Of mace and monkeys: Kalamang texts

Eline Visser

January 2021

1

Contents

Contents 2

1 Introduction 3

2 Texts 52.1 Exchanging tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 Kitchen conversation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 Monkey and cuscus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.4 The tenggelele ritual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.5 Nutmeg and mace cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

AbbreviationsI adhere to the Leipzig Glossing Rules (Comrie, Haspelmath & Bickel 2015), with three exceptions. I use exand in instead of excl and incl for exclusive and inclusive pronouns to save space. Similative is glossedas sml and not as sim.

an animateana anaphoric demonstrativeat attributiveben benefactivecaus causativeclf classifiercom comitativedist distaldistR distributivedu dualemph emphaticenc interjection of (annoyed) encouragementex exclusiveexist existentialfoc focusin inclusiveiam iamitive (a kind of perfect; ‘already’)imp imperativeins instrumentalint interjectionint.pej interjection expressing contempt or dissatisfactioniRR irrealisints intensifierlat lative (combined ablative and allative)loc locativemly (Papuan) Malay code switch

2

neg negationn epenthetic-like phoneme found on irregular verbs carrying certain mood or aspect markers

and sometimes on uninflected irregular verbsnfin non-finalnmlz nominaliserobj objectph placeholderplnK predicate linkerpl pluralposs possessivepRoh prohibitivepRog progressivepRox proximalot quotativeqnt.obj quantifier object (quantifier modifying an object)sg singularsml similativesuRpR interjection of surpriset epenthetic-like phoneme found on irregular verbs carrying certain mood or aspect markersten unanalysed morpheme =tentop topicvol volitional

1 IntroductionKalamang (kgv, kara1499) is a Papuan language of the West Bomberai family. It is spoken in easternIndonesia, inWest Papua province, on an island just off the coast of Bomberai peninsula. The island belongsto a group of three referred to as the Karas Islands. In older literature, Kalamang is known as Karas (Cowan1953: 28, Anceaux 1958: 115, Cowan 1960: 352, Voorhoeve 1975: 434, Smits & Voorhoeve 1998: 19). Thelanguage is currently estimated to have some 190 speakers, not all of whom can be considered fluent. Thespeakers reside in the only villages of the biggest Karas island: Antalisa and Mas (Tamisen and Sewa inKalamang).

The texts presented here were recorded between 2017 and 2019 by the author, during 3-month field tripsthat served to build a corpus for a grammatical description of Kalamang. All texts were recorded in Mas,and were transcribed and translated to Papuan Malay (the contact language, a regional variant of Malay)with the help of the speaker and/or a consultant. All texts are archived in The Kalamang collection: anarchive of linguistic and cultural material from Karas (Visser 2020c).1 A Kalamang dictionary is publishedas Visser (2020b). The grammar of Kalamang is the author’s PhD thesis (Visser 2020a).

In the free translation preceding each glossed text, I have chosen to add pronouns or nominal referentsthat are not present in the Kalamang original to help the reader with participant tracking. In the transla-tions in the glossed texts, inserted arguments are given within square brackets. Borrowings from PapuanMalay or other Austronesian languages are frequent in Kalamang, as the reader with knowledge of theselanguages may recognise. Only when there is a clear case of code-switching, such as inMonkey and cuscus

1http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view

3

http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view

Figure 1: The Karas Islands

when the protagonists sing their song, the glosses of Papuan Malay words are tagged with mly.

4

Author bio

Eline Visser defended her PhD thesisA grammar of Kalamang at Lund University, Sweden, in January2021. It is accompanied by a Kalamang - Papuan Malay - English dictionary and an extensive onlinearchive. She has also done exploratory work on the Austronesian languages Uruangnirin and Geser-Gorom.

2 Texts

2.1 Exchanging tobacco

This is a story2 told by Malik Yarkuran (M) on the 1st of April 2019. It tells about a time in 2014, whenthe new yearly batch of tobacco had just come out. To fool his friends and because he didn’t believe theycould taste the difference, he exchanged the new and old tobacco. The story was recorded in the kitchenof Sebi Yarkuran (S), who was also present during the recording. The storyteller had told this story before,and retold it on tape at the researcher’s (E) request.

Free translation

Malik: ‘Now, the event when uncle Pet wanted to apply as a candidate in 2014. Just when we wanted tomake the tent, they already took out the tobacco, grandmother’s family did. They took out the tobacco; Idon’t smoke, you know. So they already got out the tobacco, they were making a tent, then they came upand looked at that tobacco: “Ah, it’s from 2013.” They said: “Oh no, this tobacco, we shouldn’t smoke it,otherwise our throats will get sore.” I looked at them, I looked and looked… Then, one more person cameup. He flipped the tobacco pouch and looked. “Oh no, 2013.”’

Eline: ‘You didn’t believe them?’Malik: ‘I didn’t believe them. I just looked at them, then I thought: “Would they know the difference

or not?” Right? Then I bought this tobacco. They went down again, I got both of the tobacco pouches andbrought them with me. I went to look for a 2014 pouch. After searching, and after peeling the seal off well,I filled one of them. I filled it, I put it in the other pouch, after that I brought it down and looked at them.’

Sebi: ‘Didn’t it open?’Malik: ‘I slowly put in a midrib in the package, to unstuck the seal. I brought it down and dropped it

on a plate. You know, there was a plate with betel there.’Eline: ‘Where?’Malik: ‘At the side of that house. So Acang came up, Acang was first. He came up, flipped the pouch

and looked. “Ah, I like this.” He said: “Ah.”’Sebi: ‘Where did you do that?’Malik: ‘Next to this house.’Sebi: ‘Didn’t they see it?’Malik: ‘Oh, to do it I went home, to my house, right. Then Acang said: “Ah, I like this, 2014.” They came

up: “Yes, this…” I watched them, right. They opened the pouch; after opening it they rolled cigarettes: “Yes,we like this.” They said: “Yes, this we like.” I watched them, I was alone, right, so I was silent. Can theysmoke it all or not? Oh, they came up, then onemore came up: “Ah, I like this. The 2014 vintage has alreadycome out and we were still smoking 2013. Our throats hurt.” When they finished smoking, there was stillone pouch. Kiba’s father and Acang, they looked at the people coming and going. When people didn’t seeit, they quickly got the pouch and hid it. They hid it, they brought it to their house, right. They cut it and

2Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC5-7@view.

5

http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC5-7@view

after cutting they divided it. One piece per person. They smoked, oh, I wasn’t bothered. I watched them;they smoked. Acang’s was about to finish, then I said: “Acang, that tobacco that you smoked, how wasits taste, good or what?” “Of course it’s tasty, it’s 2014!”’ I said: “Hah!” He said: “It’s 2014, right?” I said:“Hah, it’s 2013, hah!” “May the sun cut your Adam’s apple!” I went to get the tobacco pouch and showedthem. He chased me and I ran off.’

Glossed text

(1) M: sekarangnow

acaraevent

omuncle

PetP.

calon=kinapply.as.candidate=vol

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelasfourteen.mly

‘Now, the event when uncle Pet wanted to apply as a candidate in 2014.’

(2) M: pasexactly

in1pl.ex

sabuattent=obj

paruo-t=kinmake-t=vol

‘Just when we wanted to make the tent,’

(3) M: sualready

tabai=attobacco=obj

kasigive

keluargo.out

nenegrandmother

mu3pl

‘they already took out the tobacco, grandmother’s family.’

(4) M: tabai=attobacco=obj

kasigive

keluargo.out

kanyou.know

an1sg

metop

kanyou.know

tabai=attobacco=obj

kosom=ninsmoke=neg

‘Took out the tobacco, you know, I don’t smoke, you know.’

(5) M: jadiso

mu3pl

heiam

kasigive

keluar=tago.out=nfin

metop

‘So they already got out (the tobacco),’

(6) M: tenda=attent=obj

paruomake

bathen

mu3pl

sara-t=etascend-t=iRR

tabaitobacco

opaana

kome-t=etlook-t=iRR

ahint

‘making a tent, then they came up and looked at that tobacco: “Ah,”’

(7) M: duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

tigabelas=kinthirteen.mly=poss

‘“it’s from 2013.”’

(8) M: mu3pl

tonisay

aduhint

tabaitobacco

wapRox

metop

menaotherwise

min=pethroat=1pl.in.poss

ningsick

‘They said: “Oh no, this tobacco, [we shouldn’t smoke it] otherwise our throats will get sore.”’

(9) M: an1pl

tokyet

mu=at3pl=obj

kome-tlook-t

kome-tlook-t

kome-tlook-t

‘I looked at them, looked and looked…’

(10) M: kodaetone.more

koithen

sara-t=etascend-t=iRR

‘One more then came up.’

(11) M: mayilmaflip

kome-t=etlook-t=iRR

aduhint

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

tigabelasthirteen.mly

‘[He] flipped [the tobacco pouch] and looked. “Oh no, 2013.”’

6

(12) E: ka2sg

mu=at3pl=obj

parcai=ninbelieve=neg

‘You didn’t believe them?’

(13) M: an1sg

mu=at3pl=obj

parcai=ninbelieve=neg

‘I didn’t believe them.’

(14) M: an1sg

mu=at3pl=obj

nak=kome-t∼kome-tjust=look-t∼duR-t

terusthen

an1sg

seiam

napikirthink

ehot

‘I just looked at them, then I thought:’

(15) M: kirakiraapproximately

mu3pl

bisacan

bedakandifference

yeor

genot

toright

‘“Would they know the difference or not?” Right?’

(16) M: tabaitobacco

yuwanepRox

an1sg

seiam

jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK

koyetfinish

‘After I bought this tobacco,’

(17) M: mu3pl

elak=ka=tabottom=lat=nfin

baradescend

an1sg

eir-gantwo-both

jie-n=iget-n=plnK

koyetfinish

heiam

kuetbring

‘They went down again, I got both [of the tobacco pouches] and brought [them].’

(18) M: an1sg

bogo

bandrolpouch

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelas=kin=atfourteen.mly=poss=obj

sanggariesearch

‘I went to look for a 2014 pouch.’

(19) M: sanggarie-n=isearch-n=plnK

koyetfinish

nabestaiwell

kawotma-n=ipeel-n=plnK

koyetfinish

an1sg

seiam

payiemfill

‘After searching, and after peeling well, I filled [one of them].’

(20) M: payiem=ifill=plnK

ramove.path

payiem=ifill=plnK

ra-n=imove.path-n=plnK

koyetfinish

‘Filled and put [in the other pouch], after that’

(21) M: an1sg

seiam

kurubring

baradescend

mu=at3pl=obj

kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t

‘I brought [it] down and looked at them.’

(22) S: ma3sg

kasawercie-t=ninopen-t=neg

‘Didn’t it open?’

(23) M: an1sg

siktak∼tak=islow∼ints=plnK

walorteng=kicoconut.leaf.midrib=ins

kasigive

masukenter

‘I slowly put in a midrib [in the package, to unstuck the seal].’

(24) M: an1sg

kurubring

bara-ndescend-n

paruak=idrop=plnK

pinganplate

nerunggoinside

‘I brought [it] down and dropped [it] on a plate.’

(25) M: kanyou.know

pingan=bonplate=com

buok=bonbetel=com

metkodist.loc

‘You know, there was a plate with betel there.’

7

(26) E: tamatkowhere‘Where?’

(27) M: kewehouse

mulside

imetkodist.loc

‘At the side of that house.’

(28) M: mindilike.that

AcangA.

seiam

saraascend

AcangA.

borarabe.first

‘So Acang came up, Acang was first.’

(29) M: ma3sg

saraascend

mayelmaflip

kome-tlook-t

‘He came up, flipped [the pouch] and looked.’

(30) M: ahint

wanetpRox.obj

metop

‘Ah, [I like] this.’

(31) M: ma3sg

tonisay

ahint

‘He said: “Ah.”’

(32) S: ka2sg

tamatko=awhere=foc

mindilike.that

paruo=tado=nfin

metop

‘Where did you do that?’

(33) M: kewehouse

mulside

yuwatkopRox.loc

‘Next to this house.’

(34) S: mu3pl

kona-t=ninsee-t=neg

‘Didn’t they see it?’

(35) M: oint

an1sg

paruodo

metop

bogo

kewe=ko=ahouse=loc=foc

paruodo

kewehouse

anggon1sg

toright

‘Oh, to do it I went home, to my house, right.’

(36) M: terusthen

AcangA.

tonisay

ahint

wanetpRox.obj

metop

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelasfourteen.mly

‘Then Acang said: “Ah, [I like] this, 2014.”’

(37) M: mu3pl

saraascend

yayes

wa=etpRox=iRR

metop

‘They came up: “Yes, this…”’

(38) M: an1sg

seiam

mu=at3pl=obj

kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t

toright

‘I watched them, right.’

(39) M: mu3pl

kasetmaopen

kasetma-n=iopen-n=plnK

koyetfinish

mu3pl

heiam

kieswrap

yayes

wanetpRox.obj

metop

‘They opened [the pouch], after opening they rolled [cigarettes]: “Yes, [we like] this.”’

8

(40) M: mu3pl

tonisay

yayes

wanetpRox.obj

metop

rasalike

‘They said: “Yes, this [we] like.”’

(41) M: an1sg

seiam

mu=at3pl=obj

kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t

an-ahutak1sg-alone

toright

jadiso

an1sg

nokidakbe.silent

‘I watched them, I was alone, right, so I was silent.’

(42) M: bisacan

mu3pl

kosom=ismoke=plnK

koyetfinish

yeor

genot

‘Can they smoke it all or not?’

(43) M: ohint

mu3pl

heiam

sara-t=etascend-t=iRR

kodaet-nanone.more-too

koithen

sara-t=etascend-t=iRR

ahint

wanetpRox.obj

metop

‘Oh, they came up, then one more came up: “Ah, [I like] this.”’

(44) M: masavintage

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelas=tafourteen.mly=nfin

ebathen

metdist.obj

koithen

tabaitobacco

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

tigabelas=atthirteen.mly=obj

kosom∼kosomsmoke∼duR

‘“The 2014 vintage [has already come out] and we were still smoking 2013.”’

(45) M: min=pethroat=1pl.in.poss

ningsick

‘“Our throats hurt.”’

(46) M: pasexactly

kosomsmoke

bogo

koyetfinish

pasexactly

kodakjust.one

tokstill

‘When they finished smoking [there was] still one [pouch].’

(47) M: mier3du

KibaK.

esun=bonfather.3poss=com

Acang=bonA.=com

‘Kiba’s father and Acang,’

(48) M: mu3pl

sontum=atpeople=obj

komelook

ra-nmove.path-n

mia-ncome-n

ra-nlook

mia-nmove.path-n come-n

‘they looked at the people coming and going.’

(49) M: sontumpeople

kona-t=ninsee-t=neg

mu3pl

loi∼loi=tun=iquick∼ints=very=plnK

jie-n=iget-n=plnK

koyetfinish

mormorhide

‘[When] people didn’t see it, they quickly got [the pouch] and hid [it].’

(50) M: mormorhide

mu3pl

kurubring

bogo

kewe-un=kohouse-3poss=loc

toright

‘Hid [it], they brought it to their house, right.’

(51) M: mu3pl

heiam

potmacut

mu3pl

heiam

potma-n=icut-n=plnK

koyetfinish

mier2du

yapdivide

‘They cut [it], after cutting they divided [it].’

(52) M: som-konperson-one

seletkonpiece

som-konperson-one

seletkonpiece

‘One piece per person.’

9

(53) M: mu3pl

heiam

kosomsmoke

oint

an-nan1sg-too

pusing=ninbother=neg

‘They smoked, oh, I wasn’t bothered.’

(54) M: an1sg

mu=at3pl=obj

kome-t∼kome-tlook-t∼duR-t

mier3du

kosomsmoke

‘I watched them, they smoked.’

(55) M: Acang=kinA.=poss

seiam

bogo

koyet=kinfinish=vol

ebathen

an1sg

tonisay

AcangA.

‘Acang’s was about to finish, then I said: “Acang,”’

(56) M: tabaitobacco

metdist.obj

kosom=tasmoke=nfin

narasauntaste

tamandihow

pentasty

yeor

‘“that tobacco that [you] smoked, how was its taste, good or what?”’

(57) M: pentasty

someenc

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelasfourteen.mly

an1sg

tonisay

dehint.pej

‘“Of course it’s tasty, it’s 2014!”’ I said: “Hah!”’

(58) M: ma3sg

tonisay

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

empatbelasfourteen.mly

toright

an1sg

tonisay

dehint.pej

duatwo.mly

ributhousand.mly

tigabelasthirteen.mly

dehint.pej

‘He said: “2014, right?” I said: “Hah, 2013, hah!”’

(59) M: yuon=basun=foc

ka=at2sg=obj

min-tolma-t=et-konadam’s.apple-cut-t=iRR-?

‘“May the sun cut your Adam’s apple!”’This is a common curse in Kalamang. the meaning of -kon remains unclear, although it mightexpress the subjunctive mood.

(60) M: an1sg

bogo

bandrol-un=atpouch-3poss=obj

jieget

mu=at3pl=obj

naunakshow

‘I went to get its pouch and showed them.’

(61) M: ma3sg

an=at1sg=obj

sariechase

an1sg

seiam

kiemflee

‘He chased me, I ran off.’

2.2 Kitchen conversation

This is an excerpt from a conversation between two elderly ladies on 23 February 2017,3 filmed in absenceof the researcher. Bini Rumatiga (B) is preparing taro in her kitchen, while her friend Hawa Yorre (H) keepsher company.4 In the excerpt, they have a good-natured discussion about what happened to a grater thatBini said she had given to Hawa. The conversation illustrates the use of the zero morpheme ∅ ‘to give’well.

3Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BBD-5@view.4Although they are from the same generation, Hawa calls Bini for ‘aunt’ because of a complex family relationship that I have not

been able to decipher.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BBD-5@view

Free translation

Bini: ‘I thought I gave a grater to you, right.’Hawa: ‘No, no.’‘Yes! What do you mean, no?’‘You didn’t give me!’‘I gave you one, really! I gave you one of these!’‘No way!’‘No, no.’‘I gave it to Amina.’‘No, no, no, I gave it to you, you, you.’‘No, aunt, no. If there were one like that I’d bring it. I don’t have one like that.’‘Later ask one from uncle’s.’‘Dian’s mother?’‘Yes, she has them, three of those.’‘I will ask one, give me one! As for me, you didn’t give me.’‘I gave you one.’‘No, aunt, you didn’t give me.’‘Who did I give it to?’‘I don’t know, only you know. As for me, and as for that thing, you didn’t give it.’‘I gave you one.’‘Really not, aunt. No, I speak truly, I’m not fooling you. I’m just what’s-it-ing with a knife.’‘One of these I gave you.’‘Yes. I was just slicing, with a knife.’‘One I gave to Kambera’s mother, she brought it back up. She has three, she bought two herself, she gaveyou one.’‘Really not, she didn’t give me.’‘Yes, I gave you one but I don’t know.’‘No, you gave it to someone else, me you didn’t give.’

Glossed text

(1) B: an1SG

tonithink

ka2SG

∅give

toright

‘I thought I gave [a grater] to you, right.’

(2) H: geno

geno

‘No, no.’

(3) B: mmyes‘Yes!’

(4) B: tamandi=ahow=foc

geno

‘What do you mean, no?’

11

(5) H: ka2sg

di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg

‘You didn’t give me!’

(6) B: an1sg

kon-ione-qnt.obj

ka2sg

∅give

someenc

‘I gave you one, really!’

(7) B: wa=bapRox=foc

kon-unone-3poss

an1sg

di=ka-∅=tacaus=2sg-give=nfin

metop

‘I gave you one of these!’

(8) H: ge.merano‘No way!’

(9) B: geno

geno

‘No, no.’

(10) H: an1sg

metop

Amina=ki-∅A.=ben-give

‘I gave [it] to Amina.’

(11) B: geno

geno

geno

kayou

kayou

kayou

‘No, no, no, [I gave it to] you, you, you.’

(12) H: geno

geno

wowaaunt

‘No, aunt, no.’

(13) H: mindi=tenlike.that=at

mambon-takexist-just

an1sg

kuetbring

‘[If] there were one like that I’d bring it.’

(14) H: anggon1sg.poss

saerakneg.ext

mindi=tenlike.that=at

‘I don’t have one like that.’

(15) B: menalater

mamauncle

mu=konggo3pl=an.loc

paning=teask=imp

‘Later ask [one] from uncle’s.’

(16) H: DianD.

emunmother.3poss

‘Dian’s mother?’

(17) B: yoyes

main3sg.poss

karuok=athree=obj

yumedist

‘Yes, she has, three of those.’

(18) H: kon-ione-qnt.obj

paning=etask=iRR

kon-ione-qnt.obj

an-∅=te1sg-give=imp

‘[I will] ask one, give me one!’

12

(19) H: an1sg

metop

ka2sg

an-∅=nin1sg-give=neg

oemph

‘As for me, you didn’t give me.’

(20) B: an1sg

ka=at2sg=obj

kon-ione-qnt.obj

∅give

‘I gave you one.’

(21) H: geno

wowaaunt

ka2sg

di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg

‘No, aunt, you didn’t give me.’

(22) B: an1sg

di=naman=ki-∅=tebacaus=who=ben-give=pRog

‘Who did I give [it to]?’

(23) H: yesoI.don’t.know

ka-tain=a2sg-alone=foc

gongginknow

‘I don’t know, only you know.’

(24) H: an1sg

metop

donthin

metop

ka2sg

an-∅=nin1sg-give=neg

‘As for me, and as for that thing, you didn’t give it.’

(25) B: an1sg

kon-ione-qnt.obj

ka2sg

∅give

‘I gave you one.’

(26) H: geno

oemph

wowaaunt

‘Really not, aunt.’

(27) H: geno

yor=itrue=plnK

taruo-t=etsay-t=iRR

an1sg

ka=at2sg=obj

marok=ninfool=neg

‘No, [I] speak truly, I’m not fooling you.’

(28) H: an1sg

metop

sumajust

tektek=kiknife=ins

nembaph

oemph

‘I’m just what’s-it-ing with a knife.’

(29) B: yuwa=bapRox=foc

kon-unone-3poss

an2sg

di=ka-∅=tacaus=2sg-give=nfin

metop

‘One of these I gave you.’

(30) H: yoyes‘Yes.’

(31) H: an1sg

marum∼marum=tebaslice∼duR=pRog

tektek=ki=aknife=ins=foc

‘I was just slicing, with a knife.’

(32) B: konone

metop

an1sg

di=Kamberacaus=K.

emun=ki-∅=tamother.3poss=ben-give=nfin

ma3sg

kurubring

saraascend

yumedist

‘One I gave to Kambera’s mother, she brought it back up.’

13

(33) B: main3sg.poss

karuokthree

ma-tain3sg-alone

eir-itwo-qnt.obj

jiebuy

ma3sg

ka-∅=et2sg-give=iRR

‘She has three, she bought two herself, she gave you.’

(34) H: geno

oemph

ma3sg

di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg

‘Really not, she didn’t give me.’

(35) B: yuoyes

an1sg

kon-ione-qnt.obj

ka2sg

∅give

babut

yesoI.don’t.know

‘Yes, I gave you one but I don’t know.’

(36) B: geno

ka2sg

di=kon=ki-∅=tebacaus=one=ben-give=pRog

an1sg

metop

ka2sg

di=an-∅=nincaus=1sg-give=neg

‘No, you gave it to [some]one [else], me you didn’t give.’

2.3 Monkey and cuscus

Hair Yorkuran tells the story about a monkey and a cuscus that sell firewood. This story5 was told atthe storyteller’s own initiative on 22 March 2019. Also present at the recording is Kamarudin Gusek, whodoesn’t talk. The recording was made behind the village building, at the sea-side. This text contains severalinstances of the unanalysed enclitic =ten. In some cases, it seems to function as a conjunction of reasonand consequence, ‘so’. In others, the function remains difficult to analyse.

Free translation

Hair: ‘So, a monkey and a cuscus… The cuscus asked the monkey: “Hey, monkey, let’s go gather firewoodand sell it.” So the monkey said yes. They went to the forest to collect firewood. They collected firewood…They collected and collected, they gathered it, then they tied it. They tied and tied, oh, their bundles werebig like this. They measured, ten cents each. They gathered the firewood. The monkey said: “Yes, let’s gosell!” The cuscus said: “Yes,” so they moved the canoe seawards. They moved the canoe seawards, put inthe firewood, paddled the firewood seawards, brought it with them. The monkey said: “How do we…?”“Oh, like this, we paddle towards Antalisa. We paddle towards Antalisa.” They paddled and paddled andthen the cuscus went like this: “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’

(They have made a song to announce their arrival.)Hair: ‘Like that, they passed the cape. They passed the cape and continued to a village. A village like

Tarus, that village. Like that, the people at the mainland said: “Monkey from where?” The cuscus said:“Monkey from Banda, selling firewood, one bundle for ten cents.” “Oh, come and bring it here.” Theybrought it landwards, they paddled closer. Young women said they wanted to buy firewood. The womensaid: “This man, this one in the back is too black. This one in the front is better, we should make love tohim. The one in the front is white.” They unloaded the firewood and they finished buying. The monkeywas just silent. After all, those girls said he’s too black, so he was angry. After he unloaded the firewood,the cuscus said: “Yes, let’s go.” They sailed and started doing their song until they came at another village.The people said: “Hey! Monkey from where?” “Monkey from Banda, selling firewood for ten cents perbundle.” “Oh, bring it over here! Bring it over here and we’ll buy.” They paddled landwards. That monkey,he had gone to the back again, earlier he was in the front. They moved landwards and they unloaded thefirewood. Young women came seawards: “The one in the front is better. We like him, he’s white. The one

5Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC1-0@view.

14

http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BC1-0@view

in the back, yech, he’s very black.” The monkey was shy and silent. After buying firewood, after paying,the cuscus said: “Let’s go again, let’s sell at another village.” So they went seawards, passed a cape, andthen the monkey said: “Come, then you go in the back! I go in the front again, earlier they said the one inthe front is white, the one in the front is good. You’re in the back, I again go in the front.” After exchangingplaces, they started paddling. “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’

(Another four rounds follow where the cuscus and the monkey visit a village, the women comment onthe appearance of both referring to their position in the boat, the monkey is offended, and the monkey asksthe cuscus to swap places.)

Hair: ‘The cuscus was fed up, right. After all, the monkey went from the stern to the bow to the sternto the bow, it was just the monkey that was a busybody. Then the monkey said: “How do you do it, you’rewhite.” “We’ll go landwards to, like, Tarus.” The tide was very low. They went landwards to Tarus, thenthe cuscus said: “Go up, cut one tree and some string! That way later you’ll be white, we’ll make youwhite. The same as me. I also did like that, right, and I’m white, so…” “Yes.” The monkey went up with amachete. After cutting he went down and scraped the wood. Scraped until sharp; the cuscus brought thepoles seawards. The tide was low, he brought the poles seawards and erected them by the sea. He rocked,rocked and rocked until they were deep. They were deep and the cuscus said: “Hey, come seawards! Comeseawards, then I’ll make you white!” The monkey walked seawards. “Stand here!” He stood there.’

(The monkey steps inside the cage the cuscus has built with the poles.)Hair: ‘The monkey stood, the cuscus tied him. He tied him, from his legs up to there. “Oh, later you’ll

be white, wait.” Like that, the tide rose and came splashing landwards. It moved landwards, the tide movedlandwards to his legs. Like that, the monkey went: “Hey, my feet are already white, my feet are alreadywhite! Untie me!” “Oh, not yet, when your body is all white, then…” The tide rose until here. It rose untilhere and the monkey said: “Hey, my legs are already white, that’s it, untie me!” The cuscus said: “It’s stillrising more.” That tide rose. It rose until here. “Hey, that’s it, I’m white, it’s already white from my thighsdown.” “Not yet, a little more, a little more. A little more, it’s still coming up until all your body is covered,then you’re white.” The monkey was keen, right, after all he was getting white, he saw it. He laughed. Likethat, that tide rose and rose. Rose until here. “Hey, that’s it, that’s it, untie me! My body is already white.”The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, not yet.” The tide rose and rose. Rose and rose and roseuntil here. Like that, he was keen, right. “Hey, that’s it, untie me, untie me, that’s it! I’m all white!” Thecuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, your face is still black.” And the tide rose until here. Themonkey said that he should untie him, but the cuscus didn’t want to. The tide rose until here. The monkeysaid that he should untie him: “Hey, I’m already white, friend!” “Oh, not yet, this is still black, up fromhere you’re still black.” Like that, the tide rose and rose until here. The monkey asked, saying to untie him.“Oh, a little more.” The tide rose and rose until his mouth, until his nose. It continued until the monkeydisappeared, the tide surpassed him. Before long, bubbles came up. Bubbles came up. That monkey haddied. Then the cuscus said: “After all you annoyed me to death, so I did like that to you.”’

Glossed text

(1) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

leki=bonmonkey=com

kusukusu=boncuscus=com

‘So, a monkey and a cuscus…’

(2) kusukusucuscus

leki=atmonkey=obj

paningask

‘The cuscus asked the monkey:’

15

(3) ehot

lekimonkey

metop

pier1du.in

bogo

kai-rep=tafirewood-collect=nfin

merengguen=tagather=nfin

bogo

parin=tesell=nfin

‘“Hey, monkey, let’s go gather firewood and sell it.”’

(4) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

lekimonkey

tonisay

yuoyes

‘So the monkey said yes.’

(5) mier3du

seiam

bogo

kelak=kamountain=lat

kai=atfirewood=obj

repcollect

‘They went to the forest to collect firewood.’

(6) kai=atfirewood=obj

rep=icollect=plnK

rep=icollect=plnK

rep=icollect=plnK

rep=icollect=plnK

metop

‘Collected firewood…’

(7) rep=icollect=plnKcollect=plnK

rep=icollect=plnK

rep=icollect=plnK

rep=igather

merengguenthen

terus3pl

muiam

hetie-n

kanie-n

‘Collected and collected, gathered [it], then they tied [it].’

(8) kanie-ntie-n

kanie-ntie-n

oemph

poup-unbundle-3poss

wa∼ra∼rippRox∼distR∼dgR

‘Tied and tied, oh, their bundles were big like this.’

(9) ukir=temeasure=nfin

sencent

putkon∼konten∼each

‘[They] measured, ten cents each.’

(10) mu3pl

heiam

merengguen=taheap=nfin

metop

‘They gathered [the firewood].’

(11) lekimonkey

tonisay

yoyes

pi1pl.in

heiam

bogo

parin=tesell=nfin

‘The monkey said: “Yes, let’s go sell!”’

(12) kusikusicuscus

tonisay

yoyes

metop

heiam

et=atcanoe=obj

di=maruacaus=move.seawards

‘The cuscus said: “Yes,” so they moved the canoe seawards.’

(13) et=atcanoe=obj

di=maruacaus=move.seawards

kai=atfirewood=obj

di=saracaus=ascend

‘Moved the canoe seawards, put in the firewood,’

(14) kai=atfirewood=obj

yal=ipaddle=plnK

maruamove.seawards

kuet=tabring=nfin

metop

‘paddled the firewood seawards, brought [it].’

(15) lekimonkey

tonisay

pi1pl.in

tamandi=ahow=foc

oemph

wandi=alike.this=foc

yal=ipaddle=plnK

bo=etgo=iRR

Tamisen-pisAntalisa-side

‘The monkey said: “How do we…?” “Oh, like this, paddle towards Antalisa.”’

(16) Tamisen-pisAntalisa-side

yal=ipaddle=plnK

bo=etgo=iRR

‘“Paddle towards Antalisa.”’

16

(17) metop

mier3du

seiam

yalpaddle

yal=tapaddl=nfin

metop

‘They paddled, paddled and then’

(18) kusikusicuscus

wandilike.this

linglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglong

‘the cuscus went like this: “Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’They have made a song to announce their arrival.

(19) mindilike.that

karimun=atcape=obj

kuangpass

‘Like that [they] passed the cape.’

(20) kuang=tapass=nfin

metop

leng-kon=kavillage-one=lat

‘Passed, to a village.’

(21) lengvillage

nainlike

TarusT.

metop

lengvillage

metkodist.loc

‘A village like Tarus, that village.’

(22) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

mu3pl

kolak=komainland=loc

tonisay

ehot

yakimonkey.mly

darifrom.mly

manawhere.mly

‘Like that, they at the mainland said: “Monkey from where?”’

(23) kusikusicuscus

tonisay

yakimonkey.mly

darifrom.mly

BandaB.

jualsell.mly

kayufirewood.mly

satuone.mly

ikatbundle.mly

sepuluhten.mly

sencent.mly‘The cuscus said: “Monkey from Banda, selling firewood, one bundle for ten cents.”’

(24) oemph

kurubring

masaramove.landwards

‘“Oh, come and bring [it] here.”’

(25) mu3pl

heiam

kurubring

masaramove.landwards

metop

mu3pl

heiam

yal=ipaddle=plnK

kokir=tanear=nfin

metop

‘They brought [it] landwards, they paddled closer.’

(26) pebiswoman

towari∼wa-tenyoung∼Red-at

tonisay

kai=atfirewood=obj

jie-t=kinbuy-t=vol

oemph

‘Young women said they wanted to buy firewood.’

(27) canamman

wapRox

or-kadokback-side

wapRox

metop

kuskap=sawebe.black=too

‘“This man, this one in the back is too black.”’

(28) sabar-kadokfront-side

yuwa=bapRox=foc

lebaibetter

besgood

pi1pl.in

ma=at3sg=obj

kasu-t=etmake.love-t=iRR

‘“This one in the front is better, we should make love to him.”’

(29) sabar-kadok=afront-sidefoc

irenbe.white

‘“The one in the front is white.”’

17

(30) mier3du

seiam

kai=atfirewood=obj

nawaruok=taunload=nfin

mu3pl

jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK

koyetfinish

‘They unloaded the firewood and they finished buying.’

(31) monyetmonkey

nak=nokidakjust=be.silent

habisafter.all

mu3pl

opaana

tonisay

ma3sg

metop

kuskap=tendebe.black=so

‘The monkey was just silent. After all, those [girls] said he’s black, so…’

(32) ma3sg

heiam

kademorangry

‘He was angry.’

(33) ma3sg

kai=atfirewood=obj

nawaruok=iunload=plnK

koyetfinish

kusikusicuscus

tonisay

yoyes

pi1pl.in

heiam

bo=etgo=iRR

‘After he unloaded the firewood, the cuscus said: “Yes, let’s go.”’

(34) mu3pl

heiam

yal=tapaddle=nfin

metop

mulaistart

nyanyi-un=atsong-3poss=obj

paruodo

‘They sailed and started doing their song.’

(35) bountil

lengvillage

kodaet=taone.more=nfin

metop

mu3pl

tonisay

heihey

‘Until another village. They said: “Hey!”’

(36) yakimonkey.mly

darifrom.mly

manawhere.mly

‘“Monkey from where?”’

(37) oemph

yakimonkey.mly

darifrom.mly

BandaB.

jualsell.mly

kayufirewood.mly

satuone.mly

ikatbundle.mly

sepuluhten.mly

sencent.mly

‘“Monkey from Banda, selling firewood for ten cents per bundle.”’

(38) oemph

kurubring

masaramove.landwards

kurubring

masaramove.landwards

in1pl.ex

jie-t=etbuy-t=iRR

‘“Oh, bring [it] over here! Bring it over here and we’ll buy.”’

(39) mu3pl

heiam

yal=ipaddle=plnK

masaramove.landwards

‘They paddled landwards.’

(40) lekimonkey

opaana

ma3sg

heiam

koiagain

bogo

or=kofront=loc

opaearlier

metop

ma3sg

sabar=ko-tenfron=loc-ten

‘That monkey he had gone to the back again, earlier he was in the front.’

(41) masaramove.landwards

metop

mu3pl

heiam

kai=atfirewood=obj

‘Moved landwards, they [unloaded] the firewood.’

(42) pebiswoman

towari∼wariyoung∼pl

maruamove.seawards

ehot

lebaibetter

sabar-kadokfront-side

yuwa=bapRox=foc

besgood

‘Young women came seawards: “Better this one in the front!”’

(43) ma3sg

rasabe.likeable

iren=tabe.white=nfin

metkodist.loc

or-kadokback-side

adihint.pej

heiam

bogo

kuskap∼kap=tunbe.black∼ints=very

18

‘“We like him, he’s white. The one in the back, yech, [he’s] very black.”’

(44) ma3sg

heiam

malu=teshy=nfin

nokidakbe.silent

‘He was shy and silent.’

(45) metop

ma3sg

kai=atfirewood=obj

jie-n=ibuy-n=plnK

koyet=tafinish=nfin

metop

newer=ipay=plnK

koyetfinish

‘After buying firewood, after paying,’

(46) kusukusucuscus

tonisay

pier1du.in

koiagain

bo=etgo

lengvillage

kodaetone.more

koiagain

bogo

parin=etsell=iRR

‘the cuscus said: “Let’s go again, let’s sell at another village.”’

(47) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

mu3pl

heiam

maruamove.seawards

karimun=atcape=obj

kuang=tapass=nfin

metop

‘So they went seawards, passed a cape,’

(48) monyetmonkey

tonisay

ehot

miacome

ebathen

ka2sg

metop

or=ko=teback=loc=imp

‘the monkey said: “Come, then you go in the back!’

(49) an=a1sg=obj

koiagain

sabar=etfront=iRR

opaearlier

mu3pl

tonisay

sabar-kadok=afront-side=obj

irenbe.white

sabar-kadok=afron-side=foc

besgood

‘I go in the front again, earlier they said the one in the front is white, the one in the front is good.’

(50) ka2sg

metop

or=koback=loc

an=taet1sg=again

bogo

sabar=etfront=iRR

‘You’re in the back, I again go in the front.’

(51) mier3du

seiam

baku.tukar=iexchange=plnK

koyet=tafinish=nfin

mulaistart

yalpaddle

‘After exchanging [places, they] started paddling.’

(52) linglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglonglinglong‘“Linglonglinglonglinglong.”’

Another four rounds follow where the cuscus and the monkey visit a village, the women comment onthe appearance of both referring to their position in the boat, the monkey is offended, and the monkey asksthe cuscus to swap places. After that, the cuscus gets fed up with the monkey.

(53) kusukusucuscus

heiam

jabulbe.fed.up

toright

‘The cuscus was fed up, right.’

(54) ma3sg

habisafter.all

bogo

or=ka=etback=lat=iRR

bogo

sabar=ka=etfront=lat=iRR

bogo

or=ka=etback=lat=iRR

bogo

sabarfront

ma-autak=at=a3sg-alone=obj=foc

metop

taruo∼taruosay∼distR

‘After all he went from the stern to the bow to the stern to the bow, it was him (the monkey) whowas a busybody.’

19

(55) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

monyetmonkey

tamandi=ahow=foc

paruomake

ka2sg

iren=etwhite=iRR

oemph

‘So the monkey: “How do you do [it], you’re white.”’

(56) pier2du.in

ramove.path

bogo

nainlike

Tarus=kaT.=lat

masara-t=etmove.landwards-t=iRR

‘“We’ll go landwards to, like, Tarus.”’

(57) warkintide

oemph

kararakdry

‘The tide was very low.’

(58) Tarus=kaT.=lat

masaramove.landwards

ebathen

eramove.up

ror=attree=obj

ar-kon-iclf.stem-one-qnt.obj

potmeicut.imp

karek=bonstring=com

‘[They] went landwards to Tarus, then [the cuscus said]: “Go up, cut one tree, and string!”’

(59) metdist.obj

metop

menalater

ka2sg

irenwhite

ka=at2sg=obj

paruomake

metop

sama=isame=plnK

nainlike

an=kap1sg=sim

‘So later you’ll be white, [we’ll] make you. The same as me.’

(60) an-nan1sg-too

mindilike.that

toright

an1sg

irendenwhite-ten

yuoyes

‘“I also did like that, right, and I’m white, so…” “Yes.”’

(61) ma3sg

heiam

sedawak=bonmachete=com

eramove.up

potma-n=icut-n=plnK

koyetfinish

baradescend

heiam

saruascrape

‘He went up with a machete, after cutting he went down and scraped [the wood].’

(62) saruascrape

bountil

belbelsharp

ma3sg

heiam

kurubring

maruamove.seawards

‘Scraped until sharp; he brought [the poles] seawards.’

(63) warkintide

kararak=tedry=nfin

ma3sg

heiam

kurubring

maruamove.seawards

wilak=kosea=loc

usarerect

‘The tide was low, he brought [the poles] seawards and erected them by the sea.’

(64) muk=irock=plnK

muk=irock=plnK

muk=irock=plnK

ma3sg

heiam

karandeep

‘Rocked, rocked and rocked until it was deep.’

(65) karan=tadeep=nfin

metop

kusikusicuscus

tonisay

heihey

marumove.seawards.imp

‘It was deep, the cuscus said: “Hey, come seawards!”’

(66) marumove.seawards.imp

menathen

an1sg

paruomake

ka2sg

irenwhite

‘Come seawards, then I’ll make you white!’

(67) monyetmonkey

seiam

marmar=iwalk=plnK

maruamove.seawards

metop

‘The monkey walked seawards.’

(68) watkopRox.loc

mambareistand.imp

‘“Stand here!”’

20

(69) ma3sg

heiam

metkodist.loc

mambarastand

‘He stood there.’

The monkey steps inside the cage the cuscus has built with the poles.

(70) mambarastand

meiam

kusikusicuscus

heiam

ma=at3sg=obj

kanietie

‘Stood, the cuscus tied him.’

(71) kanientie

kor-un=kaleg-3poss=lat

menggadist.lat

saraascend

bogo

metkodist.loc

‘Tied, from his legs up to there.’

(72) oemph

menalater

ka2sg

heiam

irenwhite

oemph

nawanggarwait

‘“Oh, later you’ll be white, wait.”’

(73) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

warkintide

seiam

palom=ispit=plnK

maharamove.landwards

laur=irise=plnK

‘Like that, the tide rose splashing landwards.’

(74) maharamove.landwards

warkintide

seiam

maharamove.landwards

kor-un=koleg-3poss=loc

‘Moved landwards, the tide moved landwards to his legs.’

(75) mindi=talike.that=nfin

monyetmonkey

eihint

kor-anleg-1sg.poss

seiam

irenwhite

kor-anleg-1sg.poss

seiam

irenwhite

‘Like that, the monkey went: “Hey, my feet are already white, my feet are already white!”’

(76) an=at1sg=obj

kahetmeiopen.imp

oemph

toknot.yet

kaden-cabody-2sg.poss

tebongganall

tokyet

iren=iwhite=plnK

koyetfinish

ebathen

‘“Untie me!” “Oh, not yet, when your body is all white, then…”’

(77) oemph

warkintide

seiam

saraascend

bountil

watkopRox.loc

‘The tide rose until here.’

(78) watko=tapRox.loc=nfin

metop

monyetmonkey

tonisay

eihint

kor-anleg-1sg.poss

seiam

irenwhite

ma3s

heiam

metop

an=at1sg=obj

kahetmeiopen.imp

‘Until here, the monkey said: “Hey, my legs are already white, that’s it, untie me!”’

(79) kusukusucuscus

tonisay

tambaadd

ma3sg

tokyet

koiagain

sara-n=taet=etascend-n=more=iRR

‘The cuscus said: “It’s still rising more.”’

(80) warkintide

opaana.dem

laurrise

‘That tide rose.’

(81) lau∼laur=idistR∼rise=plnK

saraascend

heiam

bountil

watkopRox.dem

‘It rose until here.’

21

(82) eihint

ma3sg

heiam

metop

an1sg

seiam

iren=tenwhite=ten

seiam

kolkiem-anthigh-1sg

wanggapRox.lat

baradescend

ma3sg

heiam

irenwhite

‘“Hey, that’s it, I’m white, it’s already white from my thighs down.”’

(83) oemph

toknot.yet

tambaadd

tambaadd

‘“Not yet, a little more, a little more.”’

(84) tambaadd

ma3sg

tokyet

saraascend

bountil

eren-cabody-2sg.poss

tebongganall

ebathen

ka2sg

heiam

irenwhite

‘“A little more, it’s still coming up until all your body [is covered], then you’re white.”’

(85) ma3sg

heiam

asikkeen

toright

habisafter.all

ma3sg

iren=tenwhite=ten

ma3sg

kome=tasee=nfin

‘He was keen, right, after all he was [becoming] white, he saw.’

(86) ma3sg

heiam

rap∼raplaugh∼distR

‘He laughed.’

(87) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

warkintide

opaana

saraascend

laur=irise=plnK

sara∼saraascend∼distR

‘Like that, that tide rose and rose.’

(88) saraascend

bountil

watko=tapRox.loc=nfin

metop

‘Rose until here..’

(89) eihint

ma3sg

heiam

metop

ma3sg

heiam

metop

an=at1sg=obj

kahetmeiopen.imp

‘“Hey, that’s it, that’s it, untie me!”’

(90) eren-anbody-1sg.poss

seiam

irenwhite

‘“My body is already white.”’

(91) oemph

kusikusicuscus

tonisay

toknot.yet

nakal-cahead-2sg.poss

tokstill

kuskap=tablack=nfin

imedist

toknot.yet

toknot.yet

‘The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, not yet.”’

(92) warkintide

lau∼laur=idistR∼rise=plnK

sara∼saraascend∼distR

‘The tide rose and rose.’

(93) sara-nascend-n

sara-nascend-n

sara-nascend-n

bountil

watkopRox.loc

‘Rose and rose and rose until here.’

(94) oemph

mindi=talike.that=nfin

ma3sg

heiam

asikkeen

toright

‘Like that, he was keen, right.’

22

(95) eihint

ma3sg

heiam

metop

kahetmeiopen.imp

kahetmeiopen.imp

ma3sg

heiam

metop

‘“Hey, that’s it, untie, untie, that’s it!”’

(96) an1sg

seiam

iren=iwhite=plnK

koyetfinish

‘“I’m all white!”’

(97) kusukusucuscus

tonisay

toknot.yet

nakal-cahead-2sg.poss

tokstill

kuskap=tablack=nfin

imedist

kanggirar=caface-2sg.poss

tokstill

kuskapblack

‘The cuscus said: “Not yet, your head is still black, your face is still black.”’

(98) mindi=talike.that=nfin

metop

warkintide

saraascend

bountil

watkopRox.loc

‘Like that the tide rose until here.’

(99) ma3sg

tonisay

ma=at3sg=obj

kahetma-t=etopen-t=iRR

kusikusicuscus

suka-unlike-3poss

geno

‘He said that [he should] untie him, [but] the cuscus didn’t want.’

(100) warkintide

saraascend

bountil

watkopRox

‘The tide rose until here.’

(101) ma3sg

tonisay

ma=at3sg=obj

kahetmaopen

eihint

an1sg

seiam

irenwhite

an1sg

seiam

irenwhite

sobatfriend

‘He said that [he should] untie him: “Hey, I’m already white, friend!”’

(102) oemph

toknot.yet

wapRox

tokstill

kuskapblack

wanggapRox.lat

saraascend

metop

tokstill

kuskapblack

‘Oh, not yet, this is still black, up from here [you’re] still black.’

(103) mindilike.that

warkintide

sara-nascend-n

sara-nascend-n

bountil

watkopRox

‘Like that, the tide rose and rose until here.’

(104) ma3sg

paningask

tonisay

ma3sg

heiam

ma=at3sg=obj

kahetma=teopen=nfin

oemph

tambaadd

‘He asked saying to untie him, “Oh, a little more.”’

(105) warkintide

sara-nascend-n

sara-nascend-n

bountil

bolmouth

terusthen

bountil

bustangnose

‘The tide rose and rose until [his] mouth, until [his] nose.’

(106) ajar=icontinue=plnK

bountil

gosomindisappear

warkintide

seiam

ma=at3sg=obj

nemiesexceed

‘It continued until [he] disappeared, the tide surpassed him.’

(107) tik=tatake.long=nfin

metop

karabubububble

seiam

saraascend

‘Before long, bubbles came up.’

(108) karabubububble

heiam

sara-nascend-n

sara-nascend-n

oemph

‘Bubbles came up.’

23

(109) monyetmonkey

opaana

seiam

lalatdie

‘That monkey had died.’

(110) merathen

ma3sg

tonisay

habisafter.all

ka2sg

paruomake

an1sg

sinsarahalf-dead

jadiso

ka=at2sg=obj

mindilike.that

‘Then he said: “After all you annoyed me to death, so [I] did like that to you.”’

2.4 The tenggelele ritual

In this text,6 Kamarudin Gusek (K) and Fajaria Yarkuran (F) explain the tenggelele ritual, which is per-formed when a bride-to-be from outside the Karas Islands sets foot on the island for the first time. At theresearcher’s request, Kamarudin gives a historical introduction and Fajaria relates what happened duringthe last performance of this ritual. Note the heavy use of Papuan Malay in the introduction. The recordingwas made in the village building, in the researcher’s office, on 4 March 2018.

Free translation

Kamarudin: ‘At that time there was… A man went and found himself a friend. He found that friend, sothat… Because he went to sea, there was a woman. If he wouldn’t have gone to sea… He grabbed; he stoleher. He just brought her to… so he didn’t kill her. He needed her; he brought her so that they could becomefriends. He thought: “If I kill her, one day when I’m dead I’m alone here too. Because men and women, inthe future, they must have descendants. So I shouldn’t kill her, I bring her so that we’ll have descendants.When I come and meet her family, I’ll say that I don’t kill her. I bring her to maintain, to become friends,so that one day there are descendants.” So the family feel happy, there’s a song that they like to sing. “Likethat, you just steal.” “True, I just steal.” So that was the song, they sang: “You steal, oh. Tenggelele, oh.You’re like the eagle. You’re becoming like an eagle, stealing things and bringing them with you.” So, I justspeak until there, ah, now to Kur’s mother.’

Fajaria: ‘Then, a while ago, Botak went to marry in Makassar. He had married; he came back with hiswife. He came and we did the ritual in the village. People already told us, saying: “Later Botak will bringhis wife to land.” So we prepared the offering and the two-pronged spear. After that, they came to theshore from the sea and we came to the beach from our homes. Some people came with the offering andthe two-pronged spear and showed them to Botak’s wife. They lifted the offering in the canoe and circledher three times with it. She chewed a little betel, she chewed, and after chewing they stabbed her with thetwo-pronged spear. After stabbing at her three times with the two-pronged spear we lowered her downon the beach. We lowered her down; she stepped on the sand. Then they put sand on her forehead. Afterputting sand on her forehead, we put the spear on her shoulder. We tenggelele’d her; we sang, did thetenggelele. Did that; then they put a coconut peel on the two-pronged spear because the tip of the spearwas sharp. It was sharp, so we blocked the spear, we blocked it with coconut peel. We blocked it, so theydid tenggelele. They sang: “Tenggelele o, steal, steal.” They in the back sang: “Kuewa o, steal, steal.” Wewalked from there.’

Kamarudin: ‘Because he is stealing.’Fajaria: ‘We walked and walked until Botak’s family’s house. There, they extended a white cloth on

the floor. They brought the plate with the what’s-it’s offering landwards, with a machete, a comb, a needle,palm oil and cotton on the plate. After that, they went calling names.’ (‘Calling names’ is a ritual whereby avillage elder calls out the names of Kalamang ancestors, families and places. Each name is responded to by

6Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BDC-D@view.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BDC-D@view

the crowd with a loudly exclaimed ‘wolet!’.) ‘That old person, he received her, received her in the tradition.He received her in the doorway and counted the ancestors. He counted the ancestors, first the hills. Afterfirst counting the hills, the families. After the families, the grandparents. After the grandparents, theuncles, the groom’s father and mother, family, and it was finished. Then he got the comb and combedher hair. After that, he then put it down and got the needle. He broke the needle at her forehead. Afterbreaking it, he threw it on the rooftop.’

Kamarudin: ‘He broke it and she already forgot, she forgot her village.’Fajaria: ‘Like the memory of her village…’Kamarudin: ‘Isn’t there any more.’Fajaria: ‘Her parents, her mother, her father, she already forgot. She entered the house and sat, we

shook hands. They shook hands, after shaking hands with money gifts in them, they brought the komanianover and did the prayer for good wishes. The good wish prayer is like a prayer for them to be happy. Sothat their life is good; so that they don’t fight. When finished, they served tea and food. After we dranktea and ate it was finished.’

Glossed text

(1) K: waktutime

zamanera

metkodist.loc

mambonexist

‘At that time there was…’

(2) K: ma3sg

heiam

bo=tego=nfin

taman-unfriend-3poss

opaana

metop

kolukfind

‘He went and found that friend of his.’

(3) K: ma3sg

taman-unfriend-3poss

metdist.obj

kolukfind

sehinggaso.that

‘He found that friend, so that…’

(4) K: marua-t=etmove.seawards-t=iRR

pas=awoman=foc

konone

‘If he went to sea, there was a woman.’

(5) K: marua-t=nin=etmove.seawards-t=neg=iRR‘If he wouldn’t have gone to sea…’

(6) K: ma3sg

narampasgrab

ma3sg

kuek=tebasteal=pRog

‘He grabbed; he stole [her].’

(7) K: ma3sg

kuet=tebabring=pRog

untukfor

jadiso

ma3sg

rua-t=ninkill-t=neg

‘He just brought her to… so he didn’t kill [her].’

(8) K: ma3sg

parluneed

ma3sg

kuet=tebring=nfin

supayaso.that

jadibecome

tamanfriend

‘He needed [her]; he brought [her] so that [they] could become friends.’

(9) K: an1sg

rua-t=etkill-t=iRR

kasurtomorrow

konone

kaloif

an1sg

lalat=etdie=iRR

an-ahutak1sg-alone

wa=barakpRox=too

‘“If I kill [her], one day when I’m dead I’m alone here too.”’

25

(10) K: karenabecause

paswoman

canamman

wapRox

metop

kasurtomorrow

keirkoday.after.tomorrow

mustimust

adaexist

keterunandescendants

‘“Because men and women, in the future, there must be descendants.”’

(11) K: jadiso

an-mun1sg-pRoh

rua=in=takill=pRoh=nfin

ebathen

an1sg

kuet=tabring=nfin

ebathen

supayaso.that

‘“So I shouldn’t kill [her], I bring [her] so that”’

(12) F: keturunan-undescendant-1pl.ex.poss

mambonexist

‘“we have descendants.”’

(13) K: an1sg

kurubring

luk=tecome=nfin

keluargafamily

ketemumeet

an1sg

tonisay

wapRox

metop

an1sg

rua-t=ninkill-t=neg

‘“[When] I come and meet her family, I’ll say that I don’t kill [her].”’

(14) K: an1sg

untukfor

keir=etmaintan=iRR

untukfor

jadibecome

tamanfriend

supayaso.that

kasurtomorrow

konone

keturunandescendant

‘“I bring her to maintain, to become friends, so that one day [there are] descendants.’

(15) K: me=taunadist=so

mu3sg

narasafeel

gembirahappy

adaexist

nyanyiansong

yangthat

mereka3pl

adaexist

laksanalike

‘So they feel happy, there’s a song that they like.’

(16) K: mindi=tenlike.that=ten

metop

ka2sg

kuek=tebasteal=pRog

‘“Like that, you just steal.”’

(17) K: memangtrue

an1sg

kuek=tebasteal=pRog

‘“True, I just steal.”’

(18) K: me=taunadist-so

nyanyiansong

mu3pl

tonisay

ka2sg

kueksteal

oemph

‘So [that was] the song, they sang: “You steal, oh.”’

(19) K: tenggeleletenggelele

oemph

‘“Tenggelele, oh.”

(20) K: ka2sg

nainlike

tenggeles=kapeagle=sml

‘“You’re like the eagle.”’

(21) K: ka2sg

bogo

tenggeles=kap=teeagle=sml=nfin

donthing

kuek=testeal=nfin

kurubring

luk=tecome=nfin

yuwapRox

‘“You’re becoming like an eagle, stealing things and bringing them [with you].”’

(22) K: jadiso

sampaiuntil

diloc

situdist

saja,just

ah,int

mamamother

KurK.

‘So, just until there, ah, Kur’s mother.’

(23) F: ebathen

wisyesterday

metop

BotakB.

bogo

Makassar=koMakassar=loc

kionmarry

26

‘Then yesterday Botak went to marry in Makassar.’

(24) F: kion=tamarry=nfin

kiun=bonwife.3poss=com

miacome

‘Married; he came with his wife.’

(25) F: mia=tacome=nfin

in1pl.ex

leng=kovillage=loc

sayer-un=atritual-3poss=obj

paruodo

‘[He] came; we did its ritual in the village.’

(26) F: mu3pl

heiam

taruosay

tonisay

menalater

BotakB.

kieun=atwife.3poss=obj

kurubring

masara-t=kinmove.landwards-t=vol

‘They already told, saying: “Later Botak will bring his wife to land.”’

(27) F: jadiso

in1pl.ex

seiam

buoksarunoffering

kasalongtwo.point.spear

metdist.obj

seiam

siapready

‘So we prepared the offering, the two-pronged spear.’

(28) F: koyetfinish

mu3pl

heiam

lukcome

in1pl.ex

seiam

miacome

‘After that, they came [to the shore from the sea], we came [to the beach from our homes].’

(29) F: mu3pl

heiam

buoksarun=bonoffering=com

kasalong=bon=attwo.point.spear=com=obj

bogo

mia=tecome=nfin

mat3sg.obj

nawarik=teshow=nfin

‘They came with the offering and the two-pronged spear and showed her [Botak’s wife].’

(30) F: buoksarun=bonoffering=com

saraascend

etcanoe

kit=kotop=loc

mat3sg.obj

wan-karuok-itime-three-qnt.obj

ko=naurarappl-circle

‘Lifted the offering in the canoe and circled her three times with it.’

(31) F: bolon-ilittle-qnt.obj

pakchew

pakchew

pak=ichew=plnK

koyetfinish

mu3pl

mat3sg.obj

koithen

kahalong=kitwo.point.spear=ins

konaminstab.at

‘[She] chewed a little, chewed, after chewing they stabbed her with the two-pronged spear.’This is not actual stabbing, but making a stabbing movement close to the new spouse.

(32) F: kahalong=kitwo.point.spear=ins

wan-karuok-itime-three-qnt.obj

konamin=istab.at=plnK

koyetfinish

mat3sg

nawaruokunload

‘After stabbing at [her] three times with the two-pronged spear we lowered her down on thebeach.’

(33) F: mat3sg.obj

nawaruok=iunload=plnK

baradescend

ma3sg

os=atsand=obj

teiteistep.on

‘Lowered her down, she stepped on the sand.’

(34) F: mu3pl

koithen

os=atsand=obj

di=timbang-un=kocaus=forehead-3poss=loc

‘Then they put sand on her forehead.’

(35) F: os=atsand=obj

di=timbang-un=ko=icaus=forehead-3poss=loc=plnK

koyetfinish

‘After putting sand on her forehead,’

(36) F: kasalong=attwo.point.spear=obj

di=saracaus=ascend

bikiem-un=koshoulder-3poss=loc

27

‘[we] put the spear on her shoulder.’

(37) F: mat3sg.obj

tenggeleletenggelele

heiam

menyanyising

tenggelele=attenggelele=obj

paruodo

‘[We] tenggeleled her, [we] sang, did the tenggelele.’

(38) F: paruo-ndo-n

mu3pl

heiam

koithen

watcoconut

pes=atpeel=obj

di=kahalongcaus=two.point.spear

siep-un=kotip-3poss=loc

karenabecause

kahalongtwo.point.spear

siep-untip-3poss

kangsharp

‘Did [that], then they put a coconut peel on the two-pronged spear because the tip of the spearwas sharp.’

(39) F: kang=tendensharp=so

kahalong-namottwo.point.spear-block

watcoconut

pes=kinpeel=poss

namotblock

‘[It] was sharp, so [we] blocked the spear, blocked [it] with coconut peel.’

(40) F: watcoconut

pes=kinpeel=poss

namotblock

jadiso

mu3pl

heiam

tenggelele=attenggelele=obj

paruodo

‘Blocked [it], so they did tenggelele.’

(41) F: mu3pl

tonisay

tenggeleletenggelele

ookueksteal

kueksteal

‘They said [sang]: “Tenggelele o, steal, steal.”’

(42) F: metop

mu3pl

ep-kadokback-side

tonisay

kuewakuewa

ookueksteal

kueksteal

in1pl.ex

seiam

menggadist.lat

marmarwalk

‘They in the back said [sang]: “Kuewa o, steal, steal.” We walked from there.’

(43) K: karenabecause

ma3sg

kuek=tebasteal=pRog

‘Because he is stealing.’

(44) F: marmarwalk

marmar=iwalk=plnK

terusthen

seiam

menujutowards

bountil

BotakB.

mu3pl

kewe-un=kohouse-3poss=loc

metkodist.loc

mu3pl

doncloth

iriskap=atwhite=obj

parara-nextend.on.floor-n

‘[We] walked and walked until Botak’s family’s house. There they extended a white cloth onthe floor.’

(45) F: pinganplate

buoksarunoffering

neba=kin=atph=poss=obj

di=masaracaus=move.landwards

sadawak=bonmachete=com

sisir=boncomb=com

‘[They] brought the plate with the what’s-it’s offering landwards, with a machete and a comb.’

(46) F: sin=bonneedle=com

mingtun=bonpalm.oil=com

kapas=boncotton=com

pinganplate

ner-un=koin-3poss=loc

‘And a needle and palm oil and cotton on the plate.’

(47) F: koyetfinish

mu3pl

bogo

wolneleborcall.names

‘After that, they went calling names.’‘Calling names’ is a ritual whereby a village elder calls out the names of Kalamang ancestors, fam-ilies and places. Each name is responded to by the crowd with a loudly exclaimed ‘wolet!’.

28

(48) F: sontumperson

tua-tenold-at

opaana

metop

ma3sg

mat3sg.obj

tarimareceive

tarimareceive

adat=koadat=loc

‘That old person, he received her, received [her] in the tradition.’

(49) F: anggas=kodoor=loc

tarimareceive

wol=atancestor=obj

narekincount

‘Received [her] in the doorway, counted the ancestors.’

(50) F: wol=atancestor=obj

narekin=tacount=nfin

metop

turing=ahill=foc

borarafirst

‘Counted the ancestors, first the hills.’

(51) F: turing=athill=obj

bora-n=ifirst-n=plnK

narekin=icount=plnK

koyetfinish

margafamily

‘After first counting the hills, the families.’

(52) F: margafamily

koyetfinish

koithen

tara-murgrandparent-pl

‘After the families, the grandparents.’

(53) F: tara-murgrandparent-pl

koyetfinish

koithen

esmumuruncles

esunfather.3poss

emunmother.3poss

keluargafamily

koyetfinish

‘After the grandparents, the uncles, [the groom]’s father and mother, family, finished.’

(54) F: ma3sg

koithen

sisir=atcomb=obj

jie-nget-n

westal-un=athair-3poss=obj

sisircomb

‘Then he got the comb; combed her hair.’

(55) F: koyetfinish

koithen

di=bara-ncaus=descend-n

sin=atneedle=obj

jie-nget-n

‘Finished, then put it down and got the needle.’

(56) F: sin=atneedle=obj

timbang-un=koforehead-3poss=loc

kawarmabreak

‘[He] broke the needle at her forehead.’

(57) F: kawarma-n=ibreak-n=plnK

koyetfinish

paruak=ithrow.aside=plnK

seng-keit=koroof-top=loc

‘After breaking [he] threw it on the rooftop.’

(58) K: paruak=tethrow.aside=nfin

ma3sg

heiam

mamunleave

ma3sg

leng-unvillage-3poss

mamunleave

‘Broke it, she already forgot, she forgot her village.’

(59) F: nainlike

konenen-unremember-nmlz

leng-unvillage-3poss

‘Like the memory of her village…’

(60) K: saerakneg.exist‘Isn’t there [anymore].’

(61) F: orangperson

tua-unold-3poss

emunmother.3poss

esunfather.3poss

ma3sg

heiam

konawaruoforget

‘Her parents, her mother, her father, she already forgot.’

29

(62) F: metop

ma3sg

heiam

masuk=ienter=plnK

kewe-nekohouse-in

melelusit

in1pl.ex

seiam

tan-un=athand-3poss=obj

kinkinhold

‘She entered the house and sat, we shook hands.’

(63) F: mu3pl

seiam

tang-un=athand-3poss=obj

kinkinhold

seiam

sudakamoney.gift

kinkin=ihold=plnK

koyetfinish

‘They shook hands, after shaking hands with money gifts in them,’

(64) F: koithen

komanian?

di=masaracaus=move.landwards

salamat-un=atgood.wish.prayer-3poss=obj

paruodo

‘then [they] brought the komanian over and did the prayer for good wishes.’

(65) F: salamatgood.wish.prayer

metop

nainlike

doaprayer

supayaso.that

mier3du

sanang=ethappy=iRR

‘The good wish prayer is like a prayer so that they are happy.’

(66) F: mier3du

hidup-unlife-3poss

besgood

mu-mun3pl-pRoh

naras∼naras=infight∼distR=pRoh

‘[So that] their life is good; they don’t fight.’

(67) F: koyetfinish

mu3sg

koithen

ter=attea=obj

maraoukserve

muap=atfood=obj

maraoukserve

‘[When] finished, then they served tea, served food.’

(68) F: in1pl.ex

ter-na-n=itea-consume-n=plnK

koyetfinish

muap=ieat=plnK

koyetfinish

seiam

koyetfinish

‘After we drank tea and ate it was finished.’

2.5 Nutmeg and mace cultivation

The cultivation of nutmeg is an important part of income for the inhabitants of the Karas Islands. At theresearcher’s request, Kamarudin Gusek explains aspects of his choice of nutmeg cultivation in this text.7

The recording was made in the researcher’s office in the village building on 25 March 2017.

Free translation

‘Nutmeg: first, we weed a place. We weed a place to make a garden. We can plant things. We tie a fence,because in this Kalamang area there are many pigs. Then we make a garden. Cassava, banana, yellow taroor sweet potato we plant. Until we get all the food. Because we look for a location where we can plantnutmeg. Then we plant nutmeg. Fifty or one hundred seeds we plant. Normally we plant seeds like that.Or we already grow a seedling, a seed that has already grown. Normally, some die, some grow, so… Wealways keep watch; we weed… We keep watch, approximately we plant for four years, sometimes untilfive years. It already fruits! Up till six years, wow, this nutmeg has nice fruits. The first year we get twohundred, three hundred. It continues fruiting. The following year up till four hundred. The following yearagain already up till five hundred. Those small ones have grown. Then we go harvest. When they all carryfruit we harvest. We go harvest until ten thousand fruits. One season, ten thousand fruits. So if it’s closeto ten thousand, we make a drying rack. If we can dry on a drying rack, it’s better we do so. We get theflower, bring it home.’ (By flower is meant the aril: the red mace that sits around the nutmeg.) ‘We goharvest the fruit. We go and make a hook. Some climb up, some sit below splitting.’ (The brown nutmeg

7Archived at http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BF1-6@view.

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http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0004-1BF1-6@view

seed is surrounded by the red mace, which is in turn surrounded by a yellow fruit. This fruit is split openright after it is harvested. The mace is taken off later, at home.) ‘Split and split and split and split and split.We bring them back and then we sit taking off the arils. After taking off the arils, if the sun is hot, then weget the arils and dry them in the sun. We bring them to dry, those arils. We dry them and we dry the seedstoo. If we dry three or four times it’s already dry. You know, the flower dries quickly as long as the sun ishot. It dries well. Then the nutmeg too, if it’s good and ripe… As for the seeds, when they are dried well…There are nutmegs that shake and that don’t shake. There are nutmegs that knock and that don’t knock.’(Nutmegs that are loose in their shells fetch a higher price. You can hear this by shaking the nutmeg. Toloosen the nutmeg from the shell, people knock it on a hard surface.) ‘Those that shake have one price,those that don’t shake have another price. As for the flowers, the price is higher than that for the seeds.So if we can, we sell the flowers first. Because the flowers don’t last long. Then later, people sell the seeds.’

Glossed text

(1) sayangnutmeg

pertamafirst

tokyet

go=atplace=obj

masir=etweed=iRR

‘Nutmeg: first, weed a place.’

(2) go=atplace=obj

masir=teweed=nfin

untukfor

lahanland

amdirgarden

‘Weed a place to make a garden.’

(3) pi1pl-in

bisacan

don-koya-nthing-plant-n

‘We can plant things.’

(4) tal-kaniefence-tie

karenabecause

daeraarea

KalamangKalamang

wapRox

metop

peppig

reidakmany

‘[We] tie a fence, because in this Kalamang area there are many pigs.’

(5) terusthen

piwe

heiam

amdir=atgarden=obj

paruomake

‘Then we make a garden.’

(6) panggalacassava

yeor

atauor

imbanana

yeor

pasiemyellow.taro

terusthen

yap.seransweet.potato

pi1pl.in

heiam

koya-nplan-n

‘Cassava, banana, yellow taro or sweet potato we plant.’

(7) sampeuntil

mendak=ilike.that=plnK

mindilike.that

bo=teuntil=nfin

pi1pl.in

heiam

muapfood

metdist.obj

rep=iget=plnK

koyetfinish

‘Until we get all the food.’

(8) karenabecause

pi1pl.in

kome=telooke=nfin

lokasilocation

untukfor

bisacan

sayangnutmeg

‘Because we look for a location where [we] can [plant] nutmeg.’

(9) terusthen

pi1pl.in

sayang=atnutmeg=obj

koya-nplant-n

‘Then we plant nutmeg.’

(10) bibitseed

reitkonone.hundred

yeor

atauor

purapfifty

yeor

pi1pl.in

heiam

koyanplant

31

‘Fifty or one hundred seeds we plant.’

(11) biasanormally

mindilike.that

metop

tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj

koya-nplant-n

‘Normally [we] plant seeds like that.’

(12) atauor

pi1pl.in

heiam

nabeiding=tengrow.seedling=ten

ma3sg

heiam

koskos=tengrow=ten

‘Or we already grow a seedling, it has already grown.’

(13) ikonsome

biasanormally

lalatdie

ikonsome

ma3sg

heiam

kosgrow

jadiso

‘Normally, some die, some grow, so…’

(14) selalualways

pi1pl.in

jagakeep.watch

masirweed

‘We always keep watch; [we] weed…’

(15) jagakeep.watch

kirakiraapproximately

pi1pl.in

koya-n=iplant-n=plnK

menjalangtowards

tanggon-kansuoryear-four

kadansometimes

sampeuntil

tanggon-apyear-five‘[We] keep watch, approximately we plant for four years, sometimes until five years.’

(16) ma3sg

heiam

tepfruit

oemph

‘It already fruits!’

(17) sampeuntil

tanggon-ramanyear-six

uhint

sayangnutmeg

wapRox

metop

tep-unfruit-3poss

seiam

rasalike

‘Up till six years, wow, this nutmeg has nice fruits.’

(18) tanggonyear

pertamafirst

pi1pl.in

rep=teget=nfin

reit-eir=ethundred-two=iRR

reit-karuok=ethundred-three=iRR

‘The first year we get two hundred, three hundred.’

(19) ma3sg

heiam

tep=ifruit=plnK

parewarefollow.duR

tep=ifruit=plnK

parewarefollow.duR

‘It continues fruiting.’

(20) tanggonyear

berikutfollow

lagiagain

sampeuntil

reit-kansuor=ethundred-four=iRR

‘The following year up till four hundred.’

(21) tanggonyear

berikutfollow

lagiagain

metop

heiam

koithen

sampeuntil

reit-ap=ethundred-five=iRR

‘The following year again already up till five hundred.’

(22) kinkin-unsmall-3poss

opaana

sara=teascend=nfin

‘Those small ones have grown.’

(23) pi1pl.in

heiam

koithen

saraascend

32

‘Then we go harvest.’

(24) tep-un=bon=ifruit-3poss=com=plnK

koyetfinish

pi1pl.in

heiam

koser=etharvest.fruit=iRR

metop

‘[When they] all carry fruit we harvest.’

(25) pi1pl.in

bogo

rep=etharvest=iRR

metop

sampeuntil

salakten.thousand

‘We go harvest until ten thousand.’

(26) musimseason

kon-ione-qnt.obj

metop

salak-kon=etten.thousand-one=iRR

‘One season, ten thousand.’

(27) jadiso

kaloif

ma3sg

heiam

bogo

salak=etten.thousand=iRR

‘So if it’s close to ten thousand,’

(28) pi1pl.in

heiam

karuar=atdrying.rack=obj

paruo-nmake-n

‘we make a drying rack.’

(29) metop

bisacan

pi1pl.in

karuar=etdry=iRR

lebaibetter

pi1pl.ex

karuar=teba=etdry=pRog=iRR

‘If we can dry on a drying rack, it’s better we do so.’

(30) bunga-un=aflower-3poss=foc

jie-nget-n

kurubring

miacome

kewe=kohouse=loc

‘[We] get the flower, bring it home.’By flower is meant the aril: the red mace that sits around the nutmeg.

(31) pi1pl

heiam

bogo

koserharvest.fruit

‘We go harvest the fruit.’

(32) pi1pl.in

bogo

ser=athook=obj

paruo=temake=nfin

‘We go and make a hook.’

(33) ikonsome

saranascend-n

ikonsome

elak=kobottom=loc

melelusit

parairsplit

‘Some climb up, some sit below splitting.’The brown nutmeg seed is surrounded by the red mace, which is in turn surrounded by a yellowfruit. This fruit is split open right after it is harvested. The mace is taken off later, at home.

(34) parairsplit

parairsplit

parairsplit

parairsplit

parairsplit

‘Split and split and split and split and split.’

(35) kurubring

ecie-nreturn-n

pi1pl.in

heiam

koithen

kosarun=ataril=obj

jie-nget-n

melelusit

‘[We] bring it back and then we sit taking [of] the arils.’

33

(36) kosarun=ataril=obj

jie-nget-n

jie-nget-n

jie-nget-n

jie-nget-n

koyetfinish

‘After taking off the arils.’

(37) yuonsun

lalanghot

pi1pl.in

heiam

koiagain

kosarunaril

jie=taget=nfin

yuon-keit=kosun-top=loc

masa-ndry-n

‘[If] the sun is hot, then we get the arils and dry them in the sun.’

(38) deir=ibrin=plnK

masa-t=etdry-t=iRR

kosarunaril

opaana

metop

‘Bring to dry, those arils.’

(39) masa-ndry-n

tang-un-nanseed-3poss-too

masa-ndry-n

‘Dry, dry its seeds too.’

(40) pi1pl.in

masa=tedry=nfin

wan-karuoktime-three

yeor

wan-kansuortime-four

masa-t=etdry-t=iRR

ma3sg

heiam

kararakdry

‘If we dry three or four times it’s already dry.’

(41) kanyou.know

bunga-unflower-3poss

metop

cepatquick

asalas.long.as

yuonsun

lalang=ethot=iRR

‘You know, the flower is quick as long as the sun is hot.’

(42) ma3sg

heiam

kararakdry

besgood

‘It dries well.’

(43) terusthen

sayang-nannutmeg-too

ma3sg

sawaunold

bes=ten=etgood=ten=iRR

metop

‘Then the nutmeg too, if it’s good and ripe…’

(44) tang-unseed-3poss

metop

ma3sg

heiam

kararak=tedry=nfin

besgood

‘As for the seeds, [when] it’s dried well…’

(45) goyang-tenshake-at

terusthen

goyang=nin-tenshake=neg-at

‘[There are nutmegs] that shake and that don’t shake.’

(46) katok-tenknock-at

terusthen

katok=nin-tenknock=neg-at

‘[There are nutmegs] that knock and that don’t knock.’Nutmegs that are loose in their shells fetch a higher price. You can hear this by shaking the nutmeg.To loosen the nutmeg from the shell, people knock it on a hard surface.

(47) goyang-tenshake-at

harga-unprice-3poss

sonturexample

konone

goyang=nin-tenshake=neg-at

harga-unprice-3poss

sonturexample

konone

‘Those that shake have one price, those that don’t shake have one price.’

(48) bunga-unflower-3poss

metop

harga-unprice-3poss

main3sg.poss

metop

tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj

lebeexceed

‘As for its flowers, its price is higher than [that for] its seeds.’

34

(49) jadiso

kaloif

bisacan

pi1pl.in

tokyet

bora-n=ifirst-n=plnK

bunga-un=atflower=obj

pareinsell

‘So if [we] can, we sell the flowers first.’

(50) karenabecause

bunga-unflower-3poss

ma3sg

tahan=ilast=plnK

tik=ninlong=neg

‘Because its flowers don’t last long.’

(51) menalater

koithen

sontumpeople

tang-un=atseed-3poss=obj

parein=etsell=iRR

‘Then later, people sell its seeds.’

ReferencesAnceaux, Johannes Cornelis. 1958. Languages of the Bomberai Peninsula: Outline of a linguistic map.

Nieuw-Guinea Studiën 2. 109–121.Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2015.The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for

interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute forEvolutionary Anthropology and the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Rules.

Cowan, H. 1953. Voorlopige resultaten van een ambtelijk taalonderzoek in Nieuw-Guinea. ’s-Gravenhage:Martinus Nijhoff.

Cowan, H. 1960. Nadere gegevens betreffende de verbreiding der West Papoease taalgroep (Vogelkop,Nieuw-Guinea). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 116(3). 350–364.

Smits, Leo & CL Voorhoeve. 1998. The J.C. Anceaux collection of wordlists of Irian Jaya languages B: Non-Austronesian (Papuan) languages. Part II. Irian Jaya Source Material (10).

Visser, Eline. 2020a. A grammar of Kalamang: The Papuan language of the Karas Islands. Lund Universitydissertation. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overview.

Visser, Eline. 2020b. Kalamang dictionary. Dictionaria 13. 1–2737. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474. https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/kalamang.

Visser, Eline. 2020c.TheKalamang collection: An archive of linguistic and cultural material from Karas. Lund:Lund University Humanities Lab. http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view.

Voorhoeve, C. L. 1975. Central and Western Trans-New Guinea phylum languages. In Stephen A. Wurm(ed.), New Guinea area languages and language study volume 1: Papuan languages and the New Guinealinguistic scene, vol. 38 (Pacific Linguistics: Series C 38), 345–460. Canberra: Research School of Pacific& Asian Studies, Australian National University.

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https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Ruleshttps://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/Glossing-Ruleshttps://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overviewhttps://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/a-grammar-of-kalamang(0773ce4b-7791-4667-8dae-ca598532ba89).html#Overviewhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297474https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/kalamanghttp://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@viewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-C3E8-1@view

ContentsIntroductionTextsExchanging tobaccoKitchen conversationMonkey and cuscusThe tenggelele ritualNutmeg and mace cultivation