|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[ - CBSEcbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/doc/languages/... · Ppd r[o{ BkBe d/t P\;hns s/ ouBk r[o{ BkBe d/t ih f;ZyK d/ gfjb/ r[o{ ;B. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngq?b,

$Page 1: |ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[ - CBSEcbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/doc/languages/... · Ppd r[o{ BkBe d/t P\;hns s/ ouBk r[o{ BkBe d/t ih f;ZyK d/ gfjb/ r[o{ ;B. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngq?b,$
|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[pkpk |ohd

P\;hns s/ ouBkpkpk P/\ |ohd ih ;{|h ekft^Xkok d/ w'Yh ethjB. nkg dk iBw 1173 JhH ƒ fgzv y'stkb, fIbQkw[bskB (gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk. nkg ih dh wkskwohnw pj[s B/e s/ Xkofwe ftukoK dh XkoBh ;h.T[BQK B/ nZbk dh pzdrh dh brB nkg ƒ pugB ftZujh brk fdZsh ;h. pugB s'A jh nkg PoQk d/ pj[sgkpzd ;B. noph s/ |ko;h GkPk d/ nkg pj[s tZv/ftdtkB ;B. nkg p/jZd ;kT{ ;[Gkn d/ wkbe ns/ fBwosk dh w{os;B. \tkIk p\fsnko ekeh ih nkg d/ w[oPd ;B, fiBQK dh nkg B/pj[s gq/w Bkb ;/tk ehsh. nkg B/ ;koh fIzdrh gowkswk dh GiB pzdrhftZu brk fdZsh. nkg nkgD/ ihtB d/ nk\oh ;w/A gkegNB ftZu nkrJ/. fJZE/ jh 93 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu 1266 JhH ƒ nkg ;oho fsnkr e/nZbk dh dorkj g[Zi rJ/. nkg ih d/ ;b'eK ƒ r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu th doIehsk frnk j?.

|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[

|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[, ekb/ fby[ B b/y[]nkgBV/ frohtkB wfj, f;fo BhtK eo d/y[]

d/y |ohdk i' Ehnk dkVh j'Jh G{o]nrj[ B/Vk nkfJnk, fgSk ofjnk d{fo]

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnefb bsh|[ Lpohe

;wMtkbk$ ;wMdko

ekb/ LwkV/b/y[ LeowfrohtkB Lp[Zebi' Li' e[MEhnk Lj' frnkG{o LfuZNhnrj[ Lw"s dk gk;kfgSk LfgSbk gk;k$

iBw dk ;wK

9

|ohdk izrb[ izrb[ fenk Gtfj tfD ezvk w'V/fj]t;h op fjnkbhn? izrb[ fenk Y{Y/fj]

o[yh ;[yh ykfJ e? mzvk gkDh ghT[]|ohdk d/fy gokJh u'gVh Bk so;kJ/ ihT[]

fpojk fpojk nkyhn? fpojk s{ ;[bskB]|ohdk fis[ sfB fpoj[ B T[gi? ;' sB ikD w;kD[]

|ohdk uko rtkfJnk jzfY e/ uko rtkfJnk ;zfw]b/yk op[ wzr/;hnk sz{ nkj' e/o/ ezfw]

pZ[Yk j'fJnk P/y cohd ezpD bZrh d/j];/ ;T[ tfo=nk ihtDk Gh sB j';h y/j]

fN~gDh|ohd ih B/ fJBQK ;b'eK ftZu ;wMkfJnk j? fe wB[Zy wkV/ ezwK tZb Bk

d/y/ ;r'A nkgD/ nzdo Mksh wko/. d[BhnK ftZu ofj e/ uzr/ ezw eoB/ ukjhd/jB. gowkswk dh nkgD/ wB d/ nzdo sbkP eoBh ukjhdh j?. fi; d/ wBftZu gowkswk dh brB BjhA, T[j wB[Zy w[od/ d/ ;wkB j?. wB[Zy fJ; d[BhnkftZu nkgDh fIzdrh yk gh e/ r[Iko fdzdk j?. nyhobh T[wo ftZu ik e/ oZpƒ sbkPdk j?.

nfGnk;1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) wB[Zy ƒ nkgD/ b/y fej'̂ fij/ BjhA pDkT[D/ ukjhd/ <

(ii) fejVk ;wK B/V/ nk frnk j? <

(iii) p[Ykg/ dhnK eh fBPkBhnK jB <

(iv) wB[Zy izrb ftZu fe; ƒ bZGdk fcodk j? <

(v) oZp feZE/ t;dk j? <

(vi) ‘fpojk’ s'A eh Gkt j? <

10

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEizrb[ izrb[ Ljo/e izrbfenk Gtfj LfeT[A x[zwdk

j?<w'V/fj LfbskV Bkt;h Ltf;nk j??$

t;dk j?fjnkbhn? Lfjod/ ftZufenk Y{Y/fj LbZGD dk eh

ckfJdk j?o[yh ;[yh Lo[Zyh^;[Zeh,

;XkoB,gokJh Lfe;/ j'o dhihT[ LwB, ihnfpojk LftS'Vk;[bskB Lokikfis[ sfB Lfi; sB ftZuw;kD[ Lw[od/ ;kVB

dh EKjzfY e/ Ld"V GZi e/,

GNe e/;zfw L;"A e/wzr/;hnk Lwzr/rknkj' LnkfJnk ;he/o/ ezfw LfejV/ ezwd/j[ L;ohoj';h Lj' ikJ/rky/j LfwZNh

2H fd~s/ rJ/ ;b'eK d/ j/mK g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[[Zso fdT[ L

o[yh ;[yh ykfJ e? mzvk gkDh ghT[]|ohdk d/fy gokJh u'gVh Bk so;kJ/ ihT[]

(i) ‘o[Zyh ;[yh’ ykD s'A |ohd ih dk eh Gkt j? <(ii) gokJh ‘u'gVh’ t/y e/ wB feT[A BjhA so;kT[Dk ukjhdk <(iii) T[go'es ;b'e dk e/Adoh Gkt fby'.

3H j/mK fd~s/ ;b'e dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L

|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[, ekb/ fby[ B b/y[]nkgBV/ frohtkB wfj, f;fo BhtK eo d/y[]

nkT[ e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) s[;hA ed/ fdykt/ tkbh iK fe;/ dh oh; Bkb fIzdrh fiT[D dh fIZdehsh j? < T[; ;w/A xo tkfbnK tb'A fJ; pko/ eh gqshfefonkj'Jh. y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.

(ii) s[jkv/ f\nkb nB[;ko oZp dh gqkgsh feZE'A j[zdh j? <(iii) eh fwjBs s/ JhwkBdkoh Xow dh gfjbh g"Vh j? < s[;hA nkgD/

ihtB ftZu fezB/ e[ JhwkBdko j' < ftuko g/P eo'.(iv) eh s[;hA gzikph d/ fe;/ j'o fpojk d/ eth ƒ ikDd/ j'. i/eo jK

sK T[; dh ouBk ƒ :kd eoe/ iwks ftZu iK d';sK ƒ ;[DkT[Ddh e'fPP eo'.

(v) jzekoh ftnesh dk eh jPo j[zdk j? < fBwosk tkbk ihtB fiT{DbJh fJe GkPD fsnko eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) fpojk ƒ ;[bskB BjhA nkfynk frnk j?.

(ii) pI[or nt;Ek ftZu P/\ |ohd dh d/j ezpD bZrh.

(iii) nkgD/ nzdo Mksh wkoB dh e'Jh b'V BjhA j?.

(iv) wBZ[y izrb ftZu ikBtoK ƒ bZGdk j?.

(v) gowkswk dh brB s'A e'ok wB[Zy w[od/ tKr j[zdk j?.

11

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) |ohd ih HHH ftZu p/eko x[zwD s'Atoid/ jB.

(ii) HHH o'Nh t/y e/ ihn BjhA so;kT[Dkukjhdk.

(iii) HHH oZp tZb'A wzfrnk iKdk j?.(iv) HHH P/\ |ohd ih d/ iBw eoe/

wPj{o j?.(v) d[BhnK ftZu ofj e/ HHH ezw eoB/

ukjhd/ jB.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

izrb u'gVhwB fpojk;[bskB beVho[Zyh^;[Zyh oZp

jH fto'Xh Ppd pDkT[ L

(i) nebwzd HHH(ii) BhtK HHH(iii) gokfJnk HHH(iv) fiT{Dk HHH

eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd pDkT[ L

(i) G{oh HHH(ii) fpojk HHH(iii) ;[bskB HHH(iv) frohtkB HHH

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) izrb HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) o[Zyh^;[Zyh HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) nebwzd HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) b/y HHH HHH HHH HHH

u'gVh wB

y'stkb

izrbK B/e

12

Ppdr[o{ BkBe d/t

P\;hns s/ ouBkr[o{ BkBe d/t ih f;ZyK d/ gfjb/ r[o{ ;B. nkgih dk iBw 15 ngq?b, 1469 JhH ƒ okfJ G'fJdh sbtzvh (gkfe;skB) ftZu j'fJnk. nkg d/fgsk dk BK wfjsk ekb{ s/ wksk dk BK fsqgsk ;h.p/p/ BkBeh nkg ih dh tZvh G?D ;h. r[o{ BkBed/t ih B/ wB[Zyh GbkJh bJh nkgDk ihtB nogDehsk. nkg ih B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ukoT[dk;hnK (:ksoktK) ehshnK. fiBQK ftZu T[BQK B/ G[Zb/̂ GNe/ b'eK ƒ f;ZX/ o;s/gkfJnk. nkg ih dk ftnkj ;[bZyDh ih Bkb j'fJnk. nkg ih d/ d' g[Zsoj'J/—pkpk ;qh uzd ih s/ pkpk bywh dk; ih. nkg nkgD/ ihtB d/ nk\oh;w/A eoskog[o fty/ jh oj/. 1539 JhH ftZu GkJh bfjDk ih ƒ r[orZdh ;"Age/ nkg i'shî's ;wk rJ/. nkg ih dhnK ouBktK jB L ig[ih ;kfjp, f;Xr';fN, ;'do ;'fjbk, nkosh, dZyDh Unzeko, nk;k dh tko, wbko s/ wkMdh tko, gZNh, pkokwKj.

f;zwb o[y[ ;okfJok

f;zwb o[y[ ;okfJok nfs dhox[ nfs w[u[]UfJ fi nktfj nk; efo ikfJ fBok;/ fes[]cb fce/ c[b pepe/ ezfw B nktfj gs[]fwms[ Bhth BkBek r[D uzfrnkJhnk ss[[]

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;okfJok Lf;ZXkdhox[ Lbzwkw[u[ LtZvk$w'Nkfes[ LfeT[Ags[ LgZso$gZs/fwms[ Lfwmk;Bhth LBhtK ofjDkss[ L;ko

13

;G[ e' fBt? nkg[ eT[ go eT[ fBt? B e'fJ]Xfo soki{ s'bhn? fBt? ;[ rT[ok j'fJ]ngokXh d{Dk fBt? i' jzsk fworkfj];hf; fBtkfJn? fenk Ehn? ik fod? e[;[X/ ikfj]

fN~gDhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih wB[Zy ƒ ;wMkT[Ad/ j'J/ efjzd/ jB fe wB[Zy d/ fBt

e/ ofjD ftZu jh fwmk; j?. Bht/A j' e/ ofjDk jh ;ko/ r[DK dk ;ko j?.jo/e iht nkgD/ ;tkoE bJh M[edk j?, fe;/ d{i/ wB[Zy dh \kso BjhA. gofBtD dk Gkt f;o| ;oho ƒ fBtkT[D Bkb BjhA, ;r'A wB Bkb th j?.i/ f;o| f;o jh fBtk fdZsk ikt/ s/ nzdo'A iht y'Nk jh oj/ sK fJ; soQKBht/A j'D dk e'Jh bkG BjhA j?.


(i) fJj Ppd r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fejVh pkDh ftZu'A fbnk frnk j?<(ii) f;zwb dk o[Zy fej' fijk j[zdk j? <(iii) wB[Zy bJh ;G s'A uzrk r[D fejVk j? <(iv) fBt e/ ofjD s'A eh Gkt j? <(v) fPekoh fe; soQK fPeko eodk j? <

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L

fwms[ Bhth BkBek r[D uzfrnkJhnk ss[[];G[ e' fBt? nkg[ eT[ go eT[ fBt? B e'fJ]Xfo soki{ s'bhn? fBt? ;[ rT[ok j'fJ]

(i) T[go'es ekft^;soK dk Gkt nkgD/ PpdK ftu fby'.(ii) fBt e/ ofjD ƒ r[o{ BkBe d/t B/ eh fejk j? <(iii) T[go'es Ppd fejVh pkDh ftZu'A fbnk frnk j? <

3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L

f;zwb o[y[ ;okfJok nfs dhox[ nfs w[u[]UfJ fi nktfj nk; efo ikfJ fBok;/ fes[]cb fce/ c[b pepe/ ezfw B nktfj gs[]

14

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnkg eT[ LnkgD/ wsbp

bJhrT[ok LGkokjzsk LwkoB tkbk;hf;fBtkfJnk L;h; M[ekT[Dke[;[X/ Ly'N/

d[y[ dko{ ;[y[ o'r[ GfJnk

d[y[ dko{ ;[y[ o'r[ GfJnk ik ;[y[ skfw B j'Jh]sz{ eosk eoDk w? Bkjh ik jT[ eoh B j'Jh]1]pfbjkoh e[dofs tf;nk]s/ok nzs[ B ikJh bfynk]1]ojkT[]ikfs wfj i'fs i'fs wfj iksk neb ebk Gog{fo ofjnk]s{z ;uk ;kfjp[ f;cfs ;[nkfbT[ fifB ehsh ;' gkfo gfJnk]ej[ BkBe eos/ ehnk pksk i' feS[ eoDk ;[ efo ofjnk]2]

fN~gDhfJ; Ppd ftZu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih c[owkT[Ad/ jB fe i/ wB[Zy ƒ nkswe

;[y fwb ikt/ sK d[y BjhA ofjzdk. gowkswk dk nzs BjhA gkfJnk ik ;edk.gqwkswk ;op^ftnkge j?, ;dk ;fEo ofjD tkbk j?, ;koh f;qPNh ftZu T[;/dk jh B{o t; fojk j?. fi; B/ th T[; dh T[;ss ehsh j?, T[j fJ; ;z;kod/ Gt^;kro s'A so frnk j?. fJjh wB[Zyh ihtB dk wB'oE j?.


(i) n;bh nkswe ;[Zy fe; soQK gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? <(ii) gowkswk fejVh^fejVh EK ftnkge j? <(iii) ‘ojkT[’ Ppd dk r[opkDh ftZu eh noE j? <(iv) ;z;ko Gt^;kro s'A fe; soQK sfonk ik ;edk j? <(v) fJj Ppd r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fejVh pkDh ftZu'A fbnk

frnk j? <(vi) ;koh f;qPNh ftZu fe; dk B{o t; fojk j? <(vii) wB[Zyh ihtB dk eh wB'oE j? <

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L

d[y[ dko{ ;[y[ o'r[ GfJnk ik ;[y[ skfw B j'Jh]sz{ eosk eoDk w? Bkjh ik jT[ eoh B j'Jh]1]

(i) T[go'es ;soK d/ eth dk BK dZ;' <(ii) fJj ;soK fejVh pkDh ftu Pkwb jB <(iii) fJBQK ekft^;soK dk e/Adoh Gkt dZ;'.

15

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEskfw Lsd'AeoDk LeoDjkow?A Bkjh Lw?A e[M Gh

BjhA, w /ohe'Jh gkfJnKBjhA j?

ik jT[ eoh Li/ w?A ‘jT[’nkyK, i/ w?AnkgD/ nkg ƒe[M ;wM p?mK

B j'Jh LBjhA cpdk,fJj r Zbcpdh BjhA

ikfs Lf;qaPfNi'fs LoZp dk B{oi'fs wfj L;kohnK

i'shnK ftZu,;ko/ ihtK ftZu

iksk Lt/fynk iKdkj?, fd; fojkj?

neb L;zg{oBebk LN'Nk, fjZ;kneb ebk Lfi; d/ tZy'

tZyo/ N'N/ Bkj'D, fJZe o;;zg{oB gqaG{

;[nkfbT[ L;'jDh, ;z[dofifB ehsh Lfi; B/ (s/oh

tfvnkJh)ehshBkBe Lj/ BkBe èj[ eos/ehnk pksk Leosko dhnK

rZbK nky

3H j/mK fd~s/ g?o/ dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk eo' L

ikfs wfj i'fs i'fs wfj iksk neb ebk Gog{fo ofjnk]s{z ;uk ;kfjp[ f;cfs ;[nkfbT[ fifB ehsh ;' gkfo gfJnk]ej[ BkBe eos/ ehnk pksk i' feS[ eoDk ;[ efo ofjnk]2]


(i) eh s[jkvh fIzdrh ftZu ed/ d[Zy dh xVh nkJh j? < T[; s'A S[NekokgkT[D bJh s[;hA eh sohek ngDkfJnk < y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.

(ii) r[o{ BkBe d/t d/ ihtB d/ nXko ’s/ fe;/ fJZe ;kyh T[go ukoNfsnko eo'.

(iii) ihtB ftZu gkg ewkT[D tkb/ wB[Zy dk eh jPo j[zdk j? < ehgqwkswk dh PoB ftZu nk e/ T[; d/ r[Bkj wk| j' ;ed/ jB <nkgDh ;{M^p{M nB[;ko ftuko g/P eo'.

(iv) eh s[;hA nkgD/ nkb/̂ d[nkb/ d/ nB?fse b'eK s'A gqa/PkB j' < T[BQKƒ f;ZX/ okj gkT[D bJh s[;hA eh ;[Mkn d/Dk g;zd eo'r/.

(v) ‘d[y[ dko{ ;[y[ o'r[ GfJnk’ s[e T[go fJZe b/y dh ouBk eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) d/ fBPkB brkT[ L

(i) f;o fBtkT[D Bkb wB dk y'N d{o j' iKdk j?.

(ii) gowkswk ftnkge s/ ;EkJh ofjD tkbk j?.

(iii) gowkswk dh T[;ss eoB tkbk so iKdk j?.

(iv) f;zwb d/ o[Zy tKr sD e/ yVBk ukjhdk j?.

(v) nkswe ;[y Bkb d[Zy \sw j' iKdk j?.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) HHH dk oZ[y eZd ftZu pj[s tZvk j[zdk j?.

(ii) BhAtK j' e/ ofjDk uzrk HHH j?.

(iii) r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ HHH j'J/ b'eK ƒf;ZX/ okj gkfJnk.

(iv) HHH ih ƒ r[orZdh dh p\fPP j'Jh.

(v) oZp dk pzdk HHH ƒ so iKdk j?.

Gt;kro f;zwb

r[D

GNe/ GkJh

16

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

(i) c[Zb pepe/(ii) fuzfrnkJh fce/(iii) cb o[Zy(iv) f;zwb r[D

jH fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) uzrk HHH(ii) soBk HHH(iii) bzwk HHH(iv) t;Dk HHH

eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) rT[ok HHH(ii) e[;[X/ HHH(iii) ss[ HHH(iv) dhox[ HHH

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) fwmk; HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) ;h; HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) bzwk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) ;ko HHH HHH HHH HHH

17

eftskGkJh tho f;zx

P\;hns s/ ouBkGkJh tho f;zx dk iBw 5 d;zpo, 1872 JhH ƒnzfwqs;o ftZu j'fJnk. nkg ih nkX[fBe gzikpheftsk d/ w'Yh eth jB.

GkJh ;kfjp dh eftsk ftuko dh eftsk j?.fJj r[opkDh s'A gqGkfts j?. T[j nkgDh eftsk ftu|oP s'A T[~m e/ noP ’s/ gj[zuD tkb/ ftuko ƒg/P eod/ jB. f;Zy ftukoXkok ns/ Gkosh J/esk ƒ

nkgDh eftsk ftZu gqrNkT[Ad/ jB. gqfeosh ƒ nfXnkswe ftuko g/P eoBd/ wkfXnw d/ o{g ftu tofsnk frnk j?. GkJh ;kfjp B/ ‘BDd^GoikJh’,‘okDk ;{os f;zx’, ‘wNe j[bko/’, ‘fpibhnK d/ jko’, ‘bfjoK d/ jko’, ‘gqhsthDk’, ‘ezpdh ebkJh’, ‘w/o/ ;kJhnK ihT[’ ns/ eJh j'o ekft^g[;seK dhouBk ehsh.

;wK

ojh tk;s/ xZs,‘;w/A’ B/ fJe Bk wzBh.cV cV ojh Xohe,‘;w/A’ fy;ekJh ezBh.fet/A Bk ;Zeh o'e,nNe i' gkJh, GzBh.

18

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEtk;s/ L sob/xZs L gkT[Dk$G/iDkXohe L fyZuDkezBh L gZbknNe L i' Bk o[e/

fsqZy/ nkgD/ t/r,frnk NZg pzB/ pzBh.j' ` ni/ ;zGkb fJ; ;w/A ƒ,eo ;|b T[vzdk iKtdk.fJj mfjoD iku Bk ikDdk,bzx frnk B w[V e/ nktzdk.

fN~gDhGkJh tho f;zx dh eftsk ‘;wK’ ftZu ;w/A d/ wjZst ƒ T[ikro ehsk

frnk j?. GkJh tho f;zx B/ nkgDh eftsk ftZu ;w/A d/ fBozso uZbD tkb/bZSD pko/ ftuko ehsh j?. eth dk wZs j? fe ;w/A ƒ fe;/ th sohe/ Bkbo'fenk BjhA ik ;edk. ;wK jo o[ektN ƒ s'V e/ nkgDh rsh Bkb nZr/tXdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; eoe/, eth wB[Zy ƒ ;w/A dh edo eoB dk ;zd/Pd/Dk ukj[zdk j?. eftsk nB[;ko fJZe tko phfsnk ;wK w[V jZE BjhA nkT[Adk.fJ; eoe/ wB[Zy ƒ toswkB ;w/A dk g{ok ;d^T[g:'r eoBk ukjhdk j?.


(i) GkJh tho f;zx B/ ;w/A pko/ eh fejk j? <

(ii) eth fe; ƒ tko^tko o'eD dh e'fPP eo fojk j? <

(iii) ;kƒ nkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;|b j'D bJh eh eoBk ukjhdk j? <

(iv) eth ;w/A ƒ o'eD bJh ehêh isB eodk j? <

(v) eftsk dk ;zy/g ;ko nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.

2H j/m fbyhnK ;soK ƒ gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L

j' ` ni/ ;zGkb fJ; ;w/A ƒ,eo ;|b T[vzdk iKtdk.fJj mfjoD iku Bk ikDdk,bzx frnk B w[V e/ nktzdk.

(i) jZE ftu'A e"D fBeb fojk j? <(ii) ;w/A ƒ fe; dk tZb BjhA nkT[Adk <(iii) T[go'es ;soK ftZu eth d/ wB ftZu fe; soQK dk vo j? <

19

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEfsqZy/ L s/It/r L ukb$rshiku L soehpbzx frnk L fBeb frnk


ojh tk;s/ xZs‘;w/A’ B/ fJe Bk wzBh.cV cV ojh Xohe‘;w/A’ fy;ekJh ezBh.

N[eVh ir s'A B:koh

noPK d/ ftu ‘e[dos d/th’;kƒ BIohA nkJh,j[;B^wzvb ftu yVh y/vdhy[PhnK Sfjpo bkJh.

d"Vh B/ fJe w[m Go bhshfJ; ftu eh eh nkfJnk L^gops, fNZp/ ns/ eo/t/ftu w?dkB ;[jkfJnk,

uPw/, Bkb/, BdhnK, MhbKfBZe/ fit/A ;w[zdo,mzYhnK SktK, fwZmhnK jtktK,pB pk}K fij/ ;[zdo,

pocK, whAj, X[ZgK s/ pZdbo[ZsK w/t/ g:ko/,noPh Bkb BIko/ nkJ/T[; w[Zmh ftu ;ko/.

;[jDh B/ n;wkB yV'e/Xosh tZb sek e/,fJj w[Zmh y[jbh s/ ;[fNnk;G e[M j/m sek e/.

20

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnoPK L nkekPSfjpo L SkfJnk j'fJnk$

MVh bk e/tof;nk

fNZp/ L o/s dk fNZbk,gjkV dh S'Nhu'Nh

eo/t/ L T[~u/ fNZp/;[jkfJnk L P'Gk tkbk, ;z[douPw/ L gkDh dk ;o'sBIko/ L fdqPN[eVh L S'Nh N[eVh, fjZ;kir L ;z;koB:koh L tZy, i[dk, nbZrowI L fJPkoknoP L y[dk dk s\s,

;[or, d/t^b'e

fi; Ekt/A Xosh s/ nke/fJj w[m fvZrh ;kohÛ; EkT[A ‘ePwho’ pD frnkN[eVh ir s'A B:koh.

j? Xosh go ‘S[j n;wkBh’;z[dosk ftu fbPe/,Xosh d/ o;, ;tkd, BIko/,‘owI noP’ dh e;e/.

fN~gDhfJ; eftsk ftZu eth

GkJh tho f;zx ih B/ePwho dh Xosh pko/ nkgD/ftuko g/P eofdnK fbfynkj? fe g{o/ Gkos ftZu fJjgqKs ;G s'A ;[jDk s/ e[doshBIkfonK Bkb Gog{o j?.fJzi brdk j? fit/A nkekPdh d/th B/ nkgDh w[Zmh ftuGo/ d?th \IkB/ fJ; EK ’s/ ;[ZN fdZs/ jB. fJ; eoe/ fJj Xosh ;ko/ iZrs'A fBnkoh pD rJh j?. fJ; ftZu uPw/, Bkb/, BdhnK ns/ MhbK d/ GzvkojB. fJE'A d/ ;'jD/ pkrK eoe/ g{ok tksktoB mzvhnK SktK s/ fwZmhnK jtktKBkb Gog{o j?.


(i) fe; ƒ s/ eh noPK ftZu BIo nkfJnk <(ii) noPK dh e[dos d/th dh w[Zmh ftZu ehêh ;h <(iii) noPh BIko/ s'A eh Gkt j? <(iv) ‘;[jDh’ Ppd fe; bJh tofsnk frnk j? <(v) N[eVh iZr s'A B:koh feZE'A dh Xosh ƒ fejk frnk j? <

21

2H j/m fbyh ekft N[eVh d/ nkXko ’s/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L

d"Vh B/ fJe w[m Go bhshfJ; ftu eh eh nkfJnk L^gops, fNZp/ ns/ eo/t/ftu w?dkB ;[jkfJnk,

(i) fJj ekft^N[eVh fe; eth dh j? <

(ii) fJj ;soK fejVh eftsk ftZu'A bJhnK rJhnK jB <

(iii) fe; B/ ‘w[Zm’ Go bJh <

(iv) ‘w[Zmh’ ftZu fejVhnK uhIK nkJhnK <

(v) fJBQK s[eK ƒ fejV/ gq;zr ftZu tofsnk frnk j? <


j? Xosh go ‘S[j n;wkBh’;z[dosk ftu fbPe/,Xosh d/ o;, ;tkd, BIko/,‘owI noP’ dh e;e/.


(i) s[;hA nkgD/ ;w/A dk ;d^T[g:'r fet/A eod/ j' < j|s/ dk nkgDkg{ok g'qrokw pDk e/ ;wMkT[.

(ii) ePwho Bkb ;zpzXs e[M ;z[do ;EkBK dhnK s;thoK fJeZso eoe/fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.

(iii) eh s[;hA ed/ ePwho x[zwD pko/ ;'funk j? < i/eo ikD dk w"ekfwb/ sK eh fsnkoh eo'r/ <

(iv) ‘;[jDh’ B/ nkgDh w[Zmh ftubh ;z[dosk Xosh T[go ;Z[N fdZsh.i/eo s[;hA T[; dh EK jz[d/ sK eh eod/ <

(v) |oI eo' s[;hA ;w/A dh ;KG^;zGkb T[go e'Jh GkPD d/Dk j?. s[;hAfJj fet/A eo'r/ < fby e/ ;wMkT[.

22

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK rbs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB brkT[ L

(i) ;wK o[eD dh iku BjhA ikDdk.

(ii) ;[jDh B/ w[Zmh ftubh t;s{ n;wkB tZb ;[ZN fdZsh.

(iii) ‘e[dos d/th’ B/ j"bh^j"bh uZb e/ w[Zm Goh.

(iv) noPK dk BIkok pj[s ;z[do ;h.

(v) n;wkBh S[j ekoB Xosh ;z[do pD rJh.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) ;w/A ƒ HHH BjhA oZfynk ik ;edk.(ii) HHH jZE ftu'A fy;edk iKdk j?.(iii) ;w/A d/ ;kjwD/ HHH gkT[D dk e'Jh |kfJdk

BjhA j?.(iv) jZE'A fBebd/ ;w/A dh HHH Bkb fJ; ƒ ;|b

pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?.(v) ePwho HHH BIkfonK dh Xosh j?.

;H fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) t/r HHHH(ii) Xohe HHH(iii) nNe HHH(iv) ;zGkb HHH(v) ;[jDh HHH(vi) fwZmhnK HHH(vii) GoBk HHH(viii) X[Zg HHH

jH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) fwZmhnK HHH(ii) ;[zdo HHH(iii) n;wkB HHH(iv) t/r HHH

eH ‘;w/A’ ƒ ‘t/bk’ th nkfynk iKdk j?. fJ; ƒ j'o fejV/ BktK Bkbg[ekfonk iKdk j? <

HHH HHH HHH HHH HHH

;wK cV e/

tos'A

e[dosh sob/

23

eftsk|ho'IdhB Po|

P\;hns s/ ouBk|ho'IdhB Po| dk iBw 1898 JhH ftZu okik;K;hfIbQk nzfwqs;o ftZu \kB tho{ \kB d/ xo j'fJnk.T[BQK dh fdb fyuthA nktkI eoe/ T[BQK ƒ gzikphp[bp[b fejk ikD bZfrnk. T[BQK dhnK eftsktK d/ftP/—fjzd{^w[;fbw ;wki^;[Xko, d/P^fgnko,nkIkdh, r[bkwh dh Gzvh nkfd ;B. T[BQK dhnKouBktK jB^‘d[ZyK d/ ehoB/’, ‘B{oh doPB’,

‘;[Bfjoh ebhnK’, ‘fjIo dh nZr’, ‘Po'wDh Pjhd’, ‘BphnK dk ;odko’,‘Po| j[bko/’, ‘Po| T[vkoh’, ‘Po| ;[B/j/’, ‘i'rV’ nkfd. T[BQK dk d/jKs1955 JhH ftZu j'fJnk. T[BQK B/ nkgDh eftsk okjhA b'eK d/ wBK nzdo gzikp,gzikph ns/ gzikphns bJh w[jZps g?dk ehsh.

w?A gzikph, gzikp dk ofjD tkbk

w?A gzikph, gzikp dk ofjD tkbk,jK w?A g/Av{ go PfjohJ/ Yzr dk jK.;wMK T[od{, fjzdh th y{p p'bK,E'Vh pj[s nzro/ih th nzrdk jK.p'bh nkgDh Bkb fgnko oZyK,fJj rZb nkyD'A edh Bk ;zrdk jK.

24

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEg/Av{ L fgzv ftZu ofjD

tkbkPfjohJ/ L Pfjo ftZu ofjD

tkbky{p L pj[snzrdk L ikDdknkyD'A L efjD'A;zrdk L PowkT[Adk

w'sh fe;/ ;[jkrD dh BZE dk w?A,N[eVk fe;/ gzikpD dh tzr dk jK.fwb/ wkD gzikph ƒ d/; nzdo,nkPe w[ZY'A w?A J/; T[wzr dk jK.tko; Pkj s/ p[ZbQ/ d/ ozr nzdov'p^v'p e/ fizdrh ozrdk jK.otK fJZE/ s/ :{HghH ’fu eoK rZbK,n?;h neb ƒ fSZe/ s/ Nzrdk jK.w?A gzikph, gzikph dk Po| ;/te,;dk y?o gzikph dh wzrdk jK.

fN~gDh|ho'IdhB Po| B/ fJ; eftsk ftZu ;kƒ fJj ;wMkT[D dk isB ehsk

j? fe ;kƒ j'o p'bhnK th f;yDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. go nkgDh wK^p'bh dk;fseko pj[s Io{oh j?. T[j nkgDh fJ; eftsk okjhA gzikph GkPk ƒ d/;nzdo wkD fdtkT[D dh ekwBk eod/ jB. T[j p[ZbQ/ Pkj ns/ tko; Pkj d/ftukoK ftZu ozr ikDk ukjz[d/ jB. T[j nkgD/ nkg ƒ gzikph dk ;/tkdko efjzd/jB ns/ gzikph dk Gbk wzrd/ jB. T[BQK d/ efjD dk Gkt j? fe ;kƒ thwK^p'bh dh wjZssk ƒ gSkDBk ukjhdk j? ns/ gzikph ƒ fInkdk s'A fInkdknkgDh fIzdrh ftZu ngBkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. nkgDh wK^p'bh ƒ ft;ko e/ soZehBjhA ehsh ik ;edh. wK^p'bh jh nkg;h^;zuko tk;s/ Y[ethA GkPk wzBhrJh j?.


(i) eth fJ; eftsk ftZu nkgDh wK^p'bh gqsh eh ftuko oydk j? <(ii) eth eh efjD s'A BjhA ;zrdk <(iii) eth ƒ nkgDh wK^p'bh s'A fJbktk fejVhnK^fejVhnK GkPktK dk

frnkB j? <(iv) ;{|h eth tko; Pkj ns/ pZ[bQ/ pkj d/ gqsh eth eh ftuko

oydk j? <(v) eth fe; uhI dh \?o wzrdk j? <

25

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEw'sh LosBBZE Ln"os d/ BZe

dk rfjDkwkD LfJZIsw[ZY'A LP[o{ s'A jhT[wzr LfJZSk, ekwBkv'p^v'p LftukoK ftZu

v[Zp e/ozrdk Ly[PjkbotK LofjzdkfSZe/ s/ NzrDk Ld{o oyDk;/te L;/tkdkoy?o LGbk

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK d/ nkXko ’s/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L

fwb/ wkD gzikph ƒ d/; nzdo,nkPe w[ZY'A w?A J/; T[wzr dk jK.tko; Pkj s/ p[ZbQ/ d/ ozr nzdov'p^v'p e/ fizdrh ozrdk jK.

(i) eth g{o/ d/P nzdo gzikph GkPk ƒ eh doik d/Dk ukjz[dk j? <

(ii) eth tko; Pkj s/ pZ[bQ/ Pkj d/ ozr nzdo feT[A ozfrnk j'fJnk j?<

(iii) eth w[ZY s'A jh eh T[wzr oydk j? <


;wMK T[od{, fjzdh th y{p p'bK,E'Vh pj[s nzro/ih th nzrdk jK.p'bh nkgDh Bkb fgnko oZyK,fJj rZb nkyD'A edh Bk ;zrdk jK.

gzikp dk rhs

;'jfDnK d/;K nzdo,d/; gzikp Bh ;JhU `fit/A c[ZbK nzdo,c[Zb r[bkp Bh ;JhU `

obfwb pk}hA ghAxK M{ND,e[VhnK Bkro t/bK.i'; i[nkBh mkmK wko/,fbPeD jko jw/bK.gfjBD jho/ w'sh,w[y wskp Bh ;JhU `

;'jfDnK d/;K nzdo,d/; gzikp Bh ;JhU `

26

n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;JhU L ;kEDKBkro t/bK L fJe p{NkmkmK L j[bko/jw/bK L n"osK dk

rfjDkwskp L uzd dh ukBDh

i[V w[fNnkoK fsqzRD nzdo,uoy/ p?m x[ektD `BkIe pKj T[bko fgnkoh,szd uoyV/ gktD.;hB/ nZrK bktD.j'm T[Bkp Bh ;JhU `


jho PfjIkdh p/V/ p?mh,;JhnK y/vD gJhnK ùzd d[nkb/ sko/ uweD,jho d[nkb/ ;JhnK `MZbh ikJ/ BkjhA,T[jdh skp Bh ;JhU `

;'fjDnK d/;K nzdo,d/; gzikp Bh ;JhU `

w"i bkJh dfonktK ;'jDh,pk} IwhBK cbd/ `‘Po|’ gzikph Xosh T[~s/m[we m[we gJ/ ubd/ `;sb[i, okth, i/jbw,nNe, uBkp Bh ;JhU `


fN~gDh|ho'IdhB Po| dh eftsk ‘gzikp’ T[; dh g[;se ‘i'rD’ ftZu'A bJh rJh

j?, fi; ftZu T[; B/ gzikp dh f;|s ehsh j?. gzikp ftZu n"osK ƒ pj[s ;BwkBfdZsk iKdk j?. eth fJ; eftsk ftZu n'osK dh ;[zdosk dk toBD eodk j?. fsqzRDftZu p?m e/ uoy/ eZsdhnK ns/ uoy/ ’s/ szd gkT[AdhnK n"osK pj[s ;z[do brdhnKjB. T[BQK dh uwe fe;/ s'A MZbh BjhA iKdh. gzikp nzdo dfonktK dh ngkofeogk j?. dfonktK d/ gkDh Bkb gzikp dhnK IwhBK ;'Bk T[rkT[AdhnK jB.

27

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEfszqRD L eZsD bJh

e[VhnK dkj'fJnkfJeZm

x[ektD L x[wkT[Dkszd L Xkrk, ;{sT[Bkp L w?jo{B

(r{VQk bkb)ozr

p/V/ L tZvhfePsh

MZbh L ;fjDeoBk

skp L uwew"i L nkBzdm[we^m[we L w;s ukb;sb[i, okth, L dfonktKi/jbw, d/ BKnNe,uBkp


(i) eth B/ ‘gzikp’ eftsk ftZu e[VhnK dh ;z[dosk dk toDB ehsk j?.T[; ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ’u fby'.

(ii) fsqzRD ftu p?m e/ w[fNnkoK eh eodhnK jB <

(iii) jho dh skp feT[A BjhA MZbh ik ;edh <

(iv) gzikp dh Xosh T[~s/ m[we^m[we gJ/ ubd/ dfonktK d/ BK fby'.

(v) gzikp nzdo dfonktK B/ eh w"i bkJh j'Jh j? <


obfwb pk}hA ghAxK M{ND,e[VhnK Bkro t/bK.i'; i[nkBh mkmK wko/,fbPeD jko jw/bK.gfjBD jho/ w'sh,w[y wskp Bh ;JhU `


(i) e[VhnK pk}K ftZu eh M{ND iKdhnK jB <

(ii) T[BQK d/ rb/ ftZu eh fbPe fojk j[zdk j? <

(iii) T[BQK dk w[Zy fe; soQK dk brdk j? <

3H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK dh gq;zr ;fjs ftnkfynk fby' L

w"i bkJh dfonktK ;'jDh,pk} IwhBK cbd/ `‘Po|’ gzikph Xosh T[~s/m[we m[we gJ/ ubd/ `;sb[i, okth, i/jbw,nNe, uBkp Bh ;JhU `


28

nkU e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) eh s[jkƒ ed/ gzikph nytkT[D ftZu n"y wfj;{; j'Jh j? < fJ;soQK dh fe;/ xNBk ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.

(ii) |oI eo' s[jkƒ e'Jh ftnesh efjzdk j? fe T[j nkgDh wK^p'bhdk pj[s ;fseko eodk j?. go T[j ykDk ykD ;w/A fe;/ j'o GkPkdk n\pko ftSkT[Adk j?. s[;hA T[; ƒ jo/e wK^p'bh dk ;fsekoeoB bJh efjzfdnK ft;sko ftZu gzikph ftZu gZso$fuZmh fby'.

(iii) nZi eZbQ gzikp ftZu fezB/ dfonk trd/ jB. T[BQK d/ ezY/ t;/ PfjoKd/ BK dZ;'.

(iv) eh j[D th gzikp dh gfjbK tkbh PkB poeoko j? < nkgD/ soeBkb fJZe fNZgDh fby'.

(v) gzikp d/ wPj{o ;fGnkukoe fuzBQ ghAx s/ uoy/ d/ wjZst T[~goo"PBh gkT[Adk fJZe ukoN fsnko eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK rbs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) eth PfjohJ/ Yzr dk BjhA j?.

(ii) fszqRD uoyk eZsD tkb/ nkdwhnK dh N'bh ƒnkyd/ jB.

(iii) gzi dfonktK dh Xosh ƒ gzikp efjzd/ jB.

(iv) jho dhnK ;j/bhnK uzB d[nkb/ skfonK tKr jB.

(v) dfonktK ekoB IwhBK cb^c[b BjhA ;edhnK.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) w[fNnkoK fJeZmhnK j' e/ pkr HHH ghAxM{ND bJh iKdhnK jB.

(ii) dfonktK B/ gzikp dh Xosh HHHgqc[fbs pDkfJnk j?.

(iii) Po| e[M e[ HHH th p'b ;edk j?.(iv) uoy/ dh szd gkT[D HHH pKj T[bkoBh

g?Adh j?.(v) |hoI'dhB Po| HHH gzikph HHH PkB ftZu rhs fbfynk j?.

29

ƒ B/

ftu dh

nzro/Ih tk;s/

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

tkfo; GkPkp[ZbQ/ Pkj feZ;kgzikph ek|hnKd/; gzikp


(i) nzdo HHH(ii) m[we^m[we HHH(iii) i[nkBh HHH(iv) ;[jDk HHH

eH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ fbzr pdb' L

(i) ;j/bh HHH(ii) d/; HHH(iii) nZr HHH(iv) skok HHH

yH uzd ƒ uzB iK uzdowk th nkfynk iKdk j?. j/mK e[M j'o BK fd~s/ rJ/jB. T[BQK d/ e[M j'o BK d~;'.

w"i HHH HHH HHH HHH;JhnK HHH HHH HHH HHHfbPeD HHH HHH HHH HHHXosh HHH HHH HHH HHH

rH j/mK fd~s/ gqPBK d/ ;zy/g ft~u T[Zso fdT[ L

(i) gzikph dhnK fezBhnK brK^wksoK jB <(ii) nB[Bk;eh ftnziB fby'.(iii) gzikph ftZu g?o ’u g?D tkb/ nZyo fejV/̂ fejV/ jB <(iv) gzikph d/ fszB ;_o fby'.(v) fszB brkyo fby'.

xH eftsk ft~u'A w[jkto/ b~G e/ T[BQK d/ tke pDkT[.

30

eftskfPt e[wko pNkbth

P\;hns s/ ouBkfPt e[wko pNkbth dk iBw 23 i[bkJh, 1936 JhHftu pVk fgzv b'jNhnK, fIbQk f;nkbe'N (gkfe;skB)ftu j'fJnk. T[BQK d/ fgsk gzfvs feqPB r'gkb fgzvd/ sfj;hbdko ns/ wksk PKsh d/th xo/b{ n"os;B. tzv s'A pknd T[j pNkb/ (fIbQk r[odk;g[o)nk rJ/. fJE/ jh fPt B/ nkgDh w[ZYbh f;Zfynkgqkgs ehsh. T[BQK dh ;[ohbh nktkI B/ T[BQK ƒ ns/T[BQK dh eftsk ƒ pVk jh jowB fgnkok pDk fdZsk. T[BQK ƒ gzikph dk P?b/th fejk iKdk j?. T[BQK dhnK ouBktK jB—‘ghVK dk gokrk’, ‘bkitzsh’,‘nkN/ dhnK fuVhnK’, ‘w?ƒ ftdk eo'’, ‘b{Dk’, ‘w?A s/ w?A’, ‘nkosh’, ‘fpojksz{ ;[bskB’ nkfd. T[BQK dk d/jKs 6 wJh, 1973 JhH ƒ j'fJnk. 1967 ftZuT[BQK dh ;kfjse ouBk ‘b{Dk’ ’s/ T[BQK ƒ ;kfjs nekdwh g[o;eko fwfbnk.fPt dh eftsk d[Zy, fBZih dod ns/ ftS'V/ ’s/ e/Adfos j?.

o[~y

e[M oZ[y w?ƒ g[Zs brd/ B/e[M o[Zy brd/ wktKe[M o[Zy ƒjK XhnK brd/e[M o[Zy tKr GoktK

31

e[M o[Zy w/o/ pkp/ tkeDgZso NktK NktKe[M o[Zy w/oh dkdh tor/u{oh gktD ektKe[M o[Zy :koK tor/ brd/u[zwK s/ rb bktKfJe w/oh wfjp{p tkeDfwZmk ns/ d[yktKe[M o[Zy w/ok fdb eodk J/w'Y/ u[Ze fyvktKe[M o[Zy w/ok fdb eodk J/u[zwK s/ wo iktKe[M o[Zy id th ob e/ M{wDs/I trD id tktK;kth p'bh ;G o[ZyK dhfdb eodk fby iktKw/ok th fJj fdb eodk J/o[Zy dh i{B/ nktKi/ s[;K w/ok rhs j? ;[DBkw?A o[ZyK ftu rktKo[Zy sK w/oh wK tor/ B/fiT[A o[ZyK dhnK SktK.

fN~gDhfPt e[wko pNkbth B/ fJ; eftsk okjhA ;kv/ wjZstg{oB ;wkfie

foPfsnK ƒ o[ZyK Bkb i'fVnk j?. fJBQK ftZu \{B d/ foPs/ th Pkfwb jB.pugB ftu fiBQK oZ[yK ’s/ uVQ e/ n;hA y/vK y/fvnk eod/ ;h, T[j o[Zy ;kv/bJh fwZsoK ns/ GoktK s'A xZN BjhA jB. wB[ZyK dk o[ZyK Bkb r{VQk foPskj?. wB[Zy d/ iBw s'A b? e/ woB sZe o[Zy T[; dk gZek ;kE fBGkT[Ad/ jB.go wB[Zy fJBQK o[ZyK ƒ tZY^tZY e/ Xosh T[~go tksktoB ;zs[bB ƒ \okp eoBftZu bZrk j'fJnk j?. ftfrnkB ns/ gqrsh dh nzBQh d"V ftu n;hA nkgD/;[nkoE bJh r[Dekoh, gqd{PB o'eD tkb/, toyk fbnkT[D ftZu wdd eoB tkb/o[ZyK ƒ eZN e/ tksktoB ƒ \okp eoB ftZu Gkrhdko Bk pDhJ/.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEtkeD L tor/gZso L doys dk gZsku{oh L PZeo fxT[ ftZu

e[ZNh j'Jh o'NhfwZmk L fgnkokd[yktK L d[Zy tkbktktK L jtktK;kth L joh Goh, \[Pp{B[wki{B/ L iBw

32

nfGnk;

1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) o[ZyK dk wB[Zy Bkb eh foPsk j? <(ii) o[Zy ed'A ob e/ M{wd/ jB <(iii) b/ye fJ; eftsk ftZu fejVh i{B ftu nkT[D dh rZb eodk j? <(iv) fJ; eftsk ftZu SktK dh s[bBk fe; Bkb ehsh rJh j? <(v) o[ZyK dh p'bh fe; soQK dh j? <(vi) :koK tor/ brd/ o[ZyK pko/ b/ye d/ eh ftuko jB <


e[M o[Zy id th ob e/ M{wDs/I trD id tktK;kth p'bh ;G o[ZyK dhfdb eodk fby iktKw/ok th fJj fdb eodk J/o[Zy dh i{B/ nktK

(i) id'A s/I jtktK ubdhnK jB sK oZ[y eh eod/ jB <

(ii) ;G o[ZyK dh p'bh fejVh j? <

(iii) eth dk o[ZyK dh i{B ftZu nkT[D ƒ fdb feT[A eodk j? <


e[M o[Zy w/o/ pkp/ tkeDgZso NktK NktKe[M o[Zy w/oh dkdh tor/u{oh gktD ektK

jzM{nK dk GkVk

s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEGkVk L wId{oh,

feokfJnkghVK L d[y,gokrk L nBki dk S'Nk

fjZ;k (u[zr)

33

GZmh tkbhJ/ uzp/ dhJ/ vkbhJ/Bh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

j' frnk e[t/bk w?ƒYb rJhnK SktK Bhp/fbnK ’u'A w[V rJhnKwZMhnK s/ rktK BhgkfJnk fuVhnK B/ uhe^fujkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

S/sh S/sh eohAw?A s/ ikDk pVh d{o BhfiE/ w/o/ jkDhnK dkN[o frnk g{o BhU; fgzv dk ;[DhAd? okj wkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

w/oh tkoh gZfsnK dhgzv f;ZbQh j' rJhfwZNh dh eVkjh s/ohekjƒ fgZbh j' rJhs/o/ ;/e ƒ ehj tZfink d[rkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

34

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEe[t/bk L Pkw j' ikDk

(d/o j' ikDh)p/fbnK L izrb

(uorkj)jkbhnK L ;kEhnKN[o L ubk frnkg{o L N'bkwkVk L p[okgzv L rZmf;ZbQh L frZbhfgZbh L fgbfgbhd[rkVk L ;wZf;nk

s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

bZg e[ J/ uz[r w/ohw?ƒ gfjbK N'o BheZu/ eZu/ oZy Bk Bho'VQ E'VQ/ j'o BheoK fwzBsK w[ek d/ Bh g[nkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

;"A rJhnK jtktK o' o'eo ftobkg BhskfonK ƒ uVQ frnkwZmk wZmk skg BhizR ;kjtK dh dk o[Z; frnk bkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.s?ƒ fdnK jzM{nK dk GkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

fN~gDhfPt e[wko pNkbth ‘jzM{nK dk GkVk’ eftsk ftZu gqsheK okjhA d[ZyK dh

rZb eodk j?. eth fJ; eftsk ftZu }wrhB j?, T[j GZmh tkbh ƒ d[ZyK ƒG[zBD bJh efjzdk j?. eth ghVK dk gokrk G[zBkT[D pdb/ jzM{nK dk GkVkd/D dh th rZb eodk j?. noEks d[ZyK s'A fBIks gkT[D dh noI'Jh eodkj?. T[; B/ pj[s d{o ikDk j? ns/ T[; d/ ;zrh^;kEh th nZr/ fBeb rJ/ jB.T[j GZmh tkbh ƒ ibdh Bkb dkD/ G[zBD bJh efjzdk j?.

35

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEbZg L fJZe jZE dk

o[Zru[zr L e[M fjZ;kN'o L G/iDko'VQ L eoko/ eoBkfwzBsK L sob/g[nkVk L MziNftobkg L o'D^fgNDwZmk wZmk L E'VQkÊ'VQkskg L p[\ko

nfGnk;

1H d~;' yK Gbk L

(i) eth GZmh tkbh ƒ eh G[zBD bJh efjzdk j? <(ii) eth B/ fJ; eftsk ftZu Pkw dk i' fdqP toDB ehsk j?, T[; ƒ

ft;Ekog{ote fby'.

(iii) eth GZmh tkbh ƒ S/sh^S/sh dkD/ G[zBD bJh feT[A efjzdk j? <(iv) eth dh id'A dkD/ G[zBkT[D dh tkoh nkT[Adh j? sK T[d'A eh j'

iKdk j?.(v) jtktK eh eo e/ ;"A rJhnK jB <


j' frnk e[t/bk w?ƒYb rJhnK SktK Bhp/fbnK ’u'A w[V rJhnKwZMhnK s/ rktK BhgkfJnk fuVhnK B/ uhe^fujkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

(i) e[t/bk j'D ’s/ eh Yb iKdk j? <

(ii) fdB Yb ikD ’s/ p/fbnK ftu'A e"D tkg; w[V iKdk j? <

(iii) uhe^fujkVK feBQK B/ gkfJnk j'fJnk ;h <

(iv) eth fe; uhI dk feokfJnk d/D bJh efjzdk j? <


w/oh tkoh gZfsnK dhgzv f;ZbQh j' rJhfwZNh dh eVkjh s/ohekjƒ fgZbh j' rJhs/o/ ;/e ƒ ehj tZfink d[rkVkBh ghVK dk gokrk G[zB d/GZmh tkbhJ/.

36


(i) ed/ s[jkƒ th e'Jh o[Zy uzrk bZfrnk j?, nfij/ o[Zy d/ r[DKpko/ fby'.

(ii) tksktoB gqd{PD dh ;wZf;nk ns/ fJ; d/ jZb ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZeukoN fsnko eo'.

(iii) id'A s[jkvk fwZso d[Zy^dod ftu ;h sK eh s[;hA T[; dh wdd ehsh;h < i/ wdd ehsh ;h sK fe; o{g ftZu. T[; ƒ nkgD/ PpdKftZu fby'.

(iv) dkD/ G[zBD tkbhnK eZuhnK GZmhnK dk IwkBk j[D brgr phsdk ikfojk j?. BthnK s/ g[okDhnK GZmhnK dh s[bBk eod/ j'J/ fJeg'qi?eN fsnko eo'.

(v) gzikph ;fGnkuko ftZu fuVh fJZe wjZstg{oB fuzBQ j?. j[D fJ;dh j'Ad ƒ \sok g?dk j' frnk j?. fuVh dh ;KG^;zGkb bJh e[M;[Mkn fdT[.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) s/ }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) eth GZmh tkbh ƒ ;Zuw[Zu d/ dkD/ G[zBD bJh nkydk j?.

(ii) pNkbth o[Zy dh i{B ftZu nkT[D dk fJS[Ze j?.

(iii) fuVhnK u[Zgukg p?mhnK jB.

(iv) eth fJe gokrk dkD/ G[zBkT[D bJh efjzdk j?.

(v) eth B/ o[ZyK dh s[bBk foPfsnK Bkb BjhA ehsh j?.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) dkD/ HHH ftZu G[zB/ iKd/ jB.

(ii) fuVhnK HHH eodhnK jB.

(iii) n;wkB ftZu sko/ HHH jB.

(iv) eth o[Zy ƒ HHH efjzdk j?.

(v) wZMK^rktK ƒ ukoB bJh HHH ftZufbikfJnk iKdk j?.

p/fbnK uhA uhA

eVkjh

g[~s uwed/

37

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

BkBh dk xo ;j[o/dkdh dk xo g/e/wK dk xo dkde/;Z; dk xo BkBe/


(i) SktK HHH(ii) d{o HHH(iii) S/sh HHH(iv) eZuk HHH

yH j/m fby/ PpdK d/ tke pDkT[ L

(i) gokrk HHH(ii) jzM{ HHH(iii) bZg e[ HHH(iv) ftobkg HHH(v) e[t/bk(vi) u{oh HHH(vii) i{B HHH(viii) SktK HHH(ix) NktK NktK HHH

eH wK d/ fgsk ƒ BkBk efjzd/ jB. j/m fby/ foPfsnK d/ nkXko ’s/ ykbhEktK Go' L

wkwk, ukuk, G{nk, wk;h, skfJnk, dkdk, BkBh, dkdh

fgsk d/ fgsk HHHfgsk dh wK HHHwK dh wK HHHwK dk Gok HHHfgsk dk tZvk Gok HHHfgsk dk S'Nk Gok HHHwK dh G?Dfgsk dh G?D HHH

38

fBoXBBzd bkb B{og[oh

P\;hns s/ ouBkBzd bkb B{og[oh dk iBw 1906 JhH th ftZuB{og[o, fIbQk bkfJbg[o, gkfe;skB fty/ j'fJnk.T[BQK d/ fgsk dk BK fpPB f;zx s/ wksk dk BKj[ew d/th ;h. T[BQK B/ bkfJbg[o \kb;k ekbi s'Af;Zfynk jk;b ehsh. fJj ;wK nkIkdh bfjoK dk;h. B{og[oh dh gfjbh ouBk ‘B{og[ohnK’ BKj/m gzikp dh tzv s'A gfjbK bkj"o ftZu Sgh ;h.T[; s'A pknd ‘tzrK’, ‘fiT[Adk gzikp’, ‘B{og[oh d/rhs’, ‘;[rks’ nkfd eJh ekft$rhs^;zrqfj Sg/. GkPk ftGkr, gzikp B/‘;[rks’ ƒ fJZe T[~sw ouBk ti'A ;BwkfBs ehsk. B{og[oh B/ eftsk, rhs,}Ib nkfd eJh ekftô{gK T[~s/ jZE nIwkfJnk j?. T[BQK dhnK eftsktK dkftPk^y/so ek|h ftPkb j?. gzikph ihtB, ofjDh^pfjDh ns/ fJZE'A d/ S?b,rZGo{nK s/ pKehnK w[fNnkoK d/ toBD ftZu T[BQK dk e'Jh w/b BjhA. T[BQKB/ o'wKue rhsK d/ Bkb^Bkb d/P^Grsh, ;wkie u/szBsk ns/ Xkowe GktBktkb/ rhs th fby/ jB. T[BQK dh GkPk pVh ;ob s/ ;[Gkfte j?. Bzd bkbB{og[oh ƒ ‘rhsK dk pkdPkj’ th fejk iKdk j?.

39

fBoXB

dksk dhnK p/gotkjhnK s'AT[J/ p/gotkjk vfonk eo.sz{ jodw dw dw eodk J/A,dw d/D/ B/ dw Gfonk eo.uKdh dhnK frD frD mheohnKsz{ oks fdB/ Bk wfonk eo.T[j gb ftu ib Eb eo d/Adk,fJj ;kro ;'u e/ sfonk eo.fJj d[BhnK fsbeD^pkIh J/,sz{ g?o ;wM e/ Xfonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

T[j i/eo s\s pmkT[Adk J/,ek;/ th jZE cVkT[Adk J/.w\wb d/ e{b/ e[Vs/ ’u'A,szdK d/ ;Zg bVkT[Adk J/.oyP/ d/ jzfGnK e[bhnK ƒ,T[j Pkj n;tko pDkT[Adk J/.rfXnK dhnK SZNK gk gk e/,P/oK ƒ xkj y[tkT[Adk J/.d[Bhnk d/ y{B g;hB/ d/,Bk oks fdB/ x[ZN Gfonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

fJj s/o/ g[Zso tork Jhfi; ƒ sz{ fMVeh ikBk J/A.GrtkB fJjd/ ftu t;dk J/,GrtkB ƒ feT[A dpekBk J/A.J/;/ d/ fgT[ eowkfJnk Jh,i' nzdo tV tV ykBk J/A.

40

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEmheohnK LN[eV/sfonk eo Lgko eonks[o Lftnke[b,

phwkoek;k LpkNk, GKvke{bk Le'wbszd LXkrkoyP/ L;{oiPkj n;tko LI'oktofMVeDk LvKNDkdpekBk LvKNDkeowkfJnk LezwK ;dek

nkgD/ ƒ jho efj efj e/,p'M/ ftu jho/ gkBk J/A.e[dos dh J/; nzr{oh ƒ,sz{ gP{nK tKr Bk ufonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

fJj T[; dks/ dh Broh J/,sz{ fi; Broh ftu t;dk J/A.fBZxfonk t/y r[nKYh ƒ,fBZs j[Zpdk J/A fBZs jZ;dk J/A.p{j/ s/ nkJ/ |ehoK ƒ,G[Zy/ s/ Bzr/ d;dk J/A.wkV/ dhnK jZvhnK ghjBk J/A,seV/ dhnK sbhnK M;dk J/A.seV/ dh i/eo iodk J/A,sz{ wkV/ dh th ifonk eo,fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

sz{ pzdk J/A fJj pzdk J/d'jK B/ J/E/ jh ofjDk J/A.sz{ seVk ;jh fJj wkVk ;jh,ezw wkV/ Bkb th g?Dk J/A.s/o/ rb fuZNk e[Vsk i/,e'Jh fJjB/ bkj Bk b?Dk J/A.fJj fwZNh J/ sz{ fwZNh J/A,fwZNh ftu obDk g?DK J/A.T[j jo jo d/ ftu t;dk J/,sz{ jo d/ e'b'A jfonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

41

n"y/ PpdK d/ noEp'Mk Li/p$yh;kfBxfonk LXZf;nkj[Zpdk Ly[P j[zdk j?ioBk L;fjDkwkVk LewI'o,

rohp

fN~gDhfJ; eftsk ftZu eth wB[Zy ƒ fusktBh d/ fojk j? fe T[; ƒ gowkswk

dh p/togkjh s'A voBk ukjhdk j?. T[j gowkswk ƒ G[Zb e/ d[fBnkth ihtBftZu gdkoEe d"V ftZu o[ZMk j'fJnk j?. wB[Zy ƒ ;'u^;wM e/ jh d[Bhnk ftZuftuoBk ukjhdk j?. nkgDh ;wZoEk nB[;ko rohp ns/ bkuko dh wdd theoBh ukjhdh j?.

eth ftnesh ƒ ;wMkT[Adk j? fe gowkswk eDêD ftZu t;dk j?. fJ;d[Bhnk ftZu jo ftnesh Gkt/A T[j nwho j? Gkt/A rohp, ;G dh nfjwhnsj?. d't/A fJZe' f;Ze/ d/ d' gfjb{ jB. ;G ƒ fJZe d{i/ d/ ;fj:'r Bkb jh ubDkgt/rk. wB[Zy ƒ gowkswk d/ ;ko/ pzfdnK ƒ fJZe' fijk wzB e/ d[yhnK ns/bkukoK dh wdd eod/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.


(i) fJ; eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt eh j? <(ii) wB[Zy ƒ fJ; d[Bhnk ftZu fe; rZb s'A ;[u/s j' e/ ihT{Dk

ukjhdk j? <(iii) EZe/̂ jko/ e[bhnK ƒ gowkswk eh pDk ;edk j? <(iv) eth seV/ (nwho) wB[Zy ƒ fe; ƒ fMVeD s'A wBQK eodk j?

ns/ feT[A <(v) wB[Zy ƒ eth fe; soQK d/ ftseo/ s'A o'edk j? <(vi) rhs nB[;ko wB[Zy ƒ ihtB ftZu ihT{D dk eh ;zd/P fdZsk

frnk j? <

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK ƒ gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L

fJj s/o/ g[Zso tork Jhfi; ƒ sz{ fMVeh ikBk J/A.GrtkB fJjd/ ftu t;dk J/,GrtkB ƒ feT[A dpekBk J/A.J/;/ d/ fgT[ eowkfJnk Jh,i' nzdo tV tV ykBk J/A.nkgD/ ƒ jho efj efj e/,p'M/ ftu jho/ gkBk J/A.

42

e[dos dh J/; nzr{oh ƒ,sz{ gP{nK tKr Bk ufonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.

(i) fJjBK ;soK ftZu e"D fe; ƒ fMVe fojk j? <(ii) eth fe; ƒ ns/ feT[A ;ziw ftZu ihT{D bJh efj fojk j?.(iii) eth seV/ wB[Zy ƒ fe; dk Gko j"bk eoB bJh efj fojk j? <


sz{ pzdk J/A fJj pzdk J/d'jK B/ J/E/ jh ofjDk J/A.sz{ seVk ;jh fJj wkVk ;jh,ezw wkV/ Bkb th g?Dk J/A.s/o/ rb fuZNk e[Vsk i/,e'Jh fJjB/ bkj Bk b?Dk J/A.fJj fwZNh J/ sz{ fwZNh J/A,fwZNh ftu obDk g?DK J/A.T[j jo jo d/ ftu t;dk J/,sz{ jo d/ e'b'A jfonk eo.fe;/ fBoXB nks[o d[yhJ/ dk,e[M Gko th j"bk efonk eo.


(i) i/ s[jkƒ fe;/ fBoXB ftnesh$gfotko dh wdd eoB dk w"ek fwb/sK s[;hA fet/A wdd eo'r/ <

(ii) jVQ d/ ekoB fe;/ fJbke/ ftZu Gkoh spkjh j' rJh j?. s[;hA nkgD/;e{b tZb'A T[BQK dh wdd eoBk ukjz[d/ j'. ;e{b d/ ;ko/ftfdnkoEhnK dh fJ; wdd ftZu GkJhtkbh j' ;e/, T[; bJh s[;hA;e{b d/ B'fN; p'ov T[~s/ fJ; pko/ ;zpzfXs ;{uBk fby e/ brkT[.

(iii) ;wki ftZu'A T{u^Bhu \sw eoB d/ we;d Bkb fJ; rhs ƒ :kdeoe/ ;t/o dh gqkoEBk ;Gk iK iwks ’u rkT[D dk nfGnk; eo'.

(iv) ;wki ftZu c?bh T{u^Bhu pko/ s[jkv/ eh ftuko jB < fJ; pko/ft;sko Bkb fby'.

43

(v) eh s[jkƒ oZp ftZu ftPtk; j? < eh e'Jh Xow nwho^rohp d/ftseo/ dk gquko eodk j? < i/ BjhA sK wjK^g[oPK d/ jtkb/ BkbnkgDk soe g/P eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB brkT[ L

(i) gqwkswk nwho ƒ th rohp pDk ;edk j?.

(ii) fe;/ bkuko ftnesh ƒ nkgDh jkbs T[~go BjhA SZvd/Dk ukjhdk.

(iii) rohp Bkb GrtkB ƒ e'Jh jwdodh BjhA jz[dh.

(iv) seV/ pzd/ ƒ wkV/ pzd/ dh gqtkj BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.

(v) gqqwkswk e[bhnK ƒ th nwho pDk ;edk j?.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) pzd/ ƒ HHH dh ewkJh eoB tkfbnK dkP'PD Bk eoB bJh fejk frnk j?.

(ii) fJ; vktKv'b d[BhnK ftZu wB[Zy ƒ HHH e/uZbD dh b'V j?.

(iii) ;oho B/ nkfyoeko HHH ftu fwbikDk j?.

(iv) eth pzd/ ƒ \kj^w\kj seV/ pzd/ dh HHH Bk eoB dh p/Bsh eodk j?.(v) rhs ftZu pzd/ ƒ HH dk vo fdyk e/ uzr/ eow eoB bJh ;wMkfJnk

frnk j?.

;H fto'Xh Ppd fby' L

(i) fBoXB HHH(ii) t;Dk HHH(iii) wkVk HHH(iv) j"bk HHH

jH tke pDkT[ L

(i) |eho HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) fBoXB HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) seVk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) GrtkB HHH HHH HHH HHH

y[Pkwd ;zGb

w"s

fw~Nh y{B g;hB/

44

j"A;b/ s'A ezw bJhJ/ HHHuso f;zx pho

P\;hns s/ ouBkuso f;zx pho dk iBw 27 nr;s, 1925 ƒnzfwqs;o fIbQ/ d/ fgzv u"skbk fty/ fgsk eow f;zxd/ xo wksk osB e"o dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk.

uso f;zx pho dhnK ekft^g[;seK jB—‘MKio SDe gJh’, ‘v[Zpd/ gZEo sko/’, ‘w?A th jkIojK’, ‘n;hA e"D jK’, ‘f;|s ;bkj’ nkfd. fJ; s'AfJbktk pZfunK bJh ‘b/y bVh’, ‘;KMh eftsk’,‘ekft eE{oh’ ns/ ‘tzB^;[tzBh’ feskpK dh ;zgkdBk th ehsh j?.

uso f;zx pho ƒ gzikp ;oeko, gzikph fbNo/oh n?Av ebuobn?;';hJ/PB, fdZbh, gzikph nekdwh, fdZbh, ;zs fBXkB f;zx e/;o ;kfjseg[o;eko ew/Nh p?Aeke ns/ gzikph ;kfjs ;Gk (ofiH) fdZbh tZb'A wkD^;BwkBgqkgs j'J/ jB.

j"A;b/ s'A ezw bJhJ/ HHH

j"A;b/ s'A ezw bJhJ/ fjzwsK Bk jkohJ/.f;o T[~s/ gJhnK fIzw/tkohnK T[skohJ/.

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e[M b'e pkr ƒ T[ikVD/ dh ;'ud/ B/.;{j/ c[Zb nZr ftZu ;kVD/ dh ;'ud/ B/.fe;/ th Pokosh dh wzBhJ/A Bk rZb e'Jh,c[ZN gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ d{o'A fcNekohJ/.


e/j' fijk ;wK ;kv/ d/; T[~s/ nkfJnk j?.nkdwh jh nkdwh d/ bj{ dk fsjkfJnk j?.fdbK ftZu bZrh j'Jh nZr ƒ p[MkJhJ/ n;hA,fJZe d{i/ T[~s'A n;hA fizd ikB tkohJ/.


J/esk d/ ftZu ;kv/ d/; dh GbkJh j?.J/esk jh nZi ;kv/ d[Zy dh dtkJh j?.t?o s/ fto'X tkbk e{Vk ;kok jz{M d/JhJ/,fdbK ftZu ozr ;[Zu/ fgnko dk fBykohJ/.


G[Zb/ j'J/ ;kEhnK ƒ f;ZX/ okj/ gkT[Dk j?.n;hA d/P nkgDk spkjh s'A pukT[Dk j?.t/jfVnK d/ ftZu p{N/ phihJ/ w[jZpsK d/,u"jhA gk;hA wfje GkJhuko/ dh fybkohJ/.


n"y/ PpdK d/ noEfcNekoBk LfXZekoBk,

bkjBsgkT[Dk

fsjkfJnk Lfgnk;kfdb ftZubZrh nZr Lpdb / dh

GktBk

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fN~gDhfJj rhs uso f;zx pho dh ekft^g[;se ‘f;cs ;bkj’ ftZu'A fbnk

frnk j?. fJ; rhs ftZu eth dZ;dk j? fe ;kƒ fjzws BjhA jkoBh ukjhdh.j"A;b/ Bkb nkgDh fIzw/tkoh fBGkT[Ad/ j'J/ ihtB ihT{Dk ukjhdk j?. rhs d/p'bK nB[;ko G?Vh ;'u oZyD tkfbnK ƒ BIdhe BjhA nkT[D d/Dk ukjhdk.nkg;h fttkd d{o eoe/ fwbî[b e/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. J/esk ftZu jh ;wkidh GbkJh j?. J/esk ftZu jh ;ko/ ;[Zy jB. t?o^fto'X d{o eoe/ nkg; ftZufgnko Bkb ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fijV/ b'e nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ eko^ftjkoKokjhA GNe/ j'J/ jB, ;kƒ T[BQK ƒ ;jh ;/X d/Dh ukjhdh j?. fJzi eoB BkbnkgD/ d/; ns/ GkJhuko/ dh soZeh ftZu fjZ;k gkfJnk ik ;edk j?.


(i) eth feBQK b'eK ƒ fjzws Bk jkoB bJh efjzdk j? <(ii) pk} o{gh d/; ƒ T[ikVB tkb/ Bkb eh ftjko eoBk ukjhdk j? <(iii) d/; T[~s/ nkJ/ p[o/ ;w/A ƒ fet/A mhe ehsk ik ;edk j? <(iv) nkg;h t?o^fto'X fet/A fwNkfJnk ik ;edk j? <(v) eth nkgD/ d/; ftZu fejVh wfje fybkoB dh rZb eodk j?

ns/ fet/A <(vi) nkdwh fejVh uhI dk fgnk;k j' frnk j? <

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK d/ nkXko ’s/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fby' L

J/esk d/ ftZu ;kv/ d/; dh GbkJh j?.J/esk jh nZi ;kv/ d[Zy dh dtkJh j?.t?o s/ fto'X tkbk e{Vk ;kok jz{M d/JhJ/,fdbK ftZu ozr ;[Zu/ fgnko dk fBykohJ/.

(i) fJBQK ;soK ftZu fejV/ d[Zy dh rZb ehsh rJh j? <(ii) d/; dh GbkJh fe; rZb ftZu j? <(iii) fej' fijk e{Vk jz{MD Bkb fdb fByo iK fbPe ;ed/ jB <


e[M b'e pkr ƒ T[ikVD/ dh ;'ud/ B/.;{j/ c[Zb nZr ftZu ;kVD/ dh ;'ud/ B/.

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fe;/ th Pokosh dh wzBhJ/A Bk rZb e'Jh,c[ZN gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ d{o'A fcNekohJ/.


(i) d/; Grsh Bkb ;zpzfXs fe;/ j'o eth dh eftsk ;e{b dhbkfJpo/oh ftZu'A bZG e/ ukoN ’s/ fby'.

(ii) fJ; rhs ƒ g{o/ jkt^Gkt Bkb b?n ftZu rk e/ foekov eo' ns/iwks ftZu foekofvzr ;[DkT[.

(iii) d/; ftZu ni'e/ jkbks pko/ nkgD/ ftuko gq;s[s eo'.(iv) ;wkie t?o^fto'X ekoB s[jkƒ iK s[jkv/ fe;/ ikDeko ƒ e'Jh

B[e;kB j'fJnk j? < nfijh jkbs ƒ nkgD/ PpdK ftZu fby'.(v) ‘J/esk ftu pb j?’ d/ nkXko ’s/ fJe g?ok ouBk eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) fjzws Bkb fIzw/tkoh fBGkT[Dh ukjhdh j?.

(ii) fe;/ dh ykso fizdîkB BjhA tkoBh ukjhdh.

(iii) w[jZps dk p{Nk phiD Bkb GkJhukoe ;KM dk ;zd/PfdZsk ik ;edk j?.

(iv) Pokosh ftneshnK dh rZb BjhA wzBDh ukjhdh.

(v) t?o^fto'X Bkb jh J/esk nk ;edh j?.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) fJe d{i/ d/ Gb/ bJh fdbK ftubh HHHƒ \sw eoBk Io{oh j?.

(ii) c[ZN gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ HHH ukjhdk j?.(iii) fIzw/tkoh fBGkT[D tk;s/ HHH dh e'Jh

b'V j?.(iv) d/; ƒ popkdh s'A pukT[D bJh b'eK

ƒ HHH okj gkT[D dh b'V j?.(v) b'eK ftZu HHH ƒ T[ikVB dh e'Jh GktBk

BjhA j?.

fcNekoBk pkr

j"A;b/

B|os f;~X/

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;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

pk} fyVBkc[Zb trDkbj{ jfonkbhnZr w[jZpsB|os p[MkT[Dh


(i) fjzws HHH(ii) T[ikVBk HHH(iii) T[skoBk HHH(iv) fybkoBk HHH

eH fit/A ‘fIzw/tkoh’ fBGkJh iKdh j?, fejk iKdk j?, T[;/ soQK j/m fbfynK ƒeh ejKr/ <

(i) ikB HHH(ii) wfje HHH(iii) nZr HHH(iv) c[Zb HHH

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) fjzws Bk jkoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) c[ZN gkT[Dk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) bj{ dk fsjkfJnk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) fcNekoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH

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;wekbhnK ƒskok f;zx ekwb

P\;hns s/ ouBkskok f;zx ekwb dk iBw fgzv j{eVK, fIbQkj[fPnkog[o, gzikp ftZu j'fJnk. T[BQK ƒ eftsk dhoZph dks gqkgs j'Jh j?. T[j nkX[fBe gzikph eth;B. T[BQK B/ eftsk ƒ ;ob pDkT[D dh e'fPPehsh. p"fXe eftsk dh ouBk ;w/A th T[BQK B/;[oskb s/ ekft^;[ji dk g{ok fXnkB oZfynk. skokf;zx ekwb dhnK e[M gqw[Zy ouBktK fJ; gqeko

jB—‘f;zwd/ gZEo’, ‘w/xb/’, ‘n;hA^s[;hA’, ‘;{oi dk b?No pe;’, ‘efjePK’ns/ ‘v'bQd/ gkDh’ nkfd.

;wekbhnK ƒ

nkt' :ko', d[Bhnk nzdo J/dK oufwu ikJhJ/.fiT[A gkDh ftu gkDh fwbdk, fJe w{os j' ikJhJ/.

fyV/ r[bkp uwB ftu Gkt/A, rzX c?b/ u"Aj^gk;/.fijV/ fuZs T[dk;/ j'tD, T[j th ikD j[bk;/.

eh ezv/, eh gZshnK, G"o/, eh wkbh, eh vkbh.;GBK ƒ \[Pp'Jh tzv/, ;GBK ƒ \[Pjkbh.

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n"y/ PpdK d/ noE;wekbh L fJe' ;w/A d/rzX L wfjeu"Aj gk;/ L uko/ gk;/fuZs L wBj[bk;/ L y[P, nkBzd,

gq;zB

nrB pokpo sgd/ ihn ƒ, uz[wDK fij/ fdbk;/.;k| Bo'J/, fbPfbP eod/, ebhnK tor/ jk;/.

b? ikJ/ nkgD/ Bkb ;[rzXh sob ;oK dk gkDh.Bk e'Jh wZ[b, BjhA fJtIkBk, Bk e'Jh wzr fBwkDh.

i' ;[jDk, ;' iZr ƒ dZ;hJ/, i' uzrk, ;' tzvhJ/.jo e'Jh ;kƒ nkgDk ikD/, J/dK ojhJ/, jzYhJ/.

id \[Pp{ dk ed/ fJj', nkeko fijk N[ZN ikt/.T[; t/b/ fJj sob ;[rzXh jo p{N/ tZ; ikt/.

fN~gDhfJj eftsk skok f;zx ekwb d/

ekft^;zrqfj ‘;{oi dk b?No pe;’ ftZu'AbJh rJh j?. eth nkgD/ ;wekbhnK ƒ;Zdk d/ fojk j? fe nkU d[Bhnk ftZufJ; soQK fwbî[b e/ ojhJ/ fit/A gkDhftZu gkDh fwb e/ fJe^fwe j' iKdk j?.fit/A r[bkp nkgDh \[Pp'Jh Bkb ;koknkbk^d[nkbk ns/ T[dk; wB wfjekfdzdk j?. T[;/ soQK n;hA th ;G ƒ fpBKfe;/ ftseo/ d/ \[PhnK tzvhJ/. fJj \[PhnK T[dk;, d[yh wBK ƒ fgnko Go/fdbkf;nK tKr wfj;{; j'D sK i' T[j Bo'fJnk ns/ y/fVnK Gfonk ihtB ih;eD. fJj \[PhnK Goh ;[rzXh fBo;[nkoE j' e/ ;ko/ d[ZyK ƒ \sw eod/t/. eth nkgD/ ;wekbhnK s'A fJjh fJZSk oydk j? fe n;hA nkgDh ebwd/ j[Bo Bkb ;wki ƒ f;o| ;kekoswe ns/ ;[ji ftuko (;zd/P) d/JhJ/ ns/;G Bkb ob^fwb e/ ojhJ/. id ed/ ;wki ftZu BKj^gZyh wkj"b j't/ sK ;kv/fJjh uzr/o/ ns/ ;[ji ftuko ;[rzXh pD e/ ;G d/ wBK ftZu tZ; ikD ns/T[BQK ƒ fwbî[b e/ ofjD dh gq/oDk d/D.

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n"y/ PpdK d/ noEnrB L nZrBo'J/ L fBo'r, no'rfJtIkBk L tNKdokjzYhJ/ L ftuohJ/


(i) fJj eftsk fe; ƒ ;zp'fXs j? <(ii) eth eh ;Zdk d/ fojk j? <(iii) eftsk ftZu feBQK ƒ fejVh y[Pp'Jh tzvD dh rZb ehsh rJh j? <(iv) eftsk ftZu GkJhukoe ;KM ekfJw oZyD dh fJZSk fe; e'b'A ns/

fe; soQK ehsh rJh j? <(v) fJ; eftsk dk e/Adoh Gkt eh j? <(vi) BKj^gZyh ftukoK tkb/ wkj"b ftZu ;kvh eh G{fwek j'Dh ukjhdh j?<

2H j/m fbyhnK ekft^;soK ƒ gVQ e/ g[~S/ rJ/ gqPBK d/ T[Zso fdT[ L

i' ;[jDk, ;' iZr ƒ dZ;hJ/, i' uzrk, ;' tzvhJ/.jo e'Jh ;kƒ nkgDk ikD/, J/dK ojhJ/, jzYhJ/.

id \[Pp{ dk ed/ fJj', nkeko fijk N[ZN ikt/.T[; t/b/ fJj sob ;[rzXh jo p{N/ tZ; ikt/.

(i) fJBQK ekft^;soK ftZu e"D fe; ƒ ;zp'fXs j? <(ii) eth fejVh ;'jDh ns/ uzrh P?n tzvD dh rZb eo fojk j? <(iii) fJBQK ;soK ftZu eth dh fe; soQK dh GktBk dk gsk brdk j? <


fyV/ r[bkp uwB ftu Gkt/A, rzX c?b/ u"Aj^gk;/.fijV/ fuZs T[dk;/ j'tD, T[j th ikD j[bk;/.

eh ezv/, eh gZshnK, G"o/, eh wkbh, eh vkbh.;GBK ƒ \[Pp'Jh tzv/, ;GBK ƒ \[Pjkbh.

nkU e[M j'o eohJ/TH gkm s'A n~r/ L

(i) i/ s[jkvh iwks ftZu ed/ sBkT[ Gfonk wkj"b j' ikt/ sK T[; ;fEshftZu s[jkvh eh G{fwek j't/rh < nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eo'.

(ii) nkgD/ ;e{b dh ;kbkBk gfsqek$w?rIhB$o;kb/ bJh g/qoBkdkfJeeftsk fby'.

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(iii) ‘jZ;Dk fIzdrh fiT{D dh fJZe ebk j?’, eh s[;hA fJ; ftuko Bkb;fjws j'. soe d/ nkXko ’s/ nkgDk gZy g/P eo'.

(iv) uzr/̂ wkV/ d/ r[D^n"r[D dZ;d/ j'J/ uzfrnkJh Bkb ihtB ƒ y[PjkbpDkT[D d/ sohfenK ƒ do;kT[Adk fJZe ukoN pDkT[.

(v) id'A s[;hA pj[s y[Ph s/ ;e{B wfj;{; eod/ j' sK s[jkv/ wB ftufej'̂ fij/ ftuko nkT[Ad/ jB < y[ZbQ e/ fpnkB eo'.

nH gkm d/ nkXko ’s/ mhe ( ✔ ) iK }bs ( ✖ ) dk fBPkB pDkT[ L

(i) r[bkp d/ c[Zb fyVB Bkb uko/ gk;/ y[Pjkbh c?biKdh j?.

(ii) jk;/ dh, ebh Bkb s[bBk BjhA ehsh rJh.

(iii) eth B/ rhs ftZu gqsheK dh tos'A ehsh j?.

(iv) y[Pjkbh bJh fJtIkBk GoBk g?Adk j?.

(v) uzr/ohnK rZbK d{finK ƒ BjhA dZ;DhnK ukjhdhnK.

JH ykbh EktK Go' L

(i) \[Pp{ dk nkeko N[ZND Bkb jo p{N/ftZu HHH t; iKdh j?.

(ii) y[Pjkbh tzvD ftZu HHH BjhA tosDhukjhdh.

(iii) r[bkp dk c[Zb HHH fdb ftZu th \[PhGo fdzdk j?.

(iv) ;wekbhnK ƒ HHH tKr ou^fwu ikDdh b'V j?.

(v) eth B/ fJj ouBk nkgD/ HHH ƒ ;zp'XB ehsh j?.

;H i'V/ pDkT[ L

(i) r[bkp jkDh

(ii) uzfrnkJh tzvDh

(iii) ;wekb ;[rzXh

(iv) T[dk;/ j[bk;/

;ze'u T[dk;

gkDh

;[rzXh ;wekbhnK

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(i) nzdo HHH(ii) T[dk;h HHH(iii) \[Pp' HHH(iv) nkgDk HHH

eH ;wkBkoEe Ppd fby' L

(i) w{os HHH(ii) \[Pp{ HHH(iii) w[Zb HHH(iv) sob HHH

yH tke pDkT[ L

(i) fJtIkBk GoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH(ii) fbPfbP eoBk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iii) oufwu ikDk HHH HHH HHH HHH(iv) \[Pjkbh j'Dh HHH HHH HHH HHH

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|ohdk i/ s{ nefb bsh|[ - CBSEcbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/doc/languages/... · Ppd r[o{ BkBe d/t P\;hns s/ ouBk r[o{ BkBe d/t ih f;ZyK d/ gfjb/ r[o{ ;B. nkg ih dk iBw 15 ngq?b,