October 21, 2015

• Journal Question: Why is your body temperature always around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit?

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

What is Anatomy?

• Literally means to cut apart• The study of internal and external structures of plants and animals

• How living things are put together

Two Types of Anatomy

• Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures only seen with magnification aids.

• Macroscopic Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye• Also known as Gross Anatomy

• Examples?

Femur

Lungs

Stomach Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Ear

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Would the following items fall under Microscopic or

Macroscopic Anatomy?

What is Physiology?

• The study of how body parts function

• How the body works

How does anatomy relate to physiology?

• If the structure is not right, the function can’t be right either.

• Abnormal structure and function = disease

• Example: Sickle Cell

Structure (anatomy) determines function

(physiology)

Homeostasis

• Physiological mechanisms that work to maintain a constant internal environment

• Examples?

Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms

1. Receptor – detects stimuli and sends signal on an afferent pathway to the control center.

2. Control Center – interprets signal and decides how to act.

3. Effector – information flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the effector.

How do homeostatic mechanisms work?

Receptor(Start)

Control Center

Effector

Afferent Pathway

Efferent Pathway

If the body detects that its normal set-point is either to high or to

low it will respond.

Example

• When your body gets to hot, what happens?• Send signal to control center in the brain

• Brain signals a response• Sweat is released and blood vessels get bigger

Positive Feedback Loops

• Loop continues in the same direction and increases magnitude of change to the body

Negative Feedback Loops

• Loop moves in the opposite direction of a stimulus

Determine if the scenario represents a positive or negative feedback homeostatic

system:

a.A car starts rolling out of a driveway w/o a driver. A person decides to respond by pushing the car in the direction that makes it leave the driveway faster.

b.Your blood calcium level is low so your body begins to break down bone tissue so that calcium is released into the blood.

c.A neuron is stimulated and sodium goes rushing into the cell. The more it is stimulated the more sodium goes rushing in, thus enhancing the stimulus.

Metabolism

• In order to maintain homeostasis many chemical reactions have to take place in your body. These chemical reactions are collectively called your metabolism

Two Types of Metabolic Pathways:

1. Anabolism – the process by which simpler compounds are built up and used for growth, repair and reproduction.

Examples - cellular respiration to ATP

2. Catabolism – the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances.

Examples – hydrolysis of fats or glycogen.

Homeostasis Lab!

Understanding Anatomy and Physiology Terminology

Prefixes

Abdomin/o - Abdomen

Angi/o - Vessel

Arthr/o - Joint

Cardi/o - Heart

Cyan/o - Blue

Cyt/o - Cell

Derm/o - Skin

Erythr/o - Red

Gastr/o - Stomach

Glyc/o - Sugar

Hepat/o - Liver

Hist/o - Tissue

Leuk/o - White

Mamm/o - Breast

Nephr/o - Kidney

Neur/o - Neuron

Oste/o - Bone

Phag/o - Swallow

Path/o - Disease

Rhin/o - Nose

Acro - Extremities

Brady - Slow

Dys - Difficult

Electro - Electric

Macro - Large

Micro - Small

Tachy - Fast

Peri- around

A or An- Without

Dia- Through

Suffixes

-algia: Pain

-ectomy: Surgical Removal

-itis: Inflammation

-graphy: the process of recording

-ologist: One Who Studies

-otomy: Cutting Into

-ostomy: Surgically forming an opening

-phobia: fear

Decoding Medical Terminology

• When defining medical terms normally the suffix is said first, followed by the combining word. • Example: Gastrologist - one who studies the stomach

• If a medical term has a prefix and a combining word you normally say it in the order it is written.• Example: Bradycardia - slow heart rate

• If there is a prefix, a combining word, and a suffix, you say the suffix first and then the prefix and then the middle word• Example: Endoabdominalgia - pain within the abdomen

Writing out Medical Terminology

• When writing out medical terms for most instances the suffix indicates the last part of the term first.• Example: Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis

• When putting together a combing word and a suffix you do not use the letter “O” at the end of the combing word if the suffix begins with a vowel, but you use the letter “O” if the suffix begins with a consonant • Example: Gastr/o + -itis = Gastritis• Example: Leuk/o + -cyte = Leukocyte

Practice with Decoding and Writing Medical

Terms

• Cranial Cavity• Abdominal Cavity• Diaphragm• Ventral Cavity• Thoracic cavity• Mediastinum• Vertebral Canal• Pelvic Cavity• Abdominopelvic cavity• Pleural Cavity• Pericardial Cavity

Body Cavities