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Peer-production
of knowledge
for shared
social goals:
the case of
environmental health
Mariachiara Tallacchini
• Democracies of knowledge: the role of science in the state under the rule of the law
• What is peer-production ?
• The troubles with official science and institutional knowledge
• The recent development of citizen science and the differences between EU and EU citizen science
• From participation to peer-production
Scientific method(s) and scientific
knowledge represented a major
element in the construction of the
modern state and law as ideals
for objectivity and certainty
The scientific community has
been traditionally portrayed as an
ideal model for ethics and
democratic society
Knowledge-based and
innovation society
Science and decision-
making processes are
strongly connected in
validating and legitimizing
each other
Changes in knowledge and
technology production has
implications in the way we
conceive of democracy
The modern relation among science, law,
and policy
Peer-production of knowledge, ethics, trust
Peer production is an organizational
innovation connected to ICT:
1. Decentralized conception
2. Diverse motivations (non-monetary motivations)
3. Organization (governance and
management) separated from property
• Everybody (scientists and lay citizens)
is entitled to produce knowledge
• ICT allow forms of collaboration where knowledge and trust are connected for the achievement of
shared goals and protection of
common goods
Citizen Science,
scientific citizenship
• The terms citizen science and citizen scientists entered the Oxford English Dictionary in June 2014.
• Citizen science is defined as scientific work undertaken by members of the general public, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists and scientific institutions
• Citizen scientists, in the modern sense, are defined as a member of the general public who engages in scientific work, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists and scientific institutions; an amateur scientist.
European Communities, 2002
EU Citizen science
(Green paper 2013)
Citizen Science refers to
the general public engagement in
scientific research
activities when citizens actively contribute to
science either with their
intellectual effort or
surrounding knowledge
or with their tools and
resources.
EU Citizen science
(White paper 2014)
• Formulating research questions
• Conducting scientific experiments
• Collecting and analyzing data
• Interpreting results
• Making new discoveries
• Developing technologies and applications
• Solving complex problems
Addressing
societal
issues
Full recognition
of the
methodological and
theoretical value
Economic impacts:
• Value of citizen science
economy
• Value of teaching and
learning processes
Policy and political impacts:
• Increased trust between
institutions and citizens
• Increased efficiency and
effectiveness of Federal Agencies policies
Direct Federal support to citizen science
Participatory surveillance
Participatory surveillance
Participatory genomics
Participatory genomics
Personal Genome Project (PGP):
difference between crowd-sourced knowledge and peer-
production of knowledge
Wearable (portable) sensors and open
source interactive platforms (raw data)
Collaboration citizens/experts to define
the scientific issues and location of
monitoring devices
Crowdfunded purchase of monitoring
devices
Validation of results
Implementation of a website for
continuous monitoring open and
meaningful for citizens
And
Open platforms with access to raw data
Policy-related science (EU): institutions protecting citizens
through the precautionary principle (environment and health)
a Self-referential scientific community: the Republic of science
(Polanyi) and ‘Science speaks truth to power’ (Wildafsky)
Knowledge can be produced everywhere
in society (citizen science): need to gather
all relevant knowledge for the decision-making
process (Funtowicz – extended peer review)
Evolving
models for
science policy
Science “in”, “with” and “for” society, trust
and scientific citizenship rights (public
consultation and participation)
Peer-production of knowledge,
collaboration among scientists,
citizens, and institutions
To: Institutions, scientists and
citizens
proactive collaborative re-
assessment,
re-evaluation,
re-negotiation of
knowledge with increased
transparency, accessibility,
credibility
From:
knowledge as
ex post-facto
challenge in courts
L’Autrice dichiara di non avere alcun conflitto di interesse
In relazione ai temi sopra trattati
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