theGreco-Turkish War of 191922 the Greek royal family were again

exiled and Olga spent the last years of her life in the United Kingdom, France and Italy.

Contents

[hide]

1 Family and early life 2 Engagement and marriage 3 Private life 4 Social work 5 Evangelikacontroversy 6 Widowhood 7 World War I 8 First exile 9 Regency 10 Second exile and death 11 Ancestors 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Family and early life[edit]

Olga was born atPavlovsk Palace nearSaint Petersburg on 3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1851. She was

the second child and eldest daughter ofGrand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife,Grand

Duchess Alexandra,a former princess ofSaxe-Altenburg.Through her father, Olga was a granddaughter

of TsarNicholas I,a niece of TsarAlexander II and first cousin of TsarAlexander III.[1]

Her childhood was spent at her father's homes, including Pavlovsk Palace and estates in theCrimea.Her

father was a younger brother of Alexander II,[2]

and her mother was considered one of the most

intelligent and elegant women of the court.[3]

Olga was particularly close to her older brother,Nicholas,

and was one of the few members of the imperial family to keep in touch with him after he was banished

toTashkent.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Family_and_early_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Engagement_and_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Private_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Social_workhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Evangelika_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Evangelika_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Evangelika_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Widowhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#First_exilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Regencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Second_exile_and_deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Ancestorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977469.E2.80.93474-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977469.E2.80.93474-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977469.E2.80.93474-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469.E2.80.9370-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469.E2.80.9370-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469.E2.80.9370-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200655.2C_109.E2.80.93110-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200655.2C_109.E2.80.93110-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200655.2C_109.E2.80.93110-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200655.2C_109.E2.80.93110-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469.E2.80.9370-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977469.E2.80.93474-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Altenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Noteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Ancestorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Second_exile_and_deathhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Regencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#First_exilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#World_War_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Widowhoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Evangelika_controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Social_workhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Private_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Engagement_and_marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#Family_and_early_lifehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)


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As a child, Olga was described as a simple and chubby little girl with a broad face and big blue

eyes.[5]

Unlike her younger sister,Vera,she had a calm temperament, but she was also extremely shy.

For example, when interrogated by her tutors during lessons, she burst into tears and ran from the

classroom.[6]

In 1862, Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich was appointedviceroy ofRussian Poland by his brotherand moved toWarsaw with his wife and children. The stay in Poland proved difficult for the Grand Duke,

who was the victim of a nationalist assassination attempt the day after his arrival in the Polish

capital.[7]

Although Constantine embarked on a program of liberalization and re-instated Polish as an

official language,[8]

Polish nationalists agitating for reform were not appeased. Finally, anuprising in

January 1863 and the radicalization of the separatists pushed the Tsar to recall his brother in

August.[9]

Olga's difficult experiences in Poland marked her profoundly.[10]

Engagement and marriage[edit]

Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna, 1867

The young KingGeorge I of Greece visited Russia in 1863 to thank Olga's uncle TsarAlexander II for his

support during George's election to the throne of Greece. Whilst there, George met the then twelve-

year old Olga for the first time.[11]

George visited Russia again in 1867 to meet with his sisterDagmar,who had marriedTsarevitch

Alexander (later Alexander III) the year before. He was determined to find a wife and the idea of an

alliance with a Russian grand duchess, born into theEastern Orthodox Church,appealed to him.[12]

Olga

fell in love with George, but she was nevertheless anxious and distraught at the thought of leaving

Russia.[13]Her father was initially reluctant to agree to their marriage, thinking that at the age of fifteen

she was too young and, being close to his daughter, concerned by the distance between Greece and

Russia. For her part, Grand Duchess Alexandra was much more enthusiastic than her husband and, when

some members of the imperial family noted the extreme youth of her daughter, she replied that Olga

would not always be as young.[12]

Eventually, it was decided that Olga and George would marry when

she had reached her sixteenth birthday. Meanwhile, she would continue her schoolwork until her

wedding day.[12]

Olga and George married at the chapel of theWinter Palace in Saint Petersburg on 27 October [O.S. 15

October] 1867. After five days of festivities, they spent a brief honeymoon atRopsha,south-west of

Saint Petersburg. Over the following twenty years, they had eight children:

Constantine (18681923), who was born ten months after the marriage of his parents; hemarriedPrincess Sophia of Prussia and succeeded his father as king;

George (18691957), High Commissioner ofCrete from 1898 to 1906, marriedPrincess MarieBonaparte;
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edia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_Prussiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199924.E2.80.9325-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199924.E2.80.9325-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200637-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199924.E2.80.9325-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-times-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristmas191481-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200634.E2.80.9336-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeepvat200770-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200635-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiestnik_of_the_Kingdom_of_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200636.E2.80.9338-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Vera_Constantinovna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson200636-5


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Alexandra (18701891), marriedGrand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia;their childrenincludedGrand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia,one of the assassins ofGrigori Rasputin;

Nicholas (18721938), marriedGrand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia; Marie (18761940), married firstlyGrand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia and

secondlyPerikles Ioannidis;

Olga (7 April 18802 November 1880); Andrew (18821944), father ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh;and Christopher (18881940), father ofPrince Michael of Greece.[14]

The Tsar told Olga "to love her new country twice more than her own",[15]

but she was ill-prepared for

her new life. Aware of her youth, she chose to retain the services of her governess to continue her

education.[16]

On arrival atPiraeus,Olga wore blue and white, the national colors of Greece, to the

delight of the crowd. On the way to the capital, popular unrest was such that Olga, who was not

accustomed to such demonstrations, was close to tears. Unable to speak Greek, and with little time for

rest, she attended official functions over several days. Overwhelmed, Olga was found sobbing under a

staircase cuddling her teddy bear a few days after her arrival in the kingdom while she was expected for

a formal event.[17]

In less than a year, she learnt Greek and English.[2]

On the advice of her mother, she

took an interest in the archeology and history of Greece to gain public support.[18]

Private life[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Georgievna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikles_Ioannidishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977325.E2.80.93327-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977325.E2.80.93327-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977325.E2.80.93327-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199925-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199925-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199925-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199926-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199926-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199926-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200470-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200470-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200470-18https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_jubilee_of_George_I_of_Greece_and_Queen_Olga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_jubilee_of_George_I_of_Greece_and_Queen_Olga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_jubilee_of_George_I_of_Greece_and_Queen_Olga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_jubilee_of_George_I_of_Greece_and_Queen_Olga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200470-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199926-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199926-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200469Van_der_Kiste199925-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977325.E2.80.93327-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikles_Ioannidishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Maria_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Vladimirovna_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Georgievna_of_Russia


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Demotic Greek was the version commonly spoken. Olga decided to have the Bible translated into a

version that could be understood by most contemporary Greeks rather than only those educated in

Koine Greek. Opponents of the translation, however, considered it "tantamount to a renunciation of

Greece's 'sacred heritage'".[40]

In February 1901, the translation of the New Testament from Koine into Modern Greek that she hadsponsored was published without the authorization of the GreekHoly Synod.The price was set at

onedrachma,far below its actual cost, and the edition sold well. To mitigate opposition to the

translation, both the old and new texts were included and the frontispiece specifically stated it was for

"exclusive family use" rather than in church.[41]

At the same time, another translation was completed byAlexandros Pallis,a major supporter of a

literary movement supporting the use of Demotic in written language. Publication of the translation

started in serial form in the newspaperAcropolison 9 September 1901.[42]

Almost immediately Purist

theologians denounced this version as a "ridiculing of the nation's most valuable relics"[43]

while a

faction of the Greek press started accusing Pallis and his Demoticist supporters of blasphemy and

treason.[42]

Ecumenical Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople denounced the translation, adding further

fuel to the opposition.[43]

Riots, peaking on 8 November, were started by students of theUniversity of

Athens,partly motivated by conservative professors.[44]

They demanded theexcommunication of Pallis

and anyone involved with the translations, including Olga and Procopios, theMetropolitan bishop of

Athens,who had supervised the translation at her personal request.[45]

Troops were called in to maintain order, and conflict between them and the rioters resulted in eight

deaths and over sixty people wounded.[46]

By December, the remaining copies of Olga's translation had

been confiscated and their circulation prohibited. Anyone selling or reading the translations was

threatened with excommunication.[47]

The controversy was called Evangelika,[48]

i.e. "the Gospels

question", after the wordEvangelion,Greek for "Gospel", and led to the resignation of themetropolitan

bishop,Procopius, and the fall of the government ofGeorgios Theotokis.[49][50]

Widowhood[edit]

Funeral of George I, Athens, 1913
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993125-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993125-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993125-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Synodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993124-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993124-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993124-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Pallishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Joachim_III_of_Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993128.E2.80.93130-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993128.E2.80.93130-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993128.E2.80.93130-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archbishops_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archbishops_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123.2C_129.E2.80.93130-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123.2C_129.E2.80.93130-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123.2C_129.E2.80.93130-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117.2C_131-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117.2C_131-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117.2C_131-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993131-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993131-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993131-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellSherrard1968198Carabott1993131-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellSherrard1968198Carabott1993131-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellSherrard1968198Carabott1993131-49https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_George_I_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_George_I_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_George_I_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_of_George_I_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellSherrard1968198Carabott1993131-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellSherrard1968198Carabott1993131-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Theotokishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel#Etymologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993131-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993117.2C_131-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993123.2C_129.E2.80.93130-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archbishops_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Archbishops_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993128.E2.80.93130-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_Joachim_III_of_Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-jw-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993126-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Pallishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993124-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Synodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarabott1993125-40


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In 1913, theFirst Balkan War ended with the defeat of theOttoman Empireby a coalition of

Greek,Bulgarian,Serbian andMontenegrin forces. Greece was considerably enlarged at the expense

ofTurkey,but divisions between the victorious powers in theBalkan League soon became apparent:

Athens andSofia vied for possession ofThessaloniki and its region.[51]

To affirm Greek control of the

main city ofMacedonia,George I moved to the city soon after its conquest. Just as he did in Athens, he

went about Thessaloniki without any meaningful protection force, and while out for an afternoon walk

near theWhite Tower on 18 March 1913, he was shot and killed byAlexandros Schinas.[52]

Olga, who said

her husband's death was "the will of God", arrived at Thessaloniki the next day. She and her family

visited the scene of the assassination and accompanied the body of the king to Athens. He was buried in

the royal cemetery atTatoi Palace.[53]

George and Olga's eldest son,Constantine,became king and his wife,Sophia of Prussia,became the

newqueen consort.Olga, asqueen dowager,was given the use of a wing in the royal palace but soon

returned to her native Russia, to spend time with her younger brother,Grand Duke Constantine

Constantinovich and his family at his home, and Olga's birthplace,Pavlovsk Palace.[54]

World War I[edit]

Pavlovsk Palace,nearSaint Petersburg

In August 1914, Olga was in Russia at the outbreak ofWorld War I,[55]

in which theAllied or Entente

Powers including Russia, Britain and France fought against theCentral Powers including Germany,

Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. She decided to stay in Saint Petersburg and establish a

military hospital to support the Russian war effort.[56]

Olga created a clinic at Pavlovsk Palace where she

cared for wounded soldiers with her sister-in-law,Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna.Other members

of the imperial family, such asPrincess Helen and Olga's granddaughterGrand Duchess Maria

Pavlovna founded field hospitals at the front.[57]As the war continued, Olga became aware of the

growing crisis in Russia, and attempted to warnTsarina Alexandra in 1916 of the danger of revolution

but the Russian empress refused to listen. A few weeks later, Olga attracted the fury of the Tsarina after

signing a petition asking for a pardon for her grandson,Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich,who had been

exiled to thePersian front for his involvement in the assassination of Alexandra's favorite mystic,Grigori

Rasputin.[58]
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10/14

Portrait byGeorgios Jakobides,1915

In contrast to Olga, her eldest son, King Constantine I of Greece, was determined to follow a policy of

neutrality.[59]

While his maternal relations were Russian, his wife was the sister ofKaiser Wilhelm II of

Germany. His policy brought him into conflict withPrime MinisterEleftherios Venizelos,who favored the

Allies. Constantine was soon accused of being a Germanophile and the Athenian government was

regarded with suspicion in London and Paris. In what became known as theNational Schism,Venizelos

established a parallel government in Thessaloniki in opposition to Constantine.[60]

On thecollapse of the Tsarist regime in February 1917, Olga's sister-in-law left Pavlovsk with her family,

but Olga stayed, soon to be almost alone except for a single young domestic named Anna Egorova.

(After the Revolution, Egorova entered the service ofPrince Christopher of Greece and became the

governess of his son,Michael.[61]

)Short of food, the two women were limited to eating a little dry bread

soaked in poor quality oil. Their safety was far from assured, and a few days after theOctober

Revolution,Bolsheviks invaded and ransacked the palace. Fortunately, Olga was physically

unharmed.[62]

She accepted the need to leave Russia, but the Bolsheviks refused to let her go and

diplomatic help from Greece was not forthcoming in the aftermath of the National Schism. In June,

Constantine had been deposed and exiled to Switzerland. As the Allies did not wish to establish a Greek

republic or seeCrown Prince George succeed his father, Constantine was replaced on the throne by his

second son,Alexander,who was thought to be more favorable to the Allies and more malleable than his

older brother.[63]

Venizelos held actual power while the supporters of the deposed king were arrested or

executed.[64]

First exile[edit]

After several months of appeals for help, the Danish legation inRussia issued Olga a passport, which she

used to enter Germany on the eve of its defeat, eventually joining her eldest son and his family in

Switzerland in early 1919.[65]

Other members of the Russian imperial family did not escape. Among
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobideshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199989.E2.80.9390-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199989.E2.80.9390-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199989.E2.80.9390-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizeloshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Schismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199998.E2.80.9399-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199998.E2.80.9399-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199998.E2.80.9399-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_of_Greece200478-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_of_Greece200478-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_of_Greece200478-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson2006166.2C_186-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson2006166.2C_186-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson2006166.2C_186-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999104.E2.80.93108-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999104.E2.80.93108-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999104.E2.80.93108-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999112.E2.80.93115-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999112.E2.80.93115-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999112.E2.80.93115-64https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200489.E2.80.9390Van_der_Kiste1999116-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200489.E2.80.9390Van_der_Kiste1999116-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200489.E2.80.9390Van_der_Kiste1999116-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Olga_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Olga_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Olga_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Olga_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200489.E2.80.9390Van_der_Kiste1999116-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999112.E2.80.93115-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999104.E2.80.93108-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingWilson2006166.2C_186-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael_of_Greece200478-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199998.E2.80.9399-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Schismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizeloshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste199989.E2.80.9390-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides


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thosekilled were the Tsar, Tsarina and their five children;Olga's brothers Grand

DukesNicholas andDmitri Constantinovich; three of her nephews

PrincesJohn,Constantine andIgor Constantinovich; and the Tsarina's sisterGrand Duchess Elizabeth

Feodorovna.[66]

Queen Olga in old age byPhilip de Lszl

In Switzerland, Constantine I and his family found themselves isolated and without an income. The

Greek government under Venizelos did not pay pensions to former rulers and prohibited any contact

between the exiles and King Alexander. Already in fragile health, the former king became gradually more

depressed.[67]

The Russian Revolution and the National Schism deprived Olga of her immovable property

and she was forced to live a much less lavish lifestyle than in the past.[68]

She did, however, enjoy

spending more time with her sons and grandchildren, from whom she had been long separated by the

war.[69]

Regency[edit]

On 2 October 1920, King Alexander was bitten by a monkey during a walk through the gardens at Tatoi.

The wound became infected and Alexander developedsepticemia.On 19 October, he began to rave and

called his mother at his bedside but the Greek government refused to allow Queen Sophia to return to

Greece.[70]

Worried about her son, and knowing that his grandmother was the only other royal still in

favor with theVenizelists,Sophia asked Olga to go to Athens to care for Alexander. After several days of

negotiations, the dowager queen obtained permission to return to Greece but, delayed by rough seas,

she arrived twelve hours after her grandson's death on 25 October.[71]

On 29 October, Alexander wasburied at Tatoi; Olga was the only member of the royal family at the funeral.

[72]

Still opposed to the return of Constantine I and Crown Prince George, the government of Eleftherios

Venizelos offered the throne to Constantine's third son,Prince Paul,who refused to ascend the throne

before his father and older brother unless a referendum named him head of state.[73]

Only days after

Alexander's death, however, Venizelos was defeated ina general election.On 17 November,

AdmiralPavlos Kountouriotis,regent since the death of Alexander, retired and the new prime
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200490-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_de_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-Massingberd1977470.E2.80.93476Van_der_Kiste1998198.E2.80.93202-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Igor_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_John_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dimitri_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Constantinovich_of_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_the_Romanov_family


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minister,Dimitrios Rallis,asked Olga to assume the regency. She served as regent for about a month

until her son Constantine returned to the throne on 19 December aftera referendum in his favor.[74]

Second exile and death[edit]

Olga (center) with her sonChristopher and his first wifePrincess Anastasia

Olga's monogram used as an emblem on the World War II-era Greek destroyerVasilissa Olga

Constantine I returned to the throne 18 months into theGreco-Turkish War,launched in May 1919. In

September 1921, the Greek defeat at thebattle of Sakarya marked the beginning of the Greek retreat

from Turkey. Resentment among the allies for Constantine's policy during World War I prevented

Athens from receiving outside support.[75]

Mustafa Kemal Atatrk,the new leader of Turkey,

regainedSmyrna andEastern Thrace,annexed by Athens at the end of World War I.[76]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_referendum,_1920https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999126-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999126-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999126-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Stewart_Worthington_Leedshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga_(D15)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga_(D15)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga_(D15)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sakaryahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertin1982230Van_der_Kiste1999129.E2.80.93130-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertin1982230Van_der_Kiste1999129.E2.80.93130-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Thracehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999134.E2.80.93137-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999134.E2.80.93137-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999134.E2.80.93137-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vasilissa_Olga_CoA.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Aspacia,_Prince_Christopher_and_Dowager_Queen_of_Greece.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999134.E2.80.93137-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Thracehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertin1982230Van_der_Kiste1999129.E2.80.93130-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sakaryahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_destroyer_Vasilissa_Olga_(D15)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Stewart_Worthington_Leedshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Christopher_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999126-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_referendum,_1920https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Rallis


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Followinga coup by disgruntled military officers,Constantine I abdicated for a second time on 27

September 1922. With several other members of his family, including Queen Olga, he went into exile in

Italy while his eldest son succeeded him for a few months on the throne as George II.[77]

Within months,

Constantine died in Italy. One of Olga's sons, Prince Andrew, was among those arrested by the new

regime. Many defendants in thetreason trials that followed the coup were shot, including senior

politicians and generals.[78]Foreign diplomats assumed that Andrew was also in mortal danger,

andGeorge V of the United Kingdom,Alfonso XIII of Spain,the French presidentRaymond

Poincar andPope Pius XI sent representatives to Athens to intercede on his behalf.[79]

Andrew, though

spared, was banished for life and his family fled into exile aboard a British cruiser,HMS Calypso.[80][81]

Unlike her children and grandchildren, Olga was given a pension by the government of theSecond

Hellenic Republic,but she maintained so many of the faithful old servants who had fled Greece with her

that she was usually left with no more than 20pounds sterling per month (worth about 900 in 2010

prices[82]

)to meet her own expenses.[68]

She could, however, count on the support of her family,

scattered throughout Western Europe. In the United Kingdom, she shared her time betweenSpencer

House, London,the residence of her youngest son, Prince Christopher;Regent's Park,where herdaughter, Grand Duchess Marie, rented a mansion;Sandringham House,the home of her sister-in-

law,Queen Alexandra;andWindsor Castle andBuckingham Palace,where her nephew, King George V,

lent apartments.[83]

Olga's grave in Tatoi

Olga's final years were marked by ill health. Lameness restricted her to a wheelchair, and she stayed inParis several times to undergo treatment for her eyes. Her poor eyesight caused George V much

laughter when she mistook a statue of a nakedLady Godiva for one ofQueen Victoria.[79]

Increasingly

dependent, Olga finally settled with her youngest son, Prince Christopher, shortly after the death of his

first wife,Princess Anastasia,in 1923. Olga died on 18 June 1926 either at Christopher's Villa Anastasia

inRome,[84]

or atPau, France.[85]
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ikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anastasia_of_Greece_and_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999140-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Godivahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateos_S.C3.A1inz_de_Medrano200492.E2.80.9393.2C_318Van_der_Kiste1999147-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_House,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_House,_Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999147-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-inflation-UK-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999140.E2.80.93141Vickers2000170.E2.80.93171-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999140.E2.80.93141Vickers2000170.E2.80.93171-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Calypso_(D61)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999140-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Constantinovna_of_Russia#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Kiste1999137-77https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution


14/14

Despite republicanism in Greece, Olga was still held in high esteem and the republican government in

Athens offered to pay for her funeral and repatriate her remains to Greece. Nonetheless, her children

declined the offer, preferring to bury her in Italy beside her son, Constantine I, whose body Greece had

refused to accept.[86]

Her funeral was held on 22 June 1926 at the Orthodox Church in Rome and the next

day she was laid to rest in the crypt of the Russian church inFlorence.[87][88]

After therestoration of the

Greek monarchy in 1935 she was re-interred at Tatoi on 17 November 1936.[89]

As much of her property had been confiscated by theSoviet Union and the Greek republican

government, most of her estate comprised jewelry reported inThe Timesto be worth 100,000

(equivalent to more than 4,500,000 today[82]

). This was shared between her children and the children

of Constantine I.[90]

Traumatized by the events of theRussian Revolution,Olga wished to sever all ties

with the country in which her family had been massacred. Before dying, she made her grandson, King

George II, swear to repatriate the ashes of her daughter Princess Alexandra, buried in thePeter and Paul

Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. Her wish was fulfilled in 1940 after his restoration to the Greek throne
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Documents

Olga Constantinova