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OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
BIOLOGICAL REPORT
JANUARY - JUNE ' 1963
I. · WII..DLIFE .POPULATIONS.
· Regular bi-weekly counts ,from Camp Cornelia to Buzzarti Roost and Gannet Lakes and from Billy's Lake to Big Water were colitiliiled throUgh March. Since then wildlife counts have been made olily incidentally to other trips into the swamp. · · ·
·A. Wading Birds.
· pnce early Marc.h,. water levels in the swamp have declined steadily. In Mat and June they have been about normal or slightly below normal. As a ~esult, there has been more easily accessible food for wading birds ..
In places 1~here there has .beenmore concentrated feeding by herons and ibises, it .. has been found that the. birds have beo;ln tearing a~t tussocks Of pipewort (Ericicaulon compressum). It is .known that craw.f'ish · . frequent these tussocks so it seems likely that this was the attraction.
sandhill Cranes.
~ populations of these birds in. Okefenokee has apparently been about the SS!lle as this period in 1962. However, concentrated flocka of
·these birds were observed .much later than usual·. O;rdinarily ·t)le migrant· birds leave about tlle middle of l·1arch .and the ::oesident birds are not seen in flocks after that until mid-suinmer .' This yea1· a flock of 51 cranes •ias acoen April 19 and one of 70 was seen Apri:I. 26 .. We do :not know 'if they Here northern birds which did not begin to migrate until later than
· usual or whether they were winter flocks of resident birds which had not yet broken up. · '
Ibises.
The fall and early winter of 1961 water levels fell ·to -bel01-1 normal for the first time in over t1ro years. Much of· the· prairie surface was emerged and as a result there ~1aa much stranded easily available food for water birds. .In addition to this,. tha winter which followed was a mild one,
As a result of these conditions, wood ibises were more numerous in ·okefenokee than they )lad been in years and they stayed through the winter and the · follo1~ing. summer and fall in considerable numbers.
Then on December 13,· 1962 the most· severe cold snap in years drove out or kil.led out the wood ibises. After that, it was not until May 14 that any were reported here. From then on they were seem with increasing
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frequency. About 200 wer~ seen in erie flock June 28. Besides this they could.be seen with frequency~ singly or in small flocks, throughout the prairies.
White ibises remain numerous. They are seen with about the same frequency as last year, Unlike the wood. ibises, they stayed at Okefenokee all winter.
Common egrets, little blue herons, great blue herons are seen with about the same. frequency as for the past few years. All of these were on the refuge in the usual _n\.unbers throughi:n~t the winter.
·cattle egrets left the area dur.ing the. December freeze. One was not seen aga:!,n until March l3. Since then they have become common again in pastures around the swamp and are seeri· occasionally on the refuge.. only
. two were seen, along with two black-'crowned night her.ons at the Chesser Prairie rookery April 3. The rookery has not been visited since then.
Least bitterns·.and green herons. nested along .Suwannee Canal again this year.
Ducks.
. The common winter ducks of the refuge - mallards, black ducks and . ringnecks, . were generally less numerous than last year. There was an ·increase in ducks at the.time of the December freeze. The first week in
January there was an estimated 28,000 mallards and 3400 black ducks. Most of these were .gone by the middle of. February. By March only a few s.tragglers were to be seen. ·
:J:'he refuge had its usual good wood duck population. There was an estimated peak population of about 2500 'of these ducks in December. The estimated population declined gradually til the usual summer numbers of about lOoO birds.
Fifty-eight wood dUck. nesting boxes, were placed out near suwannee Canal in Mizell, Che.saer and Buck Lake Prairies in February. Five of these weie nes.ted in by wood ducks this year.
II. WEED CONTROL,
Only a few clumps of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) reappeared in the A, C. L. borrow pit near Homervil:l,e. These were sprayed with 2-4,D May 17. This is the only known infestation of this' weed remaining in the watershed of Okefenokee Swamp. ·
Ili; NATURE TRAIL.
The pathway for the nature trail at Camp Stephen Foster has. b.f'len · completed. A leaflet discussing some 4o kinds of plants along this trail
·. has .been submitted; Markers for the trail have been made. All that is lacking is for the markers to be painted and plac.ed.
I'l. MINNIE Is ISLAND VISITED.
·May 311 Refuge Aid Hall and· I had' the good fortune to spend the. day on Minnie 1 s Island. We were taken there by a helicopter piloted by personnel. of the 53 7th Col!lpan;y, 30th.Battalion1 U, S, Army Engineel:'s, 11ho uere stationed at Okefenokee to map the topography of. the swamp. As far as we kno~r i this was the firilt time anyone had been otl Minnie 1 s Island for more tb,an 30 years. · · ·
Minnie 1 s Is1and was the former haunt of the I~ory-bilied Woodpecker. · }le had held some faint hO!>SS that some signs of these birds might be seen there.. If n0ne ~rere to be found; we had hoped to find some reason why they had preferred this island to otb,er parts of the s~1amp. Apparently Ivory-bills w<lre always rare .in O!tefenokee and most valid repol;'ts that ;re have 1-1ere of observations on Minnie 1 s Island or in that vicinity,
Bryant Lee wb,o b,ad livad most of b,is 'long life in Okefenokee Swa.mp told .me tha.t he had seen only a feu l:vory-bills and that these were always seen at Minriie 1 s Island. He must have been groun or nearly grotm the first time .b,e sa1·1 one. He said that' he killed it .. "to see 1;hat it was".
John M. Hopkins sa:w Ivory-billa on eev(!ral occasions on J'linniel s island during the timber cruise for the Hebard Company 190i-03 • Although
. b,e worlted in the swamp in one capacity or another for 4o years after that, he never saw an Ivory-bill alive in the. tiOods after 1903. In 191g Sam Mizell brought t.o ·Mr.. Hopltins a wo1li!ded Ivory-bill taken from Craven 1 s Island \·lhich is a mile and a half Iles.t of: Minnie' a Il,'lland. Mr. Dan Hebard MCl. this specimen mo1lilted and it is now ~n the museum o:f the Pllila-delphia Academy of Science. · ·
A. H. Wright and F.rancis Harper of Cornell University who published· an annotated list of O!J:efenokee birda. following theil:' survey in 1912, .did not see the Ivory-billed woodpecker. One of the Lee family, who acted as their guide, showed them three' Ivory-bill nesting holes; all. in t.he v,!.cinity of Minnie 1 s Island. They reported that oOJ.y on rare occasions .had !vqry~ bills lbaen seen as far away from Minnie's Island as .Minnie 1 a· Lake or Billy's Lake.
Fred Hebard reported in his.. "vlinter Birds of Okefinokee and Colerained" that Bud Carter told him of. seeing Ivory-,b:l.lls on Minnie 1 s Island as late. as 1924. · · ·
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Lat.er reports of Ivory-bill observations: in other parts of the .swamp have been·very occasional and some of these were open to doubt. Thomas Roddenberry ll.nd John Burch reported to Hebard.a large ltoodpecker which frequented a burn near the entl of Swannee Canal in 1933~34 which thi!y · bel:l.eved to be an Ivory•bill, Hebard believed he had a glimpse of one ·
. at Round Top. in Chase Prairie .in Noyember 1 1937. Hebard also reported in a letter to Mr.· Silve.r that he saw one at Gap-e-Grand. Prairie as late as November, 1948. He also told me about this observatiomr It seems that he got only fleeting glimpses of the bird and no other member of
. his :party could. e;ubstantiate the obser..fa.tion .
. Biologist Ha,yden Carter reported. seeing ap. Ivory-,bill near Big Bend in Suwannee Canal April 5; 1941, and another near the end of the canal April 16, 1942. ·He was, and is now, _quite certain of his. identification .
. Refuge Manager William R. Edwards felt certain. that he had seen an· · Ivory~bill March 25, 1948 ne~ the end. of Suwannee Canal. Further searches did not turn up the. bird.
tlr. Hall and I· 1-rere landed near the north tip of Minnie 1 s Island. about 9:00A.M. and we walked to the·s0uth end and returned about 6;00 P.M .
. · Most of the island is rather low ground subject to occasional flooding. There is a sparse stand of pond pine of pulpwood size .on. about the north third and .a fair stand of slash pine of pulpwood and small sawlog size near . the center. · Muc)l of the lo,rer ground .has a. rather dense growth of hurrah bus.h (Lyonia lucida). The. higher elevations ·in the pine woods had litO · abundance of blueberries (Vaccinium) and huckleberries (Gaylussacia) of
·several sJ?Sciee. Less abundant were other pine wood shrubs like wax. myrtle· (Myrica t:erifera), titi ( CYfilla racemiflora), fetter.bush. (Leucothoe racemosa), and s•ritch cane Arundinaria tecta), Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) 1-1as present on the higher ground but w!ls generally less abtlndant than is usual in the pine 1-IOOde. ·
Probably the most distinctive f t . . · .. . . wood hammock near the south end' For :a ure of Minnie' B Island is a hard c. .. reasons, several large live Oak ome reason, .let us hope for esthetic d~i~g the operations between l;O;e~ri/~~:7unc~t by the _timber cutters l6 -6 in circumference at breast hi h . . ..· · . ne · of these ·trees measured pines had been left in the.hamm g · Also three or .four large slash and was 130' tall. . . ock. _One of these measured 8'7" .C,B.R.
Most of the. trees in this ha d .·· · are predominantly water oak and red r wood 1:\ammock are second. growth' They ·I recall seeing on any of th th gum. There were more red gums here than
. · e o er Okefenokee Islands.
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I believe that this hardwood hammock is the .part of. the island . that was attractive to Ivory-billed.woodpackers before the timJ:>er.operations. ~anner (The Ivory-billed Woodpecker ~· 1942) says that oveJ:"-aged red gum is the most important timber. forivory-'Qilla and that they made more use· of it on the Singer Tract in Louisiana than any other :(<:ind of timber .. · ·
One cll.ll visualize the J!innie'o Ieilai!d.hammock before the 'timber opeJ:"ations. There must ha,ve been' a forest made up principally of overaged red guma and water Oaks. Adjacent was the over-aged pine forest on. the Upland, and. the blackgum-bay forest and cypress ·forest in the· swamp,
. . It lc doubtful if the hammock alone. could hB.ve supported a pair . of ·. Ivory~billed woodpeckers but it uas probably the focal point of their range. The hammock coupled with tl:)e nearby over-aged pine and blackgum-bay fo:r'est could well have fUrnished a sustairieQ. yield of dead limbs w.ith the ;j,nsect food required by these birds. ·
There is no euch over-aged forest in this rialllmock now.· Doubtless after the timber operations. the few ivory-bills which frequented the .area were dispersed. Perhaps 'some of 'tham· survived for a few years but it is doubtful if there are any :i.n the swam):> at all now. ·
We found an abundance of deer signs but no ·fresh bear signs .. The , .· · birds seen were the ustial pine ~10.od llpec:i.es': red-bellied and. :Pileated wooQ. pecllerc, brown-headed nuthatches, towhees, red~ahouldered hawks, barred
. 011ld 1 Carolina 1.rens, cardinals, Bachme.ti'.s sparrows and, surpr1singl;,r> the bob-uhite quail. · · · · · · ·
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V. ECOLOGICAL "sucCESSION FOLLOWING THE. FLOODING· BY THE SUVIANNEE RIVER SILL.
• . Stop logD 1Vere placed in the spil11;ays of the Suwannee River· Sill a
·.~ few at a time l:>eginning.in the spr;lng of 1962 ... By iruly of that year, all 'mid l:>een placed eo that the maximum water level ofll4' was reached al:>ove the silL At this ;ll'iting an elevatiori. of 114 1 or greater has been maintained above the sill through nearly two gro1;ing seasons:. ·
The vegetation imniediat2ly al:>ove the sill wouldba tho first to show ·the effects of the flooding because· i.t is here that the alteration of water levels is greatest .
. To date t)J.e effects 9n woody vegetation is barely detectable. A serico of treeo had been marked o.long the borrow pit above the•.sill in 1960. The accompanying table lists the condition of the mal'ked trees as thrifty, unthrtfty und dead.
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The laurel. oaks (Quercus laurifolia) and th.e buckwheat trees · (Cliftonia monophyla) were either killed or rendered untlu'ifty exc.ept for the younger trees. · · ·
. · · One large red maple (Ace:r rubrum) was· dead. . The leaves. of . s'everal smaller red maple3 had, what appeared to· be .an unhealthy color. But some · of the red maples appf!ared to be in a thrifty condition. · · · ·
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Slo.ah pineo (Pinus elliottii). appeared to be little affected, it at all. Nearly all of them were tlu'ifty .• This was also true of the titi (Cyrilla racemiflora} .. · · ·. · · . ·. . · · ·
Cypresses (Taxodium d:i.sticlltim nutans) Ogeechee tupelo (Nyssa ogeche), and blsckgum (Nyssa sylvatica biflora) appeared .to be not affected at all.
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Ail. of these marked trees shovm in the table ;rere along the· borro;t · pit of .the sill. A check was made. along the Mackie Island transect which is about a quurter of a mile above. the sill. . There 1~as. no evidence that any · ot: the trees here had been affected bY tha · flooding. ·
. . Since the trees on.·the.Uack 1s Island transect were not ·affected, :l.t ·uas believed unnecessary to make a cbeck this year on. those transects es.tablished at greater distances from the sill.
As was expected the~e has been a marked'difference in )lerbaceo1ls growth. All palmetto (Serenoa repens) to a little above the 11.4' elevation )las becm killed. The dead vrater above .t)le sill in the wooded aiea has a ·rather thick growth of aquatic vegetation, principally Spha~um, spikeruah (Eleocharis baldwinii) and' maidencane (PanicUJJI herilitomolC. The open area o.t the Narrows, about a mile upstream from the ·sill, is covered with a dense mat of maidencane. It is evident.that'the dead. water area between the sill and the Narrows and in. the forest about a mile above· the sill. will have a relatively rapid accumulation ofJ?eat because there will be no drying out periods .with accompanying oxidation,
.There are not yet any detectable effects upstream from the Uarr01·rd. During most of June·, the ga\lge at Billy's Lake has. shoun water elevations usua;).ly about ll4.0 1 which is about normal. The ground surface between ·· Billy' c Lal:e and the Narrowe has been emerged or only Bligh,tly flooded,'
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Xhe accompanying charts shOI{ the: m~nthly :rainfall as recorded at Camp Cornelia and the elevations of 1~ater at Ce.tnp Cornelia (lnd at Billy's Lal:e from 1956 through June, 1963. . It is believed that thia may be tiseful-to chow the relation between the water levelo and the rainfall 'before and after the conotruction of_ the sill. · ·
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D.B.H.
Quercus T lauri.f'olia u
D -Nyssa T ogeche u
D -Nyssa T sylvatica u
D
Tax odium T distichum u
D
Acer T rubrum u
D
Pinus T elliottii u
D
Cyrilla T racemif1ora u
D
Cliftonia T monophyla u
D
!lex T myrtifolia u
SURVIVAL OF MARKED TREES ALONG EDGE OF BORROW PIT AND SILL. . 1963 .
1 2 3 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11_ l2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ·21 22 23 24
2 2 1 2 1 3 2
2 1 1
~ 10 1 1 1 1
~ 3 1 2
3 2 1::1
5 1 1 1 3 7 4 1
1 2 l~ 10 ::l ' 1 "i
1ll .1
1 1
1 2
4 113 3 J. l"
3
8 5
l J.
1
1 1
4 1 4 5 1
1 1
1
1
1
l
•
Rainfall since the closing of the sill and for three years previously has been above normal as have the water levels in the swamp. There is no indication that the elevations of the water at Camp Cornelia since the closing of the spillways is any different from what would have been expected from a like amount of rainfall before the closing of the spillways. There is a slight suggestion that the elevations at Billy' a Lake are a little higher than they would have been but this is not conclusi ye.
It is pointed out that the .past five years have been wet years. The effects of the sill may be more evident during a dry period .
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VI. PuBLIC RELATIONS.
A 40 minute program o~.O~efenokee color slides with. mood mUSic was. pre13ented to t.he following groups 1
. Patterson Qarden Club, Patterson, Georgia •. January. 2 . . 21 present ·
Pilot Club1 Waycross1 Georgia.. January 22. 40 present.
Reunion of Presbyterian. Ministers' Wives, February 9, 15 present. · · · · ··
Methodist Cider AdUlt aDd Retired Mi!listerll' COnference, · Epworth•by-the-Sea1 St. Simons Island. Apr11.15, ·
About 110 present;·
Woman's Club1 Blacks}lear, Georgia. April 25. ·About 25 p;J:"eaent.
Cplo:r slide lectures were gi ve·n . t.o the. following groupe :
Third Grade1 Williams .Height, School, Waycross, aa. .. February lL About 40 pre.aent. . . . ·.
Eighth Grade, Emerson Park School, Waycross, .Geo;J:"gia. · February 25. About 25 present,·
lVY Garden CJ,ubj Wa.ycr()ss, Georgia. March 2. 25 present;,·
Lions club, Homerville, Georgia., .. ·April 22. About 25 members of the Lions Club a.nd a'\lout· 15 :Boy Scouts present, ·
Bo;r Scouts, Troop 3061 Waycross, Georgia. April 30. About · · 20 present. · ·
Agnes Scott College -Botany Class, Camp Stephen Foster. May 3·. · TWo facUlty members, 10. students and about 15 ;by~standers
present,
Valdosta State College • Botany Class. Camp. Stepheu Fo~?ter. May ·17. One facUlty member. and nine. students. ·
Eighth Grade; Wacona .School, Waycross, Ga. May 2l.. : About 140 · present. · · ·
Boy'.s Camp, Macon District of Woodmen of the World •. · Lauta Walker State Park.· JUne· 2~ About 60 present, .
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The following special groups and special visitors were accompanied on 1;he refuge or othen1ise assisted;
Alberto Bruzual and Jose• Pojan, National Park Service of Venezuela. Januar;y- 29, 30 and 3L Forest and Wildlife Management.
Dr. Robert G. Sholtens, Georgia Department of Public Health. January 23. Rabies in raccoons.
RoyBongartz, free lance writer. March 15.
Georgia Woman 1 s College, Biology Class. April 6. Ecology of Okefenokee.
Colorado State College Class in Forestry, April 17. Ecology of Okefenokee.
Dr. Robert Stein, Cornell University, Laboratory of Ornithology, and Dr. W. "H. Gunnj Federation of Ontario Naturalists. May 1 and 2. 'Recording of bird songs and alligator calls,
Dr. A. A. Allen and Mr. David Allen1 Cornell University, Laboratory of Ornithology. To make a photograph of the red-cockaded woodpecker • May 19.
Agnes Scott College -Botany Class, May 3 and 4. Okefenokee ecology. one faculty member and 10 students.
Valdosta State College - B:Q,tan;)j Class, May 17 and 18. One faculty member and 9 students.
Dr. Wilb:ur . Duncan, University of Georgia. Department of Botany. May 28, 29 and 30. Okefenokee woody plants.
I prepared an article for the Waycross Journal-Herlad on Mr. Hall's and my trip to Minnie's Island which was published June 17 under the headline; Sees Minnies Island. Swamp Island Visited First Time in 30 years. This note was republished in the Atlanta Constitu.tion,
I also hed a note in the June issue of the Oriole entitled: "Brewer's Blackbird at Waycross.
Bird migration observations of special interest are being reported to the Audubon Field Notes.
August 7, 1963.
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Respectfully submitted,
Eugene Cypert Wildlife Biologist
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