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Oil in the Middle East About 2/3 of the world’s known oil reserves are located in the Middle East Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, & other countries have obtained great wealth from their oil Most of them are members of the OrganizaEon of Petroleum ExporEng Countries, or OPEC Since it came into existence in the early 1970s, OPEC has controlled the price of crude oil, oOen to the detriment of Western countries like the US OPEC Member NaEons

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Page 1: Oil$in$the$Middle$East - WordPress.com...Oil$in$the$Middle$East About2/3$of$the$world’s$known$oil$reserves$are$located$in$the$Middle$East Saudi$Arabia,$Iran,$Iraq,$Kuwait,$&$other$countries$have$obtained

Oil  in  the  Middle  East  

About  2/3  of  the  world’s  known  oil  reserves  are  located  in  the  Middle  East  Saudi  Arabia,  Iran,  Iraq,  Kuwait,  &  other  countries  have  obtained  great  wealth  from  their  oil  Most  of  them  are  members  of  the  OrganizaEon  of  Petroleum  ExporEng  Countries,  or  OPEC  Since  it  came  into  existence  in  the  early  1970s,  OPEC  has  controlled  the  price  of  crude  oil,  oOen  to  the  detriment  of  Western  countries  like  the  US  

OPEC  Member  NaEons  

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What  Oil  Means  to  the  Middle  East  Oil  revenues  have  allowed  OPEC  naEons  to  modernize  their  countries  &    promote  industrializaEon,  economic  development  &  social  programs  Oil  has  also  been  a  source  of  conflict  Some  countries  have  used  their  oil  money  to  build  up  their  military,  maintain  power,  &  even  threaten  their  neighbors  Oil  has  led  to  internal  clashes  within  countries,  and  internaEonal  clashes  with  outside  naEons  dependent  on  oil  

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Growth  of  Islamism  Islamic  fundamentalism,  or  Islamism,  is  another  regional  issue  that  has  led  to  conflict  in  the  Middle  East  Islamists  want  to  reorder  government  &  society  according  to  Islamic  law  They  believe  Muslim  countries  have  strayed  from  the  path  of  true  Islam  by  following  Western  models  of  poliEcal  &  economic  development  

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Clashes  Between  Moderates  &  Radicals  Over  the  last  5  decades,  countries  such  as  Egypt,  Iran,  &  Iraq  have  seen  a  growth  of  Islamism  that  has  led  to  clashes  with  secular  governments  &  moderate  Muslims  Furthermore,  some  Islamic  extremists  have  used  violence  to  try  to  bring  about  the  changes  they  want  These  radical  extremists  have  aZacked  regional  governments,  moderate  Muslims,  Israel  &  the  US,  and  innocent  civilians  

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Conflicts  With  Israel  Since  Israel  was  established  in  1948,  most  Middle  Eastern  countries  have  refused  to  recognize  its  right  to  exist  Some  countries  have  repeatedly  aZacked  Israel  &  funded  militant  groups  that  conduct  raids  &  terrorist  aZacks  against  Israelis  This  has  led  to  a  series  of  wars  between  Israel  &  its  neighbors,  &  since  Israel  has  been  victorious  in  all  these  conflicts,  the  Jewish  state  has  expanded  As  a  result,  many  more  PalesEnian  Arabs  live  under  Israeli  control,  especially  in  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza  

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The  Six-­‐Day  War  In  1967,  Egypt’s  Pres.  Nasser  demanded  the  UN  remove  its  peacekeeping  troops  from  the  Gaza  Strip  &  Sinai  peninsula  EgypEan  troops  then  moved  into  the  Sinai,  then  closed  off  the  Gulf  of  Aqaba,  Israel’s  route  to  the  Red  Sea  ExpecEng  a  large-­‐scale  EgypEan  aZack,  Israel  decided  to  strike  first  on  June  5,  1967    

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A  Quick  Israeli  Victory  Israel  launched  air  strikes  that  took  out  most  of  the  air  forces  of  Egypt,  Syria,  &  Jordan  Then  Israeli  ground  forces  moved  in  &  rapidly  defeated  Arab  armies  During  the  Six-­‐Day  War,  Israel  took  control  of  the  Golan  Heights,  West  Bank,  &  East  Jerusalem  By  taking  control  of  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza,  Israel  came  to  rule  over  several  million  PalesEnian  Arabs  

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Another  War,  Another  Arab  Loss  The  embarrassed  Arab  countries  surrounding  Israel  took  a  few  years  to  lick  their  wounds  Determined  to  win  their  territory  back,  Egypt  &  Syria  launched  the  Yom  Kippur  War,  with  a  surprise  aZack  on  the  Jewish  holiday  in  1973  At  first,  Egypt  made  gains  in  the  war  because  Israel  was  not  fully  prepared  Israeli  Prime  Minister  Golda  Meir  requested  US  help,  &  got  it  from  Pres.  Richard  Nixon  

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The  Arabs  Create  OPEC  With  US  support,  the  Israeli  Defense  Forces  regrouped  &  pushed  back  the  EgypEan  &  Syrian  armies,  so  that  aOer  weeks  of  fighEng,  both  sides  agreed  to  a  cease-­‐fire  But  the  fact  that  the  US  helped  Israel  rankled  the  Arab  countries-­‐they  formed  OPEC  at  this  Eme  During  the  war,  OPEC  declared  an  oil  embargo  against  the  US  &  other  countries  that  helped  Israel  The  price  of  oil  around  the  world  rose  dramaEcally—lines  formed  at  US  gas  staEons  for  limited  fuel  supplies    

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A  Peace  Agreement  UnEl  the  late  1970s,  no  Arab  naEon  had  recognized  Israel’s  right  to  exist  1977-­‐EgypEan  president  Anwar  Sadat  made  a  momentous  decision:  Egypt  wanted  peace  with  Israel  US  President  Jimmy  Carter  tried  to  aid  peace  in  the  region  by  summoning  Sadat  &  Israeli  Prime  Minister  Menachem  Begin  to  talks  at  Camp  David,  the  presidenEal  retreat  in  Maryland  

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The  Camp  David  Accords  As  the  world  watched,  two  former  sworn  enemies—Sadat  &  Begin—clasped  hands  &  reached  a  peace  agreement  known  as  the  Camp  David  Accords  Egypt  agreed  to  recognize  Israel’s  right  to  exist,  while  Israel  returned  the  Sinai  Peninsula  to  Egypt  The  treaty  in  1978  ended  30  years  of  hosElity  between  the  two  countries  Sadly,  Sadat  was  assassinated  in  1981  by  Muslim  extremists  for  signing  the  Camp  David  Accords  

hZps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rhu-­‐YgCyPz4    

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PalesEnian  Unrest  As  Egypt  &  Israel  made  peace,  PalesEnian  Arabs  conEnued  their  struggle  for  naEonhood  The  1947  UN  plan  for  PalesEne  called  for  2  states,  one  Jewish,  one  Arab  AOer  the  Arab-­‐Israeli  War  of  1948,  however,  the  land  set  aside  for  the  Arab  state  was  occupied  by  Egypt,  Israel,  &  Jordan  1964-­‐The  PalesEnian  naEonalist  movement  formed  the  PalesEne  LiberaEon  OrganizaEon  (PLO)  with  a  pledge  to  destroy  Israel  &  reconquer  lost  territory  

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The  Rise  of  Arafat  By  1969,  a  leader  of  the  PLO  emerged  who  had  been  trained  by  the  Nazi  SS—Yasser  Arafat  Under  his  leadership,  the  PLO  launched  a  campaign  of  guerrilla  aZacks  against  Israel,  first  from  Jordan,  then  from  Lebanon  At  the  1972  Olympics  in  Munich,  West  Germany,  PLO  terrorists  aZacked  &  killed  Israeli  athletes  In  an  effort  to  stop  the  PLO  aZacks,  Israel  invaded  Lebanon  in  1978,  &  again  in  1982  Meanwhile,  tensions  were  building  in  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza,  where  Israel  was  building  seZlements  

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The  InEfada  1987-­‐PalesEnian  resentment  over  Israeli  occupaEon  boiled  over  into  a  rebellion  called  the  inEfada  During  the  inEfada,  PalesEnian  youths  baZled  Israeli  troops  in  widespread  street  violence  Israel  responded  with  strong  military  &  police  resistance,  but  the  fighEng  conEnued  into  the  early  1990s    

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The  Oslo  Accords  1993-­‐At  the  urging  of  US  Pres.  Bill  Clinton,  PLO  leader  Yasser  Arafat  &  Israeli  prime  minister  Yitzak  Rabin  sat  down  to  negoEate  an  end  to  the  fighEng  by  meeEng  in  Oslo,  Norway  The  so-­‐called  Oslo  Accords  called  for  the  PalesEnians  to  gradually  gain  control  over  governing  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza  Israel  &  the  PLO  were  supposed  to  sign  a  permanent  agreement  by  1998  But  that  didn’t  happen-­‐extremists  on  both  sides  sabotaged  the  treaty  

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The  Rise  of  Hamas  

A  militant  group  of  the  PLO,  called  Hamas,  launched  suicide  bombings  inside  Israel,  causing  the  Israelis  to  put  implementaEon  of  the  Oslo  Accords  on  hold  Then,  in  1995,  an  Israeli  religious  fanaEc  assassinated  Rabin  RelaEons  between  Israel  &  the  PalesEnians  soured  

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A  Second  InEfada  2000—A  second  inEfada  began,  but  this  Eme,  PalesEnian  youths  were  joined  by  PalesEnian  security  forces,  who  had  guns  Hamas  sent  suicide  bombers  into  Israel  to  aZack  civilians,  so  Israel  countered  by  sending  troops  backed  by  tanks,  fighter  jets,  &  helicopter  gunships  into  ciEes  in  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza  2004-­‐Yasser  Arafat  died  &  was  succeeded  by  Mahmoud  Abbas  

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The  Wall  &  Other  Divisions  To  stop  the  suicide  aZacks,  Israel  Eghtened  security  in  &  out  of  the  West  Bank  &  Gaza  by  building  a  high  concrete  wall  around  their  boundary  with  Israel  The  same  year  as  Arafat’s  death,  Israeli  prime  minister  Ariel  Sharon  decided  to  withdraw  troops  from  Gaza  &  the  West  Bank  He  turned  control  over  those  areas  to  the  PLO  in  2005,  but  the  two  areas  sEll  are  part  of  Israel  Tensions  grew  again,  &  in  2006,  Hamas,  a  terrorist  group,  seized  control  of  the  PalesEnian  Parliament  In  a  precarious  power-­‐sharing  agreement,  the  PLO  runs  the  West  Bank,  while  Hamas  controls  the  Gaza  Strip  

hZps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ph9g39muwo    

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Two  More  Quick  Wars  2006-­‐Armed  conflict  erupted  again  aOer  militants  kidnapped  several  Israeli  soldiers  along  the  borders  with  Gaza  and  Lebanon  Israel  launched  massive  air  strikes  &  ground  offensives  in  Gaza  &  southern  Lebanon  to  root  out  extremists  &  secure  its  borders-­‐which  worked  for  a  while  2014-­‐Hamas  militants  began  firing  as  many  as  1000  rockets  per  day  into  Israel  from  Gaza  Israeli  leaders  decided  to  again  send  in  their  tanks  &  soldiers  to  defeat  the  militants—the  rocket  assaults  have  since  ceased