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Oilseed rape in the rotation
Faye Ritchie, ADAS Rosemaund
January 2012
What drives rotations?
• Economics – best margins
• Soil type (tradition) – what crops can be grown well (and sold)
• Pest and disease control – especially soil-borne organisms
• Weed control
• Politics – set-aside requirements etc• Biodiversity• Fertility building – especially organic systems• Other problems – weather, late harvest, crop failure
Rotational issues
• WOSR yields – rotation– rooting
• Soil-borne disease threats – and interventions
- principles - examples
• Other disease issues
• Conclusions
Impact of previous cropping on winter oilseed rape yields HGCA project 2922 – led by Ron Stobart, NIAB-TAG
• Trial location; NIAB-TAG Morley farm, Norfolk• four replicate trial drilled on large plots• variety Winner (used for the entire trial series)
• General agronomy• prophylactic inputs consistent with local best practice
• Trial establishment (ideal)• OSR cv Winner, typically drilled in early September• 1st wheat cv Brompton, typically drilled in the second half of September• 2nd (and later) wheat cv Brompton, typically drilled in mid October
Project treatment listing
Rotation Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Description
1 WOSR WW WW WW WW WW WW WOSR 6 year gap
2 WW WOSR WW WW WOSR WW WW WOSR 2 year gap
3 WW WW WOSR WW WW WW WW WOSR 4 year gap
4 WW WW WW WOSR WW WW WW WOSR 3 year gap
5 WOSR WOSR WOSR WOSR WOSR WOSR WOSR WOSRcontinuous WOSR
6 WOSR WW WOSR WW WOSR WW WOSR WW alternate WOSR
7 WOSR WW WW WOSR WW WW WOSR WW 2 year gap
8 WW WOSR WW WOSR WW WOSR WW WOSR alternate WOSR
OSR Rotational position and yield (t/ha) (Mean of 2006 – 2011 data)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Decline in OSR yield and rotational frequency(Mean of 2006 – 2011 data)
R² = 0.99
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
% y
ield
rec
ove
ry
% inclusion of oilseed rape
WW Rotational position and yield (t/ha) (Mean of 2006 – 2011 data)
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
10.0011.0012.00
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Yields and outputs (average data)
Description OSR £300/t
WW 125/t
OSR £350/t
WW 150/t
OSR £400/t
WW150/t
OSR £400/t
WW200/t
OSR1 in 3(1st WW; 10.10 t/ha, 2nd WW 8.96 t/ha, OSR; 3.36 t/ha)
1070 1274 1323 1663
Alternate WW / OSR(WW; 10.08 t/ha, OSR; 2.81t/ha)
1052 1248 1318 1570
NB Data for longer rotations not provided by this project
Key messages
• Results clearly highlight rotational impacts on crop performance• yield penalties with associated financial implications from close rotations
• Results to date demonstrate• reduced early vigour • volunteers issues (crop competition or early season disease)• other disease problems (eg stem canker)• potential reduction in (cumulative) flowering period• evidence that closer rotations are impacting on components for yield and
yield drivers (seed development and rooting)
• Potential pathogens e.g.Olpidium brassicae and Pyrenochaeta sp. are being investigated
• TSB funded research is starting to examine management options
Rooting of OSR - Effects of June rainfall on yield at Boxworth
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 50 100 150
June Rainfall (mm)
Yie
ld t
/ha
Where rooting is limited, yield is likely to be linked to rainfall
Rooting at depth improved particularly by metconazole PGR in spring and correlated
with yieldADAS Boxworth 2005
R2 = 0.54
3.20
3.40
3.60
3.80
4.00
4.20
0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Mean root length density cm root/cm3 soil(40-100cm depth)
Yie
ld @
91%
DM
Metconazole effects on rooting
• Rooting data from 6 field trials
• Applications from pre-green bud (GS3,1) to late green bud (GS3,6)
• Spring applications increased root length density from 0.48 to 0.60 cm/cm3 (40-100cm depth)
• Estimated additional water uptake of 6-9 mm
• Estimated additional yield in dry year of 0.22 – 0.34 t/ha
Risk of drought affecting yield
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
East Midlands North South West
% o
f se
aso
ns
with
dro
ug
ht
Untreated
metconazole• Rainfall for 1986-2008
• 5 regions
• 3 soil types
• On heavy & medium soils the risk of drought was 1 yr in 2 to 1 yr in 3
• With metconazole the risk of drought was 1 yr in 5
Soil-borne diseases and rotation
• Pathogen increases in a susceptible crop and then declines under non-susceptible crops.
• Use extended rotations so that pathogen population declines to below threshold for economic damage.
• Many soil-borne pathogens are capable of long-term survival – interventions are required as long crop rotations may be impractical (>10 years)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 8 16 32
Time (years)
% s
urv
iva
l Where is threshold?
Changes in Verticillium populations in relation to potato crop in 2003. No decrease in 6yr rotation
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 May-05 Oct-06 Feb-08 Jul-09
Nu
mb
er
of
co
lon
y f
orm
ing
un
its
o
f V
. da
hlia
e/g
so
il
Disc 300+400
Telone + control
Disc 300+500
Disc 300+control
Dis 400+Telone
March 2003 14.8 cfu/g January 2009 12.5 cfu/g
Potato Council Project R/328
Soil-borne oilseed rape diseases – severe clubroot
Sclerotinia surveys WOSR England 1986-2011
CropMonitor data
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
% p
lan
ts a
ffec
ted
Products stretched in 2010 by late flowering infection (early June) - Herefordshire
0
10
20
30
40
50
Amistar Compass Filan Galileo Proline Prosaro Topsin
% p
lants
affect
ed
Untreated half full
Responses c. 1 t/ha from all products, Herefordshire 2010
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Amistar Compass Filan Galileo Proline Prosaro Topsin
Yie
ld (
t/ha)
Untreated half full
SkleroPro Infection model
Criteria:• Minimum requirements 7ºC and 80% RH for
23hr
Use to identify infection events in England
Koch et al., 2006
Fungicide persistence 3 weeks – needed 2 sprays in 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
01-Apr 08-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 06-May 13-May 20-May 27-May 03-Jun 10-Jun
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
Sklero Pro infection events
AFD
Sclerotinia and rotations
• Higher risk where OSR grown in short rotations or in rotations with other susceptible crops - Peas, potatoes, carrots and other veg crops
• Sclerotia are long-lived if buried deeply.
• Fungicides very effective (for a soil-borne disease)
Verticillium wilt (V. longisporum) symptoms – can we manage this disease threat?
Verticillium wilt
• First confirmed in UK in 2007
• Pathogen is Verticillium longisporum – specific for crucifers (mainly brassicas) – first described 1997
• Important in other parts of Europe with up to 50% yield loss
Disease cycle of OSR verticillium
wiltPlant debris or soil from nearby infested fields
How much inoculum are you producing?
Use resistance in varieties
Verticillium wilt at Bourne, Lincs 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cat
ana
Ora
cle
Alie
nor
Com
pass
Pal
ace
Cui
llin
Kry
pton
Dim
ensi
on
DK
Cab
erne
t
Ham
mer
Ses
ame
PR
45D
03
PR
46W
21
Exc
el
Fla
sh
PR
45D
05
NK
Bra
vour
PR
45D
06
Kal
if
Es
Ast
rid
DK
ExM
en
DK
Sec
ure
Cas
tille
Exc
alib
ur
% p
lan
ts a
ffe
cte
d LSD 10.2
Improving verticillium management – 2012 actions
• Monitor crops pre-harvest – how much verticillium is present?
• Found in all regions - more in south and east
• Consider variety choice
• Be prepared to extend rotations to at least 1 in 4
Rotations – spatial implications
• If crops are grown in short rotations, new crops will be close to the previous year’s stubble and subject to spore transfer from crop residues and volunteers.
• Disease gradients can be steep for some diseases (eg Phoma leaf spot).
Light leaf spot – high risk for 2012
Light leaf spot in spring has been increasing for the last 6 years
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
% crops % plants
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Regional light leaf spot risk
2010/2011 2011/2012
Source: http://www3.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/leafspot/forecast/Default.htm
Increased risk
Similar risk
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Castille Cuillin
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Untreated Proline aut + sp Proline spring
Large yield benefits from varieties with good light leaf spot resistance
(KWS data 2010 N Yorks)Castille 4.19 Cuillin 4.84 LSD =0.2
HGCA Light leaf spot control not easy - 2011HGCA Fungicide Performance: Light leaf spot control 6 weeks after T2,
High Mowthorpe, 12 May 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Prosaro Proline Sanction Poraz
% l
ea
f a
rea
afe
cte
d
0
0.5
1
LSD = 0.47
HGCA Light leaf spot fungicides and yield, N Yorks 2011
HGCA Light leaf spot fungicides and yield, N Yorks 2011
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.4
Prosaro Proline Sanction Poraz
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
0
0.5
1
Treated yield 4.97 v untreated 4.39 P<0.001
Implications for light leaf spot control
• High risk in 2012
• Better yield performance where second treatments applied in February
• Control difficult – need to use more resistant varieties.
• Product and dose differences were identified - prothioconazole gave best economic performance in first HGCA project;
tebuconazole and flusilazole still performing well
• Concerns about azole resistance
• Highly resistant varieties – Palace, Cuillin, Cracker, Catana
Conclusions
• Rotations are driven by economics
• Disease problems can emerge on short rotations but solutions are available to manage many of them.
• New diagnostic tools should help quantify problems in future and guide management decisions.
Thank you
Visit www.hgca.com/diseasecontrol for more information
Oilseed RapeUpdate on new RL varieties and disease management
Paul GoslingResearch & KT Manager (Agronomy)
39
40
Recommended list new additions for 2012
41
Variety Type Region Breeder
Marko* S RH - DSV
DK Camelot W Open pollinated E/W DEKALB
DK Expower W RH E/W DEKALB
Thorin W RH semi dwarf E/W LSPB
Palace W RH UK LSPB
Artoga W RH North Limagrain
Cracker W RH Sp UK LSPB
Oilseed rape
* The spring OSR list is descriptive
Spring varieties
42
Marko Delight Tamarin
RH RH Conv
Gross output [109] 101 102
Oil content [44.5] 43.9 43.4
Lodging [8] 8 8
Shortness of stem [4] 6 6
Earliness of maturity [3] 7 6
New
Yield
43
Winter varieties
Seasonal variation in oilseed rape E/W yields (controls & new)
44Average yield gain worth £140/ha based OSR @ £350/tonne
Restored hybrid varieties
DK Expower PR46W21
E/W gross output 105 109
Lodging [7] 8
Stem stiffness 7 9
Shortness of stem 6 6
Earliness of maturity 6 5
Phoma stem canker [9] 5
Light leaf spot 6 4
DK Expower contains the RLM7 resistance gene giving good resistance to Phoma
Resistance
New
45
Conventional varieties
DK Camelot DK Cabernet
E/W gross output 106 108
Lodging [7] 8
Stem stiffness 7 9
Shortness of stem 8 7
Earliness of maturity 6 4
Phoma stem canker 6 6
Light leaf spot [5] 5
DK Camelot is an earlier maturing variety
Agronomy
New
46
Semi-dwarf RH - East/West
Thorin DK Sequoia
E/W gross output 104 101
Lodging [8] 8
Stem stiffness 9 9
Shortness of stem 9 8
Earliness of maturity 5 6
Stem canker [5] 6
Light leaf spot 6 5
Thorin is a high yielding semi dwarf variety with short stiff stems
Yield
Agronomy
New
Clubroot resistant RH
Cracker Mendel
E/W gross output 97 94
Lodging 8 [8]
Stem stiffness 8 9
Shortness of stem 6 6
Earliness of maturity 6 6
Stem canker 4 5
Light leaf spot 9 5
Cracker provides growers with a combination of light leaf spot resistance and clubroot resistance
Yield
Resistance
New
48
49
New information on disease management
Clubroot
50
RD-2007-3373Management of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in winter oilseed rape
RD-2008-3525 Brassicas: Further Development of “in field” tests for resting spores of clubroot and the development of clubroot control based on detectionDiseased
Healthy
Clubroot distributionRD-2007-3373
50% of Scottish samples 54% of English samples
51
Effect on yield
52
Clubroot persistence
53
Modelled from Swedish data
Field trial results - RD-2007-3373
54
Factor / Site Aberdeen Aberdeen Warwickshire Herefordshire 2008/ 2009
Aberdeen Shropshire2007/2008 2008/ 2009 2009/2010 2009/2010 2007/2008
Clubroot epidemic
Very low all season
Low all season Low in autumn and medium in
spring
Low in autumn and medium in
spring
Moderate in autumn and severe in summer
Very severe from early on
Autumn conditions
Cool and drier than average
Cool and very wet, early frosts
Dry at sowing Early winter
Wet Wet, cool Wet, warmer
Soil treatment effect
No Yes Yes Yes No No
Variety effect No No Yes Yes - YespH pre trial 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.5Calcium pre trial (mg/l)
1857 2407 1720 999 2127 1720
Clubroot severity pre trial (bioassay)
22.6 7.1 11.3 83 24.6 35
Project conclusions
• Clubroot can cause significant yield loses in OSR even crop failure.
• Neither varietal resistance or soil amendments offer complete and reliable control.
• The risks of clubroot increase when brassicas are grown in short rotations (less than 1 in 5?)
• Preventative action with lime will be beneficial in managing this disease where pressure is low.
• Varietal resistance is likely to be very successful initially but will be eroded in short rotations.
55
Topic sheet
56
Oilseed Rape 2012 and beyond
• New RL varieties showing increased yield and improved agronomic characteristics
• Watch for signs of clubroot - consider management options
Thank you
58
Oilseed RapeUpdate on new RL varieties and disease management
Paul GoslingResearch & KT Manager (Agronomy)
59
60
Recommended list new additions for 2012
61
Variety Type Region Breeder
Marko* S RH - DSV
DK Camelot W Open pollinated E/W DEKALB
DK Expower W RH E/W DEKALB
Thorin W RH semi dwarf E/W LSPB
Palace W RH UK LSPB
Artoga W RH North Limagrain
Cracker W RH Sp UK LSPB
Oilseed rape
* The spring OSR list is descriptive
Spring varieties
62
Marko Delight Tamarin
RH RH Conv
Gross output [109] 101 102
Oil content [44.5] 43.9 43.4
Lodging [8] 8 8
Shortness of stem [4] 6 6
Earliness of maturity [3] 7 6
New
Yield
63
Winter varieties
Seasonal variation in oilseed rape E/W yields (controls & new)
64Average yield gain worth £140/ha based OSR @ £350/tonne
Restored hybrid varieties
DK Expower PR46W21
E/W gross output 105 109
Lodging [7] 8
Stem stiffness 7 9
Shortness of stem 6 6
Earliness of maturity 6 5
Phoma stem canker [9] 5
Light leaf spot 6 4
DK Expower contains the RLM7 resistance gene giving good resistance to Phoma
Resistance
New
65
Conventional varieties
DK Camelot DK Cabernet
E/W gross output 106 108
Lodging [7] 8
Stem stiffness 7 9
Shortness of stem 8 7
Earliness of maturity 6 4
Phoma stem canker 6 6
Light leaf spot [5] 5
DK Camelot is an earlier maturing variety
Agronomy
New
66
Semi-dwarf RH - East/West
Thorin DK Sequoia
E/W gross output 104 101
Lodging [8] 8
Stem stiffness 9 9
Shortness of stem 9 8
Earliness of maturity 5 6
Stem canker [5] 6
Light leaf spot 6 5
Thorin is a high yielding semi dwarf variety with short stiff stems
Yield
Agronomy
New
Clubroot resistant RH
Cracker Mendel
E/W gross output 97 94
Lodging 8 [8]
Stem stiffness 8 9
Shortness of stem 6 6
Earliness of maturity 6 6
Stem canker 4 5
Light leaf spot 9 5
Cracker provides growers with a combination of light leaf spot resistance and clubroot resistance
Yield
Resistance
New
68
69
New information on disease management
Clubroot
70
RD-2007-3373Management of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in winter oilseed rape
RD-2008-3525 Brassicas: Further Development of “in field” tests for resting spores of clubroot and the development of clubroot control based on detectionDiseased
Healthy
Clubroot distributionRD-2007-3373
50% of Scottish samples 54% of English samples
71
Effect on yield
72
Clubroot persistence
73
Modelled from Swedish data
Field trial results - RD-2007-3373
74
Factor / Site Aberdeen Aberdeen Warwickshire Herefordshire 2008/ 2009
Aberdeen Shropshire2007/2008 2008/ 2009 2009/2010 2009/2010 2007/2008
Clubroot epidemic
Very low all season
Low all season Low in autumn and medium in
spring
Low in autumn and medium in
spring
Moderate in autumn and severe in summer
Very severe from early on
Autumn conditions
Cool and drier than average
Cool and very wet, early frosts
Dry at sowing Early winter
Wet Wet, cool Wet, warmer
Soil treatment effect
No Yes Yes Yes No No
Variety effect No No Yes Yes - YespH pre trial 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.5Calcium pre trial (mg/l)
1857 2407 1720 999 2127 1720
Clubroot severity pre trial (bioassay)
22.6 7.1 11.3 83 24.6 35
Project conclusions
• Clubroot can cause significant yield loses in OSR even crop failure.
• Neither varietal resistance or soil amendments offer complete and reliable control.
• The risks of clubroot increase when brassicas are grown in short rotations (less than 1 in 5?)
• Preventative action with lime will be beneficial in managing this disease where pressure is low.
• Varietal resistance is likely to be very successful initially but will be eroded in short rotations.
75
Topic sheet
76
Oilseed Rape 2012 and beyond
• New RL varieties showing increased yield and improved agronomic characteristics
• Watch for signs of clubroot - consider management options
Thank you
78
