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OLED Technology and Trends
Alexander Biebel
Merck KgaA
December 2013
Milestones in the history of Merck
1668
Friedrich Jacob Merck (1621-1678)
buys the Angel Pharmacy (Engel-Apotheke)
1827
Heinrich Emanuel Merck (1794-1855) starts
production on an industrial scale
Merck is the oldest pharmaceutical and chemical company in the world
Corporate structure
Group functions
Merck
Serono
Div
isio
ns
Merck Group
Consumer
Health Care
Merck
Millipore
Performance
Materials
Performance Materials
Liquid Crystals Merck has been pioneering the development of liquid crystals for more than 100 years. Today we are the leading global supplier of liquid crystal mixtures for
displays (LCDs) in
– LCD televisions
– Notebooks and LCD monitors
– Consumer electronics such as navigation systems, eBooks, MP3-players,
mobile telephones, smart phones, digital frames, advertising space.
Further products:
– OLED1 materials for OLED displays and new large light sources;
Reactive mesogens for brightness enhancement, 3D and compensation films for LCDs;
Structuring materials for photovoltaics and display applications.
Note: 1 OLED: organic light-emitting diode
Selected applications:
LCD TVs 3D glasses 3D monitors Large-screen televisions
Fully developed OLED materials will offer significant USPs for display and lighting
• Good Performance
• New Design Rules
• Processibility
• Cost Advantage
OLED Materials’
Unique Selling Propositions
Source: GE , MOM-GE Conf.
…. Material design delivers advantages to customers in display and lighting
Short switching time Flexible
Thin and low power
consumption
Principle of OLED and LC
= Light Modulation
3 – 6 V
= Light Generation
Organic Light Emitting Diode Liquid Crystal
Back Light Back Light
3–6 V
- +
+
- -
+
- - - - - -
+ + + + + + EF
EF
eU
Anode Kathode Farbstoff
oder
Polymer
+ + + +
- - - -
-
+
- + - +
OLED Light Emission Principle
Anode
Cathode
Light
LIGHT emission by applying a current, color based on material
Small Molecule OLEDs vs. Solution-based OLED Decives
Hole
Blocking HBL 10 nm
ITO
Hole
injection HIL
5-150 nm
Hole
transport HTL 10-20 nm
Emission EML 20-40 nm
Electron
transport ETL 20 nm
LiF / Al Cathode 100-200nm
ITO
Conductive
Polymer CP
~200 nm
Interlayer IL 5-10 nm
Emission EML ~80 nm
Ba / Al Cathode 100-200nm
OLED Device on Small Molecules
Materials
OLED Device on Solution-based
Materials
3–6 V
-
+
+
-
- - - - - -
+ + + + + +
- + -
+ +
Blue color is based on Singlet currently and mid future. Green / Red is based on
Triplet (OLED will be able to compete with LCD on power consumption)
Singlet vs. Triplet OLED Emitters
There are two possible types of emitters (dopants)
Singlet (Fluorescent Emitter)
max. 25 % of energy
transformed into light
Triplet (Phosphorescent Emitter)
max. 100 % of energy
transformed into light
Triplet emitter offer up to 4x more
efficiency Singlet emitter offer less efficiency
Vapor and Solution Based Deposition of OLED Materials
Source
Substrate Shadow-
mask
Small Molecules –
Deposition in Vacuum
Solution-based Materials –
Deposition by Coating or Printing
TFT ITO
SiO2
Substrate
Polymerbank
Printer Head
OLED - Ink
Current Market, Smaller Sizes Future Application for Larger Sizes
OLED Material Stacks in Devices - Exremly Thin, Superior Design Options!
HBL 10 nm
ITO
HIL 5-150 nm
HTL 10-20 nm
EML 20-40 nm
ETL 20 nm
Cathode 100-200nm
3–6 V
-
+
+
-
- - - - - -
+ + + + + +
- + -
+ +
Human Hair
A human hair is about 300 times thicker than the OLED material stack
OLED Encapsulation Requirements are much higher than for other technologies
Merck OLED Technologies R&D Process and Synergies to Locations
Multi-step!!
SM/
Monomers
Polymers
Glass
INKJET or
Evaporation
Light Emitting
Material Layers
Injection/Transport Layers
Anode Layer (ITO)
Substrate (glass)
Cathode Layer (metal)
STRUCTURE SYNTHESIS ANALYTICS PHYSICS
FORMULATION APPLICATION DEVICE ARCHITECTURE
Customer
(In Case of
Solution
Based)
Merck OLED : Products and Technology Range
Merck OLED Materials Offering commercial volumes of both,
Evaporation Systems & Printable Systems
Printable Material
• Small Molecule based soluble
systems
• Range of polymers
• With or without Interlayer
• Hole Injection materials
• Formulations for printing
applications
Evaporation Material
• Hole transport materials
• Range of triplet emitters
• Respective triplet matrices
• Blue singlet emitters with matching
hosts.
• Electron transport materials
White light from OLEDs
Cathode
Electron transport
Blue emission
Green or Yellow
emission
Red emission
Hole transport
ITO
individual
or mixed
layers
all fluorescent
lifetime
efficiency
plays only minor role for lighting
+ _
hybrid (with fluorescent blue)
for efficiencies up to 80 lm/W
currently state-of-the-art
all phosphorescent
lifetime
efficiency
for max efficiency >100 lm/W
_
+
Cathode
Electron transport
Blue emission
Charge generation
Green emission
Red emission
Hole transport
ITO
Need for high performance (fluorescent) s-blue , (phosphorescent) t-green /yellow/red
subunits as building blocks for white OLEDs
Cathode
Electron transport
Blue emission
Charge generation
Yellow emission
Red emission
Hole transport
ITO
Cathode
Electron transport
Blue emission
Charge generation
Yellow emission
Charge generation
Red emission
Hole transport
ITO ... many options
Current most prominent approach: stacking
From White OLED to RGBW OLED TV
OLED Actual Developments
LGD curved
OLED TV
SDC curved OLED Mobile Phone
Panasonic 4k printed OLED TV
LGD – G Flex
OLED Future Samsung
Mobil
Display
0,05 mm
dick
Aktiv
Matrix 4“
400x272
1:100k
100%
NTSC
Samsung
Transparent OLED
Monitor Prototype Philips Fluid wrist display
OLED has to have the performance in application and productivity for manufacturer to compete with LC technology
Advantages :
Reduced Bill of material
Green technology
Vivid, natural colours
@ high contrast
Platform to enable
future flexible displays
Displays build to
visualize the world as it is
Technology needs:
High efficiency materials
Long lifetime materials
Easy to process materials
Material quality and supply
chain
IP
Cooperation between material
&
device & process
manufacturer
OLED TV by LGD, Source : Merck
In certain applications OLED has advantages already if used in a clever way
Icons on black background save energy compared to TFT LCD
High contrast combined with high resolution gives 3d like picture quality
Fast response time allows very good video capability
OLED Media Tablet by OEM: Moto , Source : OLED Info.com
First prototypes already show the
potential
Flexibility
Transparency
Rugged construction
3d & touch integration
Plastic Substrate
Foldable displays
Large high resolution wall screens
New advantages arising out off the OLED technology will show up soon
Danke für Ihre
Aufmerksamkeit
http://www.merck-performance-materials.com
Merck OLED