11 October 1974Volume 186, No. 4159

NEWS AND

RESEAI

ANNUAI

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Siif L-.L -0 - 77 - - - -L fft; t4yPEi . 4 y - j E j E - -fff.0) .. X, - ..... - 40000 T: 0f S.: - . - Wd ff .00X . - - - - 7 - - 0 f - f t! - f 7 70 .f , 0 ....... f ;D . y . ;.05;. .................................................... . 0 . f 7. 7 -* %! ,.t 0SfX - id-kj 0t;0:0f jff 000X - ,,, f 0 0;t, ,, fff000- 0.... -; f . -ff . - . -0 ff ffF -.; -- -- -

LETTERS A Necessary Evil? C. Weiler; Medical School Admissions: W. Dalryinple;S. P. Dlulcan; J. Ceithanl; C. E. Riggs, Jr., and N. A. Marcus; PublishingCosts: N. Winkless III.........................................

EDITORIAL Impermanent Balance between Man and Computer: R. Davis .................

ARTICLES Carbon-13 as a Label in Biosynthetic Studies U. Sequin and A. I. Scott...........

Avian Incubation: F. N. White and J. L. Kinney ..........................

Science Advice in the White House: D. W. Bronk .........................

COMMENT Economists and Inflation: Which Way Out of the Wilderness? .................

Collision at the Summit ..........................................

'Transient" Nuclear Workers: A Special Case for Standards ................

Senators Seek Delay in Plutonium Recycling ............................

RCH NEWS The 1974 Fields Medals (II): An Analyst and Number Theorist ..............

L MEETING Science and Human Health: A. Herschinan .............................

C REVIEWS Darwin on Man, reviewed by G. G. Simpson; On Development, G. L. Stebbins;Organic Selenium Compounds, C. A. Balumann; Ecology of Halophytes,1. McNulty; Somatic Cell Hybridization, E. A. Adelberg; The Total Synthesisof Natural Products, J. A. Marshall; Books Received ....................

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BOARD OP DIRECTORS LEONARD M. RIESER ROGER REVELLE MARGARET MEAD RICHARD H. BOLT EMILIOQ. DADDARICRetiring President, Chairman President President-Elect BARRY COMMONER EDWARD E. DAVID, Jf

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)SECR TARIE OPJohn G. Kemeny Solomon J. Buchabaum Milton Harris Ivan R. KingSUCKS T 0Ns Truman A. Botts Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. Landolt

PSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERINGCharles Cofer George J. Stigler Owen Gingerich Byron D. Taple:Edwin P. Hollander Daniel Rich George Basalla Paul H. Robbin

EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (S) INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONJ. Myron Atkin Howard M. Myers Louis P. Jeffrey Martin GreenbergerPhillip R. Fordyce Sholom Parlman John Autlan Joseph Becker

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTWIERI AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN PWilliam E. Davis Irma Duncan Robert C. Miller Robert T. Orr Joseph A. Schufle Max P. DunfordChairman, Executive Committee Executi" Secretary President Sacretary-Treasurer President Executive Officer

SCIENCE is blshed wedy, axce the las weak In Decmber, but with an exi laue on the fourth Tuesday in November, by the American Aaaoiaton for th AdvancnmetScience, 151 s Ave., NW, Wahington, D.C. 20005. N combinod with Te ScIentic Monthly8. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Corright @ 1974the Ameican A ociationfor the Advancement of Science. Member rates 'on request. Annual subscription $40; foreign s :Amer"rses: $8, asir lift to Europe $2Single copies $1 (back isues, S2) except Guide to SIetie lnstumenb which is $4. School year subscription: 9 months $30; 10 moths $3350 Provide 6 weeks notice for chenof address, giving now and old address and zip codes. Send a rcnt addres label. Science Is Indexed In the Reader's GuIde toPlrIodIcl LIteratur.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCZMENT Or SCIENCE

REPORTS Variations of Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocities across the Pacific Ocean:E. G. Kausel, A. R. Leeds, L. Knopoff ................................

Variations of Upper Mantle Structure under the Pacific Ocean: A. R. Leeds,L. Knopojff, E. G. Kaulsel.......................................

Asymmetric Adsorption of Alanine by Quartz: W. A. Bonner et al...............

Development of the Circum-Antarctic Current: J. P. Kennett et al................

Bone Foreshafts from a Clovis Burial in Southwestern Montana:L. Lahren and R. Bonnichsen ...................................

Insulin Secretion by Anomers of D-Glucose: A. Niki et al ....................

Distinct Alkaline Phosphatase in Serum of Patients with Lymphatic Leukemiaand Infectious Mononucleosis: H. Neilumannii et al.......................

Cochlear Neurons: Frequency Selectivity Altered by Perilymph Removal:D. Robertson ..............................................

Leukocyte Peroxidase Deficiency in a Family with a Dominant Form of Kuf'sDisease: D. Armnstrong et al. .........................................

Technical Comm)lents: Responses in Pavlovian Conditioning Studies: J. A. Hogan;E. A. Wasserman; Viscosity of Cellular Protoplasm: What Do Spin ProbesTell Us?: E. D. Finch and J. F. Harmon; W. Snipes and A. D. Keith ........

MEETINGS Forthcoming Events ..................................................

PRODUCTS ANDMATERIALS

Solid State Control Systems; Two-Speed Liquid Dispenser; Glassware Washer;Density Meter; Micropipettes; Fraction Collector; Monitor for Oxides ofNitrogen; High-Intensity, Cool Illumination; Multiple-Range Photometer;X-Y Plotter for Pulmonary Data; Microsurgical Instruments; DiskSystem; Literature .................................................. 167

UTH M. DAVIS CARYL P. HASKINS'ARD H. GOODENOUGH CHAUNCEY STARR

EOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E),rah L. Smileyamon E. BisqueIEDICAL SCIENCES (N)aul J. Farberichard J. JohnsTATISTICS (U),hn W. Tukeytra Glaser

WILLIAM T. GOLDENTreasurer

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G)Beatrice M. SweeneyJane C. Kaltenbach

AGRICULTURE (0)Ned D. BayleyJ. Lawrence Apple

ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERICSCIENCES (W)

William R. BandeenStanley A. Changnon, Jr.

WILLIAM BEVANExecutive Officer

ANTHROPOLOGY (H)Bernice KaplanPhilleo Nash

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P)Gabor StrasserRobert L. Stern

GENERAL (X)Frederick SeitzJoseph F. Coates

he American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in874. Its objocts are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, tonproo the ffectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public under-tonding and appreciation of the Importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

COVER

Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus)incubates its egg on a barren islandoff the Antarctic peninsula. The evo-lution of adult care of eggs has pro-duced a variety of incubation patternsand nest structures. Interactions be-tween physiological and behavioralmechanisms provide thermoregulationfor the developing new generations ofavian species in a fluctuating externalthermal environment. See page 107.[Fred N. White, University of Cali-fornia, Los Angeles]

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11 October 1974, Volume 186, Number 4159

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the

presentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1974

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CRowSEYMOUR S. KETYFRANK PRESS

FRANK W. PUTNAMMAXINE F. SINGERGORDON WOLMAN

1975HERBERT S. GUTOWSKY DONALD LINDSLEYN. BRucE HANNAY Rum PATRICKDONALD KENNEDY RAYMOND H. THOMPSONDANIEL E. KOSILAND, JR.

Editorial StaffEditor: PHILIP H. ABELSONBusiness Manager: HANs NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORUMS

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CARTER, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLErrE, NICHO-LAS WADE, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, BAtBARA J. CULLITON,SCHERRAINE MACK

Research News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLAMD. MTLZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH II, JEAN L. MARX,ARTHUR L. ROBINsoN, GINA BARI KOLATA, FANNIEGROOMBook Reviews: KATHERINE LIvINGSTON, LYNN

MANFIELD, JANET KEGG

Cover Editor: GRAYCE FINGER

Editorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISABELLABOULDIN, ELEANORE BuTz, MARY DORFMAN, SYLVIAEBERHART, JUDITH GIVELBER, CORRINE HARRIS, NANCYHARTNAGEL, OLIvER HEATWOLE, CHRISTINE KARLIK,MARGARET LLOYD, ERIC POGGENPOHL, JEAN ROCKWOOD,LEAH RYAN, LOIS SCHMITT, RICHARD SEMIKLOSE,YA LI SWIGART, ELEANOR WARNERGuide to Scientific Instruments: RICHARD SOMMz

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SCIE:NCE

Impermanent Balance between Man and Computer

The sciences and technologies of computers, automation, and elec-tronics are comparatively new. They differ in many respects from oldersciences. Major confrontations can be expected-and are already occur-ring-as the domain of these new sciences overlaps that of individuals.

Except for medicine, szience and technology has previously beenrather aloof and removed from the individual. The atom bomb killedpeople, but in a depersonalized massive way. The machines of the indus-trial revolution replaced people to a considerable extent, but they werereplacements of their muscle power, not their brains and control power.

For good reason, man has always zealously guarded his rights tointellect, control, and power. As individuals we have always wanted toincrease our intelligence, our ability to control our environment, and ourability to use power for our own ends.

Thus, it is not surprising that people have always wanted to understandthese phenomena, to produce artifacts that would increase their ownintelligence, control, and power, and to create artifacts in their ownimage which would themselves exhibit these traits.

Significantly, man's attempts to understand such phenomena have ledto many important inventions. These include telescopes, cameras, theprinting press, the gun, television, and the computer. Man's attempts toproduce artifacts in his own image that possess intelligence, power, andcontrol capabilities have resulted in prosthetic sensors, mechanical limbs,robots, and the computer.

Thus, man has attempted to use the computer to help him understandhimself, to help him gain more intelligence and power, and to replacehimself in performing tasks demanding intelligence and the capabilityto control. It is this varying and contradictory role that we have our-selves assigned to computers that results in the honest confusion, mistrust,and fear surrounding them. And there is presently no balance betweenman and computer that possesses any permanence because of the chang-ing roles man is assigning both to himself and to computers.

Experience tells us that the balance of power and the ratio of intel-ligence between man and computer is still indeterminate. Further, it isnot entirely under man's control. In particular, as computers increasetheir capacities to perform more of the tasks formerly considered onlywithin man's intellectual province, man must equip himself for otherfunctions or his survival will seem less important to himself, leading toa physical and intellectual ennui.

There is already a societal schism in the growing gap between thosewith access to a computer and those without. The balance of power andintelligence is tipped in favor of the man-computer partnership. It isapparent in the comparative efficiencies of handling paper work incompanies with and without computers. Chemical companies employingprocess-control computers operate much more efficiently than thosewithout. And finally, the individual with a computer at his commandis favored in his intellectual endeavors.The increasing imbalance is also suggested by the observation that

man appears to be increasing the number of "intelligent" tasks forcomputers faster than he is for himself.

Nonetheless, two positive predictions are offered which promise amore comfortable balance between man and computer. They are thatcomputers will make possible the realization of intelligent behavior thatis essentially limitless, transcending man and computer taken separately,and that computers will confer on the individual more control over hispersonal environment that he has ever before been able to exercise.

It is a future worth awaiting.-RUTH DAVIS, Director, Institute forComputer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C. 20234