Upload
jledl
View
244
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
1/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 1 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Okra
Okra(US/!o"kr!/or UK/!#kr!/;
Abelmoschus esculentusMoench),
known in many English-speaking
countries as ladies' fingers,bhindi,bamia, or gumbo, is a flowering
plantin the mallow family. It is valued
for its edible green seed pods. The
geographical origin of okra is disputed,
with supportersofSouth Asian,
EthiopianandWest Africanorigins.
The plant is cultivated in tropical,subtropical and warm temperate
regions around the world.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Moenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Moenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
2/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 2 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Vernacular names
The name okrais most often used inthe United States, with a variant
pronunciation, English Caribbean
okro. The word okrais of Nigerianorigin and is cognate with !kwur"in
the Igbo languagespoken in Nigeria.[2]
Okra is often known as "lady's fingers"
outside of Africa.[3]In various Bantu
languages, okra is called kingomboor
a variant thereof,[citation needed]and
this is the origin of its name in
Portuguese(quiabo), Spanish
(quimbombor guigamb),
Dutch[citation needed]and French
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
3/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 3 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
(gombo), and also possibly of the
name "gumbo", used in parts of the
United States and English-speakingCaribbean for either the vegetable or a
stew based on it.[4]In Indiaand
Pakistan, and often in the UnitedKingdom, it is called by its Hindi/Urdu
name, bhindi, bhendi, bendaior
bhinda. In BangladeshandWest
Bengal, Indiait is called dherosh. In
Tamilnadu, Indiait is called vendai
kai. InAndhra Pradeshand
Karnataka, Indiait is called bendekayi. In China, it is called qiu kui. In
Middle East (Arabic speakers) it is
called bamiaor bamyeh. In
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnaduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
4/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 4 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Dominican Republic it is called
Molondron.
Structure andphysiology
The species is an annualor perennial,
growing to 2 m tall. It is related to
such species as cotton, cocoa, and
hibiscus. The leavesare 1020 cm longand broad, palmately lobed with 57
lobes. The flowersare 48 cm in
diameter, with five white to yellow
petals, often with a red or purple spot
at the base of each petal. The fruitis a
capsule up to 18 cm long, containing
numerous seeds.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
5/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 5 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Abelmoschus esculentusis cultivated
throughout the tropical and warm
temperate regions of the world for itsfibrous fruits or pods containing
round, white seeds. It is among the
most heat- and drought-tolerant
vegetable species in the world and will
tolerate soilswith heavy clayand
intermittent moisture but frost can
damage the pods.
In cultivation, the seeds are soaked
overnight prior to planting to a depth
of 12 cm. Germinationoccurs
between six days (soaked seeds) and
three weeks. Seedlings require ample
water. The seed pods rapidly become
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
6/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 6 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
fibrous and woody, and, to be edible,
must be harvested within a week of the
fruit having been pollinated. The fruitsare harvested when immature and
eaten as avegetable.[5]
Origin anddistribution
Okra is an allopolyploidof uncertainparentage (proposed parents include
Abelmoschus ficulneus,A.
tuberculatusand a reported "diploid"form of okra). Truly wild (as opposed
to naturalised) populations are not
known with certainty and the species
may be a cultigen.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abelmoschus_tuberculatus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_ficulneushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopolyploidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
7/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 7 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
The geographical origin of okra is
disputed, with supporters of South
Asian, Ethiopian and West Africanorigins. Supporters of a South Asian
origin point to the presence of its
proposed parents in that region.
Supporters of a West African origin
point to the greater diversity of okra in
that region.
The Egyptiansand Moorsof the 12th
and 13th centuries used theArabic
word for the plant, bamya, suggesting
it had come from the east. The plant
may have entered southwest Asia
across the Red Seaor the Bab-el-
Mandebstrait to theArabian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab-el-Mandebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
8/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 8 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Peninsula, rather than north across
the Sahara, or from India. One of the
earliest accounts is by a Spanish Moorwho visited Egypt in 1216, who
described the plant under cultivation
by the locals who ate the tender, young
pods with meal.[4]
From Arabia, the plant spread around
the shores of the Mediterranean Seaand eastward. The plant was
introduced to theAmericasby ships
plying theAtlantic slave trade[6]
by1658, when its presence was recorded
in Brazil. It was further documented in
Surinamein 1686. In compound farms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
9/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 9 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
in the rainforest of southeastern
Nigeria (Okafor and Fernandes, 1986),
farmers have developed a multi-cropsystem that provides a diversified and
continuous production of food,
combining species with different
maturity periods such as yams,
cassava, cocoyams, bananas, plantain,
maize, okra, pumpkin, melon, leafy
vegetables and a variety of trees andshrubs, 60 of which provide food
products. This ensures a balanced diet
but also reduces the need for storagein an area where post-harvest losses
are high. [7]
Okra may have been introduced to
8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
10/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 10 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
southeastern North Americain the
early 18th century. It was being grown
as far north as Philadelphiaby 1748.Thomas Jeffersonnoted it was well
established inVirginiaby 1781. It was
commonplace throughout the
Southern United Statesby 1800, and
the first mention of different cultivars
was in 1806.[4]
Nutrition
Okra is a popular health fooddue to itshigh fiber,vitamin C, and folate
content. Okra is also known for being
high in antioxidants. Okra is also a
good source of calciumand potassium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jeffersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
11/31
8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
12/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 12 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Culinary uses
The products of the plant aremucilaginous, resulting in the
characteristic "goo" or slime when the
seed pods are cooked; the mucilagecontains a usable form of soluble fiber.
Some people cook okra this way,
others prefer to minimize sliminess;
keeping the pods intact, and briefcooking, for example stir-frying, help
to achieve this. Cooking with acidic
ingredients such as a few drops oflemon juice, tomatoes, or vinegar may
help. Alternatively, the pods can be
sliced thinly and cooked for a long
time so the mucilage dissolves, as in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
13/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 13 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
gumbo. The cooked leaves can also be
used as a powerful soup thickener.
[citation needed]The immature pods
may also be pickled. In the deep south
of the United States Okra is a delicacy,
especially deep fried in oil, afterbreading. Several cafes and nationwide
eating establishments including The
Ole Cracker Barrell and the Corral,
serve Deep fried okra usually with a
side order of a sauce like buttermilk
dressing.
In Syria, Tunisia, Egypt,Albania,
Bosnia, Greece, Bulgaria, Republic of
Macedonia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
14/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 14 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Lebanon, Turkey, andYemen,[13]and
other parts of the eastern
Mediterranean, including Palestine,
Cyprusand Israel, okra is widely used
in a thick stew made with vegetables
and meat. In Bosnia and most of WestAsia, okra is known as bamiaor
bamya. West Asian cuisine usually
uses young okra pods, usually cooked
whole. In India, the harvesting is done
at a later stage, when the pods and
seeds are larger.
It is popular in Indianand Pakistani
cuisine, where chopped pieces are stir-
fried with spices, pickled, salted or
added to gravy-based preparations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
15/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 15 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
such as bhindi ghoshtand sambar. It
is also simmered in coconut based
curries or tossed with ground mustardseeds. In India, it is also used in
curries. In curries, okra is used whole,
trimmed only of excess stalk and
keeping the hard conical top, which is
discarded at the time of eating. In
South India, Okra is cut into small
circular pieces about 1/4 inch thickand stick fried in oil with salt and hot
pepper powder to make delicious
curry. However, when used in sambarit is cut into pieces which are 1 inch
thick to prevent it from dissolving
when the sambar is let to simmer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_(dish)8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
16/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 16 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
In Malaysiaokra is commonly a part of
yong tau foocuisine, typically stuffed
with processed fish paste (surimi) andboiled with a selection of vegetables
and tofu, and served in a soup with
noodles.
In Malawiit is preferred cooked and
stirred with sodium bicarbonateto
make it more slimy. It is thencommonly eaten with nsima (pap)
made from raw maize flour or maize
husks flour.
In the Caribbeanislands, okra is eaten
in soup. In Curaaothe soup is known
asjambowhich primarily is made out
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_tau_foohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
17/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 17 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
of the okra's mucilage. It is often
prepared with fish andfunchi, a dish
made out of cornmealand boilingwater. In Haiti, it is cooked with rice
and maize, and also used as a sauce for
meat. In Cuba, it is called quimbomb,
along with a stew using okra as its
primary ingredient. In Dominican
Republic is eaten as if in salad and also
cooked with rice.
It became a popular vegetable in
Japanese cuisinetoward the end of the
19th century, served with soy sauce
and katsuobushi, or as tempura.
In the Philippines, okra can be found
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuobushihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_saucehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornmeal8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
18/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 18 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
among traditional dishes like pinakbet,
dinengdeng, and sinigang. Because of
its mild taste and ubiquity, okra canalso be cooked adobo-style, or served
steamed or boiled in a salad with
tomatoes, onion andbagoong.
Okra forms part of several regional
"signature" dishes.Frango com
quiabo(chicken with okra) is aBrazilian dishespecially famous in the
region of Minas Gerais, and it is the
main ingredient of caruru, a bahian
food with dende oil. Gumbo, a hearty
stew whose key ingredient is okra, is
found throughout the Gulf Coast of the
United Statesand in the South
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniganghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinengdenghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinakbet8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
19/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 19 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Carolina Lowcountry. Deep- or
shallow-fried okra coated with
cornmeal, flour, etc. is widely eaten in
the southern United States.[14]Okra is
also an ingredient expected in callaloo,
a Caribbeandish and the national dishof Trinidad and Tobago. It is also a
part of the national dish of Barbados
coucou(turned cornmeal). Okra is also
eaten in Nigeria, where draw soupis a
popular dish, often eaten with garrior
cassava. InVietnam, okra is the
important ingredient in the dish canhchua. Okra slices can also be added to
ratatouille.[15]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratatouillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canh_chuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_souphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaloohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
20/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 20 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Okra leaves may be cooked in a similar
way to the greens ofbeetsor
dandelions.[16]Since the entire plant is
edible, the leaves are also eaten raw in
salads. Okra seeds may be roasted and
ground to form a caffeine-freesubstitute for coffee.[4]When
importation of coffee was disrupted by
theAmerican Civil Warin 1861, the
Austin State Gazettesaid "An acre of
okra will produce seed enough to
furnish a plantationof fifty negroes
with coffee in every way equal to that
imported from Rio."[17]
Alternative Medicinal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation#Plantations_in_the_antebellum_American_Southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beet8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
21/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 21 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
properties
Naturopathic medicines include okrafor intestinal and irritable bowel
dysfunction due to its mucilaginous
properties. Utilizing the whole pod
during cooking maintains the potency
and the effectiveness of the pod
contents. These are still present when
chopped, but to a lesser degree. Theconsistency of the mucilaginous seeds
are a good binder in the recipe in
which they are cooked too, giving
dishes a nice glossy appearance. In
complementary medicine it is believed
that the gut and intestines are the
main/dominant organs of the body
8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
22/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 22 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
and that all foods which facilitate the
digestive process and binary systems
are beneficial to the body as a whole,for this reason, providing a natural
lining to the intestinal mucosa,
prevents leakages from ailments such
as ulcerations, bacterial imbalances
and general dyspepsia. Thus okra's
fibrous and mucilaginous properties
are likely to have excellent results inlowering inflammation, increasing
active transportation of nutritional
conversion (take up) and reduce fluidretention and subsequent secondary
complications associated with the
latter.
8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
23/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 23 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Unspecified parts of the plant were
reported in 1898 to possess diuretic
properties;[18][19]this is referenced in
numerous sources associated with
herbal and traditional medicine.
Some studies are being developed
targeting okra extract as remedy to
manage diabetes.[20]
Common diseases
The most common disease afflictingthe okra plant isverticillium wilt, often
causing a yellowing and wilting of the
leaves. Other diseases include powdery
mildewin dry tropical regions, leaf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdery_mildewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticillium_wilthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
24/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 24 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
spots, and root-knot nematodes.[21]
Oxalic acid
Oxalic acidis a naturally occurring
colourless organic acid found in manyplants including okra. Okra contains
0.05g/100g of oxalic acid. The toxicity
of oxalic acid is due to kidney failure,
which arises because it causesprecipitation of solid calcium oxalate,
[18] the main component of kidney
stones. Oxalic acid can also cause jointpain due to the formation of similar
precipitates in the joints.
See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-knot_nematodeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spot8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
25/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 25 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
Abelmoschus caillei(West African
okra)
Luffa, also called "Chinese okra"Mulukhiyah, also called "bush okra"
References. ^National Research Council (2006-
10-27). "Okra".Lost Crops of Africa:
Volume II: Vegetables. Lost Crops ofAfrica 2. National Academies Press.
ISBN978-0-309-10333-6. Retrieved
2008-07-15.
. ^McWhorter, John H. (2000). The
Missing Spanish Creoles:
Recovering the Birth of Plantation
Contact Languages. University of
http://books.google.com/?id=czFufZI4Zx4C&pg=PA77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10333-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763&page=287http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulukhiyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luffahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_caillei8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
26/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 26 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
California Press. p. 77. ISBN0-520-
21999-6. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
. ^"Alternative Cold Remedies:Lady's Fingers Plant", curing-
colds.com (accessed 3 June 2009)
. ^a
b
c
d
"Okra, or 'Gumbo,' fromAfrica, tamu.edu
. ^"Okra Seed". Retrieved 2012-10-
17.
. ^" Okra gumbo and rice"by Sheila
S. Walker, The News Courier,
unknown date
. ^"Non-wood Forest Products andNutrition". Retrieved 2012-10-17.
. ^Duvauchelle, Joshua (26 May
2011). "Okra Nutrition Information".
http://www.livestrong.com/article/371351-okra-nutrition-information/http://www.fao.org/docrep/V7540e/V7540e15.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Courierhttp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23877&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlhttp://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/Okra_Seed.pdfhttp://plantanswers.tamu.edu/publications/vegetabletravelers/okra.htmlhttp://www.curing-colds.com/articles/alternative-cold-remedies/ladys-finger.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21999-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
27/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 27 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
LiveStrong.com. Retrieved 24 June
2012.
. ^Franklin W. Martin (1982). "Okra,Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for
the Temperate Zones and Tropics".
Economic Botany36(3): 340345.
doi:10.1007/BF02858558.
. ^Mays, D.A., W. Buchanan, B.N.
Bradford, and P.M. Giordano (1990).
"Fuel production potential of severalagricultural crops".Advances in new
crops: 260263.
. ^J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1920, 42 (1), pp166170 "Okra Seed Oil"
. ^Farooq, Anwar; Umer Rashid,
Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad
Nadeem (March 2010). "Okra
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261909004127http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01446a023http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858558http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
28/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 28 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
(Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil for
biodiesel production".Applied
Energy87(3): 779785.doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.020.
. ^Julia Devlin and Peter Yee. Trade
Logistics in Developing Countries:
The Case of the Middle East and
North Africa. p. 445
. ^Madison, Deborah (15 May 2008).
Renewing America's FoodTraditions. Chelsea Green
Publishing. p. 167.
. ^"BBC - Okra ratatouille". Retrieved2012-04-06.
. ^network.com: Okra Greens and
Corn Saute, M.S. Milliken & S.
Feniger, 1996
http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/recipes/recipe/0,,FOOD_9936_2718,00.html?rsrc=searchhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/lifestyle/food/indian/spices/okra/index.wmlhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2009.09.020http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03062619090041278/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
29/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 29 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
. ^Austin State Gazette [TEX.],
November 9, 1861, p. 4, c. 2, copied
in Confederate Coffee Substitutes:Articles from Civil War
Newspapers, University of Texas at
Tyler
. ^Felter, Harvey Wickes & Lloyd,
John Uri, King's American
Dispensatory, 1898.Retrieved 27
November 2011.. ^"Abelmoschus esculentus -
(L.)Moench.",Plants for a Future,
June 2004, retrieved 27 November2011. Reference as diuretic cited
there from Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S.
L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants (Including
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Abelmoschus%20esculentushttp://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/hibiscus.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Tylerhttp://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/coffee.htm8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
30/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page 30 of 31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelmoschus_esculentus
the Supplement), Council of
Scientific & Industrial Research,
1956.. ^Amin, Indah Mohd. "Nutritional
Properties of Abelmoschus
Esculentus as Remedy to Manage
Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature
Review". Universiti Teknologi
MARA (UiTM) Malaysia. Retrieved
9 January 2014.. ^"Growing okra". Department of
Primary Industries and Fisheries,
Queensland. 19 September 2007.Retrieved 24 June 2012.
External links
http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5197.htmlhttp://www.ipcbee.com/vol11/10-T022.pdf8/13/2019 Okra - Wikipedia
31/31
2/13/14 3:08 PMOkra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Abelmoschus esculentusat ITIS
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
MoenchMedicinal Plant ImagesDatabase (School of Chinese
Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist
University) (traditional Chinese)
(English)
Abelmoschus esculentusinWest
African plants A Photo Guide.
http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=13&preview=true&searchTextMenue=Abelmoschus+esculentus&search=Wikitemplatehttp://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=en&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00955http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21770