iii

OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE

PG/M.SC/07/45695

STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT OF A

MODERN LIBRARY

Architecture

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ARCHITECTURE, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS

Webmaster

Digitally Signed by Webmaster’s Name

DN : CN = Webmaster’s name O= University of Nigeria, Nsukka

OU = Innovation Centre

May, 2010

iv

DIVISIONAL LIBRARY, AGBANI

ENUGU STATE

(STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL SPACE REQUIREMENT OF A MODERN LIBRARY)

M.SC (ARCH) PROJECT REPORT

BY

OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE

PG/M.SC/07/45695

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

ENUGU CAMPUS.

MAY, 2010.

v

TITLE

DIVISIONAL LIBRARY AGBANI

ENUGU STATE

CERTIFICATION

vi

This project report is submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty

of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, in partial

fulfillment of the requirements For the Award of Degree of Master of

Science in Architecture.

The work embodied in this Project Report is original and has not been

submitted in part or full, (except for the acknowledged references) for any

other degree or diploma of this or any other university or institution.

………………………………...

OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE

PG/MSC/07/46595

(Student)

Date………………….

………………………….. …………………………..

ARC. F.O. UZUEGBUNAM ARC. I. G. CHENDO

(Head, Department of Architecture) (Supervisor)

Date…………………. Date……………………

vii

DEDICATION

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO ALL THOSE WHO CONSCIOUSLY

CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF MY ACADEMIC PURSUIT THUS

FAR, AND TO THOSE WHO WOULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED SHOULD

THEY HAVE HAD THE “RARE PREVILEGE” TO DO SO.

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful Completion of this project report demands a heartfelt thanks and

appreciation to God Almighty for His infinite mercies, guidance as well as protection all

through the course of carrying out this research.

Special thanks to my supervisor, Arc. Chendo I. G. who not minding his very tight

schedule, yet invested quality time to thoroughly guard and guide me in the course of

this research.

I acknowledge the contribution of some members of staff of Enugu Central Library and

Nigerian National Library Enugu.

Members of M.Sc ’09 class UNEC, you people were wonderful; I wish you well in your

various pursuits in life.

Okafor Vitalis(Nwachinemelu), Ibekwe C .E (Uncle C), Alago Joe, Tekula Steve,

Essien Nsikak, Obong Odudu, Ogoinja, Onyema Nwankwo, Chikezie Orji, Frank

Chikezie(Papilo), Enebechi Enebe, Cj Dimkpa, Hon. Paul Aduda, Don-Sheriff, you

people are of a rare breed, may God reward you bountifully.

Emelife Ben!! My roommate, you were so wonderfully made for me. May God Bless

you.

Amaechi Okoli, thank you for being there for me.

Pastor Tim Maduka and Mummy Ng, thanks for your prayers and concern in my

spiritual well being. May God reward you.

Kosisochukwu Emenike, you were worth being a friend, I found real love in, thanks for

being there for me.

Architects Otu Umoren and Obi Uwakonye, your advice were worth it. Thank you, men

of a rare breed.

ix

I will feel biased if at this juncture, I fail to appreciate a people who have always been

there for me under the rain and in the sun, who are these special people? They are

members of Okafor’s family: my beloved sisters - Ijey, Obioma, Ngozi, Nwaeju (Last

Born), thanks for being there for me, Big Brothers Walter (Foreigner) and Celestine, I

appreciate you, may God elevate you people.

Okafor U. C. Esq. (Boliva), thanks for your support and brotherly advice, thoughts of

them made me to re-trace the right paths. God bless you.

Dr. Ngeh Paulinus, thank you for your support, it was worth it, God bless you.

Oluchi, Ifeanyi (Cross & D…..), Chibuzo (Bishop Kaka).I appreciate you people, may

you all walk and never stumble.

Nze Ikechukwu Okafor (Ichie Obata Obie), the importance of your efforts towards

making the best out of me, can never be overemphasized. God bless you.

Chief and Mrs. Nwabueze I. Okafor, what can I say? Nothing, but ‘thank you’. I wish

you long life, prosperity and good health.

My dear parent’s Mr. and Mrs. Pius Okafor, I don’t know how best to appreciate you!!!

But then, your prayers and good wishes for me have not been lost. May God give you

people long life, good health so that you will live to reap and enjoy the fruits of your

hard labour.

To all those who consciously contributed to the success of this research, May God

Almighty reward you in thousand folds.

x

TABLES OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………......ii

CERTIFICATION PAGE…………………………………………….………….....iii

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………....iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………..........v

TABLES OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………...........vii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...xi

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………........xii

LIST OF PLATES…………………………………………………………………..xiv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...xvi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION………………………………………………….…1

1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………...….2

1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE…………………………………………....4

1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………….....5

1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM………………………..6

1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………….……...7

1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………...….10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES………………….…….12

2.2.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT……………………………...15

2.3.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA………………………………..18

2.4.0 TYPES OF LIBRARY…………………………………………………..….25

2.5.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES…………………………..........28

xi

2.6.0 SERVICE FOR THE COMMUNITIES …………………………………....29

2.7.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF………………………………...…39

2.8.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS…………………………..…43

CHAPTER THREE

3.0.0 CASE STUDIES

3.1.0 ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………....46

3.2.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU……………………......55

3.3.0 CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON……………….65

3.4.0 LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY………………………………………......69

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

4.1.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE……………………..…..74

4.2.0 THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………………………….78

4.3.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA……………………………….……80

4.4.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION……………………………………81

4.5.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………84

4.6.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION………………………………......92

4.7.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES……………………………………….…..95

4.8.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS………………......98

xii

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

BUILDING SERVICES

5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS…………………………………............100

5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS……………….................103

5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION…………………………………….109

5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

ACOUSTIC…………………………………………………………...109

5.5.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL………………………………..113

5.6.0 LANDSCAPING…………………………………………………….114

5.7.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL………………………………….114

5.8.0 TREES AND VEGETATION………………………………………..112

5.9.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA…………………………………………122

CHAPTER SIX

6.0.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT

6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED…………………………………….………..123

6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY………………………………………….……..124

6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION…………………………………….…...125

6.4.0 BOOK STOCK……………………………………….…………….….127

6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS……………………………………………….…..128

6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE………………130

6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME………………………….....133

xiii

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.1.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY………………………………………………….136

7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT……………………………………………………...137

7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM………………………………………………..140

7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION……………………141

7.5.0 SERVICES………………………………………………………………..145

7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION………………………….148

REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……….150

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………...151

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES 4.1

MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE………..………….84

TABLE 5.1

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED

LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS…………….............................106

TABLE 5.2

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED

LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS……………………………….108

TABLE 6.1

BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)…………….127

TABLE 6.2

THE SPACE ALLOWANCE PER POPULATION SERVED AS

RECOMMENDED BY THE IFLA STANDARDS…………..………………......128

TABLE 6.3

PERCENTAGE AREAS TO BE ALLOWED FOR VARIOUS MAJOR

DEPARTMENTS IN THE LIBRARY…………………..………………………..129

TABLE 6.4

SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME…………………………….133

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. 3.1 - SITE PLAN OF ENUGU

STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………49

FIG. 3.2 - FLOOR PLANS OF

ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU …………………50

FIG. 3.3 - SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN

NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………………59

FIG. 3.4 - FLOOR PLANS OF

NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………..60

FIG. 3.5 - GROUND FLOOR PLAN,

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………..67

FIG. 3.6 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON ……….…67

FIG. 3.7- GROUND FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE…………….70

FIG. 3.8 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE………………….70

FIG. 3.9 - SECOND FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE……………...71

FIG. 4.1.0 MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE

LOCATION ……………..................................................................78

FIG. 4.1.1 - MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU………...82

FIG. 4.1.2 - MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING

THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS…………………….83

FIG. 4.1.3 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING

THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS…………………….…83

FIG. 4.1.4 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING

THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES……………………84

FIG. 4.1.5 - MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES

FOR ENUGU STATE…………………………………………...85

FIG. 4.1.6 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY………………………….…86

xvi

FIG. 4.1.7 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY………………………………..…86

FIG. 4.1.8 - MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE……….…...87

FIG. 4.1.9- MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL

PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES…………………...88

FIG. 4.2.1 - TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL……………………….……………..88

FIG. 4.2.2- WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL –OCT.} ….…....89

FIG. 4.2.3 - DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOV. – MAR.) …….....90

FIG. 4.2.4- WIND FORCE DATA…………………………………………….…..90

FIG. 4.2.5 - SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. …………………….. ………....91

FIG. 4.2.6- SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE………….....92

FIG. 4.2.7 -DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH

AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE…………………….95

FIG. 4.2.8 -DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE………………….96

FIG. 4.2.9- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE

TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE…………………97

FIG. 4.3.1- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE

AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE……………………….98

FIG. 5 .1 - AIR SYSTEMS………………………………………………………..102

FIG 5.2 -FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE……………………………....111

FIG. 5 .3 -MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS,

NATURAL VENTILATION AND CLIMATE CONTROL……..116

FIG. 5 .4.-USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION

TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL……………………………..117

FIG. 5.5- USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF

OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL…………………….…118

FIG. 5 .6 -AIR FLOW PATTERNS ……………………………………………..119

FIG. 5 .7.AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)……………………………….….120

FIG. 7.1 SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF LEARNING

CULTURE: A PYRAMID……………………………….….139

FIG. 7.2- CONCEPT: LIBRARY COLLECTIONS

DECREASE WITH INCREASE IN FLOOR……………………….139

xvii

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 2.1 -- SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY……………………………….…....26

PLATE 2.2 - VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY………………………….…....28

PLATE 2.3 - STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY…………………………………..…..30

PLATE 2.4 - HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY………………………………………....34

PLATE 2.5 - COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY………………………….....35

PLATE 2.6 - BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY……..37

PLATE 3.1.1 - MAIN ENTRANCES TO ENUGU STATE CENTRAL

LIBRARY (ESCL) ……………………………………46

PLATE 3.1.2 - ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP TO ESC LIBRARY..……….......47

PLATE 3.1.3 - A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY

SHOWING SUN BREAKERS …………………………..48

PLATE 3.1.4 - A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT IN ESC LIBRA.………48

PLATE 3.1.5 - STAFF ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY...………………………51

PLATE 3.1.6 -PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY…..…………..52

PLATE 3.1.7 - A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE

READING HALL……………………….53

PLATE 3.1.8 - READERS READING

UNDER A TREE IN THE ESC LIBRARY YARD.………...53

PLATE 3.2.1 - MAIN ENTRANCE TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA

BUILDING ……………………….55

PLATE 3.2.2 - INTERIOR VIEW OF

THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE…………………………56

xviii

PLATE 3.2.3 - VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF……………………..57

PLATE 3.2.4 - A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER……………………………....57

PLATE 3.2.5 - A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES………58

PLATE 3.2.6 - FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM

(A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM) ………………………..58

PLATE 3.2.7 - VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD…………………………....61

PLATE 3.2.8 - VIEW OF A STUDY HALL………………………………….…...62

PLATE 3.2.9 - A VIEW OF READERS USING

EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A STAIRCASE …………..62

PLATE 3.2.10 - VIEW OF READERS UNDER A

TREE IN THE OPEN YARD….............................................63

PLATE 3.2.11 - BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT……………......64

PLATE 3.3.1- CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………...65

PLATE 3.3.2 - LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY,

MEZZANINE FLOOR……………………………………….....71

PLATE 3.3.3 - A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY

BEDFORDSHIRE SHOWING THE USE OF FINS FOR

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL…..…….72

PLATE 4.1.0 - ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE……………….79

PLATE 4.1.1 - PROPOSED SITE………………………………………………….79

PLATE 4.1.2 - PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE

BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………..80

xix

ABSTRACT

“A Library is a repository of various forms of recorded information, as well

as a collection of data in many formats.” (Metu A. 1987). The design proposal is a

consequence of an investigation into the emerging concern about energy efficiency of

buildings, the recent advances in information technology and their attending

consequences on the planning and architecture of the future library.

Demographic data and an understanding of the development need of the growing

population validate the need for a library facility in Agbani.

The aim of this research and the design of the scheme is to develop a proposal that will

demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems identified which include the

implications of library design in the context of recent advancements in information

technology, control of internal environment and energy efficiency, circulation, fire

protection, lighting, noise arising from different locations, flexibility and security.

As a general design consideration, open planning and a standard measurement or

module, which is valid under changing conditions for the library’s equipment and

furniture, will be employed.

The five primary areas that will form the interior arrangement of the library are the

administrative service department, technical service department, reference service

department, adult service department and support areas.

The special design considerations are Circulation and activity flow, noise, lighting,

internal climate, humidification, building protection from solar radiation, hazards,

security, as well as arrangement of furniture and equipments.

The project location is in Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A. located in a prominent, easily

accessible location required to attract a large number of persons. An analysis of the site

xx

is based on the synthesis of such factors as its topography, access and views, sun

analysis and orientation, source of noise and soil condition.

The concept of zoning takes into consideration the noise levels of library spaces as well

as sequence in time of library use.

The planning takes into consideration the collection capacity of the proposed library

which will be a function of the proposed population to be designed for. The concept of

massing is to symbolize the culture of formal learning, which begins with a broad scope,

and as one advances in learning, he specializes. To symbolize this character, the

massing of the Agbani Central Library will be like that of a pyramid, which is broad at

its base and tapers as it rises.

xxi

CERTIFICATION

This project report is submitted to the Department of Architecture, Faculty

of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, in partial

fulfillment of the requirements For the Award of Degree of Master of

Science in Architecture.

The work embodied in this Project Report is original and has not been

submitted in part or full, (except for the acknowledged references) for any

other degree or diploma of this or any other university or institution.

………………………………...

OKAFOR VINCENT EJIKE

PG/MSC/07/46595

(Student)

Date………………….

………………………….. …………………………..

ARC. F.O. UZUEGBUNAM ARC. I. G. CHENDO

(Head, Department of Architecture) (Supervisor)

Date…………………. Date……………………

xxii

DEDICATION

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO ALL THOSE WHO CONSCIOUSLY

CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESS OF MY ACADEMIC PURSUIT THUS

FAR, AND TO THOSE WHO WOULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED SHOULD

THEY HAVE HAD THE “RARE PREVILEGE” TO DO SO.

xxiii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful Completion of this project report demands a heartfelt thanks and

appreciation to God Almighty for His infinite mercies, guidance as well as protection all

through the course of carrying out this research.

Special thanks to my supervisor, Arc. Chendo I. G. who not minding his very tight

schedule, yet invested quality time to thoroughly guard and guide me in the course of

this research.

I acknowledge the contribution of some members of staff of Enugu Central Library and

Nigerian National Library Enugu.

Members of M.Sc ’09 class UNEC, you people were wonderful; I wish you well in your

various pursuits in life.

Okafor Vitalis(Nwachinemelu), Ibekwe C .E (Uncle C), Alago Joe, Tekula Steve,

Essien Nsikak, Obong Odudu, Ogoinja, Onyema Nwankwo, Chikezie Orji, Frank

Chikezie(Papilo), Enebechi Enebe, Cj Dimkpa, Hon. Paul Aduda, Don-Sheriff, you

people are of a rare breed, may God reward you bountifully.

Emelife Ben!! My roommate, you were so wonderfully made for me. May God Bless

you.

Amaechi Okoli, thank you for being there for me.

Pastor Tim Maduka and Mummy Ng, thanks for your prayers and concern in my

spiritual well being. May God reward you.

Kosisochukwu Emenike, you were worth being a friend, I found real love in, thanks for

being there for me.

Architects Otu Umoren and Obi Uwakonye, your advice were worth it. Thank you, men

of a rare breed.

xxiv

I will feel biased if at this juncture, I fail to appreciate a people who have always been

there for me under the rain and in the sun, who are these special people? They are

members of Okafor’s family: my beloved sisters - Ijey, Obioma, Ngozi, Nwaeju (Last

Born), thanks for being there for me, Big Brothers Walter (Foreigner) and Celestine, I

appreciate you, may God elevate you people.

Okafor U. C. Esq. (Boliva), thanks for your support and brotherly advice, thoughts of

them made me to re-trace the right paths. God bless you.

Dr. Ngeh Paulinus, thank you for your support, it was worth it, God bless you.

Oluchi, Ifeanyi (Cross & D…..), Chibuzo (Bishop Kaka).I appreciate you people, may

you all walk and never stumble.

Nze Ikechukwu Okafor (Ichie Obata Obie), the importance of your efforts towards

making the best out of me, can never be overemphasized. God bless you.

Chief and Mrs. Nwabueze I. Okafor, what can I say? Nothing, but ‘thank you’. I wish

you long life, prosperity and good health.

My dear parent’s Mr. and Mrs. Pius Okafor, I don’t know how best to appreciate you!!!

But then, your prayers and good wishes for me have not been lost. May God give you

people long life, good health so that you will live to reap and enjoy the fruits of your

hard labour.

To all those who consciously contributed to the success of this research, May God

Almighty reward you in thousand folds.

xxv

TABLES OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………......ii

CERTIFICATION PAGE…………………………………………….………….....iii

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………....iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………..........v

TABLES OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………...........vii

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...xi

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………........xii

LIST OF PLATES…………………………………………………………………..xiv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...xvi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION………………………………………………….…1

1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………...….2

1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE…………………………………………....4

1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT……………………………………………….....5

1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM………………………..6

1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………….……...7

1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………...….10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.9.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES………………….…….12

2.10.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT……………………………...15

2.11.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA………………………………..18

2.12.0 TYPES OF LIBRARY…………………………………………………..….25

2.13.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES…………………………..........28

xxvi

2.14.0 SERVICE FOR THE COMMUNITIES …………………………………....29

2.15.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF………………………………...…39

2.16.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS…………………………..…43

CHAPTER THREE

3.0.0 CASE STUDIES

3.1.0 ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………....46

3.2.0 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU……………………......55

3.3.0 CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON……………….65

3.4.0 LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY………………………………………......69

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

4.9.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE……………………..…..74

4.10.0 THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………………………….78

4.11.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA……………………………….……80

4.12.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION……………………………………81

4.13.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS……………………………………………84

4.14.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION………………………………......92

4.15.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES……………………………………….…..95

4.16.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS………………......98

xxvii

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

BUILDING SERVICES

5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS…………………………………............100

5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS……………….................103

5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION…………………………………….109

5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

ACOUSTIC…………………………………………………………...109

5.10.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL………………………………..113

5.11.0 LANDSCAPING…………………………………………………….114

5.12.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL………………………………….114

5.13.0 TREES AND VEGETATION………………………………………..112

5.14.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA…………………………………………122

CHAPTER SIX

6.1.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT

6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED…………………………………….………..123

6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY………………………………………….……..124

6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION…………………………………….…...125

6.4.0 BOOK STOCK……………………………………….…………….….127

6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS……………………………………………….…..128

6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE………………130

6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME………………………….....133

xxviii

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.2.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY………………………………………………….136

7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT……………………………………………………...137

7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM………………………………………………..140

7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION……………………141

7.5.0 SERVICES………………………………………………………………..145

7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION………………………….148

REFERENCES……………………………………………………..……….150

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………...151

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLES 4.1

MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE………..………….84

TABLE 5.1

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED

LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS…………….............................106

TABLE 5.2

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED

LIGHTING INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS……………………………….108

TABLE 6.1

BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)…………….127

TABLE 6.2

THE SPACE ALLOWANCE PER POPULATION SERVED AS

RECOMMENDED BY THE IFLA STANDARDS…………..………………......128

TABLE 6.3

PERCENTAGE AREAS TO BE ALLOWED FOR VARIOUS MAJOR

DEPARTMENTS IN THE LIBRARY…………………..………………………..129

TABLE 6.4

SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME…………………………….133

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. 3.1 - SITE PLAN OF ENUGU

STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………49

FIG. 3.2 - FLOOR PLANS OF

ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU …………………50

FIG. 3.3 - SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN

NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU…………………………………59

FIG. 3.4 - FLOOR PLANS OF

NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU……………………..60

FIG. 3.5 - GROUND FLOOR PLAN,

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………..67

FIG. 3.6 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON ……….…67

FIG. 3.7- GROUND FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE…………….70

FIG. 3.8 - FIRST FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE………………….70

FIG. 3.9 - SECOND FLOOR PLAN,

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE……………...71

FIG. 4.1.0 MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE

LOCATION ……………..................................................................78

FIG. 4.1.1 - MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU………...82

FIG. 4.1.2 - MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING

THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS…………………….83

FIG. 4.1.3 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING

THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS…………………….…83

FIG. 4.1.4 - MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING

THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES……………………84

FIG. 4.1.5 - MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES

FOR ENUGU STATE…………………………………………...85

FIG. 4.1.6 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY………………………….…86

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FIG. 4.1.7 - RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY………………………………..…86

FIG. 4.1.8 - MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE……….…...87

FIG. 4.1.9- MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL

PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES…………………...88

FIG. 4.2.1 - TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL……………………….……………..88

FIG. 4.2.2- WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL –OCT.} ….…....89

FIG. 4.2.3 - DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOV. – MAR.) …….....90

FIG. 4.2.4- WIND FORCE DATA…………………………………………….…..90

FIG. 4.2.5 - SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. …………………….. ………....91

FIG. 4.2.6- SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE………….....92

FIG. 4.2.7 -DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH

AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE…………………….95

FIG. 4.2.8 -DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE………………….96

FIG. 4.2.9- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE

TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE…………………97

FIG. 4.3.1- DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE

AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE……………………….98

FIG. 5 .1 - AIR SYSTEMS………………………………………………………..102

FIG 5.2 -FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE……………………………....111

FIG. 5 .3 -MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS,

NATURAL VENTILATION AND CLIMATE CONTROL……..116

FIG. 5 .4.-USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION

TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL……………………………..117

FIG. 5.5- USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF

OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL…………………….…118

FIG. 5 .6 -AIR FLOW PATTERNS ……………………………………………..119

FIG. 5 .7.AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)……………………………….….120

FIG. 7.1 SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION OF LEARNING

CULTURE: A PYRAMID……………………………….….139

FIG. 7.2- CONCEPT: LIBRARY COLLECTIONS

DECREASE WITH INCREASE IN FLOOR……………………….139

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LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 2.1 -- SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY……………………………….…....26

PLATE 2.2 - VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY………………………….…....28

PLATE 2.3 - STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY…………………………………..…..30

PLATE 2.4 - HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY………………………………………....34

PLATE 2.5 - COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY………………………….....35

PLATE 2.6 - BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY……..37

PLATE 3.1.1 - MAIN ENTRANCES TO ENUGU STATE CENTRAL

LIBRARY (ESCL) ……………………………………46

PLATE 3.1.2 - ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP TO ESC LIBRARY..……….......47

PLATE 3.1.3 - A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY

SHOWING SUN BREAKERS …………………………..48

PLATE 3.1.4 - A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT IN ESC LIBRA.………48

PLATE 3.1.5 - STAFF ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY...………………………51

PLATE 3.1.6 -PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE TO ESC LIBRARY…..…………..52

PLATE 3.1.7 - A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE

READING HALL……………………….53

PLATE 3.1.8 - READERS READING

UNDER A TREE IN THE ESC LIBRARY YARD.………...53

PLATE 3.2.1 - MAIN ENTRANCE TO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA

BUILDING ……………………….55

PLATE 3.2.2 - INTERIOR VIEW OF

THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE…………………………56

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PLATE 3.2.3 - VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF……………………..57

PLATE 3.2.4 - A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER……………………………....57

PLATE 3.2.5 - A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES………58

PLATE 3.2.6 - FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM

(A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM) ………………………..58

PLATE 3.2.7 - VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD…………………………....61

PLATE 3.2.8 - VIEW OF A STUDY HALL………………………………….…...62

PLATE 3.2.9 - A VIEW OF READERS USING

EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A STAIRCASE …………..62

PLATE 3.2.10 - VIEW OF READERS UNDER A

TREE IN THE OPEN YARD….............................................63

PLATE 3.2.11 - BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT……………......64

PLATE 3.3.1- CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON………...65

PLATE 3.3.2 - LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY,

MEZZANINE FLOOR……………………………………….....71

PLATE 3.3.3 - A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY

BEDFORDSHIRE SHOWING THE USE OF FINS FOR

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL…..…….72

PLATE 4.1.0 - ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE……………….79

PLATE 4.1.1 - PROPOSED SITE………………………………………………….79

PLATE 4.1.2 - PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE

BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE…………………………..80

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ABSTRACT

“A Library is a repository of various forms of recorded information, as well

as a collection of data in many formats.” (Metu A. 1987). The design proposal is a

consequence of an investigation into the emerging concern about energy efficiency of

buildings, the recent advances in information technology and their attending

consequences on the planning and architecture of the future library.

Demographic data and an understanding of the development need of the growing

population validate the need for a library facility in Agbani.

The aim of this research and the design of the scheme is to develop a proposal that will

demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems identified which include the

implications of library design in the context of recent advancements in information

technology, control of internal environment and energy efficiency, circulation, fire

protection, lighting, noise arising from different locations, flexibility and security.

As a general design consideration, open planning and a standard measurement or

module, which is valid under changing conditions for the library’s equipment and

furniture, will be employed.

The five primary areas that will form the interior arrangement of the library are the

administrative service department, technical service department, reference service

department, adult service department and support areas.

The special design considerations are Circulation and activity flow, noise, lighting,

internal climate, humidification, building protection from solar radiation, hazards,

security, as well as arrangement of furniture and equipments.

The project location is in Agbani, Nkanu West L.G.A. located in a prominent, easily

accessible location required to attract a large number of persons. An analysis of the site

xxxv

is based on the synthesis of such factors as its topography, access and views, sun

analysis and orientation, source of noise and soil condition.

The concept of zoning takes into consideration the noise levels of library spaces as well

as sequence in time of library use.

The planning takes into consideration the collection capacity of the proposed library

which will be a function of the proposed population to be designed for. The concept of

massing is to symbolize the culture of formal learning, which begins with a broad scope,

and as one advances in learning, he specializes. To symbolize this character, the

massing of the Agbani Central Library will be like that of a pyramid, which is broad at

its base and tapers as it rises.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1.0 PROJECT DEFINITION

According to Ayodele O. K (1979), “Library as an institution is a living record of

man’s progress from the Stone Age to the modern age. Through libraries, men can

communicate their vision and experience from generation to generation. Libraries are

also stepping stones to the future as well as bridges to the past. Libraries and schools are

inseparable educational team dedicated to preparing today’s people to meet the

challenges of tomorrow. Libraries are quiet places but not dull places. They houses the

most exclusive and dynamic man’s creation ideas. Through libraries, scientists have

unlocked the secrets of nature and philosophers have searched for meaning of age. They

are also important weapons for peace, freedom and full development of the individual to

understanding himself, his surroundings and the world at large.”

Libraries are established to perform the following functions:

xxxvi

To assemble, preserve and administer books and other related educational

materials in organized collections, in order to promote an enlightened society

through guidance and stimulation and to promote enriched personal lives.

To provide opportunity and encouragement for children, young people, men and

women to educate themselves continuously.

To help people make such use of leisure times as well as promote personal

happiness and social advancement.

To serve those who are aiding in the advancement of knowledge through

research. (Microsoft Encarta 2008)

1.2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The shift from the teacher to the learner has been a significant one. It does

not mean that the role of the teacher is redundant, rather, that it is a change; that the act

of learning must be substantially a proactive one and that access to learning resources is

even essential than it has been prior to now.

“In the traditional sense of the world, library is a collection of books and though derives

from the Latin word “lire” meaning book, it can be referred to as an individual or

private collection, but more often it is a large collection of information resources and a

group of services that is funded and maintained by a city or institution. In the senses, it

is not merely a collection, but an organized collection, intended for use, accompanied by

a group of services for users. The collection and the services are often used by people

who chose not to –or cannot afford to purchase an extensive collection themselves, who

need materials.”

Calvin R. (1999).

However, with the collection or invention of media other than books for storing

information, many libraries are now also repositories and points for maps, prints, or

xxxvii

other art works , microfilms, microfiche, audio tapes, CDs, LPS, video tapes DVDs, and

provide public facilities to access CD-Rom and subscription data base and the internet.

Thus, modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted

access to information in many formats and from many sources. In addition to providing

material, they also provide service of specialists who are expert in matters related to

finding and organizing information, interpreting information needs, called libraries.

It is essential, the library service a multiplicity of purpose, that its staff is able to meet

the demands of a sophisticated and literate audience, capable of using a variety of

information and communication media.

Libraries perform a range of functions in the society, academic libraries for instance

obtain, collect and store literature for education and research purposes and is usually

open to the general public. Public libraries provide communication with a wide choice

of more general literature and other information media with as much of them displayed

on open shelves. In addition online information searches on databases stored in CD-

ROMs are also available, including photocopying, reading and printing from

microfilms.

‘The role of public libraries has been changing in the past few years, notably through

the acceptance of new media of communication, the recognition of the new social

objectives and parities, which index reaching out to those who do not at present use the

library services, thus, libraries are changing and dynamic places; libraries are techno-

savvy at the forefront of the information age, and help people to find information they

need, when they need it.’ (Allen Kent, 2000).

Libraries are places of opportunity; libraries are part of our dream place for

education, self-help and lifelong learning.

xxxviii

‘Libraries brings you to the world; where else can one have access to virtually

everything in print or online and even have the personal assistance of librarians to help

find what you are looking for?’ (Angelo W, 1967).

More recently, libraries are understood as extending beyond the physical walls of a

building, including materials accessible by electronic means, and providing assistance

by librarians in navigating and analyzing the tremendous amount of knowledge with a

variety of digital tools. It is obvious that a vital institution housing and documenting the

living records of man’s progress from ages and also forms an essential link through

which man’s vision and breakthrough are communicated between generations which

forms a stepping stone into the future and a bridge to the past .Libraries are quiet places,

they house the most explosive and dynamic of all man’s creative ideas. Through

libraries, scientist have embarked to unravel the secrets of nature, and philosophers,

have searched deep into the meaning of life, they are indeed an important weapon for

preparing people today to meeting the challenges of the future, for peace, freedom and

help towards self development and better understanding of the environment and the

world at large.

‘Today, libraries building are constructed so that they can be easily expanded or

modified to accommodate changes in collections, formats, and user needs including

users with disabilities. The rapid expansion of the information technology since World

War II has forced libraries to consider new methods of storage such as compact

movable shelving, microfilming of bulky or deteriorating materials. The décor of

modern libraries is determined largely by practical consideration, lighting is bright,

furnishing is sturdy, and structural elements are designed to conserve energy.’

(Encyclopedia Americana Inc. NY 1981 VOL. 17, Pg. 31). In future, libraries may see

xxxix

space given over to bookshelves cleared to make way for extra computer terminals as

internet access supersedes access to books as primary function of the library institution.

1.3.0 MOTIVATION AND PURPOSE

Agbani and its environs experienced a rapid influx of academic

institutions under the governorship of Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani (Ebeano).These

institutions ranges from primary to tertiary institutions an even a professional

institution( Nigerian Law School). These institutions includes Renaissance University

Ugbawka, Air force Primary and Secondary School, Mea Mater High School Agbani,

Nigerian Law School Agbani Campus, and the mother all being the movement of Enugu

State University of Science and Technology to its permanent site in Agbani.

Considering the number of these institutions, the importance of a Library to be located

there cannot be overemphasized. Another factor that earnestly calls for this project is the

fact that most of our institutions don’t have what it takes to equip their libraries to a

reasonable standard, owing to the presence of this proposed project, the various

institutions could still be running their sketchy library services while the proposed

Divisional Library Agbani, will be equipped to cover up the deficiencies of the various

school libraries.

1.4.0 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of the project of this nature needs to be definitely given. Broadly

speaking, the project scope has been determined to accommodate facilities covering the

following services:

The administrative facility includes:

xl

- Boardroom, committee rooms, office of the board chairman and some

administrative staff.

- Offices housing these sections: administration, personnel, finance, and

accounts, internal audit, public relations, etc.

The operations supports will involve the provision of bibliographic services, legal unit,

National union catalogue, national and state documentation centers, collection

development, library statistics research and training. All these will be present within the

proposed library.

The readers’ activities will present the boiling point of the library and will be made

functional through the provision of entrance halls, Referencing section, audio-visuals,

reading rooms, public catalogue, etc. These areas will be clearly provided in the design

to avoid conflict and confusion while enhancing more efficient readers’ productivity.

The stack area and all other book shelving areas will be large enough to contain a total

capacity of 40,000-50,000 volumes, which is the projected capacity of the library.

Movement of volumes forms stacks to the service desk will be partly automated to

enhance speedy services. The mechanized service will involve printing, binding, and

photocopying.

The service will be given full consideration worthy of an industrial process, which they

represent. The support facilities will basically serve to make the use of the library more

interesting and comfortable. It will also include facilities such as exhibition halls,

auditoriums, snack bars, restaurants, kitchen, etc.

1.5.0 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM

The main architectural problem in the design of the proposed library is that

of “flexibility and adaptation to change in library design and use of library”. Changes

xli

in spatial and functional requirements of libraries, in terms of the dynamic needs of the

users and administrative authorities (librarians) in the present and especially the future

are referred to as “change”.

Other library design related problems which are to solve includes:

Library design in the context of recent advancement in information technology.

Control of internal environment and energy efficiency

Accessibility (Both physical and visual impact)

Circulation of people and material (horizontal \vertical)

Space relationship (zoning)

Acoustics and noise control

Lighting

Heat and noise control

Security and fire protection

Landscaping.

1.6.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research and design scheme will be to develop a proposal

that will demonstrate a careful analysis of the architectural problems highlighted and the

variety of probable solutions, the result of which will be a skilful synthesis that will be

given expression through the function, form and architectural character of the design of

the proposed Divisional Library Agbani.

Therefore, considering the problems already identified and the aim already stated, the

following will be objectives of this project:

xlii

The design will seek to use a variety of formula and library design reference

works to define the space allocation, which will accommodate the size of the

projected material collection. The space allocation will be in terms numbering of

shelving units to house the collection and the floor area required to

accommodate the shelving units and related public circulated ways.

The space allocation will attempt to accommodate various ways in which

patrons will utilize the resources of the facility. This concerns the seating

arrangement because different reading activities require different seating

arrangement. Reference, study and research work require table seating. Patrons

interested in browsing and recreational reading seek comfort lounge in which to

pursue their pastimes. Retrieval of electronically processed information requires

study carrels and computer terminals. Children need tables and chairs for

projects, reading and other programmed activities. All of these types of seating

have specific space requirements. The outcome of this design will take this into

consideration.

To develop a library-building program that will incorporate elements that will

magnify its role as a community facility. This is equally necessary since the

library will function as a focal point for community learning.

The fenestration will be designed such that windows will be used to provide

needed natural light. The windows provided will be located such so that they do

not interfere with shelving layouts in the book area. The design will take

advantage of window openings placed high on the wall above shelving units,

which are often an effective source of evenly distributed ambient light. Adequate

lighting that will not produce glare where computers terminals at right any

source of natural daylight.

xliii

The design will seek to solve the problem of peripheral noise generated by

absorbing the noise by the spatial design, spatial separation and material

selection. Provision of special “quiet study” rooms will assure patrons of an

acoustically quiet environment. In addition, with special programs and

homework center activities, the children Area will be a source of moderate noise

in the facility. Care would be taken to acoustically isolate this area from other

areas of the facility.

An attempt will be made to design a security system that will not be entirely

dependent on a book theft security system. Since the ultimate responsibility for

protecting materials and equipment used by the public in the library rests with

library staff, the reader service desk and staff workrooms should be located in

view of public seating and collection areas, thereby enhancing visual

supervision. This will be a more architectural response to the problem of

Security.

In order to achieve flexibility and expandability in the library design, the

meeting room space should be designed to accommodate a variety of

configurations for meetings, seminars and training sessions. Lighting systems

should be adaptable to varying use patterns. In designing the staff support areas,

consideration will be given to visiting librarians and staff. Hence, a flexible

design will accommodate such situations.

To contain the risk of fire by arson, attention will be paid to the design of

fenestrations. Windows that does not open eliminates such risk. However, since

windows that do not open will be counter productive when other factors like

ventilation are considered, the risk can be reduced by the use of screening to

cover windows that can open.

xliv

In order to limit the spread of fire, there will also be an attempt to employ the

use of compartmentalization. This implies subdividing the book stack by

constructing fire resistant walls, ceilings, and floors to limit the spread of fire,

smoke and to some extend water. Compartmentalization is a highly successful

method of reducing risk if barriers are designed and installed properly. Fire

ratings must be appropriate for book stacks, and there can be no breaks or

interruptions to the barriers. Points often overlooked in the use of

compartmentalization are continuation of the walls above drop ceilings to the

floor above, installation of automatic dampers in air handling system, sealing of

gaps around utility tunnels, and use of automatic fire doors; all are measures

designed to help isolate compartments from one another to prevent spread of fire

,a smoke and water. Vertical openings between floors for services, stairwells,

and elevators need to be sealed if each floor is to become a separate

compartment and barrier to the spread of fire.

1.7.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research successes are usually hindered by lack of adequate material due

to the economic recession being experience in the world today, while making findings

increasingly difficult, however, efforts for sourcing information were made to achieve

an appreciable success. Such efforts were made through primary and secondary sources.

The main research procedures adopted in this study is chiefly deductive; involving the

collection of data through both the primary and secondary sources. These include;

Primary Sources:

- Site/Field Study, Surveys and observations.

- Personal interviews

xlv

- Library Research

- Participant or Detached Observation

- Filling of Questionnaires by Persons

- Measurement of people events or things under direct manner

Secondary Sources:

- Case Studies reviews.

- Review of existing records, books, journals, magazines, monographs etc.

The Author visited the site to become acquainted with topographic and environmental

peculiarities of the chosen site. To achieve this goal, a preliminary survey was carried

out and major landmarks and features established.

A visit to Agbani and its environs was undertaken and relevant information obtained

from the Ministry of Land, Survey and Town Planning, and the Ministry of Information

Enugu State among others.

In addition, various case studies and reviews of the materials obtained proved quite

useful in determining exact problems and possible solutions to be adopted in the project.

Useful information was also obtained from interviews and discussions with the author’s

project supervisor and lecturers that guided and directed the research. Various books,

journals, and Unpublished Project Reports which formed the bulk of this research

materials.

The information and data collected or obtained by the various means were gathered,

analyzed and synthesized to give a framework for this Project Report and the subsequent

design.

xlvi

CHAPTER TWO

2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.0 DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES (LIBRARIES)

Ebenezer H. (1990) opined that, among the many treasures of the

modern world, the greatest are found in books. All the accumulated knowledge of

mankind, all the wisdom of the ages, all the fables, fantasies and facts than have

effected and delighted to minds of men since civilization began are available for our

pleasure or profit in the books that line the bookshelves of libraries and other related

institutions of the world.

Books were found even among the papyrus of ancient Egypt, and the tablets of

BABYLONIAN and ASSYRIA, they gathered in orderly collections in Heloipolis,

Nineveh in Babylon and elsewhere and libraries had existed since then. The earliest

examples of libraries in the world were known to have existed in the palace of the

Ptolemy II in Alexandria, Egypt. It was established around 238 B.C and the library of

xlvii

the palace of Nineveh was established around 668—626 B.C by the Assyrian king

Ashorbrinpah.

Greeks and Romans also established libraries. The best known example of Greek

libraries was at Pergamon, established as part of the Acropolis complex. It contained

some 700,000 rolls of papyrus. The best example of libraries established during the time

of the Roman Empire was at Ephesus in Asia Minor, it was established in AD115.

During the period in history, popularly known as the Dark Ages, the development of

libraries generally started to decline. But with the church assuming supreme authority in

Europe, libraries started to flourish once more.

The Monasteries and Great Cathedrals became not only centers of religion, but centers

of learning and culture. Monastic libraries were scattered all over Europe and Asia

Minor and with them were attached libraries called “scriptorium”.

During the 1100’s the modern university began to develop from monastic

centers and with the establishment started the origin of some of the greatest academic

libraries we have today, like Oxford and Cambridge. One of the most important libraries

of the middle Ages was the Vatican Library in Rome established in 1400. A.D.

(Microsoft Encarta 2008).

About 1400A.D, a German printer invented the movable printing machine. With this

more books could then be printed and people could afford to buy them. Books gradually

replaced handwritten manuscript and books were put on shelves and not in chest as was

the case of the manuscripts.

‘The growth of library services in Europe started to expand rapidly. With the

discovery of the printing press, came the reformation and the supremacy of the church

started to crack. One of the greatest libraries established during this period was the Lave

Renton Library Florence designed by Michelangelo in 1500 A.D.

xlviii

In Europe at this period, education was open to a few privileged class and illiteracy was

rampant, and the state of Europe then felt the benefit of the common man to the extent

that the influential French philosopher Voltamine was convinced that only selected few

could benefit from education and his contemporary Jeans-Jacques Frankly asserted his

belief that the poor had no need for education at all. The birth of the modern public

literacy did not emerge until after the French revolution.

It was the French revolution that sent forth tremors of freedom and nationalism around

the world. In November 1789, the church libraries in France were declared national

properties and were made accessible for the first time to the general public. Thus started

the beginning of public libraries in France and in 1850, in Paris the Bibliotheque

National was established to look into the establishment and administration of public

libraries in France.’ (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

The British museum was established in 1759 but true public library system started in

England in 1847, when an Act of the parliament authorized the establishment of public

libraries in the urban centers financed by government fund. In the U.S.A it was

Benjamin Franklin who in 1731 established the first subscription library in Philadelphia.

(Microsoft Encarta 2008). The next hundred years saw the founding of similar libraries

in many other cities, the best known being the Boston Athenaeum, the New York

society library and the Charleston library society.

The library of congress was established in America in 1800 and with its establishment,

public libraries organized and financed by Corporate Organizations started springing up

all over U.S.A, but the first state law making establishment of public libraries came into

effect in the middle of the 19th

century.

Striking progress in the development of public libraries came into Russia after the 1917

Revolution. It has been integral part of the determined effort made by the government to

xlix

eliminate the high rate of illiteracy which existed in the in the 1971 and to raise the

educational and cultural standard level of the people. The amazing growth and

distribution of new libraries was made possible by the confiscation of rich collections

and partly also by fundamental government reorganization which provided an

administration basis for a nationwide public library services. Generally the 20th

century

has added a new dimension to library services as well as a new range. Development in

scientific and industrial research, with a consequent vast increase in the publication on a

worldwide basis, of specialized information, mostly in the form of periodicals has led to

a demand for rapid and easy access a wide range of periodicals, literature and

information science that could finish reference and bibliographies on specific subjects.

2.2.0 PERIODS OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT

LIBRARIES OF ANTIQUITIES

‘The oldest libraries were those of the Sumerians, housing clay tablets

with business and legal records. However, these libraries were destroyed by earthquake

and fire, but a great number of the clay tablets survived and could be seen in some

museums today. The first Egyptian library, containing 20,000 papyrus scrolls was

founded by Ramose II in 1250 BC. The greatest library of ancient world, however, was

that established by the Greeks in Alexandria in the 3rd

century BC. A centre of learning

for the whole Hellenistic world, it consisted of museums, a library of 70,000 rolls of

papyrus and facilitates for copying and translating texts in many languages. By the 1st

century BC, wealthy Romans began to develop private libraries of Greek and Latin

works, with the growing demand, copying business had been established in Rome.’

(Microsoft Encarta 2008).

THE MIDDLE AGES

l

In the 6th century Catholic bishops in Europe began taking control of all

church properties, including manuscript collections in libraries. Thereafter, library

collections became communal church possessions that could be copied and distributed

relatively freely. For about the next 1,000 years during the Middle Ages (which lasted

from the 5th century to the 15th century), medieval libraries in Europe acquired, copied,

and disseminated texts by relying on correspondence between monasteries. Eventually,

these libraries developed a system of procedures to organize and classify their

collections. From this mix of activities emerged a highly decentralized system of

libraries scattered throughout Europe. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

By the beginning of the Middle Ages, the papyrus scroll was no longer the common text

format. It had been replaced by the parchment codex, an early form of book consisting

of bundles of folded parchment sheets inscribed on both sides. These sheets were

stitched together and placed between protective covers. In codex form these manuscripts

carried more text in less space, and they were easier to transport and read than were

papyrus scrolls. In addition, their bindings were easier to decorate, and their

compactness allowed church officials to move them in and out of closed storage spaces

within walls, where manuscripts were kept with other treasures. The church clergy

stored less-valued texts in armaria, or book cupboards, which were generally situated in

more-accessible church locations.

To enhance quality and quantity of manuscript production, a church official often

established a separate room, called a scriptorium, in which a carefully selected group of

skilled clergy—known as monastic scribes—copied valuable religious texts. The scribes

almost invariably wrote their manuscripts in Latin, which allowed speakers of different

vernacular (local) languages to understand and communicate in a single, universal

li

mode of expression. They used quill pens to copy the Bible, liturgical books, Latin

grammars (books containing rules and principles of the Latin language), and small

numbers of secular books onto parchment. Because medieval libraries did not follow the

directives of any centralized authority, they frequently developed special techniques in

the production of manuscripts. For example, certain scribes became experts at creating

elaborate texts known as illuminated manuscripts, which were embellished with

beautiful color illustrations and were often bound with fine leather set with jewels.

By the middle of the 6th century, leaders of the Christian monastic order known as the

Benedictines were requiring their monks to read daily. Thus, as missionary monks

traveled throughout rural Europe to establish relatively isolated monasteries, they made

sure to include space for libraries. For example, the monasteries of Saint Gall in

Switzerland, Holy Island in England, Fulda in Germany, and Bobbio in Italy all

maintained outstanding libraries. Many of these rural monasteries provided secure

quarters for collections of sacred manuscripts that urban church libraries could no

longer provide. In the mid-7th century, for example, Benedict Biscop, an English abbot,

traveled five times to Rome, returning with pack animals loaded with valuable books. In

the late 8th century the English scholar Alcuin established two libraries in Aachen in

what is now Germany—one for the court of Charlemagne, king of the Franks, the other

for the palace school. In addition, Alcuin built a library at Tours in France after he

became bishop there.

Europe and its libraries changed substantially during the High Middle Ages, which

lasted from the mid-11th century through the 13th century. Europeans had increased

contact with distant civilizations through the efforts of explorers such as Marco Polo

and through the wars fought by soldiers in the Crusades. Europe also experienced

lii

increased production and consumption within an emerging money-based economy. This

began to generate surplus wealth that could be used for patronage and investment. In

addition, throughout Europe religious reforms began to take hold and monarchies began

to develop. All of these factors combined to shift the locus of learning from rural

monasteries to schools within urban cathedrals. Some of these schools eventually

developed large and influential libraries. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

2.3.0 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

The development of library in Africa began in Egypt in the year 1304 BC,

such libraries were identified mainly with temples and palaces of great rulers and kings,

the development of library and bibliographical services in Africa took place mainly in

Arab states and South Africa.(Ayodele D. J 1980) The first and largest national library in

Africa was founded in Cairo, Egypt capital in the year 1770 and was patterned after

national libraries in Europe; this was followed by other national libraries such as

Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa Morocco, and Ethiopia and much later in Nigeria, the

Nigeria National library in Lagos (RICHEL W. 2000). The pace of library development

in Nigeria was accelerated considerably by the winds of change that swept across the

continent at the end of the Second World War. Some of these developments were the

increased agitation by many countries for political independence together with landed

efforts towards economic and social development in order to raise the living standards.

Subsequently and more importantly the establishment of UNESCO in 1946, saw the

birth of organizations that worked most intensively with library development in nations

worldwide.

liii

LIBRARY IN AFRICA TODAY

Throughout the early 20th century, foreign organizations drove the effort to

create libraries in Africa, often through the contributions of international agencies such

as the British Council, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, and the now abolished

United States Information Agency, whose functions were transferred to the State

Department. Before former colonies in Africa gained independence in the 1950s, 1960s,

and 1970s, most libraries were modeled on those in France, Britain, and Portugal; these

countries were the major colonial powers in Africa. With independence, however, most

countries have tried to shake off colonial influences and develop libraries based on local

cultures and traditions.

In an effort to develop a stronger local foundation for African libraries,

many African countries have formed international library networks. In the late 1970s,

for example, Marxist governments in Portuguese-speaking nations of Africa used

central planning of library services to implement new technologies and to improve

literacy. Within a decade several of these countries had joined the International Center

of Bantu Civilizations, a network created to meet Central African documentation needs.

French-speaking countries in Africa have also formed library networks. In 1989 the

French Ministry of Cooperation and Development signed agreements with 14 French-

speaking African nations to develop general reading programs for local populations.

The ministry also supported efforts in Cameroon, Niger, Madagascar, and Burkina Faso

to establish automated national databases of information. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

liv

Unstable economies, poor telecommunications infrastructure, and weak distribution

channels have all slowed the application of modern technology to library services in

Africa. Nevertheless, by the 1990s many university and research libraries featured state-

of-the-art equipment, often purchased through grants from a variety of international

agencies and foundations. Most funding came from various agencies of the United

Nations, with aid also provided by the World Bank, the British Council, the Carnegie

Corporation of New York, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.

Computers enable many African academic and special libraries to share resources

through local area networks. These libraries also use computers to provide users with

online public access catalogs, information in CD-ROM format, and lists of periodicals

and other bibliographic databases. CD-ROMs have found a wide acceptance in African

academic libraries and research institutes, mainly because the discs are capable of

storing large volumes of information and do not require online telephone

communication for access.

THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE

At about 1870, came about library activities in Nigeria. At that time,

Lagos which was the capital of the nation had the most concentration of alien town in

library development. Much later in the 19th

century, library development moved to the

northern part of the country under the influence of Arabic culture as an extension of the

old Timbuktu centre of learning. ADEMO R. ( 1998).

Modern library services in Nigeria began in 1920s when a club known as Lagos Book

Club was formed. The club consisted of expatriate civil servants and few Nigerians.

They had books circulated among themselves, more attention was drawn from the

activities of the club and by the year 1923 they had received grants of $6,500 from

lv

Carnegie Co-operation of New York. This led to the formation and subsequent

inauguration of the Lagos library in June the same year.

The arrival of the British council in Nigeria in December 1943, led to the formation of

the British library which served as mainly as an information center on the achievements

of the allied forces during the Second World War. It also provided facilities for people

interested reading. Branches were established later Enugu, Kaduna, Ibadan, and Benin

City. It helped increase the awareness of library services, although the library became

definite a year after.

In 1956, sequel to a seminar organized by UNESCO, a regional pilot project on the then

Eastern Regional Government, assisted by the British Council and UNESCO, this

became Regional Central Library , a subsidiary mobile library was included by

UNESCO two years later.

On 9th

March 1959, the new permanent Regional Central Library now state central

library was officially opened. Other libraries that followed later were:

Divisional library Port Harcourt 2nd

March, 1962

Divisional library Ikot Ekpene 20th

July, 1964

Divisional library Umuahia 17th

April, 1966

Divisional library Onitsha 26th

March, 1966.

(Okereke A.A 2006 pg: 89-93, Unpublished MSC. Project Report)

According to Usoro E., unfortunately, the activities of the libraries were grounded

following the out break of civil hostilities in the country between 1967-1970, with the

war in 1970, 12 states creation fully implemented, some of the branches were intended

by some other states. Those of Umuahia, Onitsha, Owerri and Aba as well as Enugu (the

head library) remained with the East Central State, later, Umuahia and Aba branches

lvi

were elevated to the class of state head libraries. Presently there are almost all types of

libraries in active service in various parts of Nigeria, including public libraries in almost

every urban area.

THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY

The idea for a National Library of Nigerian was initiated by the Nigerian

Chapter of West African Library Association. On the attainment of independence, the

Nigerian government embraced the idea of a national library as proposed by the

association. The Ford Foundation of America offered technical assistance, first in the

form of providing expertise in surveying for feasibility and producing a report for that

purpose. The report was accepted and the Ford Foundation yet followed with further

logistic supports in the form of a team of expert professional under the leadership of Dr.

Carl M. White. He is believed to be the founding father of the National library of

Nigeria. The National Assembly came out with the enabling legislation for the library,

and on the 6th

November, 1964 the establishment was declared open. Like in other

parastatal, the government authority structure is very simple and is by delegation. At the

top is the Federal Government of Nigeria which promulgated the statutes. The exercise

of the assignment is largely academic and mostly within the principle of operating in the

wings of a ministry. Therefore the minister exercises delegated authority derived from

the laws promulgated by the Federal Government. Under the law, the minister

inaugurates a board appointed by the Chief Executive of the Federal Government. The

board in exercise of its functions initiates the appointment of a Chief Executive for the

day to day running of the library with the approval of the Federal Government.

By the time the National Library of opened its doors to Nigerians, the founding father of

the institution, Dr. Carl White had already mapped out the type of services that the

institution was going to provide for the Nigeria people. These are well articulated in his

lvii

book and report The National Library of Nigeria, growth, the problems and progress.

1964. He identified and categorized potential users of the National Library of Nigeria

as: officials of the federal government, resident officials of foreign government,

international organizations, independent professional workers and artist, including

business community including leaders of labour movements.

According to him, “The library should be a symbol of the intellectual resource of the

nation and should, as far as possible benefit all the people”.

In the more than three decades of its existence, the National Library has always

demonstrated its commitment to this primary objective of serving the people of this

country. In line with the views of the following services;

Serve as an intelligent source at the centre of leadership.

Sharing the federal services with the nation.

Organizing and indexing of all library collections owned by the Federal

Government.

Bringing people and books together.

Photographic reproduction of library materials.

Helping readers find right answers to questions.

Translation of library materials.

Services of National Bibliographic centre.

It is common knowledge that readers and users only see a small fraction of the

collection available in the National Library. Most of them are kept in the stacks. Even

though it is common to see the quick reference collection and probably a few

periodicals on display, most of what is available to the readers are never physically

seen. This is why aids are provided in form of public catalogues, subject bibliographic,

visible card index etc. it has been highlighted earlier that the National Library is open to

lviii

all for use but this does not mean that the whole collections should be thrown open to all

without any form of restriction.

FUNCTIONS:

The functions of the National Library of Nigeria could not be better stated as is

contained in the Decree No. 29 of 1970 and the general conceptions of National Library

all over the world, the objectives of the National Library of Nigeria as far as the

provision of readers to readers and users are concerned have been further formulated in

the blueprint by the Board of the library as follows:

1. To provide necessary support for intellectual efforts in all activities directed

towards progress and development.

2. To ensure the availability of a comprehensive collection of record knowledge in

all its forms and facilitate full access to such treasury both within and outside the

nation’s boundaries.

3. To generate free flow of information between this nation and others thereby

ensuring Nigeria’s effective participation in the committee of nations that

depends on information for survival in a world of rapid advancement and

competition.

In terms of service to the readers, the functions of the National library of Nigeria have

further been conceptualized and identified as follows:

To serve as the “giant memory” of the nation, its intellectual storehouse, and the data

bank for

It’s learning and remembering processes.

To assembly and research collection in all fields of knowledge.

To acquire assembly and preserve for the use of all citizens now and throughout

posterity intellectual output, and to disseminate this to the whole world.

lix

What have been stated and outlined so far are the services and functions the National

Library of Nigeria is expected to provide and as has been pointed out would have to be

based on the collection available in the institutions.

2.4.0 TYPES OF LIBRARIES

Because no single library can contain the information sought by every potential

user, different types of libraries exist to serve different needs. Libraries fall into six

basic categories. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

(1) Public libraries, which serve all members of the general public.

(2) School libraries, which serve students and faculty through the high school level.

(3) College and university libraries, which serve students and faculty in higher

education.

(4) Research libraries, which serve the needs of advanced scholars.

(5) Special libraries, which serve various organizations, industries, and governmental

agencies and some individuals.

(6) Government libraries, which serve governmental departments and agencies, and

often the general public as well. Each type of library develops its mission statement,

collections, services, and facilities to satisfy the needs of its particular clientele.

Libraries of all types generally form networks with other libraries, through which they

share resources, information, technology, and staff expertise. Most libraries exist as

autonomous institutions, but nearly all libraries also form parts of larger regional,

lx

national, or even international library networks. These links between institutions ensure

that a library’s users can obtain needed information quickly and usually free of charge.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES

A new central library designed by Dutch Architect Rem Koolhaas opened in

downtown Seattle, Washington, in 2004. Inside the dramatic steel-and-glass structure,

the library collection is arranged in a “book spiral” that winds along ramps through four

floors. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

PLATE 2.1

SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008

MAJOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Public libraries offer their collections and services to all members of the community.

The libraries may range in size from one-room facilities in sparsely populated rural

areas to large multibranch systems that serve millions of people in urban areas. Urban

public library systems generally maintain a large central library in the downtown area as

lxi

well as several smaller branches—known as neighborhood or community libraries—in

the various neighborhoods of the city. Some public libraries provide services to rural

areas of their communities with bookmobiles, which are trucks, trailers, vans, or buses

equipped to serve as traveling lending libraries.

Completed in 1996, the new main building of the San Francisco Public Library features

striking interior spaces filled with natural light. Shortly after it opened, the library

attracted controversy when officials discovered that its capacity was inadequate for its

collection.

The New York Public Library—consisting of 4 research libraries and 85 branch

libraries—is the largest public library system in the United States. Founded in 1895, its

collections total more than 13 million volumes. Other major public library systems in

the United States include the County of Los Angeles Public Library, the Los Angeles

Public Library, and the San Francisco Public Library, all in California; the Chicago

Public Library, in Illinois; the Boston Public Library, in Massachusetts; the Brooklyn

Public Library and the Queen’s Borough Public Library, both in New York; the

Cleveland Public Library and the Cincinnati & Hamilton County Public Library, both in

Ohio; the Free Library of Philadelphia and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, both in

Pennsylvania; and the Seattle Public Library, in Washington state. (Microsoft Encarta

2008).

PLATE 2.2

lxii

VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008.

The Vancouver Public Library, designed by Canadian architect Moshe Safdie, opened

in 1995. Located in the heart of downtown Vancouver, the 35,150-sq-m (378,350-sq-ft)

library houses more than one million volumes

2.5.0 COLLECTIONS IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES

Because they serve such a diverse range of people, public libraries maintain collections

that can span the spectrum of human knowledge and opinions. Collections include

printed materials such as reference sets, paperback novels, biographies, children’s and

young adult literature, histories, newspapers, and magazines. They usually also contain

photographs, maps, art reproductions, sound recordings, and video recordings. In

addition to printed and audiovisual materials, most public libraries in the United States

and Canada feature computer workstations with software, CD-ROMs, and connections

to information worldwide through the Internet. As part of their mission to serve as a

resource center for citizens in a participatory democracy, public libraries in the United

States and Canada maintain collections of public records, public policy statements,

government documents, and tax forms.

lxiii

Large public library buildings are organized into different sections that focus on specific

collections or services. For example, most large public libraries divide their collections

into different departments arranged by subject. Each department is staffed by its own

librarian or group of librarians. A library may maintain separate departments for

business and technology, humanities, children’s materials, and government publications.

Other typical features of large library buildings include reading rooms, special galleries

for exhibitions, auditoriums for lectures or concerts, computer rooms, children’s rooms,

photocopy rooms, and classrooms. (WWW.LIBRARYINFO.COM)

2.6.0 SERVICES FOR THE COMMUNITY

In addition to maintaining diverse collections, public libraries offer an increasing variety

of services and activities in response to community needs. Common services range from

story hours, crafts, and puppet shows for children to computer technology workshops,

concerts, and lecture series for users of all ages. Many public libraries sponsor exhibits

about historical events and popular culture. In addition, they host book-discussion

groups, lectures, film screenings, and live performances in auditoriums or public

meeting rooms. Many public library staff members are specially trained to recommend

books to users of particular age groups or with specific interests. The librarians who

offer these services first discern the educational and recreational interests of a library

user and then draw up a customized list of suggested titles for the user to read. For

example, a librarian might prepare a list of items about the local court system for

someone planning to testify in small-claims court. Or a children’s librarian might

compile a list of picture books for use by child-care providers.

SERVICES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

lxiv

Children listen to a storyteller in the children’s room of a public library in New York

City. Most public libraries feature a children’s area with materials and activities

designed to encourage an early love of reading and learning. (Microsoft Encarta 2008).

PLATE 2.3

STORY HOUR AT LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008

Before the early 1900s, children under ten years of age were denied full borrowing

privileges at public libraries. Today, public librarians consider service to youth a

primary mission. Most public libraries feature children’s rooms, where children’s

librarians and guest storytellers read stories to children to encourage a love of books and

reading. Children’s rooms may also feature computer workstations equipped with

software designed for children. Some libraries sponsor children’s programs in child-care

centers, schools, homeless shelters, public housing facilities, and other locations. A few

large public library systems in the United States and Canada feature special libraries for

gifted children, for deaf or blind children, or for developmentally disabled children. As

many as half the books circulated in some public libraries are borrowed by children.

Many public libraries also develop specialized collections and facilities to meet the

unique needs and interests of teenagers and young adults. Young people in this age

lxv

group have generally lost interest in children’s library materials, but many have not yet

developed an interest in books and other materials from the collections designed for

adult library users. Public librarians may be specially trained to interest teens and young

adults in particular materials and to direct them to adult collections when they are ready.

These librarians also attempt to reach young high school dropouts through contacts with

community leaders, outreach centers, and employers. A major aim of library service to

young people is to attract and keep them as readers of books and users of libraries in

adult life.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES

School libraries serve elementary schools, middle schools, junior high schools, and high

schools. The main function of a school library is to support various educational

programs and to develop students’ skills in locating and using information. Teachers use

school libraries to access information needed to develop and support their classroom

instruction. Students use the materials in school libraries to perform their class work.

School libraries usually maintain collections in a variety of media. In addition to books,

magazines, and newspapers, school libraries may contain photographs, films, sound and

video recordings, computers, CD-ROMs, games, and maps. Some school libraries

contain realia, or real artifacts such as various types of stones for the study of geology.

An increasing number of school libraries have computer labs with computer

workstations, software, and Internet connections. Because school libraries often

emphasize the variety of media in their collections, they are sometimes referred to as

library media centers. Most school libraries further enhance their collections by

becoming members of school library networks; this allows them to share resources with

libraries in other schools.

lxvi

School librarians—sometimes called media specialists—select library materials and

offer instruction to promote access, delivery, and interpretation of information. For

example, school librarians might ensure that their libraries’ collections contain

information to assist students in completing particular classroom assignments. They

might also offer classes in searching online catalogs for research materials. Once

students locate materials, school librarians might help them interpret the information

contained in these resources and apply it to their classroom assignments. School

librarians typically have credentials in teaching as well as in library science. This allows

them to participate in school administration and curriculum development in addition to

managing their library duties.

Students at each educational level have unique needs and interests. Accordingly,

libraries that serve different school levels maintain different types of collections and

offer a different range of services.

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LIBRARIES

Elementary school libraries play a central role in early childhood education by offering

young children some of their earliest encounters with books and other resources. These

libraries generally feature illustrated children’s storybooks, coloring books, and audio

and visual materials. Most elementary school libraries also contain reference materials

such as encyclopedias, as well as fiction and nonfiction books aimed at older elementary

school students. Some elementary school libraries feature computers with children’s

educational software. In the primary grades (typically kindergarten through grade three)

children attend special classes to help them develop basic skills in retrieving

information from the library. Students learn how to search through their school library’s

catalog, find a book on the shelves, and check out the book from the circulation desk.

lxvii

Elementary school students may also use the school library to browse through the

materials, learn basic computer skills, or listen to stories.

A growing number of schools encourage students in the later grades of elementary

school (typically grades four through six) to come to the library throughout the day to

conduct research for school assignments, to read for pleasure, and to meet and work

with their peers. This flexible scheduling allows schools to integrate research skills and

library resources into daily classroom instruction. (MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008)

MIDDLE SCHOOL AND JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARIES

Libraries at the middle school or junior high school level concentrate on maintaining

students’ interest in gaining information and developing ideas. Classes at this school

level usually introduce students to individual and small-group research projects. To

adequately support classroom assignments, middle school and junior high school

libraries usually offer larger and more varied collections than those at the elementary

level. They also often supplement these collections with computer databases and more

sophisticated bibliographic tools.

HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARIES

PLATE 2.4

lxviii

HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA ® 2008

School libraries provide resources to support instruction in a variety of academic

subjects. Aside from collections of books and magazines, school libraries frequently

include computer labs with Internet access, conference and group study areas,

professional research resources for teachers, and other facilities. These high school

students conduct research at a computer terminal in their school's library.

Libraries at the high school level differ in several ways from those serving the lower

classes. Because classes at the high school level require students to conduct more

research, high school libraries usually have larger and more advanced collections than

do libraries in the lower grades. The collections of high school libraries are generally

capable of supporting instruction in mathematics, science, technology, social sciences,

the humanities, the arts, literature, and foreign languages. (MICROSOFT ENCARTA ®

2008)

COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

PLATE 2.5

lxix

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ® ENCARTA ® 2008

Academic libraries support the work of university faculty and students and often contain

vast collections. The Columbia University library system, with nearly 7 million

volumes, is among the largest in the United States. Pictured here is the University

Archives and Columbiana Library, which contains materials relating to the history of

Columbia University.

Research plays a central role in the academic work of students and faculty at colleges

and universities. As a result, college and university libraries—also called academic

libraries—are often considered the most important resource of an institution of higher

education. Because students and faculty at colleges and universities may wish to

conduct research within any conceivable academic discipline, the collections of

academic libraries usually reflect a vast range of interests and formats. Academic

libraries range in size from the modest collections found in small liberal arts colleges to

the immense collections found at research universities. Research universities maintain

some of the largest libraries in the world. Most academic libraries are linked to other

libraries in cooperative networks, enabling them to share scarce and little-used materials

required for advanced research. Many academic libraries open their collections to the

lxx

public, although borrowing privileges are often limited for users not affiliated with the

college or university.

Academic libraries generally attempt to expand their holdings on an ongoing basis.

However, during the 1990s acquisition of expensive printed materials began slowing at

most academic libraries as more funds were devoted to the acquisition of new

computers, telecommunications equipment for access to the Internet, and online

databases.

Because of the complexity, range, and diversity of formats and information in academic

libraries, colleges and universities offer programs to introduce incoming students and

faculty to the institution’s library services. These programs are designed to teach new

users effective ways to make use of a variety of reference tools and library search

mechanisms. In some parts of the United States, college accreditation agencies require

institutions to offer library-sponsored courses on information retrieval and evaluation.

RESEARCH LIBRARIES

PLATE 2.6

lxxi

BEINECKE RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY

SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA 2008

Research libraries contain collections of unique materials to support the needs of

advanced and highly specialized scholarship. These collections may include rare

manuscripts and books, scientific documents, important printings of literary works,

regional histories, genealogies, original musical scores, or other distinctive scholarly

resources. Because these collections may contain many rare and valuable materials,

their use is typically confined to the library buildings. Research libraries often publish

scholarly studies of the materials in their collections, sponsor lectures and colloquia, and

arrange exhibitions of their most important holdings.

Most colleges and universities have rare books or special collections departments in

their libraries, and many maintain research libraries devoted entirely to such collections.

Many important research libraries are unaffiliated with a college or university. For

example, the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C., is an independent library

that maintains the world’s largest collection of printed works by English poet and

playwright William Shakespeare, in addition to books and manuscripts from the

Renaissance on a variety of subjects.

lxxii

Although some research libraries permit only selected scholars to access their

collections, many notable research libraries in the Nigeria open their collections to the

general public.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Many corporations, private businesses, government agencies, museums, religious

institutions, hospitals, associations, and other organizations maintain their own libraries

to serve the specialized needs of their employees or members. These libraries are

commonly called special libraries, but they may also be called information centers,

research centers, or technical libraries. The collections of special libraries depend on the

specific needs of the organizations they serve. For example, a law firm may maintain its

own library of legal documents for use by its lawyers and staff, while a hospital may

operate a library of materials in the health sciences to serve its doctors and nurses. In

addition to performing the same functions as other libraries, special libraries evaluate,

package, and present information to users in ways designed to increase productivity and

add to the efficiency of their parent organization. They achieve these goals by reducing

the time that employees spend searching for data and by providing information that

facilitates improved decision making.

GOVERNMENT LIBRARIES

(Olaniyi T. K, 1970), posited that, ‘most governments of the world maintain libraries to

serve the needs of elected officials and their staff members. Usually these libraries are

open to the general public as well. Nigeria maintains government libraries at both the

lxxiii

national and the state level.’ Canada has government libraries at the national, provincial,

and territorial levels. In addition, most governments maintain national archives, which

collect and maintain historical records, including government documents of enduring

value.

A national library acquires, preserves, and promotes its country’s published heritage by

acquiring copies of as many domestically created works as possible. In the United

States, Canada, and most other countries, authors are required to submit copies of their

published work to the national library in order to receive copyright protection for that

work. By functioning as legal copyright depositories, national libraries collect and

preserve their country’s cultural heritage.

2.7.0 LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY STAFF

The typical library staff consists of three levels of employees:

Professional librarians,

Support staff, and

Part-time assistants.

The proportion of each of these in any given institution depends on the type of library,

its budget, and the types of users it serves.

Professional librarians usually constitute the smallest number of a library’s employees.

Most professional librarians have earned at least a master’s degree in library science or

information science, the study of information and the manner in which it is generated,

recorded, stored, retrieved, transmitted, and used. Some professional librarians have

earned additional graduate degrees as well. Professional librarians require a wide range

of skills and talents. They must have solid bibliographic and technological skills, as well

lxxiv

as strong communication and interpersonal abilities. Advances in library technologies

have also led to a high demand for professional skills such as database searching and

competence in using the Internet and other computer networks and systems.

The librarian in charge of administering the entire institution is usually referred to as the

director. Other professional librarians typically administer the library’s various

departments. In small libraries, however, the director may be solely responsible for

managing all of the library’s departments. In addition to their managerial work,

professional librarians assume primary responsibility for providing reference assistance,

developing and managing the collections, and overseeing cataloging.

Nonprofessional support staffs commonly assume most of the responsibility for directly

serving library users. Their activities include essential functions such as inputting,

coding, and verifying bibliographic and other data; ordering library materials; assisting

with catalog development; performing circulation duties such as checking out books to

users; and performing other services vital to the library’s daily operation.

THE INTERNET

The Internet, a computer-based worldwide information network, has had an enormous

impact on libraries. Librarians use the Internet and its multimedia component, the World

Wide Web, to answer reference questions and to provide access to materials not

previously available to their patrons. When the Internet was first introduced in the

1960s, access to computer networks was limited almost exclusively to government and

lxxv

scientific communities. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the speed and availability of

computer networks and data communications lines increased tremendously, and greater

numbers of people gained access to the Internet. On university campuses, investment in

personal computers and high-speed local area networks (LANs) provided students and

faculty with the ability to access vast new sources of information via the Internet.

Americans who cannot afford access to the Internet have increasingly turned to public

libraries to bridge the information gap between rich and poor. Many public libraries

have attempted to meet that challenge by making Internet access a top priority. As a

result, libraries have extended their traditional roles of facilitating self-education and

individual enrichment by providing low-cost or free computer access to online resources

such as government, consumer, medical, and legal information. In 1996 fewer than 28

percent of public libraries in the United States offered their users’ access to the Internet.

By 1999 that figure had climbed to more than 72 percent.

THEFT OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

When libraries allow users to physically handle their materials and to borrow them for

periods of time, these materials inevitably are vulnerable to theft. Some experts have

estimated that public libraries in the United States lose as much as 2 percent of

circulated materials when users fail to return borrowed items. Some users steal library

materials to illegally resell them, while others simply take the materials home for their

private use and fail to return them.

lxxvi

Libraries of all types primarily lose items not through premeditated theft, but when

users openly check out materials and ignore pleas to return them. Many states have laws

that allow libraries to turn users’ overdue accounts over to collection agencies. Libraries

that catch users stealing their materials cancel the thieves’ borrowing privileges and

often prosecute the thieves under the law.

Libraries usually monitor their collections by tagging materials with magnetic strips.

These strips will trigger alarms if users try to carry the materials through electronic

gates at library exits without properly checking out the items at the circulation desk.

Some libraries also limit access to valuable or popular items that they consider more

likely to be stolen. For example, libraries may require users to leave an identification

card with library staff members in order to read certain materials. Research libraries

usually require users to read noncirculating materials only in designated reading rooms.

Many libraries also install security cameras or have security officers who patrol reading

rooms and stacks.

2.8.0 HOW LIBRARIES ACQUIRE MATERIALS

Libraries must constantly revise and update their collections to ensure that the

information they offer is reliable, up-to-date, and valued by their users. Because

different types of libraries strive to satisfy different user needs, each library develops its

own criteria for evaluating the quality of its collections. Using these evaluations,

librarians can determine which areas of the collection most require additional resources.

lxxvii

National libraries generally try to ensure that they have at least one copy of every

domestically published work as well as a representative selection of foreign works.

University and school libraries measure the quality of their existing collections by

assessing their ability to support teaching and research at their institutions. These

libraries also typically measure the size of their collections or check lists of

recommended materials to determine whether the library owns such documents. Public

libraries usually judge the quality of their existing collections by determining how often

users borrow certain materials.

Once librarians assess the quality of their existing collections, they must select and

acquire new library materials. Most libraries can buy only a small fraction of the

millions of books, periodicals, CD-ROMs, audio and video recordings, and other

materials published every year. Large libraries may hire librarians who specialize in the

selection of library materials, a process known as collection development. In smaller

libraries, senior librarians and other staff members may share responsibilities for

developing the library’s collection. (Microsoft Encarta 2009).

Unlike national libraries, which typically select all domestic works for their collections,

university and school libraries generally select only those works judged by librarians

and faculty members to have genuine literary or scholarly merit. Because public

librarians must select materials to satisfy the demands of the general reading public,

they base their selections almost entirely on readership, circulation, and anticipated

demand rather than on the perceived quality of the work. The librarians who select

materials for any type of library must balance the needs of their particular clientele with

budgetary constraints, space limitations, and other considerations.

lxxviii

No one library can own everything needed to satisfy its clientele. Therefore, libraries

increasingly emphasize access to materials rather than ownership of materials. For

example, libraries may arrange to provide users with access to materials held by other

libraries. This cooperation between institutions allows libraries to collectively offer

much more comprehensive collections than any one library could offer by itself.

Libraries also increasingly provide access to electronic versions of materials instead of

stocking the physical materials on the library shelves.

Libraries acquire their materials from a variety of sources. Large libraries often

administer approval plans, in which booksellers select materials and send them to

libraries in subject areas of interest. The libraries pay for the materials they want to add

to their collections and return whatever they do not need. When libraries purchase their

materials, they often negotiate discounts from publishers, book dealers, and others in

order to stretch the library’s budget as far as possible.

At some point, all types of libraries must remove older, irrelevant, or infrequently used

materials to make space for new acquisitions. This process is sometimes referred to as

weeding the collection. Libraries with sufficient budgets may store the removed

materials in warehouses or other facilities where they can be accessed on demand.

Frequently, however, libraries donate their removed collections to other institutions or

sell them in public book sales. In some cases, libraries must destroy these materials.

lxxix

CHAPTER THREE

3.0.0 CASE STUDIES

The essence of carrying out case studies on existing library

buildings is to ascertain the level of success or failure in designs and functions of these

already existing libraries. Consequently, it will help to forestall a recurrence of flaws in

the design and also improve on the user requirements and services of the proposed

Agbani Central Library, Agbani, Enugu State. In order to ensure that the proposed

library meets local and international standards, both local and international case studies

were chosen to be critically appraised.

In my analysis, I am taking the comparative approach of the libraries based on

the following criteria:

lxxx

- Sitting.

- Space analysis.

- Synthesis and appraisal

- Merits and demerits.

3.1.0 CASE STUDY ONE

ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU.

PLATE 3.1.1

MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE LIBRARY.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

ARCHITECT: James Cubbit and Partners.

CLIENT: Anambra State Government (as at the time of commissioning).

LOCATION: The library is located at the Northern flank of Ogbete main market\ Ogui

Road junction in heart of Enugu capital city.

PLATE 3.1.2

lxxxi

ACCESS THROUGH A RAMP.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Enugu State Central Library originally functioned as the Regional Central Library

of Eastern Nigeria. Following the UNESCO seminar in 1953 and as a result of contacts

and negotiations, it was agreed that the government should allocate a minimum sum for

the purpose of erecting another buildings for library services.

After the agreement had been signed, UNESCO provided a mobile library which was

formally launched in May 1958. The new library building consisting of an

administrative block, adult lending and reference section was officially opened on 9th

March by Dr Hon. Nnamdi Azikiwe, the then Premier of the Eastern Region of Nigeria.

PLATE 3.1.3

lxxxii

A FACADE OF THE LIBRARY SHOWING SUN THE USE OF BREAKERS.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 3.1.4

A SECTION OF THE LEGAL DEPOSIT.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

SCOPE AND FUNCTION

The library is divided into three functional areas; Adult library, Children library, and

administrative section, these can be identified in the form and; use of building elements.

Another section is the Mobile library.

FIG. 3.1

lxxxiii

SITE PLAN OF ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

FIG. 3.2

lxxxiv

FLOOR PLANS OF ENUGU STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY, ENUGU

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

DESCRIPTION

lxxxv

The activities carried out in the library are divided into four distinct

departments, namely; Public service, Technical service, Book deposit Department and

administrative departments.

Public service department comprises of the following:

-Children’s library section

-Adult, lending, and Reference sections

-Nigerian section

-Mobile library and photocopy unit.

The technical service department comprises of the Acquisition, Cataloguing, and

Binding sections respectively. All the services provided in this department are located

on the ground floor level.

The services provided by the Book deposit department are strictly commercial. They

range from book sales to supply of books to schools.

The Administrative department of the library is located on the first floor. Offices in this

unit include those for the director, boardroom, accounts section etc.

PLATE 3.1.5

STAFF ENTRANCE

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

lxxxvi

PLATE 3.1.6

PAEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

APPRAISAL

The structure consists of reinforced concrete frame spaced on grids. The

roof structure consists of steel section; exposed in the children’s library. A large part of

the external envelop is glass in the children’s section and adult reading areas. Concrete

fins are used around the children’s library and in the northeast and southwestern ends of

the library.

Treated wood fins are used in administrative section as sun shading device. The library

with its surroundings has a general picturesque of a relaxed expressive and well

arranged environment. It speaks a logical language which gives it a mark of simplicity.

This allows for easy identification and less conflict. Functionally, the library has the

problem of inadequate spaces provided for readers and generally problem ventilation,

and lighting of some inner spaces.

lxxxvii

PLATE 3.1.7

A CROSS SECTION OF READERS IN THE READING HALL.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 3.1.8

READERS READING UNDER A TREE IN THE LIBRARY YARD.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

MERITS

(1) The public entrance is clearly separated from the staff entrance.

(2) The strategic location of the library makes it easily accessible the users.

lxxxviii

(3) The entrance is accessed through a ramp, thereby meeting a need of the

physically challenged.

(4) The fenestration considers the tropical climate through the vertical use of

fins at angles, which shades the study interiors from direct incidence of sun

rays.

(5) Landscape features such as trees and shrubs are used to buffer the noise from

traffic across the library’s front facade.

(6) Books pulley\elevator ease the problem of vertical circulation and transport

materials.

(7) The use of wood as floor finish cushions internally generated noise.

(8) The control is situated in a central position for easy identification of the

various public functions.

DEMERITS

(1) There are inadequate and undefined public parking spaces.

(2) There are no definite pedestrian walk paths within the premises.

(3) Public conveniences and photocopying sections are detached from the main

building without any covered link.

(4) The location of the library within the noisy zone of the central business district

of Enugu, and there is no space for future innovations and expansion.

(5) No consideration was given to the handicapped in internal vertical circulation

and provision of handicapped facilities.

(6) The control is exposed to environmental hazards and is equally weak.

(7) There is no waiting lounge area for users of the library.

lxxxix

(8) Generally the facility’s spaces are small and inadequate e.g. adult lending and

reference library, children’s library run a shift system thereby depriving so

many people the opportunity of using the library at will.

3.2.0 CASE STUDY TWO

NATIONAL LIBRARY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU.

PLATE 3.2.1

MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE BUILDING.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

ARCHITECT: Architectural Section of Federal Ministry of Works.

CLIENT: Federal Government of Nigeria.

LOCATION

The National Library of Nigeria, Enugu is located at Independence

Layout, bounded by some important establishments in the state. It is about 15m from

xc

Nigerian Television Authority, about 45m from Enugu state house of Assembly and

about 30m from Federal Government College Independence Layout, Enugu.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

National Library of Nigeria, Enugu as one of the prototype design

scheme done by the Architectural section of the Federal Ministry of Works is a statutory

corporation established by the National Library Act Number 6 of 1964. Prior to this Act,

which was subsequently revised by the National Library Act number 29 of 1990, the

library functioned as a division of the Federal Ministry of Education. The board of the

National Library of Nigeria established by decree is constituted by members drawn

from all the states of the federation. Prior to the completion of the structure of National

Library Enugu, it was located at Government Trade Centre, Abakiliki Road, Enugu as a

temporary accommodation for 18 years.

PLATE 3.2.2

INTERIOR VIEW OF THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRANCE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

xci

PLATE 3.2.3

VIEW OF BOOK STACKED ON A SHELF.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 3.2.4

A VIEW OF DRAINAGE GUTTER.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

DESCRIPTION

The building is made up of two floors and the facilities provided in the floors are as

follows:

GROUND FLOOR

- Reference section

- Reception Conveniences

- Reading areas

xcii

- Offices

PLATE 3.2.5

A VIEW SHOWING THE USE OF SHADING DEVICES.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 3.2.6

FOREIGN MONOGRAPH STRONG ROOM (A TYPICAL STRONG ROOM).

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

xciii

FIG. 3.3

SITE PLAN OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

xciv

FIG. 3.4

FLOOR PLANS OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY, ENUGU

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

xcv

FIRST FLOOR

- Research section

- Administrative department

- Nigerian section

- Stores

- Foreign monograph section.

APPRAISAL

The library began as an operational and administrative department. It provides office

spaces for two main section of the library; the administrative and support operations

which include Bibliographic services, legal deposits, readers’ services, and multimedia

facilities. The building is a two storied with a flat concrete parapet roof. The stair case is

strategically located at the reception hall. Concrete fins are used to act as sun breakers

with windows spanning between floors.

PLATE 3.2.7

xcvi

.

VIEW OF A CLOSED COURTYARD

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009 )

PLATE 3.2.8

VIEW OF A STUDY HALL.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 3.2.9

xcvii

A VIEW OF READERS USING EXTERNAL MATERIALS NEAR A

STAIRCASE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

MERITS

(1) The entrance door and the reception are adequate to ease human traffic at peak

periods.

(2) There is integration of proper courtyard system to effect ventilation and lighting.

(3) There is provision of outdoor facilities for readers such as parks and good

landscaping system.

(4) The floor finish in the readers’ room is treated with noise absorbent materials.

(5) In the internal space design of the readers section, void was used to increase the

volume of air circulation and reduce heat radiation.

(6) Circulation system and position of staircases are designed to avoid traffic

conflict.

(7) Owing to its location, the library enjoys fullest utilization.

PLATE 3.2.10

xcviii

VIEW OF READERS UNDER A TREE IN THE OPEN YARD.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR , 2009)

PLATE 3.2.11

BOOKS STACKED IN THE LEGAL DEPOSIT.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

DEMERITS

(1) There is lack of adequate reading spaces for users.

xcix

(2) There is lack of adequate car parking spaces.

(3) The library lacks printing and binding sections.

(4) Children’s and electronic library are not provided for.

(5) There was no consideration of the handicapped, thereby restricting them from

using the library.

(6) The form of the building does not depict a library design and cannot be

described as aesthetically appealing.

(7) There was no consideration for recreational facilities.

3.3.0 CASE STUDY THREE

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON

The library designed by the Architect’s department of the London Borough of Barnet to

serve Chipping Barnet, a town of 16,832m2. The Library is accommodated on two

floors in a building finished with brick facade.

PLATE 3.3.1

c

CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON

(SOURCE: MICROSOFT ENCARTA ,2008)

The floor plans of Chipping Barnet Central Library are shown on figures 3.1 and 3.2

below. The spaces identified with numbers are as follows:

1--Main entrance

2 – foyer

3 – exhibition\meetings

4 – adult lending and reference

5 – junior library

6 – junior activity

7 – book store

1 – main entrance

8 – workroom

9 – enquiry

10 – counter

11 – librarian

12 – kitchen

ci

13 – periodicals

14 – audio-visuals

15 – story area

16 – lift

17 – store

18 – WCs

19 – staffroom

20 – staff WC

21 – hoist

22 – plant room

23 – boiler

24 – void

FIG. 3.5

cii

GROUND FLOOR PLAN, CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON

(SOURCE:

HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS

RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)

Fig. 3.6

FIRST FLOOR PLAN, CHIPPING BARNET CENTRAL LIBRARY, LONDON (SOURCE

: HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS

RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)

MERITS

ciii

The planning of the circulation route for staff is satisfactory. A staff member can

have access to the staffroom on the first floor through a separate entrance

without interrupting visitors’ circulation or book transport.

The relationship between the positions of the enquiry staff, counter, book stacks

and reading areas on the ground floor will allow for easy supervision of the

library users to minimize theft.

DEMERITS

Libraries require a high degree of noise control. One way this can be easily

achieved is to group the spaces according to levels of noise generated in them

and to zone them accordingly. In doing this, spaces like stairs and lobbies can be

used as buffers. The two likely spaces where noise will be generated most in the

library building are the junior library and the exhibition\meeting rooms. In the

library design of the Chipping Barnet Library, these spaces were not zoned

together. In addition, adequate measures were not put in place to acoustically

isolate the noisy junior library from the more quiet adult lending and reference

sections.

The use of rectangular spaces in the design of a library’s interior usually makes

expansion easy as well as allows furniture and equipment to fit properly. On the

contrary, this library made extensive use of polygonal shapes in the plan form.

3.4.0 CASE STUDY FOUR

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY

civ

The library is located at the Luton Town Centre, near the civic centre in the shopping

district, and was designed by Lishon and partners.

The space provided in the library on the basement floor is the lift plant room.

On the ground floor, the library has the bookshop, children’s library, electronic control

area loading bay and some offices.

The circulation desk, catalogues, periodicals, fiction, conference room, music

department, the exhibition area, reference library and offices are located on the second

floor.

The third floor accommodates the theatre, reading room and book stacks.

On the fourth floor, the library has the cataloguing section, bindery, projection room,

book stacks and offices.

The final floor, which is the sixth floor, accommodates book stacks and plenum plant

room.

The Luton Central Library was design to house an initial stock of 150,000 volumes and

covers a total floor area of 4729m2.

Fig. 3.7

cv

GROUND FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE

(SOURCE :

HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS

RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009 )

Fig. 3.8

FIRST FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE

(SOURCE :

HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS

RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009 )

Fig. 3.9

cvi

SECOND FLOOR PLAN, LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE

(SOURCE:

HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM AS

RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)

The importance attached to the internal environmental control was

expressed in the library design by the use of shading devises in the

fenestration. The figure below shows a view of the library building with its

fenestrations. Here, fins in particular were used.

PLATE 3.3.2

LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, MEZZANINE FLOOR

(SOURCE: HTTP/WWW.LIBRARY.UU.NL/WESP/POPULSTAT/AFRICA/NIGERIA.HTM

AS RETRIEVED ON 13 October 2009)

cvii

APPRAISAL: The building derives its beauty from the intense monumentality

imposed on it by the marble cladded walls. The stack tower rising to eight storeys with

the contrasting horizontally of the rest of building makes for interesting massing.

MERITS

Provision of adequate, simple and direct vertical circulation which could easily

be located. Flexibility is achieved through the open plan.

PLATE 3.3.3

A VIEW OF LUTON CENTRAL LIBRARY, BEDFORDSHIRE, SHOWING THE

USE OF FINS FOR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

DEMERITS

The Building, even though on five storey, has only one toilet on the first floor,

while it has no separate toilets for children.

There is no provision made for the disabled people in the main entrance.

There is difficulty with movement of book trolleys because of the change in

levels and use of threshold level design.

cviii

The planning of the exhibition to be on the second floor is not appropriate. It

should rather be on the ground floor, where the most casual of visitors can

benefit from it.

Some of the library shelving does not conform to the requirement that general

collections in area with natural light should have ranges of shelving set

perpendicular to direct sunlight on spines of books. Nevertheless, this depends

on other factors such as the orientation of the building, as well as the climatic

condition of the library location.

The original design of the library as shown on the floor plans did not make

provision for computer terminals.

cix

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0.0 THE PROPOSED SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

4.1.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENUGU STATE.

The project is located in Enugu, Enugu state. Enugu state is an inland state in southern

Nigeria. Its capital is Enugu, from which the state created in August 27th

1991 from the

old Anambra state-derived it’s name. The name of state was derived from its capital city

Enugu. The world ‘Enugu’ means top of the hill. The first European settlers arrived in

the area in 1909, led by a British mining engineer, Kikson. In his quest for silver, he

discovered coal in the Udi Region. A Colonial Governor of Nigeria Frederick Lugard

took keen interest in the discovery, and by 1914 the first shipment of coal was made to

Britain. As mining activities increased in the area a permanent cosmopolitan settlement

emerged, supported by a railway system. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and

became strategic to British interest. Foreign business began to move to Enugu, the most

of which were John Holt, Kingsway stores, Britain Bank of West Africa and United

Africa Company.

From Enugu, the Britain administration was able to spread their influence over the

southern province of Nigeria. The colonial past of Enugu is today evidenced by the

Georgian building types and meandering narrow roads within the residential area

originally reserved for the whites, an area which is today called the Government

Reserved Area (GRA).

From being the capital of the southern provinces, Enugu became the capital of the

Eastern Region (now divided into 11 states), then the capital of East Central State

Anambra State (Old Anambra State), Enugu state, and now the capital of the present

cx

Enugu state through a process of state creation and diffusion of administrative

authorities.

POLITICS

Government in Enugu state occurs at two levels, state and local. Overall authority is

exercised by the Executive Governor, elected by popular mandate. Political authority is

exercised under a Presidential system of government. There is also a popularly elected

legislature, the Enugu state House of Assembly. The incumbent Governor of Enugu is

Sullivan Chime who was the Attorney General and Commissioner of Justice under the

leadership of the immediate past governor, Dr. Chimaroke Nnamani.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS

There are 17 local Government Areas in Enugu State.

1. Aninri 10. Isi-Uzo

2. Awgu 11. Nkanu-East

3. Enugu –East 12. Nkanu-West

4. Enugu –South 13. Nsukka

5. Enugu –North 14. Oji-River

6. Ezeagu 15. Udenu

7. Igbo-Etiti 16. Udi

8. Igbo-Eze-North 17. Uzo-Uwani

9. Igbo-Eze-South.

ECONOMY

Economically, the state is predominantly rural and agrarian, with a substantial

proportion of its working population engaged in faming, although trading (18.8%) and

services (12.9%) are also important the urban areas trading is the dominant occupation,

cxi

followed by services. A small proportion of the population is also engaged in

manufacturing activities with the most pronounced among them, located in Enugu, Oji,

and Nsukka.

ENERGY

Electricity supply is relatively stable in Enugu. The Oji River Power station (which used

to supply electricity to all Eastern Nigeria) is located in Enugu state. With the regulation

of electricity generation in Nigeria and the proposed privatization of the Power Holding

Company would assist private, investors to negotiate the take over and reactions of the

Oji power station. This is more so with the proximity to the Enugu coal mines to the

power station, a driving distance of about 20 minutes.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Enugu state has a population of 3,267,837 million people (based on 2006 census

figures). It is the home to the Igbo (95% of population) and the Igala people, among

others.

PEOPLE AND ECONOMY

The Enugu State people are very resourceful and hard working. The state is

predominantly agricultural with yarn, palm produce and rice being their main produce.

Besides coal, new mineral deposits have recently been discovered in Enugu State.

These include limestone, iron ore, natural gas and bauxite. Well-developed networks of

roads connect important centres of trade and industry in the state. A rail line of the

Eastern District of the Nigerian Railways runs through the State Capital Enugu to Port-

Harcourt in Rivers State and Enugu to Makurdi then northwards. Main industries in the

state include; Enugu Vegetable Oil Products Limited; Niger Gas Company Limited;

cxii

Aluminium Product Limited; Emenite Ltd, Emene, Anambra Motor Manufacturing

Company Ltd, Premier Cashew Industries Ltd; Niger steel Industries Ltd; Sunrise Flour

Mill Ltd; and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation among others.

CULTURE

Culturally the people of Enugu State excel in metal work, cloth-weaving, wood carving,

ceramics, basket and mat weaving. Most festival and ceremonies are marked with

drumming and dancing. Main festivals held in this state are Mmanwu festival, which

features over 2000 masquerades, the new yam festival, which marks the end of farming

season. Some institutions of higher learning include; the University of Nigeria, Nsukka,

the Enugu State University of Science and Technology, the Nigerian Law School, the

Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu; College of Education, Eha-Amufu

among many others.

TOURISM

Main tourist attractions in Enugu State include the Nike Lake Resort, Mmanwu festival,

Iva Valley, Coal Mines, Miliken hill, and the Heneke Lake in Obeleagu Umana. Main

hotels include the Nike Lake Resort and Hotel Presidential Enugu. It is known for its

large deposit of coal.

4.2.0 THE PROPOSED SITE

LOCATION

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The proposed site is located at Agbani in Nkanu West L.G.A Enugu State; it is

accessible from Enugu – Port Harcourt expressway through Ozalla – Agbani road and

shares a boundary on the north with Enugu State University of Science And

Technology.

FIG. 4.1.0

MAP NKANU WEST LGA, SHOWING THE PROPOSED SITE

(SOURCE: ENUGU MASTER PLAN)

PLATE 4.1.0

cxiv

ENTRANCE ROUTE TO THE PROPOSED SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 4.1.1

PROPOSED SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

PLATE 4.1.2

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PUBLIC MAIN DRAINAGE BESIDE THE PROPOSED SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR, 2009)

4.3.0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

In choosing a location on which to locate a public library, a number of factors are to be

put into consideration. This is to ensure that the library is maximally patronized and the

clientele derive satisfaction from the services of the library. Such factors include the

following:

1. Location:

A library should be sufficiently obvious to be noticed from a distance. This can be

achieved by sitting it on a prominent position or by the distinctive design of the

building.

2. Future expansion or extension:

The adequacy of the site for future expansion should be given adequate attention.

cxvi

3. Accessibility:

External traffic patterns in the neighborhood as stipulated in the overall traffic plans

with respect to easy access to the building. This is because the site is proposed to be

serviced by public transport.

4. Noise value :

The degree of noise that could be generated into the building, their possible causes and

mitigative measures should be given due consideration.

5. Availability of mains services:

Water, electricity supply, drainage and sewer access should be in place to serve the

library.

6. Geological status:

The site should be of good bearing capacity and free of excavation impediments.

7. Size of the site

The site should large enough to provide the requirements of the physical environment,

roads, parking, maintenance areas, landscaping, also for present and future

innovations.

4.4.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:

Nigeria lies within the part of the world called the tropics. This region lies between

latitude 23027’ north to 23

027’ south of the earth surface. Within this area the sun is

perpendicular at noon at least one day of each year. For all the points, in this region, the

sun is almost vertically overhead during the entire year. The peculiar characteristics of

the tropic include high amount of sunshine, high amount of rainfall, high humidity

levels, almost uniform weather throughout the year and high temperatures. Architectural

cxvii

design in the tropics must take into consideration the peculiar climatic features of this

region.

Enugu otherwise known as the Coal City is located in south eastern part of Nigeria.

Lying at the south eastern foot of the Udi hills, Enugu is a major coal-mining and

trading center. Agbani in Nkanu West LGA Enugu is where the site of the proposed

library is actually located. The present city was founded in 1909 after coal deposit were

discovered near the Igbo town of Enugu Ngwo. Enugu became an administrative center

after the railroad at Port Harcourt was completed in 1912. It was the capital of the

Secessionist State of Biafra (1967-70) population (1995 estimate) 308,200.

FIG. 4.1.1

MAP OF NIGERIA WITH INSERT SHOWING ENUGU.

(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)

Enugu is situated at latitude 06°27’N and 07°29’E, and at a height of 144.3m above sea

level. Geographically, Enugu falls within the warm humid tropical climate. (This is

essential in considering the type of finishes to the building to be used).

FIG. 4.1.2

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MAP OF ENUGU SHOWING THE VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.

(SOURCE: ENUGU MASTER PLAN.)

FIG. 4.1.3

MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE VARIOUS VEGETATION BELTS.

(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)

FIG. 4.1.4

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MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE NIGERIAN CLIMATIC ZONES.

(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)

4.5.0 CLIMATIC ANALYSIS

TEMPERATURE:

The highest average monthly is 29°C and occurs in March. The lowest is 25°C which

happens in August. In Enugu, high temperature is prevalent; the mean annual

temperature is over 270C. A temperature of about 35

0C occurs around February and

March, this is the highest average monthly temperature. The lowest average monthly

minimum temperature of 210C occurs around December or January. There may be little

variations over a set period.

TABLE 4.1

Temperature 0c

Daily annual max. mean 29.3-32.6

Daily annual min. mean 21.8 – 23.8

Mean annual temperature 25.5

MEAN TEMPERATURE VALUES FOR ENUGU STATE

SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN.

FIG. 4.1.5

cxx

MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURES FOR ENUGU STATE

(SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

The highest relative humidity is 84% in September. The lowest of 55% happens in

February. The relative humidity in Enugu is high. Due to the prevailing air mass in the

country, the atmosphere humidity tends to vary. The mean relative humidity in July is a

little over 80% as a result of the influence of the warm humid tropical continental air

mass while when harmattan wind prevails in the dry season in January, it drops below

60%. There is therefore a fluctuation in the annual relative humidity between 60-80%.

This can be said to be on the high side.

FIG. 4.1.6

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RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JANUARY

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

FIG. 4.1.7

RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN JULY

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

cxxii

VAPOUR PRESSURE:

The highest average vapour pressure is 28.5MB in May while the lowest average vapour

of 18.2MB happens in January.

RAINFALL:

The months of July, August and September have the highest rainfall. The total annual

rainfall is 176.5cm. Rainfall variations, like in any other part of the country, are with the

seasons. The rainy season begins mostly in March and ends in October and sometimes

extends to November. This marks the period of rainfall in Enugu. There is usually a

brief dry period in August normally referred to as the August break, while dry season

which is characterized by low humidity and reduced visibility lasts from November to

December. Occasionally, there is rain in December and January. Therefore there is a

need to protect buildings against the heavy rains and equally provide for proper rain

water drainage.

FIG. 4.1.8

JAN FEB. MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL FOR ENUGU STATE

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

cxxiii

FIG. 4.1.9

MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING RAINFALL PATTERNS IN THE VARIOUS ZONES.

(SOURCE: NIGERIAN MAP)

FIG. 4.2.1

TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

WIND:

cxxiv

The two prevailing winds on site are the North-East trade wind and the South-West

Monsoon wind. The North-East trade winds bring the harmatan while the South-West

Monsoon winds bring the rains. It is important to place the building such that maximum

cross ventilation will be achieved. That is the South-East, North-West axis.

From the charts, July, August and September are periods of South-West prevailing

winds. In Enugu, the tropical continental air mass (north-east or harmattan wind) and

the tropical maritime air mass (south-west trade wind) prevail. The South-West trade

wind brings with it the rain and blows mostly from February to October, while the

North-East or harmattan wind lasts from November to January most times and beings

with it dusty, dry and hazy wind. Micro winds are occasionally generated by local air

currents.

FIG. 4.2.2

WET SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (APRIL --OCTOBER}

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

FIG. 4.2.3

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DRY SEASON WINDS AND RAINFALL (NOVEMBER --- MARCH}

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

FIG. 4.2.4

WIND FORCE DATA

(SOURCE – DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES, IBADAN)

cxxvi

SOLAR DATA:

Three critical periods of the day, 8a.m, 12 noon, and 4p.m, are used to compute

horizontal and vertical shadow angles for 4 main orientations, N-S, W-E, SW-NE, AND

SE-NW. These data are utilized to determine the extent of sunshine required and

methods of excluding excesses derived.

From the above information on Enugu climate, we arrive at an objective conclusion on

the climatic problems involved while designing for Enugu.

FIG. 4.2.5

SHOWING THE EARTH’S ORBIT. SUN-EARTH LINE ORBIT DEFINES THE

SOLAR ECLIPTIC PLANE

(SOURCE: TIMESAVER STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL DATA)

cxxvii

FIG. 4.2.6

SHOWING SECTION THROUGH ECLIPTIC PLANE, THE

REFERENCE FOR SOLAR DECLINATION

(SOURCE: TIMESAVER STANDARD FOR ARCHITECTURAL DATA)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIMATE:

(a) High relative humidity and vapour pressure.

(b) Heavy rainfall.

(c) High temperature.

(d) Very small seasonal variations.

(e) Cloudy sky.

(f) Nights are warm, humid and uncomfortable.

(g) Wind speed is very low, though thunderstorms and squalls occur during rainy seasons.

4.6.0 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION:

(1) High humidity slows the rate of evaporation of perspiration. It also causes

building materials to deteriorate in the tropics; - steady air movement should be

encouraged by orientation fenestration and not too deep buildings.

cxxviii

(2) The occasional driving rain entering the building; - provision of proper rain

water drainage, protection of outside doors and windows by the use of the

weather strips or hoods, and then proper anchorage of the roof to the main

structure to withstand the driving wind. Generally, the building level should be

elevated from the ground level.

(3) The effect of temperature can be controlled by the following ways:

(a) Orientation

(b) Sun Shading

(c) Use of Colour

(d) Water body (such as pools or fountains)

(e) Effective planting

(f)

ORIENTATION

The sun is the prime factor in this case rather than the breeze, hence the orientation

should be as close to the east-west as possible. Single banked rooms/ spaces are

preferable (to allow for cross ventilation). The external openings should be shaded.

USE OF COLOUR

Exposed walls and roofs should be painted as near white as possible, hard landscaping

around the building should be in dark colors to avoid reflecting heat and glare into the

building. The interior should have white ceilings in order to reflect maximum light from

openings; spreading them as evenly as possible throughout the room.

The recommended levels of comfort conditions are:

cxxix

Temperature – 70 F

Humidity – 20% - 50%

Air speed – (12 0) cm to (25.4 - 0) cm per sec.

For more comfortable conditions, controllable ventilators above and below standard

windows are desirable. The control is based on the following methods;

(i) No breeze; low and high level vents open, windows closed.

(ii) Little breeze; all vents and windows open.

(iii) Dust laden winds; all vents and windows closed on windward side. Insect screens

should also be considered.

SUN SHADING

Walls facing east and west should have few fenestrations. Trees should be planted

around such areas for a restful environment. Screens and wide eaves should also be

employed.

SUN PATH ANALYSIS

The sun’s path across the site is from the Eastern area to the Western part of the site

such that the sun rises from the Eastern part and sets on the Western part of the site.

Therefore, the angle of incidence of the sun and its intensity should therefore be

properly analyzed for the site planning to ensure comfort.

Openings should be concentrated on the North-South facades. There should be limited

openings on the East-West facades with shading devices to reduce the effect of the solar

radiation.

cxxx

FIG. 4.2.7

DIAGRAM SHOWING SUN PATH AND WIND DIRECTION ACROSS SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)

4.7.0 PHYSICAL FEATURES

ACCESS ROUTE TO SITE

The site for this project should be easily accessible to motorists. It is accessed from

Ozalla -- Agbani road which is a major road. On site circulation, drives and parking

should adequately serve the project’s need to avoid interference with traffic flow on

adjacent public streets.

SOIL CONDITION

The soil is loamy in nature. It has a bearing capacity suitable for the project. Areas

liable to flood should be avoided.

VIEW

The major view is from the road. Buildings and sites should be oriented to prevent

direct public view into the services area as much as possible. All working areas facing

public streets or adjacent properties shall be screened from view by landscaping or solid

walls.

cxxxi

FIG. 4.2.8

DIAGRAM SHOWING VIEW/ACCESS TO SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)

SITE TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE

The topography of the site is relatively flat. The area is gently sloping towards main

road making it easy to drain in public main. The nature of this slope will cause primary

drainage to be towards this direction on site. Thus, the draining of the surface water and

sewage follows this line of contour terrain.

N

cxxxii

FIG. 4.2.8

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE SITE TOPOGRAPHY/ DRAINAGE OF THE SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)

SOURCE OF POLLUTION ON SITE

NOISE

The major noise generated on site has its sources from the access road to the site. The

minor noise is from the adjoining site. Trees and shrubs will be used to act as a buffer

against the noise. Also, acoustic materials will be used for the spaces in the library that

will likely generate noise .like the binding section.

N

cxxxiii

FIG. 4.3.1

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE NOISE AND TRAFFIC PATTERN OF THE SITE.

(SOURCE: AUTHOR.)

4.8.0 DESIGN IMPLICATION OF SITE ANALYSIS

The study and analysis of the location and site for the proposed Divisional Library

Agbani indicates that the major design problems are how to:

(a) Provide adequate lighting and ventilation in the spaces.

(b) Reduce heat caused by solar radiation and temperature.

(c) Provide adequate weather protection for buildings and their users.

(d) Provide adequate site drainage systems for the site.

N

cxxxiv

(e) Reduce and control high humidity.

SOLUTIONS

The roof form should ensure an adequate discharge of rainwater. The use of canopies

and window hoods prevents rain from entering into the building through external

openings. Efficient surface water drainage should be constructed for fast disposal of

surface water out of the buildings.

Good orientation for effective utilization of the prevailing winds and reduction of solar

load should be adopted. Optimal orientation of building prevents direct sunlight

penetration causing glare and direct heat. Trees and shrubs should be planted as well as

good landscaping to reduce the effect of solar radiation. Wide eaves and verandas

should be employed to check glare and radiation. Sun shading devices will be used

where needed. There should be proper design of fenestration to encourage air

movements within the interior spaces.

Thermal insulation should be used to minimize the use of mechanical cooling devices.

A proper orientation of the building to encourage wind flow to enhance good cross

ventilation should be adopted. Appropriate allocation and sizes of wall openings

influence wind flow. Roof structures should be firmly secured to the wall to prevent

removal by strong wind. High humidity is checked by effective ventilation to help

quicken the removal of hot air pockets and moist air which would otherwise condense in

the interior spaces.

Good landscaping elements should be employed to conserve the all year round

vegetation and minimize surface temperature.

cxxxv

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0.0 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

BUILDING SERVICES

5.1.1 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

It is necessary to coordinate the mechanical services in order to create an ambient

environment, suitable for the various activities that will be accommodated in the

complex. Such services include conveyance systems, water supply, and HVAC

(heating, ventilation and Air Conditioning).

DRAINAGE:

Flood if not well handled could pose a nuisance as well as the building. Consequently,

drainage routes must be defined to ensure smooth water run-off. Drains and drain pipes

should be strategically located to collect roof water.

CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS:

These will chiefly include stairs ramps, escalators and lifts. The positioning of these

various circulation systems (both horizontal and vertical) is vital to the design success.

They are import means of escape in case of fire; therefore they must satisfy fire

regulations. It is necessary that the handicapped be considered in the design and

location of these systems.

WATER SUPPLY:

Adequate water supply for general cleansing is a prerequisite in this complex. Water

should be amply provided to service the following:

- Recreational uses (fountains, pools, etc)

- Fire fighting (fire hose, real, sprinkler systems, etc)

cxxxvi

- Cleaning (showering, drinking, etc)

There must be provision for sufficient water storage since existing and future water

mains may well prove inadequate for the various uses of water in this complex. Storage

containers may be duplicated to allow cleaning and maintenance without interruption to

the water supply. Separate provision should be made for drinking water supply either

by direct service from mains or from a cistern used only for this purpose.

HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITION)

(a) HEATING:

Due to the climatic influences in Nigeria, it is not necessary to heat the environment.

Heating requirements are restricted to water and other utility services

(b) COOLING:

Also due to climatic influences, it may necessary to cool the environment sometimes to

maintain a desirable degree of thermal comfort; cooling drives the air by reducing its

moisture content. Air-conditioning is the most effective mechanical cooling device and

shall be used to cool functional spaces where the need to adjust comfort levels arises. It

may be of unit or central types.

The unit type is usually used for cooling small independent spaces but is uneconomical

for large spaces. The central type which cools large spaces more efficiently will be used

in the entire library complex; it requires controls and plant rooms on each floor to

effectively distribute the conditioned air. An air handling unit (AHU) will be required

at the roof level to supply air to single ducts of air induction boxes in the ceiling void of

the main office areas. Air is extracted through the light fittings into the ceiling void,

cxxxvii

where it is either re-circulated by the induction boxes locally, or returned to the main air

plant.

Fig. 5 .1

AIR

SYSTEM

S

(SOURC

E:

AUTHO

R)

(c) VE

NTI

LA

TIO

N:

This increases the rate of air exchange between interior and exterior, thereby reducing

the heat build-up and pockets of humid air inside the building. Ventilation is enhanced

by proper orientation of the building to wind velocity and by adequate fenestrations and

façade openings. However, it may be necessary to provide additional artificial means of

ventilation. Air extract systems will be necessary in the following spaces:

– Service rooms to remove fumes and steam

– Basement where ventilation may be insufficient

cxxxviii

– Other spaces where excessive heat, dust and odour are generated like the binding

section.

Wherever the extraction system is used, adequate provision must be made to balance the

air being removed.

5.2.0 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

These include communications, computer services, lighting and power points.

COMMUNICATION:

This is a prime factor in the efficient functioning of this proposed master piece; various

departments would need to exchange information within this library complex without

physically changing location. Consequently, there is a need for internal telephone as

well as outside communication network. Provision should be made for emergency

communication possibilities like installation of special lines to the Police, Fire Service,

Telex and Courier Services.

Ancillary provision includes installation of public telephones in the concourse, public

address systems. Particular attention should be paid to the design of telephone and

power outlets in the office block, to provide maximum flexibility of room /space layout

and allow for alterations in room /space arrangements with minimum changes.

COMPUTER SERVICES:

Still to aid local and foreign communications, automation services will be made

available in sundry computer suites to help transatlantic, international and local

messages using computer print-outs. Computers require delicate environment for their

efficient functioning.

cxxxix

Due to the high level of technology involved in computers and other electronics, rooms

housing them must:

- Be free of dust and static electricity

- Not be located in proximity to frequency-generating equipment like radio

- Have consistent and regulated power supply

- Be consistent with materials of 11/2 hours fire rating

- Maintain a specific temperature and be security conscious

LIGHTING:

Various forms of lighting can be employed to suit the various activity spaces. Lighting

may be natural or artificial; a combination of both may also be employed. Usually, a

combination of both natural and artificial lighting systems is recommended since it is

economical to use mostly natural lighting during the day while artificial lighting serves

at night and in special use areas.

Exterior lighting should portray the structures while serving for security and safety.

Interior lighting should generally be used to reveal the interior views, draw interest,

emphasize decorative displays, create patterns and textures, provide colour and contrast

and generally draw people’s attention to signs, directions and hazards.

For overall lighting, natural deluxe-type of fittings should be installed, and intensity of

light should be graded, increasing towards the entrance and exists. Special attention

should be paid to special lighting which highlights advertisements features, seating,

plants, decorative panels, etc on the wall. In the offices, fluorescent strip lighting can be

accommodated in the ceiling space and can be adjusted to provide an even level of

lighting over the whole depth of each office. Artificial lighting shall be imperative only

cxl

for spaces with need for controlled lighting, and to supplement daylight in a weather of

poor visibility.

These electrical services will be considered at construction stage and provision made for

their transfer to their power points and specific use-areas. An emergency generator and

transformer which can support the total electrical load shall be installed in the boiler

room.

NATURAL LIGHTING :

Natural lighting is abundant and free but has certain demerits when considered for use

in a library. These include:

(i) It is short-lived in the day, existing only from morning to evening with a varying

intensity till it dies down at sunset.

(ii) It is difficult to control because of its diffusing capability.

(iii) There are occasional fluctuations and variations in light intensity, which are

disturbing to continuous reading.

(iv) There is need for protection against glare, heat contaminant and intensive

light, which could be expensive.

Natural lighting is desired for its economic value; aesthetic value, psychological

implication and ready alternative during unstable power supply but it will not be totally

relied upon for functional efficiency.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING :

There is need to employ artificial lighting in the library building since natural lighting is

not totally reliable to light the reading areas and book shelves sufficiently well.

Artificial light is controllable and several variants can be obtained for specific activities.

It is also cost effective and attractive interior tool in creating the desired illumination

cxli

effect if well handled. However, in the use of artificial lighting, careful consideration

must be made towards light intensity, glare, contrast and colour.

INTENSITY

The spread of light over a surface (illumination) is expressed in flux (lumen/m2 or ft

2).

The intensity of light in an area depends on the type of lighting and the exposed surface.

In the reading room, intensity of light is determined from the normal reading horizontal

height about 850mm (2ft. 9 inches) above floor level. It is important to note that light

from any source varies inversely to the square of the distance from the source. The

illumination on the surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence on the surface.

TABLE 5.1

SPACE ( ROOM) RECOMMENDED

ILLUMINATION (FLUX)

Reading Rooms (Newspapers and

Magazines inclusive)

200

Reading Tables ( lending libraries) 400

Reading Tables (Reference libraries) 600

Counters 600

Closed Book Stores 100 ( on vertical surface)

Building 600

Catalogue, Sorting, Stock Rooms 400 ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED LIGHTING

INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS.

SOURCE: ILLU MINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) CODE, LONDON

CONTRAST

Excessive contrast and glare causes eye fatigue. Sharp contrast and patterns formed by

light variety should be avoided because this could cause dis-orientation. Best lighting

for comfortable working should aim at smooth graduation in brightness from the book

to the reader and then to the surrounding background. The reading top should be

brighter than the general background but not in excess in effect, lighting is considered

along side with interior decoration and choice of furniture.

cxlii

GLARE

Glare depends on a number of factors namely:

The brightness (from the source or by reflection)

The size and position as well as the number of sources in view.

It follows therefore that open areas are more susceptible to glare because of the

numerous sources in view. Best lighting conditions are achieved when light is obtained

from as large a percentage of the ceiling as possible. In order to reduce and avoid glare

in various area, less sharp reflective surface should be used as finishes, together with the

avoidance of direct light on the path of sight lines of readers. The figures on the table

show the maximum acceptable degree of glare for some activities in the library.

Table5.2

SPACE ( ROOM)

LIMITING GLARE INDEX

Reading Rooms ( Newspapers and

Magazines inclusive)

19

Reading Tables ( lending libraries) 19

Reading Tables (Reference libraries) 16

Counters 19

Closed Book Stores 19

cxliii

Binding 22

Catalogue, Sorting, Stock Rooms 22

ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) RECOMMENDED LIGHTING

INTENSITY FOR SPECIFIC AREAS

SOURCE: ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY (IES) CODE, LONDON

COLOUR

Human appreciation of colour of light may not be subjective because the judgment will

be based on human experiences as well as the colour spectrum within view at the same

time. Colour of light does not affect the efficiency but could receive various responses

to the environment.

FENESTRATION

Since we cannot control natural light intensity at source, we must therefore plan the

fenestration in order to achieve success. The size, style, placing and even the materials

of windows are vital to the functionality of the library building. This is because the

window will have an important effect on the internal environment as well as on the

running and maintenance cost.

5.3.0 ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

To ensure the use of a building, movement must be made into and about the building.

As a result, accesses into the building as well as circulation about the building are

important design features which should be given proper attention to enhance the use of

the building.

Being a public building, the main public entrance should be easily identifiable and

welcoming. The entrance should be such that will accommodate the physically

challenged.

cxliv

5.4.0 ACOUSTIC, FIRE SAFETY AND SECURITY SYSTEMS

ACOUSTIC:

Acoustics is primarily concerned with the planning of an enclosure to ensure the most

advantageous flow of properly diffused sound to all listeners. The ultimate goal is to

design a structure in such a manner that it will contribute to speech intelligibility and to

the aesthetic qualities of music in an environment free from external noise.

The primary problems are: the arrangement of rooms within the building, selection and

placement of absorptive and reflective materials to provide optimum conditions; steady

and even distribution of sound in the room; and provision for adequate noise control.

Planning for acoustic performance shall have this complex shielded from external noise

sources by green areas (as buffer); especially against noise from traffic and other

adjacent land uses. Within this complex, proper zoning principles shall be employed,

involving the arrangement of uses according to quiet, neutral and noisy areas.

For the conference facilities, good hearing conditions can be achieved by providing:

- quiet background

- sufficient loudness

- proper sound distribution

- adequate blending and separation of sound

Acoustic defects to be avoided include long delayed reflections, echoes, foci-flutter and

dead spots.

FIRE SAFETY:

cxlv

Fire poses a very serious threat to a project of this scale. Two major risks are apparent

in fire outbreak. They are risk to life and risk to the material content of the building.

Two main dangers to life are from fire itself and from smoke and toxic gases.

For smoke hazards, large quantities of dense toxic smoke are produced from even small

fires. Consequently, if smoke spread is not controlled, fire can threaten the occupants of

the complex. Consequently smoke alarms, fire alarms and smoke detectors are

invaluable assets for the complex. Smoke extract are also provided near windows or

louvers which can be opened by firemen or alternatively by trip switches. In designing

smoke extracts from the roof, the wind factor should be considered since a downward

draught may prevent smoke from flowing out from the grilles. A mechanical extract

system can be adopted where the reliability of natural ventilation becomes questionable.

Because of the lateral spread of fire, compartmentalization of various units is

recommended. It is also necessary to plan to prevent structural collapse or failure of

building’s structural elements. Structural members shall consequently be non-

combustible or fire protected, having a fire resistance of at least two hours but up to four

hours for large storage spaces.

Planning for fire safety shall provide for escape stairs, corridors and access for fire

fighting. Structural breaks and protection (for columns, beams, floors, roofs, and walls)

shall satisfy acceptable fire rating and shall be able to prevent easy spread of fire and the

passage of flame or excessive heats. Fire extinguishers shall be installed in smaller

spaces while large spaces shall be provided with hose reels. Adequate provision shall

also be made to accommodate fire-fighting equipment.

Fig 5.2

cxlvi

FIRE SAFETIES: MEANS OF ESCAPE

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

SECURITY SYSTEMS:

The importance of ensuring security for a complex of this nature cannot be

overemphasized.

Bringing together different groups of people from various backgrounds in a complex

like this poses a problem in the differentiation of various groups of people who are at

the complex for verifying purposes. Consequently, well planned circulation networks

should be used to effectively separate the traffic.

Two forms of security risks are prominent:

(a) One against burglary (at night): Various alarm systems can be used to combat this;

including electronic rays, pads, etc. Some construction technique can keep away

burglars, e.g.

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- outside walls should be free of devices that a burglar can use for climbing

- Roof vents, where necessary should have burglar bars and alarms wherever

possible

- Roof entry areas must be firmly secured

- Where exterior display windows are used, it is advisable to specify shatter glass

- Steel doors should be used for service entrances

- Each door should have a magnetic contact alarming device that ties it to the

overall alarm system

- Entrance doors to the wall areas should be made of shatter proof glass, with all

hardware case-hardened

- An added protection is the use of an electromagnetic door-locking system.

(b) Security against vandalism and book lifting in the day time. For this, both

physical and mechanical security systems are advised. Security personnel should

monitor high-risk areas. A computerized security network shall be adapted to ensure

complete safety of goods and clients of this complex.

Closed circuit Television (CCTV) shall also be used. CCTV employs the use of TV

cameras and monitoring screens. It is normally a stop-gap method applied when visual

inspection of suspicious circumstances is necessary. Cameras are mounted at strategic

locations and monitored in the control room. The control room should house all

monitoring equipment for surveillance and alarm systems in the whole building. The

room should be manned by security personnel round the clock.

The problem of security shall be considerably reduced by curtailing the number of

entrances and exits, into and out of the complex. This can be achieved by providing

common traffic routes for facilities with similar time duration.

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5.5.0 REFUSE AND WASTE DISPOSAL

Various refuse containers shall be provided; cylindrical containers (paladins on-wheels),

litter bins, dust bins and plastic garbage bags. Central collection point will be provided.

There are several methods of disposal:

- collection by the local council

- collection by refuse contractors

- internal disposal involving incineration within special plants installed at the

library complex

Only a combination of the first two methods shall be employed in disposing refuse from

the site.

Waste Disposal: All piped wastes shall be concealed and shall not be made visible to

visitors. The piping could be run in columns or special ducts in the high rise block.

Final disposal shall be by municipal sewer lines but it shall first pass through a sewage

treatment plant before being sent into the sewer. Unit septic tanks may be appropriately

located to dispose off the library complex’s effluent.

5.6.0 LANDSCAPING

This shall be meticulously planned to make it people-oriented; rocks, pavings, sculpture

fountains, pools, plantings (trees, shrubs, hedges, ground cover), street furniture (park

benches, dust bins, ash trays, planters, etc) shall be done in special concrete tiles and

rubble stones – both treated to absorb heat and maintain low heat radiation, avoiding

heat radiation into adjacent interior spaces.

Apart from the eating facilities, which will flow out into the complex, other features like

stepped stone terraces, reflection pool, possibly an aquarium and sculpture gardens shall

be used to stabilize the atmosphere and integrate the building to its natural environment.

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The outdoor landscape will also assist in improving the vista from within the complex

and help reduce fatigue due to shopping, office work or other tiring activities which

may be taking place in the complex.

5.7.0 SOLAR RADIATION CONTROL

Solar control is necessary to achieve suitable thermal comfort for the centre users.

Although the general climate is essentially unalterable, the climate of a specific portion

of the land’s microclimate can be easily influenced and altered by planning and design

devices. The immediate environment of a building or group of buildings can be

manipulated through walls, paintings, pools, sitting and building forms.

Site climatic design is based on typical or normal weather conditions and is affected by

shape, orientation, exposure, elevation, and hills or valleys near the site. Together, these

affect the temperature, the distribution of solar radiation and wind.

In striving to achieve a climatic balance in the structure and environment, solar control

reduces undesirable stresses while also using all natural resources favourable to human

comfort. Basic factors influencing thermal comfort include:

- Trees and Vegetation

- Water

- Building Orientation

- Solar Shading Devices

- Materials and Finishes

cl

Fig. 5 .3

MICRO CLIMATE CONTROL METHODS, NATURAL VENTILATION AND

CLIMATE CONTROL

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

5.8.0 TREES AND VEGETATION:

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The temperatures in and around buildings can be tempered or aggravated by the nature

of surrounding surfaces. Planting and vegetation are very vital in this respect. The

natural cover of a terrain tends to moderate extreme temperatures and stabilize

conditions. Plants and grassy cover reduce temperatures, but man-made surfaces tend to

elevate temperatures and reduce humidity – for instance; paved areas close to windows

radiate and reflect large amounts of heat into the building, possibly aggravating already

uncomfortable conditions.

Although vegetation provides protection against glare, dust and erosion, it can become

disadvantageous when it is close to a building, as roots can damage foundations and

drain pipes; also desirable air movement can be consequently, the position and size of

vegetation can have a marked effect on air movement over and around buildings. Air

flow patterns thus affected can be modified by landscaping.

Hot air should ideally be cooled by passing over and through vegetation before entering

a building to enhance air flow. The air should enter the building through shade without

passing over or through heated surfaces. Vegetation should be carefully planned not to

restrict the free flow of breeze.

Fig. 5 .4

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USE OF PLANTS AND VEGETATION TO EFFECT SOLAR CONTROL

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

Fig. 5 .5

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USE OF BALCONIES AND ROOF OVERHANG IN CLIMATE CONTROL

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

Fig. 5 .6

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AIR FLOW PATTERNS

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

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Fig. 5 .7

AIR FLOW PATTERNS (CONTD.)

(SOURCE: AUTHOR)

WATER:

The proximity of bodies of water can moderate extreme temperature variations. It

generally has a cooling effect on the environment; the humidity may be affected,

depending on the general temperature pattern. The larger the body of water, the greater

its impact on the micro-climate. Pools of water, fountains, etc, shall be introduced to

help achieve this effect.

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BUILDING ORIENTATION:

The orientation of a building is determined by the climatic factors of wind, view, noise

requirements of privacy and solar radiation. However a building oriented will be

affected by quantities of solar radiation falling on different sides at different times.

If the alignment of a building, due to some of the other factors is such that most of the

facades lie in a direction unfavorable to wind or solar control, sun-shading devices shall

be employed to remedy the situation.

SOLAR SHADING DEVICES:

The impact of solar radiation on buildings in the hot climate must not only be reduced

by orientation and effective design of structure, but also by adequate shading. Various

wall treatments are invaluable for eliminating or reducing one of the greatest sources of

heat gain – the solar radiation entering through the windows.

Various shading devices can be used to achieve effective solar control; horizontal

screens are most effective against a high sun and are normally used in the north or south

sides. Horizontal, vertical and a combination of egg-crate types can be used.

Overhangs can be used to protect the interiors from slanting sun and driving rain.

Balconies and projecting floor slabs are also common forms of horizontal screening.

Vertical screens, in the form of closely spaced columns, vertical firms or rotating

louvers are useful against the low sun on the east and west facades. The combined

vertical and horizontal screening – the egg-crate grille for instance – can be effective for

any orientation, depending on its depths and dimensions of the opening. Whatever type

of screening used should be placed outside the glazing, be of low thermal capacity

materials, to prevent not only reflection on to any part of the building but also hot air

being trapped.

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The effectiveness of these shading devices is determined by latitude, location and

building orientation.

5.9.0 ANTROPOMETRIC DATA

The Body and reach characteristics of human beings have a distinct influence on design.

The principles of anthropometrics indicate the average dimensions of men and women.

When this information is applied it becomes guidelines in:

- the arrangement of seating in public spaces (e.g. reading halls, auditorium etc)

- determining the door dimensions for an anticipated volume of traffic or number

of people

- the arrangement of internal circulations also with regard to volume of traffic,

width of corridors, etc

- determining floor ceiling heights especially around stairs, mezzanine floors and

their minimum height clearances

- designing for the handicapped

CHAPTER 6

6.0.0 DESIGN DATA AND SPACE REQUIREMENT

6.1.0 POPULATION SERVED

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The estimated current population of the territory under primary consideration is 147,385

based on the 2006 census figures. The planning of the library is to meet the needs of all

the services to be provided by the library for now till the next 30 years. Several other

factors are to be considered together with projected population in 30 years time. These

include:

ACTIVE USERS

It has been established in Nigeria that in towns and areas where the literacy rate is above

average, only about 25% -30% of the population constitutes the active users of the

libraries.

By virtue of the location of the facility in Agbani Nkanu West LGA, a

certain percentage of probably 5% of active users will be expected to come

from outside the catchment’s territory.

The proposed library in its capacity will provide a wide range of services

including a better and well stocked reference facilities, bookshop, computer

services, exhibition, audio-visuals, auditorium facilities etc. Thus the library

will be consulted and used by a vast number of people of different levels of

education and socio-cultural background.

It is also expected that in future, branch and neighborhood libraries will be

built in other locations, this is in line with the International Federation of

Library Association ( IFLA) standards, which stipulates that in the urban

areas, branch libraries are to be located within 1.5km of most residents and

relatively large libraries within 3—4km of residents. These branch libraries

when put in place, they will augment the central services.

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DEDUCTION FFROM THE ABOVE CONSIDERATIONS

After due consideration of the aforementioned factors, certain deductions and

assumptions can be made. These assumptions are:

The population of Nkanu West will increase in spite of the present economic

recession.

The prevalent increase in number of schools and other institutions in Nkanu

West have the tendency of increasing the number of active users of the proposed

facility.

Branch Libraries will be established both in others communities within Nkanu

West.

The existing Enugu State Central Library in Enugu will still remain operational.

6.2.0 LIBRARY CAPICITY

From the above assumptions and deductions, it will be safer to assume 28% active users

population for the library living within and 5% for those that will travel from outside

communities to consult the library.

Total percentage of the active user = 28 + 5 = 35%. With the population of Nkanu West

L.G.A estimated at about 603,154 by the year 2036, the library is thus projected to cater

for 35%.

603,154 X 35

100

== 211,809.9 persons.

The IFLA standards stipulate one and half volume of books per head of population for

large city libraries.

Therefore the total number of volume for 211, 809. 9 persons:

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211,809.9 x 1.5 == 317,714.85 volumes.

6.3.0 VOLUMES DISTRIBUTION

The 317,809.9 volumes will be distributed to the various departments of the library

based on the standards and recommendations.

(a) ADULT REFERENCE (Open Access):

The library association recommends a minimum of 200 volumes per 100 population.

That is

211,809.9 x 200 == 42, 361.98 volumes

1000

Due to the role of the central library as the main reference library for the state, the

percentage will be increased by 20.

20 x 317,714.85 == 63,542.97 volumes

100

(b) Adult lending

The volumes include those for the young adult popular library and subject departments.

Taking 42.5% of the gross volume (from)

42.5 x 317,714.85

100 == 135,028.81125 volumes

(c) Children’s (Department) Library

This will house 14% of the gross volumes

14 x 317714.85 ==44,480.079volumes.

100

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The children’s library should have its own reference collection.

(d) Stack:

This is to have 15% of the gross the gross volumes and should be distributed to the

various subject departments and the popular library.

15 x 317714.85 = 47,657 volumes.

100

(e) Nigeriana:

This will have 8% of the gross volume

8 x 317714.85 =25,417.188

100

The volume includes local newspapers and government documents etc.

(f) Staff library

This will have 0.5% of the gross volume

0.5 x 317714.85 = 1,588.57425 volumes

100

6.4.0 BOOK STOCK

The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) standards do not state the

additional annual volume increase of library serving over 1,000 populations.

In Nigeria, by the standard for collection in public libraries, an addition of 5,000

volumes annually is expected in library headquarters.

Recommended numbers of seats for various sizes of libraries are as shown below:

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TABLE 6.1

BASSINET SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATION (SEATING)

Population

Group

No. of seats

For 1000

population

Private

Carrels

Seats

Study

Seats

Lounge

Seats

Auditorium

Seats

Lecture and

Meeting

Room Seats

Percentage (%)

100,000 –

200,000

3 to 4 5 75 20 200 to 300 50 to 400

200,000-

400,000

2 to 4 5 80 15 250 to 500 100 to 200

400,000-

700,000

2 to 2.5 5 80 15 300 to 600 200 to 300

7000,000-

And above

1.5 to 2 5 80 15 400 to 600 200 to 600

(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)

If the population to be served is between 100,000- 200,000, 3 to 4 seats per 1,000

population is recommended. Thus adopting the average 3.5 seats per 1,000 populations,

we have:

166,041 x 7 = 581 seats (approximately 600 seats)

1000 2

Number of seats for study:

75 x 581 = 436 seats

100

Number of seats for carrels

5 x 581 = 29 seats

100

The seats are proportionally distributed to the various departments of the library.

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6.5.0 SPACE ANALYSIS

The space allowance per population served as recommended by the IFLA

standards are shown in the table below:

TABLE 6.2

POPULATION SERVED ALLOWANCE PER 1000 OF

POPULATION

10,000 to 20,000 42m2

(420 sq. ft.)

20,000 to 35,000 39m2

(450 sq. ft.)

35,000 to 65,000 35m2

(375 sq. ft.)

65,000 to 100,000 31m2

(335 sq. ft.)

Over 100,000 28m2

(300 sq. ft.)

(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)

From the above table, the population under consideration is over 100,000, hence 28

meter square is used.

Gross space required

= 166,041 x 28 = 4,649m

2

1000

Table shows the percentage areas to be allowed for various major departments in the

library.

TABLE 6.3

DEPARTMENT PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA

Personnel Management

Finance and Supply

2%

1%5

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Planning, Research and Statistics

Technical Services

School Library and Extension Services

Business Services

Information Consultancy and Bibliography

Services

Public Services

2%

6%

2%

12%

15%

60%

(SOURCE: PLANNING AND DESIGN OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS: THOMPSON)

6.6.0 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS SPACE ALLOWANCE

(a) Adult Lending:

(i) Volumes to be provided = 106,250 volumes space recommended per 1,0,00

volumes (open shelves) == 15m2

106,250 x 15 = 1.594 m2

1000

Assumption: Each shelve unit to have five shelves. Provision on this scale will allow for

circulation of readers within the area; accommodation for staff counters and catalogues

as will display equipments.

(ii) Number of seats to be provided is equal to 25% of seats for study

25 x 436

100 = 109 seats

Space required per seat = 2.3 m2

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Space required for 109 seats (2.3 x 109)

=2,507 m2

(b) Adult Reference:

(i) Volumes to provided for ==50,000volumes

Space recommended per 1,000volumes = 10 m2

Space required for 50,000 volumes

50,000 x 10

1000 == 500 m2

(i) Number of seats to be provided will be 60% of the seats for study,

60% x 436 = 262seats

Space required per seat = 2.3 m2

Space required for 109 seats (2.3 x 262)

= 606.2 m2

The space allocation for adult lending and reference covers popular library young

library, the various subject departments, part of the Nigeriana and information

consultancy.

(c) Children’s Library:

(i) Volumes to provided for ==35,000volumes

Space recommended per 1,000 (open shelves) volumes = 15 m2

Space required for 35,000 volumes

35,000 x 10

1000 == 525 m2

The area will accommodate staff counters, catalogues, informal seating without table,

display equipments and readers circulation.

(iii) Number of seats to be provided is 15% of seats for study

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15 x 436

100 == 65 seats

Space required per seat = 2.25 m2

Therefore space required for 65 seats = 65 x 2.25 = 142.25 m2

(d) Newspaper and Periodicals:

The IFLA stipulates the following:

(i) 0.09 m2 of floors space per periodical current issues.

(ii) 7 m2 per 1000 volume (bound back file in stack).

(iii) 1 seat per 3,000 population consulting periodicals for libraries serving above

20,000 populations at 3 m2 per seat.

Thus, for 55 seats at 3m2 seat 165 m

2.

(e) Newspaper and Periodicals:

There will be

(i) Lending room

(ii) Reference stack room

(iii) Strong rooms, Archives, Rare books, Manuscripts, and Special collections.

(f) Cataloguing:

Area per staff = 14m2

(g) Accessories:

Area per staff = 10m

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(h) Bindery :

Minimum space area per person = 11m2

(i) Multi-Purpose Auditorium:

250 seats at 0.8m2 = 200m

2

Or 250 seats at 0.9m2 = 225m

2 ( stage inclusive)

6.7.0 SUMMARY OF SPACE PROGRAMME

With reference to the standards and the planning facts and figures above the space

program for the proposed Agbani Central library has been worked out as follows:

TABLE 6.4

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FACILITY

AREA (M2)

PUBLIC

Entrance Hall

Exhibition

Lounge

Newspapers and

Periodicals

Bookshops

Lavatories

Auditorium

Internet and Computer

Training suite

Adult lending ( open

shelve stack)

Adult lending reading

area Film And Recording

Reference reading area

Projection room

Map room commercial

Business records

Restaurant

STAFF

Director’s office

150

130

100

100

165

80

35

500

4m2 per person

600

500

420

130

90

60

60

75

18

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Confidential sec\waiting

room

Deputy director’s office

Assistant director’s office

Secretary to the library

board

Boardroom

Accounts Department

Public Relation Dept

General office

Planning And Evaluation

Unit

Maintenance Staff Office

Transport Office

Maintenance workshop

Security Office

Training and Research

Unit

Conveniences

Staff lavatories

Acquisition Unit

Cataloguing

Bindery

Loading and Unloading

Bay

30

18

18

18

45

70

75

60

35

40

30

80

180

50

20

40

80

110

120

75

28

35

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E-learning

Sorting room

Book Selection Room

45

50

55

It is important to point out that the above tabulated areas and sizes of spaces are

approximate values based on recommended standards. They are thus subject to plus (+)

or minus (-) variations in progress of the actual design.

CHAPTER 7

7.1.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

clxxi

Libraries in present time should no longer function as stagnant

reservoirs of books and other literally materials as they did in the past. They are

supposed to be dynamic institutions reacting to the changing needs of patrons for

effective dissemination of knowledge, information and ideas.

Change is a dynamic process and the library must reflect the changes of needs in the

community it is built to serve.

The approach to the planning of Agbani Central Library is such that the services

provided would respond to change positively and remain in use and character for at least

30 years. The philosophy of the design of the proposed library is that of “Response to

change’. This invariably means that the architecture should be flexible and adaptable as

possible to the challenging needs and innovations of the future.

Furthermore, the visual appearance of the proposed library would be made to appetizer

and magnetize potential patrons to draw and identify with contemporary source of

knowledge. Thus a simple but aesthetically dignifying architectural image is desirable.

In its simplicity, the complex should first and foremost be hospitable and friendly.

Finally, the Agbani Central Library is one of the states home of information. In full

functional capacity, it should serve as Nkanu West’s largest collection of information

and source of enlightenment. As such should admit all classes of information seekers

and offer comfortable and free assistance to them at their without discrimination.

DESIGN GOALS

The major goals of the proposed library shall be in broadly four-fold:

To achieve flexibility of spaces to allow for adaptation to changes and

expansion through the use of modular structural system.

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To achieve a successful integration of the multiple activities of the

modern central library.

To uphold the principles of good and efficient design particularly in the

tropics within the context of the prevailing post-modern era.

To effectively site the library into the site through a well planned

beautiful landscape which provide outdoor reading spaces with

relaxation amenities, well defined pedestrian and vehicular access routes,

as well as adequate parking spaces.

7.2.0 DESIGN CONCEPT

The concept that will form the basis of the library’s planning will

emanate from what is considered as solutions to the problems that have been identified

and special considerations in the library. Generally, the design concept will be discussed

with respect to zoning and form.

The Library’s functions and spaces will be zoned on the site based 2 considerations:

Noise levels

Sequence in time

What this implies is that the library spaces will be zoned in such a way that the spaces

where noise is likely to be generated will be located nearer to the external source of

noise, which is the access road.

The second aspect is the fact that the library users and book circulation

expresses a sequence, which can be expressed further in the zoning of the library

spaces.

CONCEPT OF FORM

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The planning will use an inductive approach in the generation of the plan

form of the library. In an inductive approach, general laws are obtained or discovered

from particular facts or examples. The interpretation of this inductive approach in the

generation of the form is that the character or shape of the whole will be determined by

the character and shape of the parts.

Library space planning involves a great deal of furniture and equipment consideration.

It the researcher’s opinion that a modular design will be the most appropriate approach

to the delivery of library spaces that are adequately planned for library furniture and

equipment. Rectangles and squares are the most suitable plan form for modular designs.

These spaces will also allow the spaces to be expanded should the need for that arises.

If the basic shapes of the library spaces are rectangles and squares, then by induction,

the library plan shape will be conceived as a group of rectangles and squares. Factors

like zoning and orientation will be allowed to influence the arrangement of these shapes.

Symbolically, the library design will reflect the character of the culture of learning:

formal learning begins with a broad scope, and as one advances in learning, he

specializes. To express this character, the massing of the Central Library will be like the

shape of a pyramid, which is broad at its base but tapers as it rises.

Fig. 7.1

clxxiv

Symbolic Expression of Learning Culture: A Pyramid

The planning of the library spaces will reflect this concept, since the lower floors, if

designated as lending areas will house more collections than the upper floors, where

reference materials will be accommodated. The implication is that the library building

will become smaller with increase in floors.

Fig. 7.2

Concept: library collections decrease with increase in floor

clxxv

Careful advantage will be taken of elements intended to provide internal environmental

control (that is, shading devices and fenestration), to provide surface aesthetics. The

possibility of communicating symbolic meaning through these will add to their success

as design elements.

7.3.0 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Flexibility of the structure of the proposed library building is best

achieved with modular system. This is a system whereby a building is supported by

columns placed at regular.

Modern library buildings are planned on interdependent network of open-plan areas

with eliminated load-bearing walls. This is derived from the principles of modular

system. Decisions on structural systems are made based on the following

considerations:

Building’s number of floors

The nature and size of supporting columns

The positioning of heavy loads

The position or location of vertical circulation or core

The choice and nature of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system or

services (HVAC).

STRUCTURAL LAYOUT

The planning of a modular building is based on the grid system. The

regular pattern of points, which define intersection of two parallel lines form skeletal

structural system of columns and beams. The grid pattern achieves a structural

framework of columns as the building supports. This allows for non-load bearing walls

and internal partitions, which can be erected between columns.

clxxvi

The choice of grid should be suitable to permit efficient use of the library spaces. This

will determine the placing of shelves, reader’s seats and furniture and subsequently

influence the amount of books stacking that can be installed. Grid chosen should allow

for reasonable office sizes to be partitioned without column interference.

The column distance should be suitable to accommodate shelves and furniture

combination with standard width aisles and setting of tables and chairs. The grid squares

could vary throughout the building.

7.4.0 BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

Materials and methods of construction to be employed in the proposed

library building have to satisfy certain basic requirements, which include:

1. Economy of maintenance

2. Economy of construction

3. Functional and aesthetic requirements.

7.4.1 FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE OF BUILDING

MATERIAL

There are certain important factors that should be considered n the choice of materials

for construction of a library building. These factors are:

1. Cost: The initial and long term cost of the material have to be examined in

order to strike a balance between them. This will ascertain if the cost is within

tolerable limits.

clxxvii

2. Durability: Durability of a building material is essential as it is a measure of

how much stress and strain it can withstand under various conditions of use

over time.

3. Maintenance: The ease of maintenance and maintenance cost implication of a

material has to be ascertained.

4. Quietness: The acoustic quality of a material is an important factor, which

determines its best area of application in library building.

5. Comfort: Materials to be used should meet with the generally acceptable

standard of comfort.

6. Safety: The likely hazards to be caused by the materials chosen have to be

evaluated before use. They should conform to existing safety and health

regulations.

7. Aesthetic: Choice of building materials however should be such that will

enhance the appearance and attractiveness of the library complex.

7.4.2 CHOICE OF MATERIALS

With reference to the aforementioned factors, emphasis on the choice of

building materials would be on the area of application. These areas include the walls,

ceiling, ceiling and roof. It is pertinent to note that the treatment given to the building in

terms of materials will affect the performance quality of the building.

clxxviii

FLOOR MATERIALS

Floors in library buildings require special considerations in order to

achieve desired objectives. It should be able to absorb sound, bear the heavy load of

library stock and human traffic as well as being easily maintainable.

In choosing floor materials, consideration should be given to the various functions of

the particular spaces. Priority is placed on placed on the acoustic quality of floor

material so as to reduce noise distraction especially in reading areas. Durability is

equally a vital factor.

Varying degrees of quietness are required at different parts of the library. Thus, resilient

floor materials and finishes such as monolithic thick rubber, cork and carpets can be

used for quiet spaces. Carpets have the advantage of being more luxurious and

comfortable but are not as durable as others. All hard surface finishes are noisy and are

more appropriate in areas not requiring absolute quietness. Consequently floor materials

and finishes like terrazzo, marble, wood, blocks due to their extreme durability can be in

areas where high volume of traffic are expected or will be experienced. For example in

the main entrance and the control areas, it is necessary to use very durable floor finishes

in order to avoid frequent changing which will lead to high maintenance cost and

disruption of the library operations.

For corridors, closed stack rooms and staff working rooms, linoleum, PVC tiles, or

carpets are cheap to use.

clxxix

WALLING MATERIAL

Choice of material for walling libraries depends on the area of application

and functions to be performed by the wall. In general, walling materials should possess

the following characteristics strength and stability, weather resistant (in case of external

walls), thermal insulation, fire resistance, sound insulation, easy to maintain and

flexibility. Externals walls should be solid, forming sound barriers to the external noise

and weather conditions. They should be non-load bearing, just providing enclosures for

interior spaces. Material for internal walls should allow for flexibility of internal space

as such that can be removed to rearrange space when necessary e.g. in the children’s

department and reading areas.

The partition material should have good quality acoustic quality and low maintenance

cost. Light reflective qualities of partitions should not be low especially in reading

areas, as these will enhance the illuminating quality of the library. High gloss paints and

textured paints are recommended because of their high aesthetic value and durability.

CEILING MATERIALS

Choice of building materials is based on light and reflection and acoustics. The

construction has to be such as would permit the passage of ducts and electrical works.

Ceiling should reflect light downwards and this is best achieved by using light colored

materials. The use of acoustic ceiling panels is preferred for its sound absorbing and

light diffusing qualities over hard plaster ceiling panel, which is hard and deficient in

sound absorption. Suspended acoustic ceiling panels would be satisfactory in achieving

the above.

ROOFING MATERIALS

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Materials for roof construction in library buildings should possess

additional qualities to its primary function of protection from weather. Materials used in

roof construction should possess the following qualities of strength and stability,

weather resistance, thermal insulation, fire resistance, and sound insulation. Absorbent

roofing materials should be avoided, as they will be expensive to maintain.

7.5.0 SERVICES

WATER SUPPLY AND INSTALATION

In designing the cold and hot water supply installation within the library, an

assessment must be made on the probable maximum water flow. In most buildings, it

seldom happens that the total number of appliances installed is ever in use at the same

time. Therefore for economic reasons, it is usual for a system to be designed for a peak

usage, which is less than the proposed maximum usage. In this case, the probable

demand will depend on the type of sanitary appliances provided within the library

building and the frequency of usage.

In addition, the conveying of water through the library building to locations of use

implies the design of a system of piping or tubing efficient for this purpose, easily

maintained and interfering as little as possible with the interior architectural form. In

order words, it is best for the system to conceal.

The corrosive effect of water and resistance of metal to corrosion should be considered

in the choice of piping materials. PVC pipes are better suited for water conveyance than

steel or iron pipes. They are less expensive and not susceptible to corrosion.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND DISTRIBUTION

Due to high electrical load a building of the magnitude of the proposed

library will demand, it will definitely require a Three-Phased electric supply. The

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dealing in some large building may be too high for local low or medium voltage system

to provide, thus a private substation must therefore be installed, fed from the high-

voltage cables from the PHCN’S interest switching station.

The electrical installation in a large building is similar to that of a small building, but

divided into sections. There may be one main intake panel incorporating large fused

switches or circuit breakers, each of which controls a fetcher cable to subsiding

distribution panels in different parts of the building.

WASTE DISPOSAL

In the event that a central sewage disposal system is not properly

provided, sewage disposal will be by the use of septic tank, which will be located within

the site.

However, sewage disposal shall be through the municipal sewage system, which is

proposed to be provided by the local authority within 30m of the site boundary in which

the property is located.

Various types and sizes of trash bin are to be provided for the use in disposing other

wastes products such as papers, used stationeries, and other wastes generated within the

library building.

DRAINAGES

The type of drainage system to be provided, depends upon the local authority

regulations

There are basically three types of drainage systems:

1. SEPARATE SYSTEM: In which the foul water discharged from water closets,

basins, sinks, baths etc are conveyed by foul water drains to a foul water sewer

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or a separate sewage disposal plant. Surface water drains to a public surface

water sewer or soak-away.

2. COMBINED SYSTEM: In which the foul water from sanitary appliances and

surface water from roofs and paved areas are conveyed by a single drain to a

combined sewer. This kind of system saves on drainage cost but the cost of

sewage disposal is increased.

3. PARTIAL SEPARATE SYSTEM: In which most of the surface water is

conveyed by surface water drain to a surface water sewer or soak-away, but

some of the rain water is connected to the foul water drain. This is done when

the water can be conveniently connected to the foul water drain usually at the

rear of the building. It saves on drainage on drainage cost and rain water also

help to flush the foul water drain.

7.6.0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

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In designing to achieve flexibility, certain allowances can be made for future

changes, dimly discern. One of these is the relative increase in material storage and a

relative increase in space required for readers. For example the more recent optical disc,

already offering 40,000 pages of text on a single 300nn plate, may soon be cheap

enough as a publishing medium for a library to use for the housing of vast runs of

information.

Today, a great number of libraries of all kinds especially in developed countries of the

world have one or both, of the two main library computer services, which are available

from many different sources. The first is the housekeeping function of circulation

control, which deals with access to the library’s own catalogue, stock control etc

(computer filing of books and bibliographic materials). The second is access to

bibliographic and other databases through cooperative network or host (Internet). At the

moment, the two functions (Housekeeping and Data Bases Access) are on separate

systems, but it can be doubled that they will be completely integrated in the near future.

Presently, the impact of computer use in libraries and the contribution it will make in

the library world in the distant future cannot really be ascertained. Already it is already

on the verge of entirely eliminating the use of card catalogues and stock records and in

turn relieving people of routine work in many areas.

Who knows? Perhaps it may soon start competing seriously with books as a source of

general information, which can be retrieved for the reader in a future. If this certainly

happens, then our libraries should be able to meet the challenges. Libraries will then

perhaps house more of computer software (in form of discs and diskettes) than books

and of course with outlets and terminals (visual display units) for their use by library

patrons. This obviously calls for and justifies the need for flexibility in library designs.

To achieve this, provision should be made for the present and future by using the

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principles of modular planning which allows for flexibility in the use of the interior

spaces. The design should make possible conversion of the library spaces to other

functions or purposes if the need arises. Adequate floor grids, provision of conduits for

various kinds of various transmission lines, electrical outlet throughout the building

should be considered in the design of the proposed library. The achievement of this will

produce a library that will certainly stand the test and challenges of the “unknown

future”.

However, some other areas of study that emphasis should be laid in further research of

library designs are:

That of how to guard against the tendency of people not wanting to return or

not returning materials borrowed from the library even when their particulars

might be with the library staff, in some cases, persons with ulterior motives

gives the library staff wrong personal data just in their bid not to be traced

should they not return materials borrowed from libraries.

The integration of a peoples culture in local library designs, in such a way

that an average member of the host community can benefit from the library,

and not just the literates. That is making the library an integral part of a

peoples culture.

REFERENCES

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1. American Library Association, Subcommittee For Small Libraries, Public

Libraries: “Guidelines Towards Achieving The Goals Of Public

Library Spaces” ( Chicago : The Association, 1962) P.1

2. A.S Hornby, “ Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary Of Current

English”,( Oxford : Oxford University Press) 1995, P.607

3. Barclay Ogden, “Collection Preservation In Library Building Design” At

Http://Www.Librisdesign.Org/Pdf. 2009. Pp. 6-63 As Retrieved On 20th

November 2009

4. DESIGNING A FINE LIBRARY: ‘Tools from the KLA Standards

Committee, the Regional Systems and the Kansas State Library”, at

Http://www.skyways.lib.ks.us/KLS/development.designing a fine

library.html as retrieved on 04th

November 2009.

5. ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITICANA; New Edition (London; William Benton

Publisher, 1943—1973) Volume Xi Page 851-870.

7. EVANS, EVELYN S.A.: A Tropical Library Services

Report Story on Public Libraries of Ghana, 1965.

8. MICROSOFT ENCARTA 2008

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

1. Barry, R. “The Construction Of Buildings”, Volume 2, 5th

Edition

(London: Blackwell Science) 1999.

2. “Blueprint for the present and future development of Ebonyi State”,

a report by Ebonyi State Development Forum May 1997.

3. “Chamber’s Encyclopedia; New Edition” (London: George Newnes

Ltd, 1959), vol. VIII.

4. De Chiara J. and Calendars, J.”TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR

BUILDING TYPES”, (New York: McGraw-hill publishing) 3rd

Edition, 1990.

5. Heron, M “Public Library Building in The 21st Century” South

Carolina State Library August 2004 Facilities Planning Resources.

6. Neufert, E. “Architects’ Data” (London: Blackwell Science Ltd.) 3rd

Edition.

7. Pickard, Q.” the architects’ handbook”, Iowa, Blackwell Publishing)

2002.

8. Plougaad, S.” PUBLIC LIBRARY BUILDINGS”(London:1971)

JOURNALS

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Bryson, J. et al, “libraries must also be buildings? New

library impact study” The Centre For Public Libraries

And Information In Society, Department Of Information

Studies, University Of Sheffield. March 2003.

Illuminating Engineering Society, Technical Report 8,

Lighting Of Libraries. London, 1970.

Mohrhardt, C. M and Ulveling, R. A “Public Libraries”

Architectural Record, December, 1952.

Orr J. M. Edited by Evelyn J. A Evans; “designing library

building for activity”, (London: Andie Dentsch Ltd).1975

“The New Universal Library”,(London), George Reinbird

Ltd, 1969, Vol. VIII

INTERNET SOURCES

Chinyere Nwoga,” The Book Chain In Nigeria” at

http://www.inasp.infopubs/bookchain/profiles/Nigerin as retrieved on 31st July,

2009.

“Edward Tenner” so many books, so few readers”, @

http//princetoninfo.com.com/200405/40512c03.html as retrieved on the 17th

December 2009.

http//www.archnewsnow.com/featuresfeature194.htm as retrieved 0n 28th

December 2009.

http//www.lutongov.uk/internet/leisureandculture/libraries/branchlibraries/luton

%20central%20library,htm as retrieved on the 15 January 2010.

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http//www.shouluton.com/attractions/library.html as retrieved on the 6th

January

2010.

“Sustainable Building Technical Manual” at

www.smartcommunities.ncat.org as retrieved on 15th

January 2010.

www.barnetgov.uk/cultural services/library/chipping barnet as retrieved on the

24th

January 2010.

www. Wikipedia.org as retrieved on the 24th

January 2010.

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Ezulu E. O.”Anambra State Central Library, Enugu”. (Unpublished M.S.c

Project Report, Dept Of Architecture, University Of Nigeria, Enugu Campus)

1985.

Umoga, I.k. “Central Library For Aba”. (Unpublished M.S.c Project Report,

Dept, Architecture, University Of Nigeria, Enugu Campus) 1991.

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW