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Off-Shore Oil Drilling
By: Christian Ricchezza
http://grist.org/oil/2011-05-02-the-house-wants-to-expand-offshore-drilling/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businesslatestnews/8314063/In-pictures-the-machines-that-use-Rolls-Royce-engines.html?image=5
http://www.upworthy.com/did-you-hear-about-that-big-oil-spill-that-just-happened-no-not-that-one-no-not
http://www.businessinsider.com/seismic-airgun-testing-explained-2013-8
The Drilling Procedures
First Step Second Step Third Step
http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/stories/types-of-offshore-oil-rigs
http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/stories/types-of-offshore-oil-rigs
● Researchers send seismic waves into the water to reveal buried topographyo Created through
compressed air● Waves bounce back,
indicating where reserves may be
● Impacts to mammals within the vicinityo Defenders of wildlife
Seismic Surveying
pcsageology.blogspot.com
● These animals are highly sensitive to sound waveso Seismic tests distort
ability to communicate and travel
● Not a reliable way to locate reserves beneath the seaflooro Educated guesses
“Never know until you drill.”
● The location process of oil reserves under the seafloor impacts certain organisms like Mammals
Continued...
http://blog.cleanenergy.org/2011/02/28/things-that-go-bump-in-the-bight/
● Various toxic fluids producedo Disposed of daily
Inhibit wildlife ● Drilling Fluid and metal
cuttingso 90,000 Metric tons
● Drilling mudso Lubricant for drilling bits
and pipes● Produced water
o 20% of waste produced o Contents of 30 to 40 ppm
Drilling
rosaninstones.nl
● April 20, 2010o BP - operated macondo
Prospect oil rig● Largest accidental marine oil
spillo 11 workers perishedo 170 million gallons of oil
● Environmental consequenceso Short termo Long term
Deepwater Horizon Incident
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/8155309/Gulf-of-Mexico-oil-spill-White-House-report-criticises-BPs-response-to-disaster.html
● 8,000 birds, sea turtles, and other marine animals found injured or dead
● Birdso Coated feathers
Drowning, Hypothermia
● Mammals o Ingested oil
Stomach ulcers● Corals
o Dead and dying
Short Term Impacts
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/06/scenes_from_the_gulf_of_mexico.html
http://blog.thesietch.org/2012/04/06/gulf-of-mexico-oil-spills-effects-on-deep-water-corals/
http://www.greenfudge.org/2010/06/18/gulf-oil-spill-update-animals-crowding-near-shorelines-face-risk-of-mass-die-offs/
www.animalplanet.com
● Oil persists over long periods of timeo not visible on surface
● Hundreds of Stranded turtleso National Wildlife Federation
Statement
Long Term Impacts
● Occured at peak of breeding seasons○ Eggs and larvae
● Entire generations wiped out○ Impaired food web
● Few in numbers, but cause devastating effects
http://www.examiner.com/article/bp-gulf-oil-spill-pictures-top-kill-update-watch-live-feed-of-oil-leak-off-louisiana-coast
http://www.csmonitor.com/From-the-news-wires/2010/0629/Sea-turtles-wildlife-experts-set-to-collect-and-move-eggs-away-from-Gulf-oil-spill
● Most oil rigs 1 mile off the coasto Barges and tankers needed
● ⅓ of worldwide petroleum spillageo National research council
● Mineral management serviceo 1 spill every day for 40
yearso Large spills every 3 to 4
years● Transportation makes oil
entering the ocean inevitableo Persists over long periods
of time
Transportation
http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/rperks/more_american_want_clean_energ.html
● March 24, 1989o 10.8 million gallons of oil
releasedo 13,000 miles of coastland
● Oil can spread extremely quicklyo 50 yds per second
● Direct impacts of oil are hiddeno Fishermans statement
● 20 years later?
Exxon Valdez Disaster
http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/7/2012-04-17/ship-fails-titanic-to-today.html
● Highly organic soilso Oil difficult to remove
● Organisms rely on environments for survival
● Kills existing plant lifeo Essential for binding soils
● Also affects wildlifeo National Wildlife
Federation● Oil persists over long period
o health and birth defects
Coastal wetlands
http://kboo.fm/node/21948
● Terrestrial arthropodso Food sourceo Decompose plant
material● Trophic link
o Terrestrial and marine vertebrae
Lower trophic levels● Phytoplankton● Vulnerable to ecosystem changes
○ Adverse reactions● Delicate changes cause significant
problems○ Nutrient content○ Reduce biodiversity
http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1946000/oil_from_bp_spill_became_food_for_plankton/
www.animalplanet.com
● Fish, birds, and mammalso Contact, smothering,
toxicity● Fish
o Poison eggso Contaminated gills
● Sea birdso Majority of time on
surfaceo Reduce buoyancy
● Mammalso Temporary eye problemso Kidney damageo Behavioural abnormalities
Higher Trophic Levels
www.animalplanet.com
● Birdso Chronic oil ingestion
Birth defectso More birds drowning
● Mammalso Blubber/ fur properties
Hypothermia/ deatho Chronic ingestion
● Undeveloped cleaning procedureso Difficulty to clean some
specieso Secondary fungal
infections
Chronic Exposure
wikiarmstrong7.wikispaces.com
www.huffingtonpost.com
● Located in high current areaso Gas exchangeo Food delivery
● Hydrocarbon rich plumeso Excess sediment deposition
and accumulation● Bp Macondo Prospect
o Brown fluclants Weathered oil Hydrocarbons
o Excess mucus productiono Tissue loss
● Direct impacts on coral communities
Coral communities
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/012345/full/news.2010.589/slideshow/1.html?identifier=1
http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=83538&tid=3622&cid=125889
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/012345/full/news.2010.589/slideshow/1.html?identifier=1
● Follow up studyo Accumulation rate >
dispersal rate● Communities overrun by
hydroidso Excess stresso Reduce biodiversity
● 69 coral communities accessedo 47 had hydroid
colonizationo Others had no living
tissue
Chronic exposurehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzXLcMxIdws
blogs.mprnews.org
● Continuous Threats● Catastrophic events impacts
the environment for many years
● No sure way to prevent oil leakageo Or disasters
● Pushing boundaries of the oceano 71% of our planet
Conclusion
https://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/4118-104
Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. “Wildlife and Oil Spills.” December.” http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/docs/oil/edu/oilspill_book/chap5.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2014.
Fisher, Demopoulos, Cordes, Baums, White, Bourque. 2014. "Coral Communities as Indicators of Ecosystem-Level Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Spill." BioScience: 796. Academic OneFile. Web. 29 Sept. 2014.
Fox News Latino. 2014. "Exxon Valdez Effect Still Linger 25 Years After Oil Spill in Alaska." Last modified March 20, 2014. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/money/2014/03/20/exxon-valdez-effects-still-linger-25-years-after-oil-spill-in-alaska/ Last accessed Septemebr 27, 2014.
Godfrey, B. June 22, 2010. "BP Oil Spill Effect Gulf Plants." Horticulture.com. http://www.hortmag.com/weekly-tips/the-scoop-weekly-tips/oilspillplants. Accessed October 24, 2014.
Horowitz, Andy. "The BP Oil Spill and the End of Empire, Louisiana." Southern Cultures: Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
Jervis, Rick, William Welch, and Richard Wolf. "Worth the risk? Debate on offshore drilling heats up." USA Today. Last modified July 14, 2008. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2008-07-13-offshore-drilling_N.htm. Last accessed September 7, 2014.
Moore, Kirk. 2013. "Search for Atlantic oil called threat to marine life." USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/09/18/seismic-oil-tests-marine-life/2834503/ accessed October 23, 2014.
National Wild Federation. 2012. “How Does the BP Spill Impacts Wildlife and Habitat." http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Protect-Habitat/Gulf-Restoration/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife.aspx. Last accessed September 6, 2014.
Nixon, Robin. 2008. "Oil Drilling: Risks and Rewards." Live Science. Last modified June 25, 2008.http://www.livescience.com/4979-oil-drilling-risks-rewards.html. Last accessed september 25, 2014.
Ozhan, Koray, Michael L. Parsons, and Sibel Bargu. 2014. "How Were Phytoplankton Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill?" BioScience: 829.Academic OneFile. Web.
Pennings, Steven C., Brittany D. McCall, and Linda Hooper-Bui. 2014. "Effects of Oil Spills on Terrestrial Arthropods in Coastal Wetlands." BioScience: 789. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Sept. 2014.
Shigenaka, Gary. “Toxicity of Oil to Reef- Building Corals: A Skill Response Perspective.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum. September 1, 2001. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/noaa_documents/NOS/ORR/TM_NOS_ORR/TM_NOS-ORR_8.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2014.
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