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OUTLINE

Introduction

General causes of oil pollution

Impacts of oil industry on the

environment

Prevention and mitigation of oil pollution

Case study

Summary, conclusion, recommendations

INTRODUCTION

Oil pollution occurs when petroleum

leaks into the environment in such a way

as to cause harm to the ecosystem.

It is a growing global cause of concern to

man and his environment

Oil spill events are common in the Niger

Delta region of Nigeria and occur due to

a number of causes, some of which are

mentioned in the course of this work.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

BALLAST WATER: water taken on board of a ship to control trim, list, drought, stability or stresses of a ship.

BARREL: A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S gallons or 159 liters at 160 to 60°F

BILGE The bilge is the part of a vessel between the lower most floor boards and the bottom, where oil-contained waste water drains until further processing.

BIODEGRADATION: The breakdown of organic compounds by micro-organisms

BIOAUGMENTATION: The adding of microorganisms to the existing native oil degrading population

BIOREMEDIATION: The process of accelerating the rate of natural bio-degradation of hydrocarbons by adding fertilizer to provide nitrogen & phosphorous

BLACK OIL: A black or very dark brown layer of oil depending on the quantity spilled oil tends to spread out over the water surface to a thickness of about 1mm

DEFINITION OF TERMS contd.

BOOM: Containment booms are used to control the spread of oil to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources.

CRUDE OIL: A fossil fuel formed from plant and animal remains many millions of years ago

FLARING: controlled burn-off of gas which must be release from an oil producing facility for safety reasons

MOUSSE: A thick foamy oil and water mixture

POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBON (PAH): Include around a hundred off petroleum hydrocarbons and are natural constituents of oils

SKIMMERS: A device for recovering spilled oil from the water’s surface

GIS (Geographic Information System): is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying data identified according to location.

TABLE 1: SOME HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN NIGERIA’S OIL INDUSTRY (www.onlinenigeria.com/links/petradv.asp?blurb=485)

YEAR EVENTS

1977Government establishes National Nigerian Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) by decree 33, (NNOC &

MPR extinguished).

1975 First oil lifting from Brass terminal by Agip DPR upgraded to Ministry of Petroleum resources.

1974Ashland’s made their first oil discovery at Ossu-I. Second participation Agreement, federal

government increases equity to 55%.

1973

First participation Agreement: Federal Government acquires 35% shares in the oil companies

Ashland started PSC with then as NNOC (NNPC) Pan-Ocean Corporation drilled its first discovered

well at Ogharefe

1971 Shell’s forcados Terminal commissioned mobiles’ terminal at Qua-Iboe commissioned

1970 Mobil started production from four wells at Idoho field

1968 Elf started production in River State with 12,000 barrels per day

1968 Mobil producing Nigeria limited was formed. Gulf’s Terminal at Escravos was commissioned

1967 Philip drilled its first well (dry) at Osari-I Philip first oil discovery at Gilli-Gilli –I

1965 Agip found its first oil at Ebocha Philips Oil Company started operations in Bendel State.

1963 Elf discovered Obajo field and Ubata gas field Gulf’s first production

1962 Elf started operations in Nigeria (as Safrap) Nigeria Agip started operations in Nigeria

1961 Shell’s Bonny terminal was commissioned. Texaco oversea started operations in Nigeria

1958 First shipment of oil from Nigeria

1956 Changed name to Shell BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited

1955 Mobil Oil Co-operation started operations in Nigeria

1938 Shell D’Arcy granted exploration license to prospect for oil throughout Nigeria

1908 Nigerian Bitumen co. & British colonial Petroleum commenced operation round Okitipupa

GENERAL CAUSES OF OIL

POLLUTION

Fig. 1: Charts showing the sources of oil

pollution in the environment:

a) Gallons of oil contributed by each

source

b) Percentage contribution of the

sources

(National Research Council, 1985)

Fig. 2: Some forms and sources of oil pollution, (a) a photograph of oil seeps in

Santa Barbara, California (b) a photograph of oil seeps in Ventura county California

(c) a photograph of Natural gas seeps in Humboldt County (d) a photograph of an

offshore drilling rig (e) A photograph of showing oil flowing from a vandalized pipeline in

the Niger Delta (www.wikipedia.com)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

OIL SPILL ESTIMATION

STEPS IN THE ESTIMATION OF

THE VOLUME OF A SPILL Computing the volume

◦ Estimating surface area

◦ Estimating the thickness

Calculations

◦ Volume = Area × Thickness

e.g.: 1000m ×1000m×0.000001m

=1×106m×1×10-6m ₌1m2

FIG. 3: Fate of an oil spill in the marine

environment (ITOPF, 2003)

IMPACTS OF OIL SPILLAGE ON

MAN & THE ENVIRONMENT Economy

Fisheries and Mari culture

Human health

Wildlife

One of the most perceptible impacts of oil spill on

the environment is its effects on wildlife, as shown in

the picture above.

Fig 4: A photograph of a dead bird due to oil poisoning (Source:

pix by Vermonmerrittlll / timelife pictures/ Getty images.)

PREVENTION AND

MITIGATION OF OIL

POLLUTION

PREVENTION OF OIL

POLLUTION Emergency Response Plans

Double hulling

Spill funds

Sensitization against pipeline vandalization

MITIGATION OF OIL

POLLUTION

Dispersants

BOOMS

SKIMMERS BIOREMEDIATION

hydrophilic

oleophilic

Fig 5: Oil spill mitigation measures (a)

dispersant (b) boom (c) bioremediation

(National Academy of Sciences, 2004)

(a)

(b)

(c)

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY

INDEX MAPPING (ESI)

Biological resources

(such as birds and

shell fish beds)

Sensitive shorelines

(marshes & tidal flats)

Human-use resources

( public beaches &

parks)

FIG 6: A typical Environmental

Sensitivity Index Map (john et al.,

2013)

CASE STUDY

Study Area = Ibeno Local Government

Area , SS Nigeria (Niger-Delta)

Between Longitude N4 32 34.6, Latitude

E7 53 57.3 and Longitude N4 37 33.4,

Latitude E8 16 09.2

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production in Ibeno L.G.A , Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria (Asoya, 2010)

Fig. 7: Map of Ibeno Local Government Area(www.akwaibomstategov.com/ibeno%20map)

Map of Akwa-Ibom

state

RESEARCH QUESTIONS METHODOLOGY

To what extent does oil spillage affect agricultural production of Ibeno land?

What are the major causes of oil spillage in Ibeno LGA?

To what extent are socio-economic activities affected by oil spillage.

To what extent do oil royalties affect socio-economic development?

To what extent does crude oil exploitation cause environmental degradation?

To what extent has oil spillage affected the vegetation, farmlands, and health standard of the Ibeno people?

Survey

Appraisal of historical case studies of oil spill in the area

Interviews and retrospective case studies

Observational and participatory research designs

Use of questionnaires

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production in Ibeno L.G.A ,

Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria (Asoya, 2010)

CASE STUDY

FIG 8:. Crude Oil Pipe lines in Nigeria Source: (Obi-Akpere, 2006)

FIG. 9: Fresh Oil Palm Fruit That Was Grown in Ibeno LGA Source: (Urhobo Historical Society FAO)

FIG. 10:. Oil Spill Clean Up in Niger Delta

in the Year 1999 (Akpan, 2005: 251)

FIG. 11: Oil Pollution in the Local

Streams (Stepping Stone Nigeria, 2009)

CASE STUDY

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Destruction of the

mangrove ecosystem as a

result of oil prospecting and

exploitation

Displacement of farmlands

and other traditional

sources of livelihood

Loss of interest in

agriculture

Reductions in specific

agricultural returns

Contamination and

pollution of potable water

Soil degradation

Oil spillages a cause of

unrest in the community

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production in Ibeno L.G.A ,

Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria (Asoya, 2010)

CASE STUDY

A multi-sectoral approach to disaster management be employed

A DMI should be establish in this area

The FGN should take the front role by enacting and enforcing law against vandalization

A youth/ adult sensitization program should be organize to education them of the implication of oil pollution

RECOMMENDATIONS

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production

in Ibeno L.G.A , Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria

(November, 2010)

CASE STUDY

RECOMMENDATIONS

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production

in Ibeno L.G.A , Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria

(November, 2010)

Government provision of an alternative

source of livelihood for them, as that which

they depended on has been destroyed

Improved social amenities which will help

improve their standard of living.

Govt. review oil derivation formula

CASE STUDY

CONCLUSION

Impact of oil spillage on agricultural production

in Ibeno L.G.A , Akwa- Ibom, Nigeria

(November, 2010)

Crude oil exploitation and production has a negative and statistically significant effect in the Ibeno LGA

This leads to a high rate of environmental degradation in these communities

The oil producing communities should be subjects of preferential treatment for developmental purposes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Prevention and mitigation of oil spill

occurrences in coastal areas

Estimation of the quantity of spoil spilled

into the environment and evaluation of its

attendant impacts

Recognizing suitable mitigation

approaches to deferent environments

SUMMARY

Oil spill is the release of a liquid hydrocarbon into the environment.

Oil spillage generally results from carelessness or mistake on the part of the transporters of oil (oil tankers & vessels), poor management on the part of oil companies and finally, vandalization on the part of the members of the communities.

Remediation is usually preceded by assessment of the problem which is aimed at suggesting necessary remediation technique

CONCLUSION &

RECOMMENDATIONS Oil spill cases are universal to oil producing areas

of the world

When left unmitigated, they have the capacity to degrade the environment

They, however, over time can be biodegraded natural by micro-organisms which feed on crude oil

More research is needed to understand and develop better ways of mitigating (and possibly salvaging) spilled oil (for the benefit of man and his environment

Everyone has a role to play in the prevention and/mitigation of crude oil spill