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GuideToArtHistory
FamousArtistsArtStylesandPeriodsArtMediumsAncientArt
OilPaint:TheHistoryandDevelopmentofaMediumByArtHistory.net
Asevidencedbytheinnumerablemasterpiecesexhibitedongallerywallsofthemostprestigiousmuseumsworldwide,perhapsitisthemediumofoilthathascreatedthemostsignificantimpactonthedevelopmentofpaintingasvisualartform.Paintingwithoiloncanvascontinuestobeafavoredchoiceofseriouspaintersbecauseofitslonglastingcolorandavarietyofapproachesandmethods.Oilpaintsmayhavebeenusedasfarbackasthe13thcentury.Howeverasamediuminitsmodernform,Belgianpainter,JanvanEyck,developeditduringthe15thcentury.Becauseartistsweretroubledbytheexcessiveamountofdryingtime,vanEyckfoundamethodthatallowedpaintersaneasiermethodofdevelopingtheircompositions.Bymixingpigmentswithlinseedandnutoils,hediscoveredhowtocreateapaletteofvibrantoilcolors.
Overtime,otherartists,suchasMessinaanddaVinci,improvedupontherecipebymakingitanidealmediumforrepresentingdetails,formsandfigureswitharangeofcolors,shadowsanddepths.DuringtheRenaissance,whichisoftenreferredtoastheGoldenAgeofpainting,artistsdevelopedtheircraftsandestablishedmanyofthetechniquesthatprovidedthemediumofoiltoemerge.Therefinementofoilpaintingcamethroughstudiesinperspective,proportionandhumananatomy.DuringtheRenaissance,thegoalforartistswastocreaterealisticimages.Theysoughttorepresentallthatwascaughtbyanartistsdetailedeye,aswellascaptureandpresenttheintensityofhumanemotions.
GiovanniBellinisworkfrom1480,St.FrancisinEcstasy,capturesoilsabilitytocreateanaccurate,complexcompositionwiththesoftglowofmorninglightandthedetailedperspectiveofthenaturallandscape.OilbecameausefulmediumduringtheBaroqueperiod,whenartistssoughttodisplaytheintensityofemotionthroughthecarefulmanipulationoflightandshadows.Rembrandtsuseofoilinhispiece,NightWatch,from1642,displaystheconcernsofthenightwatchwithadark,yetdetailedbackgroundandthecrispbrightnessofthegoldengarments.Inthemid19thcentury,aspaintersexplorednewapproachesanddevelopednewmovements,oilasamediumfollowed.Inthe1872paintingImpression,Sunrise,forwhichtheImpressionistmovementwasnamed,Monetusedoiltoprovideanevocativeviewoftheharbor,silhouettesandsunasreflectionsdancedonthewater.IntoModernismandbeyond,oilhasbeenusedbyartists,suchasKandinsky,PicassoandMatisse,tofurthertheirexperimentalapproachesintheearly20thcentury.
Easilyremovedfromthecanvas,oilallowstheartisttoreviseawork.Withitsflexiblenature,longhistoryandlargebodyoftheories,oilpaintinghascreatedamostsignificantimpactonvisualart.Newdevelopmentsinoilpaintscontinuedintothe20thcentury,withadventofoilpaintsticks,whichwereusedbyartistslikeJeanMichelBasquiatandAnselmKiefer.SincetheRenaissance,themastersusedoiltocreateworksthatcontinuetoinspire,intrigueanddelight,andtoday,artistscontinuetousethissignificantmediumtoexpresstheirvisions,goalsandemotions.
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