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A common thread runs between Shakespeare’s four great plays: the tragic hero. A tragic hero is the protagonist that we identify with for their relatable human struggles – Hamlet’s indecision and Macbeth’s ambition are internal conflicts many of us can identify with – and one that we also feel an immense sense of pity and loss when we finally come to terms with their eventual fate. When Orthello commits suicide, or when King Lear dies of grief for instance, we do not merely feel a sense of justice at their demise; we mourn with them and for them, for the decisions they made which led them to their end, and for what could have been. In our research on the development of tragic heroes in these plays, we came across arguments by Spencer on the increasing isolation of the tragic hero throughout the course of Shakespearean plays. This was of interest to us, as we were aware that digital humanities techniques would enable us to track the developments of tragic heroes in this aspect, so as to complement these qualitative findings with quantitative evidence on the increasing detachment of tragic heroes. By using Python libraries and using text files of these plays as inputs to our Python programme, we were able to attempt to identify similar trends across plays in an efficient and effective manner.

ABSTRACT

METHODOLOGY

CONCLUSIONSOne of the interesting findings that we had was the bell-shaped curve that we observed of Macbeth’s interactions with others throughout the course of the play. From an overall perspective, given that Macbeth is the lead protagonist of the play, it seems intuitive that he should thus have the most lines – far more than any other character in fact, as seen from Figure I – and which may not be entirely surprising. However, when looking at his number of connections with others, as represented by the number of nodes he is connected to, the resultant shape is of interest to us, because we find that it follows the traditional narrative arc, that which follows the five stages of exposition, complication, escalation, climax and finally resolution. It seems then, that the development of Macbeth as a character is closely tied to the development of the play as a whole. It seems that the tragic hero – or Macbeth in particular – is increasingly isolated throughout the course of the play only in its first half. However, this may not exactly match the qualitative results we were hoping to complement. Considering the flow of events later on, when Macduff confronts Macbeth and defeats him in battle, it thus seems fitting that Macbeth should again take centre scene in the development of the play, and thus seems “more connected” again later on. However, we cannot deny that with the demise of Lady Macbeth, Macbeth does seem increasingly isolated. To augment our findings, perhaps more analysis needs to be done on the metrics we should use, so as to further test our hypothesis again in the future.

FINDINGSUsing D3 visualization library, we created these network graphs for Macbeth.

REFERENCESSpencer, Theodore. “The Isolation of the Shakespearean Hero.” The Sewanee Review, vol. 52, no. 3, 1944, pp. 313–331. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27537518.

Our analysis is based primarily on the stage appearances of characters and on the number of words spoken by each character. These were then organised into network graphs which serve as a visual representation of our findings. The number of instances in which characters appear together on stage is a proxy for us to analyse the relationships between characters in each of the four tragedies. By looking through stage directions and tracking the characters that enter and exit the stage, we are able to observe which characters are present together on stage throughout the play. For every instance in which characters are present together, we increment their pairwise relationship count by 1. We are thus able to have a visual representation of the relative strength of the relationships between different characters from the boldness of the lines between them, where thicker lines imply that they appear on stage together more often. In order to get an understanding of how the relationships between characters evolve over the course of the play, we track the number of instances where characters appear together for each act as well. This enables us to have both a macro and micro perspective of the relationships of characters in each of the four plays, where we can have an overview of the relationships between characters by looking at the instance counts throughout the whole play, and have an understanding of how these relationships develop by looking at how these counts change between acts. Furthermore, we also tracked the number of words spoken by each character throughout each of the four plays. This is represented visually through the size of each node, where the bigger the node, the more words spoken by that character relative to the other characters. For certain characters who are not unique, such as soldiers or servants whom we cannot be certain is the same person speaking across different appearances, we assign them to a node named “Everyone Else”, since these characters do not contribute to the development of the plot in a significant manner and will hence have little to no impact on our analysis. Similarly, we have a macro and micro perspective of the words spoken by characters throughout the play as well, by keeping tabs on the number of words spoken in each act and throughout the course of the entire play.

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Fig 1. Network graph of Macbeth across all acts

Fig 2. Network graph of Macbeth across Act I

Fig 3. Network graph of Macbeth across Act II

Fig 4. Network graph of Macbeth across Act III

Fig 5. Network graph of Macbeth across Act V

Fig 6. Network graph of Macbeth across Act V