PEKING October 21, 1958

34

REVI EW

A

The U.S. Aggressors Are Our Teachers by Negative Example

A Hongqi article on what the U.S. imperialists are teaching the Chinese people and the people of the world (p. 6).

"Peace with Honor" A Washington Hoax

A review of the shameful United States record of hostility toward the Chinese people (p. 7).

The Epic of Water Conservancy

China's Growing Asian and African Trade

OUR FIRST HEAT OF STEEL

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E O F C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

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Peking, China

PEKING REVI EW

(BEIJING ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

October 21, 1958 Vol. I No. 34

CONTENTS

R O U N D THE WEEK

The I m pac t of Peng Teh-hua i ' s Messages; Everybody Makes Steel; Engineering Indus t ry Keeps Pace; C o m m u n e s - - An Educat ional Force; Workers and Peasan t s Write

ARTICLES

The U.S. Aggressors Are Our Teachers by Negative Example

Washington 's Shameful Record

Record Harvests : Early Rice, Spring Wheat and Rapeseed

The Epic of Water Conservancy - - Yang Min

China 's Growing Asian-Afr ican Trade - - Wen Liang

Free Cul ture f rom Colonia l i sm - - Chou Yang

THEATR E, S P O R T S

SIDELIGHTS

C I I I N E S E PRESS OPINION

Kishi's True Face; Indian Ocean "Vacuum Filler"; Two-Faced Brit ish Policy

CHINA AND THE WORLD

C.P.V. Completing Withdrawal f rom Korea; Fra ternal Countr ies Back China; Aid for Vie t -nam; Sino- Mongolian Co-operation; Visitors

F O R E I G N T R A D E N O T E S

WHAT'S ON I N P E K I N G

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Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registration No. 2-521

Printed In the People's Republic of China

Our First Heat of Steel I T is not without a sense of pride that we report the bit we

are contributing to stepping up steel production. Last week, the staff of Peking Review, in conjunction with other depart- ments of Foreign Languages Press, succeeded in turning out its first heat of steel on a trial basis. Labora tory tests proved it was up to standard. Arrangements are being made to start full- scale production with iron ores to be supplied by the government.

We started making steel v i r tual ly f rom scratch. We had no raw material, no technical personnel. But we had the will and confidence, the iron will of the Chinese people to get things done, the faith in the collective wisdom and strength of the masses. We were proved right in a ve ry short time.

In response to the government call for a nationwide effort to push forward steel production, we too turned to making steel in our own courtyard. Eve rybody lent a "hand. In no time, some brought in broken pans, pots and kettles, others con- t r ibuted old bricks and limestone, still others turned in all sorts of odds and ends. In a mat te r of hours a reverbera to ry puddling furnace, Chinese style, was built (see sketch below) and trial production started within a day. The only person in the group who could claim some technical knowhow was a young man who had visited several office-run furnaces before our furnace went into operation. We failed in our first a t tempt with a "crucible" type furnace but have had smooth sailing with our reverbera to ry puddling furnace.

This successful smelting of steel by a group of editors and administrat ive personnel gives the reader some idea as to what China's policy of developing the steel industry with participa- tion by the whole people actually means and how such a policy is working out in practice.

But there is something much more to it. In socialist China, a new type of person is being forged. Take our own experience, for example. Members of the editorial staff of Peking Review now take turns working on the farms for some time, join in steel-making in one way or another, and all are enlisted in the militia. We are journalists, proof-readers, artists, and typists in the office. We are workers and peasants when we work with the hoe and rabble. We are mil i t iamen when we shoulder arms. In this country, the yawning gap between mental and manual labour is being steadily eliminated.

B y Jack Chert

ROUND THE WEEK

The Impaot of Peng Teh.huai's Messages

A l t h o u g h it is s t i l l too ea r ly to assess the fu l l i m p a c t of Defence M i n i s t e r P e n g T e h - h u a i ' s two messages , t he effect p ro - duced on C h i a n g K a i - s h e k ' s t roops is a l r e ady clear. T h e message of O c t o b e r 6 addres sed to C h ine s e c o m p a t r i o t s o n T a i w a n and the o rde r i ssued on O c t o b e r 13 to the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y un i t s in F u k i e n P r o v i n c e to s u s p e n d the she l l - ing of Quemoy for a n o t h e r two weeks c rys ta l l ize t he issues: U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m is t he na t ion ' s c o m m o n e n e m y a n d the way ou t for t he c o m p a t r i o t s in Ta i - wan , Penghu , Q u e m o y and M a t s u is to hold peace ta lks w i t h the m a i n l a n d to seek a so lu t ion to t h e 30-year-old civil conflict.

- F r o m press r epor t s i t is c l ea r t h a t w h e n t he con ten t of these messages b e c a m e k n o w n in T a i w a n and the o t h e r i s l ands Ch iang K a i - s h e k ' s t roops w e r e t h r o w n into confus ion m i n g l e d w i th relief. P r i o r to t he a n n o u n c e m e n t e x t e n d i n g the suspens ion of t h e shel l ing, t he w h o l e i s land of Q u e m o y was comple t e ly b l acked out on the n i g h t of Oc tober 12. T h e m e n and officers of Ch iang ' s a r m y sough t sa fe ty in heav i l y cove red she l - te rs a n d tunne ls . B u t t h e r e was no a r t i l - le ry f ire t he who le n ight , a n d t he n e x t m o r n i n g w h e n news passed by w o r d of m o u t h t h a t the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y uni t s in F u k i e n we re going to s top she l l ing for a n o t h e r f o r t n i g h t the s igns of re l ief f rom u n b e a r a b l e t ens ion a n d s t r a i n on the sea red m e n ' s faces w e r e u n m i s t a k a b l e . M a n y of t h e m w h i s p e r e d abou t P e n g T e h - h u a i ' s order . " A f t e r a l l we a r e all Ch inese , " m a n y said. " I f a peaceful s e t t l e m e n t c a n be found for Ta iwan , P e n g h u , Q u e m o y a n d Matsu , we can all p r e s e r v e ou r l ives, and r e t u r n to o u r homes on the m a i n l a n d . "

Homes ickness and a s t rong des i r e for the r e t u r n to peace g r ipped t h e b u l k of Ch iang ' s men. N e a r l y t en yea r s h a v e e lapsed s ince t hey fled to T a i w a n fol- lowing Ch iang K a i - s h e k ' s r e s o u n d i n g de fea t on t he m a i n l a n d . A l t h o u g h in al l these years i t was di f f icul t to come b y a t r u e p ic tu re of the h o m e l a n d t h e l i t t l e re l iab le news t h a t d id come t h r o u g h was suff ic ient to m a k e t h e m rea l ize t h a t C h i n a was g rowing in to a g r e a t p o w e r and t h a t a l l of C h i a n g K a i - s h e k ' s t a l k of " l a u n c h i n g a n offens ive aga ins t t h e m a i n l a n d " was j u s t so m u c h poppycock. Moreover , as t hey e x a m i n e t h e h u m i l i a t - ing s i t ua t i on in w h i c h t h e y f ind t h e m - se lves m u n d e r t he t h u m b of the A m e r i - cans and p rodded a long to r i sk t h e i r

l ives in the i n t e r e s t s of U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m - - t h e y b e c o m e al l t he m o r e resent fu l . A n t i - A m e r i c a n fee l ings a r e s p r e a d i n g in Ch iang ' s a rmy .

As to t h e C h i a n g K a i - s h e k clique, i t was p l u n g e d into a n x i e t y a n d f ea r w h e n t he n e w s of t h e Defence Min i s t e r ' s o r d e r to suspend t h e she l l ing of Q u e m o y for a n o t h e r two weeks r e a c h e d T a i w a n , ac- co rd ing to r epo r t s f r o m Ta ipeh . O n t h e one hand , i t f e a r e d t h e d e m o r a l i z a t i o n of the a r m y ; on t h e o ther , i t was w o r - r ied a b o u t t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s and b e i n g le f t in the lu rch , as po in ted out in P e n g T e h - h u a i ' s e a r l i e r message .

M e a n w h i l e , m o r e f o r m e r Kuomi ,n tang g e n e r a l s h a v e come out w i t h s t a t e m e n t s s u p p o r t i n g t h e i m p o r t a n t messages a n d ca l l ing on t h e i r f o r m e r col leagues a n d f r i ends in T a i w a n to see the fu t i l i t y a n d hope lessness of p e r p e t u a t i n g the civil w a r a n d to t a k e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of w o r k i n g for a peacefu l s e t t l e m e n t of the T a i w a n ques t ion. Th e e n e m y is U.S. imper i a l i sm. No w is t h e t i m e to act, t hey say.

M e m b e r s of t h e N a t i o n a l C o m m i t t e e of the C h i n e s e People ' s Po l i t i ca l Consu l - t a t i ve C o n f e r e n c e in Pek ing , wh o held a m e e t i n g on Oc tobe r 16 to discuss t h e s i t ua t ion in t h e T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea , po in t ed out t h a t t h e two messages w e r e a c lea r d e m o n s t r a t i o n of the m i g h t a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e Ch i n e s e people. Shao Li- tse, K u o m i n t a n g g o v e r n o r of S h e n s i P r o v i n c e d u r i n g t h e S i a n Inc iden t in 1936, W e n g Wen-hao , one of t h e l a s t K u o m i n t a n g p r i m e min i s t e r s , a n d m a n y o the r s u rged t h e c o mp a t r i o t s in t h e i s l ands to p u t t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e m o t h e r l a n d a b o v e e v e r y t h i n g else a n d to close t h e i r r a n k s a g a i n s t t h e U.S. im- p e r i a l i s t s - a s m u c h a n e n e m y of t h e people in Ta i wa n , P e n g h u a n d t h e off- sho re i s l ands as i t is of t h e people ¢m the m a i n l a n d .

Everybody Makes Steel In P e k i n g the se days w h e n g o v e r n -

m e n t w o r k e r s m e e t t h e y g ree t e ach o the r w i t h t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y p h r a s e " A r e you m a k i n g s tee l? A n d h o w m u c h ? " Th i s ha s a l m o s t r ep l aced the c u s t o m a r y " H o w d 'you do?" In buses t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n s r evo lve a r o u n d steel. S t e e l - m a k i n g is no longe r t h e sole c o n c e r n of the i ron a n d s tee l w o r k s in Ch ina , or t h e i ndus - t r i a l d e p a r t m e n t s of t h e people ' s com- m u n e s w h i c h a re do ing m u c h w i t h t h e i r s m a l l b l a s t f u r n a c e s a n d conver t e r s . T h e schools an d un ivers i t i e s , t he c o m m e r c i a l e n t e r p r i s e s a n d r e s i d e n t i a l c o m m i t t e e s a r e

a t it, too. T h e la tes t to come into the p i c t u r e a r e g o v e r n m e n t offices, Com- m u n i s t P a r t y o rgan iza t ions , n e w s p a p e r s a n d p u b l i s h i n g houses , w h i c h a re all m a k i n g t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n to the na t i ona l ef for t to p r o d u c e 10.7 mi l l ion tons of s tee l th i s year .

Cal l a t t h e m i n i s t r i e s o r m a k e a tour of P e k i n g , d a y or n ight , and you wil l see j u s t h o w s tee l -consc ious the city has b e c o m e in t h e las t f ew days. Every o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s a specia l s q u a d of m en a n d w o m e n on the job who wil l no t r e t u r n to t he i r desks, t hey pledge, unt i l t hey h a v e p roduced s tee l to the specifica- t ions a n d a m o u n t expec t ed of them. T h e s e a r e no exper t s . A m o n t h - - n a y , a w e e k m a g o , p rac t i ca l ly al l of t h e m k n e w n e x t to n o t h i n g a b o u t steel. Bu t r e a d i n g up on i t in t he newspape r s , w h i c h a r e ful l of news a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s t e e l - m a k i n g the se days, and in the scores of n e w l y p u b l i s h e d p a m p h l e t s on t h e sub jec t , t hey h a v e t a u g h t t h e m - se lves no t on ly the job of bu i l d ing na t ive s ty le f u r n a c e s a n d sme l t e r s bu t also the t e c h n i q u e of m a k i n g t he stuff itself.

L e a d i n g cad res of the g o v e r n m e n t of- rices a n d P a r t y o rgan iza t ions give per - sona l d i r ec t i on to t h e campa ign . Many t a k e an ac t ive p a r t w i t h the r a n k and file in th i s b a t t l e for steel. Yang Hsiu- feng, t h e M i n i s t e r of Educa t ion , Chen Po- ta , an a l t e r n a t e m e m b e r of t he Poli t - ical B u r e a u of the C o m m u n i s t Pa r t y ' s C e n t r a l Commi t t ee , a nd m a n y " o ther cad re s in l ead ing pos i t ions h a v e been in t h e role of p u d d l e r s a t t he fu rnaces ins t a l l ed in t h e i r office compounds .

T h e job of m a k i n g s tee l con t inues day a n d n i g h t in m a n y pa r t s of Pek ing . At n i g h t je ts of f l ames f r o m the fu rnaces cas t a r e d g low a n d de l i nea t e the con- tours of e age r - l ook ing m e n a n d women , w i t h shove l or r a b b l e in hand , work ing w i t h t h e e x c i t e m e n t of exp lo re r s and d i scove re r s w h o h a v e found t h e i r o w n w a y to m a k i n g s tee l f r o m scra tch .

Engineering Industry Keeps Pace W i t h t h e i ron and steel i n d u s t r y devel -

op ing a t such a fas t tempo, the m a c h i n e - bu i l d ing i n d u s t r y is going al l ou t to keep pace. By t h e end of S e p t e m b e r the i n d u s t r y h a d p roduced sme l t i ng equ ip- m e n t w i t h .an a n n u a l capac i ty of 15 mi l l ion tons of i ron a n d 12 mi l l ion tons of steel. O u t p u t in S e p t e m b e r b r o k e all records . T h i r t y p e r cen t m o r e b l a s t f u r n a c e s w e r e p roduced in t h e m o n t h t h a n t h e o u t p u t of the e igh t p reced ing m o n t h s p u t toge ther . C o n v e r t e r s w e n t o n e b e t t e r sti l l , exceed ing the to ta l pro- duced in t h e e igh t p rev ious m o n t h s by 176 p e r cen t a n d all types of b lowers i n c r e a s e d by 100 p e r cent .

S i m i l a r success h a s been scored in the p r o d u c t i o n of p o w e r g e n e r a t i n g equip- m e n t a n d mach ine- too l s . The indus t ry

t u r n e d out s t e a m t u r b i n e and hydro - t u r b i n e g e n e r a t o r s w i t h a to ta l p roduc t ion capac i ty of 530,000 k i lowa t t s in the f i rs t n ine m o n t h s of the year . I t also p roduced 52,500 machine- too ls , ove r 800 of w h i c h were big and h e a v y types, d u r i n g the s ame period. The e x p a n s i o n of C h i n a ' s eng inee r ing i n d u s t r y we,nt a h e a d at such a fas t r a t e t h a t by the las t week of S e p t e m b e r the c o u n t r y ' s o u t p u t had reached the u n p r e c e d e n t e d level of 830 mach ine - too l s pe r day. And the va r i e t y of p roduc ts was u n p r e c e d e n t e d too, inc lud- ing m a n y top-g rade prec is ion tools n e v e r m a n u f a c t u r e d in C h i n a before.

In r ev iewing the t r e m e n d o u s deve lop- m e n t of the eng inee r i ng indus t ry , Renmin Ribao ascr ibed this success to the mass l ine in deve lop ing i n d u s t r y pu r sued by the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o rgan iza t ions in the m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y to mobi l i ze the ful l force of the mi l l ion or so eng i - neer ing w o r k e r s and to t he h igh degree of co-opera t ion b e t w e e n the va r ious en te rp r i ses h e i g h t e n e d by the nove l me thod of m a k i n g e x t r a l a rge e q u i p m e n t wi th smal l machine- too l s . This m e t h o d k n o w n as " an t s n i b b l i n g at the bone" (see Peking Review, No. 27) is a r e m a r k a b l e a c h i e v e m e n t of the Ch inese w o r k e r s and it has done m u c h to acce le ra t e the de- v e l o p m e n t of C h ina ' s e n g i n e e r i n g in- d u s t r y th is year.

Communes--An Educational Force Educa t ion in the coun t rys ide is t ak ing

big s t r ides f o r w a r d t h a n k s to the people ' s communes . T h r e e more p r o v i n c e s - - Hopei, Kiangs i and S h e n s i - w i th a com- b ined popu la t ion of nea r ly 80 mil l ion, h a v e wiped out i l l i t e racy a m o n g t he younge r genera t ion . And th is has been ach ieved m a i n l y in the las t few months .

In Shens i Province , for example , only four count ies had wiped out i l l i t e racy among the younge r people. T h e r e we re no faci l i t ies for school -age ch i l d r en in one ha l f of the p rov ince a n d s e c o n d a r y schools w e r e f ew and fa r be tween . Th i s was how th ings s tood in July .

By Oc tober the y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n in all of Shens i ' s 101 count ies and cit ies h a d l ea rn t to r ead and wr i t e and m o r e t h a n one mi l l ion p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y schools, voca t iona l ins t i tu tes , n u r s e r i e s and c reches had been set up in all pa r t s of the province.

Bu t the p h e n o m e n a l g r o w t h is no t on ly in numbers . T he people ' s c o m m u n e s a r e also expe r imen t ing . They a re t r y i n g to perfec t an i n t e g r a t e d sys t em of educa t i on for the child f rom the c rad le to college, now tha t the accent is on social educa - tion. Here we m a y ci te a n o t h e r example , this t ime f rom K w e i p i n g County in the Kwangs i C h u a n g A u t o n o m o u s Region in sou th China .

Kweiping , l ike o t h e r count ies in t h e country , is ou t to m a k e the mos t of t he

n e w l y - w o n f r e e d o m f r o m l e t t e r -b l indness . To sa t i s fy the u rge for more k n o w l e d g e and cu l ture , t he Lopo People ' s C o m m u n e set up an o r g a n i z a t i o n k n o w n as the " E d u c a t i o n a l and Cu l tu ra l G r e a t Leap H e a d q u a r t e r s " to work out a n d gu ide the s chemes of educa t iona l expans ion .

Lopoying, f o r m e r l y e m b r a c i n g an e n t i r e f a r m co-op, was chosen for the e x p e r i - ment . T w e n t y - t w o schools a n d col leges came into be ing in no t ime, fo rmed on the p r inc ip l e of e s t a b l i s h i n g only the type of schools needed by t h e locality. These inc lude a lO,O00-jin college a t w h i c h one of t he r e q u i r e m e n t s for the s t uden t s is to l e a r n h o w to g row a n d r eap 10,000 jin of g r a i n f rom one mu of land and e x p l a i n the who le process sc ient i f ica l ly before t hey a re g iven a d ip loma ; a " r e d - a n d - e x p e r t " col lege w h e r e courses in indus t ry , fo res t - ry, f inance a n d economics , poli t ics, mi l i - t a r y science, ar t , h y g i e n e for women , etc. a re offered; a g r i c u l t u r a l midd le schools, p r i m a r y schools, n u r s e r i e s a n d so for th .

A l m o s t t h e whole p o p u l a t i o n in Lopo- y ing is going to school. The s t uden t s a re g rouped acco rd ing to age, cu l t u r a l level , in te res t s , a n d t h e sor t of work each is doing. For example , fo res t ry w o r k e r s t a k e fo re s t ry courses a n d m e m b e r s of the mi l i t i a s t udy a t t h e mi l i t a ry sc ience de- p a r t m e n t of the college. Tu i t ion a n d o the r expenses a re de f r ayed by the com- m u n e and those wh o h a v e m a n y ch i l d r en also get a l l owances for books.

S t u d e n t s in the colleges a t t e n d c lasses p r i m a r i l y in t h e i r spa re t ime. The p r i n - ciple is longer s t udy hou r s w h e n w o r k is s lack and l i t t le or no s tudy w h e n work is u rgent . S tud ies revo lve a r o u n d the j o b s - o n h a n d , l ink ing educa t ion w i t h product ion . In a sense e d u c a t i o n does not fo l low a se t pa t t e rn , i t obeys p r i m a r i l y the in te res t s of product ion . Nor does i t end at a ce r t a in s tage of a m a n ' s l i f e - - as the func t ion of e d u c a t i o n is u n d e r - s tood in China , t oge the r wi th l a b o u r a n d produc t ion , it goes on con t inuous ly for the e n r i c h m e n t of one 's life.

Workers and Peasants Write Already the Communist Party's policy

of e n a b l i n g the w o r k i n g people to be- come e d u c a t e d a n d cu l t u r ed in as sho r t a t i m e as poss ib le is b e a r i n g r ich f ru i t s in m a n y provinces . In Kiangs i , for example , e v e r y one of the two mi l l ion people s t udy ing pol i t ica l theory , the m a j o r i t y of t h e m w o r k e r s a n d peasan t s , has p roduced ar t ic les in va r ious f o r m s d i scuss ing t h e i r w o r k a n d s u m m i n g up exper iences . S ince the a r t i c les deal wi th va r ious aspec ts of t he i r w o r k they r e su l t in i m p r o v i n g a n d p u s h i n g w o r k ahead .

A p a r t f r om theo re t i ca l ar t ic les , the w o r k e r s and p e a s a n t s h a v e t u r n e d to l i t e r a r y wr i t ing , too. T h e y wr i t e a b o u t t h e n e w th ings , n e w exper iences , n e w

people, n e w prob lems , n e w social ethics, n e w a t m o s p h e r e , n e w spir i t , in short , all t he n e w th ings in the new society that impres s t h e m most , n o w t h a t they are ab le to express t h e m s e l v e s more a r t ic - ula te ly . In one spec ia l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e reg ion in th i s p r o v i n c e w h e r e the Chi- nese w o r k e r - p e a s a n t r e v o l u t i o n a r y gov- e r n m e n t f irst h a d its h o m e in rugged Ju i ch in , the peasan t s found t ime to w r i t e n e a r l y 40,000 works , t h r e e - f o u r t h s of w h i c h a re l i t e r a ry express ions .

So m a n y people h a v e t u r n e d to wr i t - ing, no t for m a t e r i a l ga in bu t to express t h e m s e l v e s so t h a t o the r s m a y benef i t f rom t h e i r exper i ence , t h a t wr i t i ng c lubs h a v e come i,nto ex i s t ence in eve ry peo- p le ' s c o m m u n e a,nd in e v e r y fac tory and workshop . In the c o m m u n e s , m a n y per- f o rm a n d enac t the t h ings w r i t t e n on t h e spot, p lays c e l e b r a t i n g t he s u m m e r ha rves t , d i t t i es h a i l i n g t he f i rs t success of t h e i r local fac tory , or ski ts excor i a t - ing Dul les and his w a r m o n g e r i n g f r iends .

All th i s is m a d e poss ib le by the abu ,ndance of crops a n d the en r i ched life in the people ' s c o m m u n e s , so today t h e r e a re no t on ly w r i t i n g c lubs bu t scores and h u n d r e d s of s p a r e t i m e a r t and danc ing schools in the Ch i n e s e vi l lages.

e,t.i

Pr imary school in a c o m m u n e B y Wu Kue t

HONGQI

THE U.S. AGGRESSORS ARE OUR TEACHERS BY NEGATIVE EXAMPLE

We present a translation of a commentary published in the latest issue ol "Hongqi" (Red Flag) October 16, 1958, theoretical ~ortnightly published by the Central Committee o~ the Communist Party o] China. ~ Ed.

MERICAN robbers are prowling in the courtyard of he Chinese people. This makes it imperative for

every Chinese to be more awake, to go all out in work, and, with supreme energy, augment our country 's power to deal with this enemy effectively.

The U. S. aggressors bully us. But they serve as our teachers by negative example in various aspects:

1. The U.S. aggressors bully us because we still have too little iron and steel. This calls for even greater efforts on our part to develop the iron and steel industry at the fastest possible rate.

2. The U.S. aggressors bully us because we still have too little machinery. This necessitates even greater ef- forts on our part to develop the machine-building industry at the fastest possible rate.

3. The U.S. aggressors have always sneered at our poverty. In reply, the people of our country have shot up the output of grain crops this year to double last year's. Still greater efforts on our part are necessary to increase food output at the fastest possible rate.

4. The U.S. aggressors, looking at us the same way they looked at old China, view the Chinese as a heap of loose sand and an easy mark. This makes it imperative for the people of our country to become better organized. Indeed, they have developed the nationwide movement for people's communes on the basis of socialist transformation as a further step to get our six hundred million people united as one.

5. The U.S. aggressors bully us. This requires en- ergetic efforts on our part to strengthen our national de- fence. We should not only have a powerful regular army, but also organize militia divisions on a vast scale to arm the entire nation.

6. The U.S. aggressors bully us. This necessitates even greater efforts on our part to quickly attain the world's highest peaks in the most advanced science and technology.

7. The U.S. aggressors insist on a policy of blockade and embargo against our country. This helps our country build with greater and faster results.

8. In the international field the United States sticks to its policy of hostility towards our country. This serves as a constant reminder to our people and enables us to draw a clearcut line between the enemy and ourselves. We have friends all over the world; but the U.S. imperial- ists, in contrast, have isolated themselves.

The U.S. aggresso r s - - t eachers by negative example - - h a v e taught us these lessons and many others.

The Chinese people, from the vital experience they have gained in the course of protracted struggles, have a profound understanding of the role played by negative teachers. The people have to educate themselves con- stantly with socialist and communist ideas and by sum- ming up their experiences in struggle. At the same time, the enemy uses various means to deal with the people and these constitute important textbooks which provide nega- tive examples to raise the consciousness of the mass of the people.

Hitler, Mussolini and the Japanese imperialists were all the best teachers by negative example for the people of the world and for the Chinese people. Their fiendish, aggressive acts mobilized the people throughout the world and resulted in the victory over German and Italian fas- cism in the war in Europe and in the victory of the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression in the East. The total result was the victory of the socialist revolution and the national revolution in many countries both in the East and the West.

Chiang Kai-shek has played the role of a teacher by negative example for the Chinese people. His counter- revolutionary activities educated the people throughout the country, roused the just indignation of the Chinese people and in this way hastened the victory of the great revolution of the Chinese people. Now, in Taiwan, he continues to play the role of a teacher by negative ex- ample for the Chinese people.

The Tito group also deserves to be called a very good teacher by negative example. With its typical revisionism, it educates the whole world, including the Chinese Com- munists, and enables the people to understand clearly what is genuine socialism and what is pseudo-socialism; what is genuine Marxism and what is pseudo-Marxism.

The U.S. imperialists have inherited the legacy of all the reactionaries in history and have become Negative Teacher No. 1 for the people throughout the world and for the Chinese people. They have cultivated, aided and direct- ed all the reactionaries of the world, big and small, and become the headmaster of all the teachers by negative example in the world. U.S. imperialism has used its policy of aggression and war as a reactionary textbook to educate the people all over the world. In this way, the U.S. aggres- sors have fused the struggles against American imperialism in various parts of the world into a common struggle. In this way, the U.S. aggressors have brought into being a corps of its own gra,de diggers which is growing stronger day by day.

"Peace with Honor" Hoax

Washington's Shameful Record

T HE Taiwan Straits adventures of Eisenhower, Dulles & Company have gone awry politically. That is why

they have strained so hard and so often, in nationally- televised speeches and at press conferences, to "clarify" U.S. position. And the more Washington tried to ':'clarify," the greater the opposition of world public opinion grew. Here are some of the points Washington harped on:

1. "Traditionally," the United States and its govern- ment, so Eisenhower claimed, "have always been passion- ately devoted to peace with honor, as they are now. We shall never resort to force in set t lement of differences except when compelled to do so to defend against aggression."

2. The United States seized Taiwan on June 27, 1950 because, again in the words of Eisenhower, " they [China] attacked and tried to conquer the Republic of Korea. At that time President T ruman announced the U.S. intention of protecting Formosa [Ta iwan] . " "Formosa 's safety," he said, "was vital to the securi ty of the United States and to the free world." Hence the massive buildup of U.S. mili- tary strength in the Taiwan Straits, the f requent intrusions and unbridled provocations against China are all measures of "self-defence."

3. The United States has a "mutual security t rea ty" with the Chiang Kai-shek clique which they still advertise as "the Republic of China," as a '"sovereign" state with the right to conclude treaties. The action of the U.S. armed forces in Taiwan, they allege, is endorsed by that "government" and hence constitutes no aggression.

These sophistries could be laughed off were it not for the bit ter memories they evoke of the long decades of U.S. aggression and hostility against the Chinese people. Let us, then, take a closer look at some of these proposi- tions and first of all examine the U.S. " t radi t ion" of "pas- sionate devotion to peace with honor."

A "Tradition" of I n f a m y

In 1844, the United States forced the Manchu govern- ment into signing the Trea ty of Wanghsia noted for its p r o v i s i o n s - for the first t ime in Western colonial aggres- sion against C h i n a - of "ext ra- ter r i tor ia l i ty" and "equal share of interests." From 1857 to 1860, when Bri tain and France jointly invaded China, occupying Tientsin and Pe- king, U.S. warships also took par t in the action. In 1862, the U.S. consul in Shanghai directed Americans to organize troops to help the Manchu government suppress the Tai- ping revolutionary movemen t of the Chinese people. The United States also aided imperial is t J apan in its at tacks on Taiwan and joined the eight-nat ion invasion of China in 1900. In 1917, U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Japanese Envoy Ishii signed the infamous Lansing-Ishii agreement in which the United States recognized Japan 's prerogat ives in China.

U.S. imperial ism has always been the enemy of the Chinese revolution. In 1927, in order to suppress the great revolution of China, the U.S. Government , together with Britain, bombarded Nanking and perpet ra ted the Hsiakuan Massacre. During the period f rom 1931 to 1933, the United States supplied the Chiang Kai-shek regime with loans, planes and mil i tary advisers to at tack the Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army led by the Chinese Com- munis t Party. In the years following the Japanese sur- render, Washington spent billions of dollars to prop up the Chiang Kai-shek clique in its all-out civil war against the Chinese people. U.S. imperial ism did everything it could to hold the Chinese people in bondage, but it failed in the end. Hence the wail of anguish in the State Depar t - ment ' s White Paper on China (released in 1949):

Nothing that this country did or could have done within the reasonable limits of its capabilities could have changed that result [the overthrow of the Chiang regime]; nothing that was left undone by this country has con- tributed to it. It was the product of internal Chinese forces, forces which this country tried to influence but could not.

I t is apparent tha t " t radi t ional ly" the United States has been "passionately devoted" not to "peace with honor," but to shameful aggression.

China is certainly not the only Asian victim of this "passionate devotion." Suffice it to recall the list of land- ings of American forces published in the U.S. Department of State Bulletin of Ju ly 31, 1950, as a justification for a rmed intervent ion in Korea, which contains 43 U.S. armed invasions in Asia and the Pacific under such shopworn colonialist pre texts as "to punish natives," "to procure a commercial t reaty," "to quell a riot," etc. Equally illus- t ra t ive of this '"tradition" was the U.S. conquest of the Philippines af ter the Spanish-American War at the turn of the century. An American historian wrote: "Prisoners were killed, the nat ives brought into concentrat ion camps, and the water cure adopted as a means to break the Fili- pinos' spirit and overcome their highly effective guerrilla warfare ." At that time, Mark Twain already declared that the American flag should have its white stripes paint- ed black and its stars replaced by a skull and cross-bones. To the mind of thinking Asians, all this gr im t ru th cannot be changed by some pre t ty speeches in Washington.

Since the founding of the People 's China, Washington's "passionate devotion to peace with honor" has been ex- pressed in the following forms: a rmed seizure of China's ter r i tory Taiwan; unleashing of war in Korea and open threats to invade northeast China; intervention in the war in Indo-China to mainta in a southern flank of aggressive encirclement of this country; insistence on non-recognition of China and denial of its r ightful place in the United Na- tions; embargo and economic blockade as an a t tempt to

strangle New China; air-dropping of secret agents and carrying out other subversive activities against the Chi- nese People's Government; recent war provocations and brandishing of atomic weapons on the doorsteps of the Chinese mainland; etc. The Chinese people have learnt the hard way to decipher Washington's jargon: When it talks about "passionate devotion to peace with honor," it means frantic scheming for war of aggression.

The Hoax of "Defence"

The talk about U.S. "defence" in Taiwan is another palpable lie. To begin with, what has Washington to de- fend in China? Has the United States, which is ten thou- sand kilometres away, been attacked in any way by China? Has China sent a single soldier, ship, or plane to intrude U.S. land, sea or air? Has China laid a finger on a single inch of American soil? The answer, in every instance, is NO. The United States, on its part, has not only occupied Taiwan, but helped the Chiang Kai-shek clique in increas- ing its armed forces on Quemoy, Matsu and the other off- shore islands from 40,000 to the present 115,000 men. How can this by any stretch of imagination be regarded as "self-defence"?

Eisenhower said that his predecessor, Truman, "an- nounced the U.S. intention of protecting Formosa" be- cause China "attacked and tried to conquer the Republic of Korea." Massive evidence has been brought to light which proves to the hilt that it was the United States and its puppet Syngman Rhee who started the Korean war. Suffice it to recall that Dulles, addressing the troops on his "inspection" trip to the 38th Parallel on June 18, 1950, declared that "the United States was prepared to give all the moral and material aid that south Korea needed in its fight against communism." On June 20, before leaving south Korea, he wrote to Syngman Rhee: "I am conscious of the important and decisive part your country will play

Ike: "I fee l I 'm be ing backed up!" Dul les : "So do I!" B y Hun c h u n - w u

in the drama that now begins." Five days later, on June 25, that "drama" - - the Korean w a r - - b e g a n .

The ghost-writer of Eisenhower's speech even forgot to check some important dates. Harry Truman announced the forcible seizure of Taiwan on June 27, 1950. And the Chinese People's Volunteers did not enter the Korean war until the end of the y e a r - - a f t e r Washington repeatedly brushed aside China's warnings, marched towards Yalu and directly menaced the security of northeast China. How is it, then, that the United States announced its "intention of protecting Formosa" because China "attacked and tried to conquer the Republic of Korea"?

General Douglas MacArthur, the fire-eating jingo, was a bit more honest with U.S. intentions in occupying Taiwan. Soon after the United States seized the island, he declared that his country must control Taiwan as "an unsinkable aircraft carrier," in order to be able to "domi- nate with air power every Asiatic port from Vladivostok to Singapore." What a far cry from "self-defence"!

The Fallacy of "Treaty Obligations"

"The United States," Dulles said on September 4, "is bound by treaty to help to defend Taiwan from armed attack and the President is authorized by joint resolution of the Congress to employ the armed forces of the United States for the securing and protecting of related positions such as Quemoy and Matsu." A band of quislings like Chiang Kai-shek and company have no right to conclude any treaty in the first place. On December 8, 1954, Pre- mier Chou En-lai already stated the Chinese people's posi- tion categorically: "The 'Mutual Security Treaty ' concluded between the United States and Chiang Kai-shek has no legal basis whatsoever and is null and void."

Besides, it should be pointed out that the U.S.-Chiang "Mutual Security Treaty" was concluded on December 2, 1954 whereas U.S. occupation of Taiwan started on June 27, 1950. That is to say, the "treaty" came only as an after- thought. It was a mere fig-leaf to cover up the naked aggression and outright occupation which had already taken place several years earlier.

With this "treaty" as its basis, the United States took a further aggressive step in January 1955. The U.S. Con- gress adopted a Joint Resolution which authorizes the U.S. President to employ armed forces for the "protection" not only of Formosa, but for "the securing and protection of such related positions and territories of that area now in friendly hands and the taking of such other measures as he judges to be required or appropriate in insuring the defence of Formosa." Inasmuch as the "treaty" itself is illegal and invalid, the U.S. Congress cannot justify anything with the resolution.

Now the United States is proclaiming the extension of its so-called "treaty obligations" to Quemoy and Matsu and demanding that China "cease fire" and hence accept this extension of U.S. aggression. Washington, in fact, is even more rapacious. It is attempting to force China to remove its defence forces in Amoy, Foochow and other coastal areas, thus, in effect, extending its so-called "treaty obligations" to the mainland. Should China accept the U.S. "cease-fire" proposition, Washington could, under its "treaty obligations," launch attacks on the Chinese main-

land at a t ime of its own choosing. The only thing needed would be to create an excuse of violat ion of the "cease-

f i r e . "

The theory of " t rea ty obligat ions" thus boils down to the following: step o n e - - o c c u p a t i o n of China 's te r r i - tory Taiwan; step t w o - - c o n c o c t i o n of a " t rea ty" to "de- fend" the occupied ter r i tory; step t h r e e - - e x t e n s i o n of the scope of aggression to Quemoy and Matsu by vi r tue of these " t rea ty obligations"; step f o u r - - i m p o s i t i o n of a "cease-fire" on China so that the United States will have a ready p re tex t to extend its aggression fur ther to the Chinese mainland and other places as it may desire. I t 's all very nice for Washington except tha t it is a day- dream!

Trying to lure China into a trap, Dulles hinted at some sort of horse- t rading in his press conference of September 30: to reduce Chiang's forces on Quemoy and Matsu in exchange for China 's acceptance of pe rmanen t U.S. occupa- tion of Taiwan and Penghu. How could the Chinese people possibly t rade one piece of their own te r r i to ry for another? Even this "deal" of Dulles' , however, proved deceptive. At another press conference on October 14, he let the cat out of the bag by s tat ing that the so-called reduc- tion of troops on Quemoy and Matsu "is ent i re ly a mat te r of what is the most effective, efficient use of avai lable forces." Redeployment of the troops to Taiwan, he said, "would have greater f lexibil i ty and grea te r range of action and they could go back to Quemoy if the necessity came." Clear enough! The so-called "cease-fire" Washington is t ry - ing to sell in the phony wrappings of a "peace" move is, in the words of Dulles, jus t a "question of disposit ion of t roops" for continued armed aggression by the United States under the cover of poli t ical bargaining. At the same press conference, Dulles fur ther declm'ed tha t "we [the United States] are not in favor of tu rn ing over these islands [Quemoy and Matsu] to the Chinese Communists ," even "if the Republic of China [the Chiang Kai -shek clique] agrees." Thus Dulles laid bare the t rue intent ions of U.S. imperial ism - - occupation of Taiwan, occupation of Quemoy and Matsu and invasion of the mainland "if the necessity came." And, in the same breath, Dulles publicly proclaimed that the United States is the boss whether the Chiang clique agrees or disagrees.

N o t a L e g to S t a n d O n

It is clear that Washington 's ra t ional izat ions for its aggression don' t have a leg to stand on. That is why, for all the ta lking of Eisenhower and Dulles, the govern- ments and peoples of most Asian-Afr ican countries have condemned the U.S. posit ion and demanded tha t the U.S. troops pull out. Even Thai land and the Phil ippines, which are members of the U.S.-sponsored mi l i t a ry bloc, have repeatedly stressed non- involvement in any war the United States may touch off.

However, instead of pul l ing out its troops from TaN wan and the Stra i ts in compliance wi th world public opinion, the United States is accusing China of "armed conquest" of the t e r r i to ry of "another government ," of the so-called "Republic of China." But the whole world knows tha t there is only one China, the People 's Repub- lic of China which has been in existence for nine years. Dulles, in his September 25 speech, also had to admit : °'We do not pre tend that the Chinese Communists do not

exist. We know, at heavy cost, that the Communist re- gime does exist." Does Washington want to incur still heavier costs to find out what is a l ready k n o w n - that the People 's Republic of China is both determined and able to l ibera te Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu?

Trying to defend the indefensible U.S. position, Eisen- hower and Dulles are reaching the end of the rope. Now their last remaining excuse for hanging on to China's ter- r i tory appears to be that, as Dulles claimed, "the United States is not p repared to r e t r ea t in the face of armed force." But the question has never been that the United States must " re t rea t in the face of a rmed force." On the contrary, it is for the Uni ted States to wi thdraw the armed force it has used and is using against the Chinese people. If Eisenhower meant business when he declared that "we shall never resor t to force in se t t lement of differences," the United States should immedia te ly stop its war prov- ocations against China and pull out all its armed forces from Taiwan and the Straits . The U.S. ambassador in the Warsaw talks should sit down and seriously talk about the specific measures to effect such a withdrawal .

m T . R . C .

" P A S S I O N A T E L Y D E V O T E D "

The following exchange took place between Represent- ative Frederic R. Coudert and Walter S. Robertson, As- sistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, on January 26, 1954 at a U.S. Congressional hearing: *

Mr. Coudert: . . . Did I correctly understand you to say that the heart of the present pol icy toward China and Formosa is that there is to be kept al ive a constant threat of mi l i tary act ion v i s -a-v i s Red China in the hope that at some point thcre wi l l be an internal b r e a k d o w n ?

Mr. Robertson: Yes, sir; that is m y conception.

Mr. Coudert: In other words , a cold w a r w a g e d under the leadership of the Uni ted States, w i t h constant threat of a t tack against Red China, led by Formosa and other Far Eastern groups and mi l i tar i ly hacked by the United States?

Mr. Robertson: Yes . . . .

Mr. Coudert: . . . F u n d a m e n t a l l y does that not m e a n that the Uni ted States is u n d e r t a k i n g to mainta in for an indef in i te period of years of A m e r i c a n dominance in the Far East?

Mr. Robertson: Yes. Exact ly .

On August 11, the State Department issued a mem- orandum on "non-recognition" of China which openly declared that the United States hopes to "hasten the passing" of "Communism's rule in China."

On September 30, Duties declared at a press con- ference: "If you had on the [Chinese] m a i n l a n d a sort of unrest and revolt, l ike, for example , w h a t broke out in Hungary , then the presence of a frcc China w i t h con- s iderable p o w e r a f e w mi les a w a y could be a very im- portant e l ement in the s i tuat ion . . . . "

And now Eisenhower wants the world to believe that the United States and its government "have always been passionately devoted to peace with honor"! What a hoax!

• 83rd C o n g r e s s , 2 n d S e s s i o n . Hearings Be fore the Sub- c o m m i t t e e ol the C o m m i t t e e on Appropr ia t ions , House of Rep- resentatives, Vol . I I , pp . 125, 127.

Agriculture

RECORD HARVESTS: EARLY RICE, SPRING WHEAT AND RAPESEED

C OMMUNIQUES issued by the Minis t ry of Agr icul ture on October 12 repor t tha t the ear ly ,'ice yield this year

more than doubled and spring wheat and rapeseed yields increased by 63 and 56.5 per cent respect ively as compared with last year.

EARLY RICE. This year's ear ly rice harves t f rom over 146 mi l l ion mu of land reached a total of 43.5 mi l l i on tons. This is 126 per cent more than the 1957 y ie ld of 19.35 mi l l ion tons. This net increase of 24 mil l ion tons in a s ingle year is 6 mil l ion tons more than the total increase during the ent ire F i rs t F ive-Year Plan (1953-1957).

Average per m u yie ld was 596 j i n , 82 per cent above the 1957 figure. Per m u yield of over 1,000 j i n was achieved on more than 15 mill ion m u , or 10 per cent of the total area sown to ear ly rice this year. Yields ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 j i n were harves ted on some 140,000 m u

and yields ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 j i n on some 25,000 m u . Super-high yields exceeding 10,000 j i n were harvested on more than 300 m u .

The best record was achieved by the Pingching Town- ship No. 2 Co-op, Macheng County, Hupeh Province, which harvested 16,260 jin per m u on an exper imenta l plot of 1.01 m u . By t ransplan t ing growing shoots f rom other plots onto a single plot, the J ianguo No. 1 Co-op in the same county brought in as much as 36,956 j i n per m u on a plot of 1.016 m u .

The rich harves t of ear ly rice this year was by no means due to favourable weather . In fact, d rought at- tacked most of the r ice-growing areas in the south dur ing the sowing and t ransplant ing seasons. Insects and plant diseases threa tened the crops in June and July. But the peasants, aided by their i r r igat ion facilities, exer ted thei r utmost efforts and used every effective method, both modern and tradit ional , to fight the drought and the pests.

~ Y I E L D S OF EARLY RICE, SPRING W H E A T - - AND RAPESEED

r~1 1957 = I o o

EARLY R,oEI I

WHEAT

" " " ; l i r a SEED 1.565

I 1958

163

Per mu yield

226 ~ 182 (s96 i;.}

~ 1 8 3 (2~a i;n)

~ u |41.§ ( 73 i , . )

The i r r iga ted area was extended and i r r igat ion equip- ment improved grea t ly in the r ice-growing areas since last winter. The amount of compost appl ied was several times, and in some places even scores of times, g rea te r than last year.

In cultivation, p r imary a t tent ion was given to deep ploughing, close planting, ear l ier sowing, t ransplant ing and various other measures to ensure good growth of the crops. On the whole, the land was ploughed one to two inches deeper than before. The number of clusters was increased by 10,000 to 20,000 per m u and the number of shoots was also increased.

Next year, the ear ly rice acreage will be enlarged and the yield per m u will be ra ised still higher.

SPRING WHEAT. An unpreceden ted ly r ich spring wheat crop was harves ted this year. The total y ie ld was more than five mi l l i on tons, an increase of 63 per cent over last year.

Earlier, China harves ted a total of 34.45 million tons of winter wheat. Adding this to the spring wheat harvest, China 's total whea t yield reached near ly 40 mil l ion t o n s - 1.35 mil l ion tons more than .the United States. This makes China the second largest wheat producer in the world. Fi rs t place is held by the Soviet Union.

Spr ing whea t was sown over an area of 43.19 million m u this year. The per m u yie ld has reached 233 j in , 106 j in , or 83 per cent more than last year. Pre l iminary re- turns show an average yield of more than 1,000 j i n per m u

on 1.24 mil l ion m u of land. Of this area, 11,360 mu regis- tered 2,000 to 3,000 j i n per ~nu. The highest yield of 8,585 j i n per m u was harves ted by the Saishike farm in Chinghai Province.

To obtain the bumper spring wheat crop this year the peasants adopted these basic measures, be t te r i rr iga-

tion, the use of more fert i l izers, deep ploughing and soil improvement , selection of good strains of seeds and close planting. In par t icular , sowing was done from ten to fifteen days earl ier than usual and in- tensive work was done in the field to ensure good growth.

R A P E S E E D . Th e rapeseed y ie ld from 37.92 mi l l ion m u reached a total of more than 27 m i l l i o n dan (1.35 mi l l i on tons) this year. This is 10 mi l l i on dan, or 56.5 per cent more than last year.

A v e r a g e per m u yie ld w as 73 j in , 41.5 per cent h igher than last year. The average yield in the outskir ts of Shanghai , Kansu and Chinghai Prov- inces, the Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region and Kiangsu and Szechuan Provinces ranged from 102 to 200 j i n . The highest yield of 2,161 j i n per m u was gathered by the Delingha farm in Chinghai Prov-

I0

ince. Super-yield plants were developed in various parts of the country. Anhwei Province had a plant bearing 12,000 pods, Kiangsu Province a plant bearing 14,000 pods and Szechuan Province a plant bearing 60,000 pods, as compared with the 200 to 300 pods on an ordinary plant.

The big leap forward in early rice, spring wheat and rapeseed production would not have been possible without the guidance of the general line for socialist construction

and the rectification campaign which inspired the peasants, under the leadership of the Communist Party, to exert their utmost and press ahead consistently, to strive for things never before attempted by other people.

The Communist Par ty gave inspiring leadership by cultivating experimental plots, organizing emulation and inspection, and in many other ways. The high yields on large tracts of land and the super-high yields on experi- mental plots open up new vistas for China's agriculture.

The Epic of Water b y Y A N G M I N

Conservancy

T HE building of water conservancy works by the Chi- nese peasants this year is a true epic unparalleled in

history. According to a communique issued by the Ministry of Agriculture on October 13, a total of 480 million m u was added to China's irrigated land between October" 1957 and the end of September 1958. In addi- tion, the problem of water-logging was solved on an area totalling 210 million m u ; initial control of soil erosion has bee/] extended to an area of 300,000 square kilometres; small rural hydro-electric power stations with a total capacity of 100,000 kw. and water-driven mills with a total capacity of 180,000 h.p. were established. All this is the result of the hard work of the peasants who moved a total of 58,000 million cubic metres of earth and stone.

The irrigated area added this year is more than twice the total irrigated area of 230 million m u accumulated during the thousands of years up to the time of libera- tion. It is also far more than the 290 million mu brought under irrigation in the first eight years of liberation. During the past twenty years, some 400 million mu of irrigated land were added to the world's total. China surpassed this figure by one-fifth in a single year!

With a total of 1,000 million m u of land under irriga- tion, or 59.5 per cent of all its cultivated land, China now accounts for more than one-third of the world's irrigated land.

To Suit Different Conditions

Irrigation works started the ball rolling in the big leap forward in agriculture. They were built everywhere in the country, in mountainous and hilly areas, on plains, low-lying land and sea-beaches.

In mountainous areas, examples were set by people of Kansu, Hupeh, Yunnan and Kweichow Provinces who brought water to fields up on the high lands through channels skirting the mountains. They also dammed the rivers into staircases and built a large number of reser- voirs which are connected by channels forming a complete irrigation s y s t e m - - " m e l o n s on long vines" as the peas- ants call them. The Tao River Project in Kansu Prov- ince has a main canal 1,100 kilometres l o n g - - 7 times the Suez Canal and 14 times the Panama Canal - - 2,000 metres above sea level with 690 million cubic metres of earth work to be completed in two years (see P e k i n g R e v i e w ,

No. 24, pp. 17-18), The Lungchiang River Project in

Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region is on a similar scale. These are new milestones in the history of water con- servancy.

Networks of channels as dense as spider webs were created in Anhwei Province on the plain north of the Huai River. They are now being introduced in all provinces with flatlands. The experience of the Tientsin Special Administrative Region in transforming low-lying alkali lands into fertile rice-growing fields has paved the way for the fundamental transformation of large tracts of low- lying coastal alkali land.

The methods adopted by the peasants in Kansu, Shansi and Honan Provinces in water and soil conserv- a n c y - s u c h as the digging of water and soil detention pits, level ditches, check dams, groups of reservoirs, afforestation and t e r r a c i n g - - a r e being widely introduced and improved upon. They are contributing greatly to the full utilization of water and soil resources and the trans- formation of conditions in the mountainous regions.

The harnessing of the Mang and Shaying Rivers in Honan Province, the Hal River in Hopei Province and the Ningchiang River in eastern Kwangtung Province shows that water conservancy works by the organized peasants are closely co-ordinated and guided by an over- all multi-purpose plan for entire river valleys. Different water conservancy works varying in s ize--reservoirs , dams, channels, e t c . - - a r e built on the main stream and the tributaries; on the upper, middle and lower reaches.

A great deal of experience has been gained in im- proving irrigation m a n a g e m e n t - such as the digging of irrigation channels and the sinking of wells at the same time by Hopei peasants for a double guarantee against drought and the construction of rural hydro-electric power stations, etc.

All these innovations are valuable contributions to the science of water conservancy.

Hard Work Amply Rewarded

Water conservancy works have been one of the major factors underlying this year 's tremendous harvests. Nature had been relentless during the past year. Serious droughts occurred between the autumn sowing in 1957 and the rainy season of 1958 over" wide areas in both north and south China. The areas affected totalled 470 million m u . But due to the effectiveness of the irrigation works, calamity

11

Patnt~ng tn Chtn.ese ink ancl co lour by K u n g I - luan

was a v e r t e d on 380 mi l l ion m u and d a m a g e was cons ide r - ab ly r educed on the o ther 90 mi l l i on m u .

In summer , t o r r en t i a l r a in s h i t m a n y a reas w i th r a i n - fal ls r a n g i n g f rom 300 to 400 ram. a n d in some cases, 500 mm. and more in t w e n t y days . 100 mi l l ion m u w o u l d have been i n u n d a t e d had i t no t been for the n e w l y bu i l t reservoi rs , w a t e r de t en t i on and d r a i n a g e works .

I t is e s t i m a t e d t ha t f r om 15 mi l l ion to 20 mi l l ion tons of food g ra ins were saved as a r e su l t of the i r r i ga t i on and d r a i n a g e works . In a d d i t i o n to this, the a r ea p l a n t e d to r ice was inc reased by 17 mi l l ion m u in 12 n o r t h Ch ina provinces and a u t o n o m o u s regions . M a n y t r a d i t i o n a l l ow- y i e ld ing and g r a i n deficit a r e a s have become g rana r i e s .

Reasons for S u c c e s s

The bu i ld ing of i r r i ga t i on w o r k s th is y e a r was c h a r - ac te r ized by an e a r l y s ta r t , r a p i d progress , mass e n t h u s i a s m u n d e r s t rong l eadersh ip , l a rge - sca l e w o r k of long d u r a - tion, i nnova t ions and h igh qua l i ty , l a rge - sca l e co -o rd ina t i on and h igh efficiency, smal l cap i t a l i n v e s t m e n t s and h igh re turns . A l l th is was ach ieved u n d e r the l e a d e r s h i p of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y on the bas is of the v i c to ry in the rec t i f ica t ion campa ign . C o n s e r v a t i v e ideas were cast ove r - boa rd and the pol icy of p u t t i n g the s t ress on smal l p r o j - ects bu i l t w i th local r e sources a n d on s to r ing r,~ther than d r a i n i n g w a t e r a w a y was cons i s t en t ly ca r r i ed out.

Ever since las t w i n t e r when the cons t ruc t i on of w a t e r conse rvancy w o r k s began, C o m m u n i s t P a r t y sec re t a r i e s pe r sona l ly a s s u m e d l e a d e r s h i p a n d the c rea t iveness of the masses of peasan t s was t apped , mob i l i zed and deve loped to the full . The va r ious i n n o v a t i o n s desc r ibed above t es t i fy to the u n l i m i t e d w i s d o m of t he people .

As men t r a n s f o r m e d n a t u r e t he i r own w a y of t h i n k - ing was t r a n s f o r m e d too. The sp i r i t of "one fo r al l and

CHINESE W E I G H T S and M E A S U R E S at a G L A N C E

1 m u = 0 . 0 6 h e c t a r e or 0.1647 a c r e I d a n ( p i cu l ) : 0 . 05 t on or 0.984 h u n d r e d w e i g h t 1 j i n =0.5 k i l o g r a m m e or 1.1023 p o u n d s

12

D r e d g i n g t he cana l

al l for one" has s t ruck deep roots. In m a n y p laces t housands of peas - ants , c a r r y i n g the i r own tools and food, wen t to he lp bu i ld w a t e r conserv-

ancy p ro jec t s in ne igh- b o u r i n g townships , coun- t ies or p rov inces and to pass on the i r own ex- pe r i ences to others . I t was

the g r o w t h of th is com- m u n i s t sp i r i t and the r e q u i r e m e n t s of la rge v a l l e y - w i d e p r o j e c t s which invo lve m a n y townsh ips a n d even coun- t ies t h a t gave r i se to the d e m a n d for the fo rming of people ' s communes .

G r e a t as the ach ieve-

m e n t s in the pa s t y e a r were , t hey a r e on ly a beginning. Nex t year , s t i l l h i g h e r y ie lds of g ra in , co t ton and oil- b e a r i n g crops a r e expec ted . This cal ls for even g rea t e r

efforts in w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y work .

According to prel iminary plans, 500 mill ion mu will be brought under irrigation next year which wil l raise China's total irrigated area to about 1,500 mill ion mu, or 89 per cent of all cultivated land. The p r o b l e m of wa t e r - logg ing wil l be so lved on 72.81 mi l l i on m u . Soil erosion wi l l be i n i t i a l l y b r o u g h t u n d e r con t ro l on 500,000 to 700,000 squa re k i l o m e t r e s of l and m a k i n g a to ta l of 1 mi l - l ion to 1.2 mi l l ion squa re k i l o m e t r e s w h i c h is 66 to 80 pe r cen t of the to ta l a r e a suf fe r ing f rom w a t e r and soil erosion. R u r a l h y d r o - e l e c t r i c p o w e r s t a t ions w i th a to ta l c apac i ty of 3.5 mi l l i on kw. wi l l be cons t ruc ted .

In p laces w h e r e i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e sys tems have a l r e a d y been cons t ruc ted , w o r k wi l l be concen t r a t ed on t e r r ac ing the m o u n t a i n s lopes; b u i l d i n g w a t e r w a y n e t w o r k s on the p la ins a n d r e s e r v o i r s in e roded a reas ; d a m m i n g the r i v e r courses in to s t a i rcases ; s y s t ema t i z in g the e n g i n e e r i n g pro jec t s ; i n t r o d u c i n g g a r d e n f a r m i n g ; mech- an iz ing the l i f t i ng of w a t e r ; e l e c t r i f y in g w a t e r power p ro jec t s ; cu l t i va t i ng v a r i e d aqua t i c p roduc t s and a f fores ta - t ion.

Whi le the po l icy of p u t t i n g the s t ress on smal l p ro j - ects bu i l t w i th local r e sources and s to r ing r a t h e r than d r a i n i n g w a t e r a w a y wi l l be m a i n t a i n e d , an a p p r o p r i a t e n u m b e r of m e d i u m - s i z e d and l a r g e p ro j ec t s wi l l a lso be u n d e r t a k e n so as to bu i ld up c o m p r e h e n s i v e w a t e r con- s e r v a n c y e n g i n e e r i n g sys tems. P l a n n i n g on v a l l e y - w i d e and n a t i o n w i d e bases wi l l be acce le ra t ed and technica l i nnova t i ons wi l l be p romoted .

Wi th m o r e t han 90 per cent of the peasan t s in people ' s communes , condi t ions for w a t e r conse rvancy w o r k have become even m o r e f avou rab l e . The c o m m u n e s which can amass huge q u a n t i t i e s of ma te r i a l , f inancia l a n d h u m a n resources , can u n d e r t a k e l a rge - sca l e w a t e r conservancy w o r k s on scores of t h o u s a n d s of m u . Mul t i -pu rpose u t i l i za t ion of w a t e r r e sources accord ing to over -a l l p lans becomes m o r e r e a d i l y rea l izable .

It is expected that by the spring of 1960, virtually all land will be brought under irrigation and flood~ and droughts will be brought under control.

As rainfall in north China is relatively scanty, all running water will be stored up and underground water will be tapped. Rainfall in south China is abundant. From

30 to 50 per cent of the running water will be stored for irrigation; part of the rest will be diverted to north China to replenish the waterways there and the remainder will be used for electric power generation, navigation, the development of industry, animal husbandry and fishery. By then, men will have become the real master of nature.

China's Growing Asian-African Trade by WEN LIANG

C HINA is trading with 52 Asian-African countries and regions. This is ten more than last year. There has

been a remarkable increase too in the volume of trade compared with last year. This satisfactory state of affairs can be credited in large part to the big leap forward in China's industrial and agricultural production and the mutual efforts made by China and her trading partners in this part of the world to strengthen friendly economic and commercial ties.

All this stands in sharp contrast with the situation in the capitalist world. There the economic c r i s i s - - t h e gravest of the post-war p e r i o d - - i s having far-reaching repercussions. Commodity prices are slipping continuously. Foreign trade is everywhere on the decline. In the first half of the year, the volume of foreign trade in the cap- italist world dropped by 7.3 per cent compared with the corresponding period in 1957. The total value of its im- ports went down by 8 per cent and that of exports by 6.7 per cent. In the same period, the total volume of U.S. foreign trade declined by 11.2 per cent; and that of Britain by around 8.5 per cent. This is during the very period when China's trade with the Asian-African countries has been growing steadily.

Trade with Asian and African Countries

The Bandung Conference passed a resolution on eco- nomic co-operation that urged the development of trade relations based on equality and mutual benefit and an exchange of what one has for what one hasn't. Present trends in Chinese-Asian-African trade show how these principles are being put into action.

In May this year, representatives of China's trade cor- porations and the State Trading Corporation of India signed in New Delhi a barter agreement which provides for a trade in goods to a value of 25 million rupees each way between May and December. China will supply India with large quantities of chemical raw materials and buy in return a large amount of tobacco and cotton. This agree- ment marks another new development in Chinese-Indian economic and commercial relations.

Sino-Ceylonese trade is also making notable increases this year. Both parties have scrupulously observed the terms of their 1958 rubber-rice exchange contract. But relations are not limited to this. Since rice was in short supply in Ceylon on account of floods and crop failures

in the latter part of 1957, China this year supplied her with a large amount of rice beyond what is provided for by the contract. China has also exported many types of industrial goods, non-staple foodstuffs and chemical raw materials to Ceylon. The first Chinese commodity ex- hibition ever held in Ceylon opened in March this year. The popular response in Ceylon left no doubt that it made a big contr ibut ion to improve understanding and friend- ship between the two countries.

The figures on Sino-Indonesian trade are climbing steadily. Trade relations are also being developed be- tween China and Burma, Cambodia, and Pakistan.

China is also developing trade with more countries in west Asia and Africa.

Trade with the United Arab Republic is an important part of China's trade with this area. Both parties have been conscientiously carrying out the Sino-Egyptian Trade Agreement. China is now the second biggest customer for Egyptian cotton; at the same time, there is also a considerable increase in her exports to the Egyptian region.

Chinese trade with Tunisia will make further pro- gress as a result of the first Sino-Tunisian Trade Agree- ment signed on September 25. A Chinese government trade mission headed by Lei Jen-min, Vice-Minister of Foreign Trade, is now in Morocco for trade talks. (For more detailed information on China's trade with Morocco and Tunisia, see "Foreign Trade Notes," Peking Review, Nos. 30 and 32, 1958.)

The founding of the Iraqi Republic and the establish- ment of diplomatic relations between Peking and Bagdad has paved the way for the development of trade relations between the two countries. A trade delegation will shortly be sent by the Chinese Government to Iraq to talk over matters concerning the establishment and development of trade relations between the two countries.

Trade between China and Sudan has grown steadily ever since the Bandung Conference. (See "Foreign Trade Notes," Peking Review, No. 32.)

Considerable progress has been made in China's trade with Ghana, Yemen, Nigeria and Bahrain.

A noteworthy feature of China's trade with Asia and Africa this year is the increasing variety of Chinese goods offered for export. This is a logical result of the big leap

I3

forward in her indust r ia l and agr icu l tura l production. The list of new goods being expor ted this year includes chemicals and medicinal drugs, machinery, te lecommunica- tions equipment, ins t ruments , alloys, minerals , new nat ive products and sundries. These new products have proved to be popular favouri tes among foreign firms and consum- ers. One eye- or perhaps nose-catching novel ty is per- fumed prints. This is something new in the world 's texti le industry. Ever since they appeared abroad they have been selling like hot cakes• Chinese lorr ies and machine-tools are being expor ted to places as fa r away as Africa. There is also a growing demand for commodit ies which have had a good marke t abroad even in the past. Buyers have quickly noted tha t in most cases their qual i ty has great ly improved• Trade with China is dependable• This is one reason why the As ian-Afr ican countries are get t ing more and more interested in t rad ing with China.

Economic Co-operation

Along with trade, economic co-operat ion between China and the Asian-Afr ican countries is also being strengthened. China is doing what she can in the way of aid and loans to these f r iendly countries so as to help them develop their own independent economies.

The Sino-Ceylonese agreement on economic aid signed in September last year is a l ready in operation• Under the terms of this agreement, in the five years 1958-1962 China will provide Ceylon with economic aid wi thout compensa- tion to the value of 75 mil l ion Ceylonese rupees, or 15 million rupees annually. In June, Ceylon's Director of Indust ry visi ted China to ta lk over questions con- cerning the use to be made of this aid. Ceylon has a l ready decided to ask China to provide her wi th a com- plete set of machinery for a text i le mill. A t the end of last year, Ceylon sustained heavy losses due to floods. To bridge this emergency and help her res tore her economy as quickly as possible, China at the request of the Cey- lonese Government, has agreed to give Ceylon another long- term loan amount ing to 50 mil l ion Ceylonese rupees.

To help Indonesia tide over some current difficulties and give support to her jus t s truggle against imperial ism, China has a l ready suppl ied its government wi th cotton cloth and rice in the form of loans.

China has also signed a t r ea ty of commerce and an agreement on scientific, technical and cul tural co-operat ion with the Kingdom of Yemen. According to its terms, China will provide Yemen with an in teres t - f ree loan of 70 mill ion Swiss francs• Complying wi th Yemen's needs and at the request of her government China will soon help her build a h ighway and a text i le mill. This marks a new phase in the f r iendly economic co-operat ion between the two countries.

During his recent visi t to China, the Cambodian Pr ime Minister Prince Sihanouk and Premier Chou En-lai issued a joint s ta tement announcing that the two countries had decided to s t rengthen their ties in various fields, especially in those of t rade and economic co-operation. China under- takes to help Cambodia to economic prosper i ty and in- dustrial ization. On the s t rength of these under tak ings China is now helping Cambodia build a text i le mill with 10,000 spindles and 200 looms; a factory with an annual output of 900,000 square metres of plywood; and a paper

m i l l In addition, China will, in the l ight of Cambodia 's needs and whenever it is feasible, help Cambodia without compensat ion build small iron and steel works and prospect its minera l resources•

All Chinese aid to the Asian-Afr ican countries is given without any a t tached conditions. Loans are granted at low interest or even interest-free, and the repayment period is long•- There is no interference whatsoever in the use of aid or loans and it is ent i re ly up to the recipient to decide how to use them. Experts and technicians sent by China enjoy no special privi leges in the countries in which they work and they consider that thei r only duty is to do whatever they can to help construction in these countries. China has demonst ra ted that in giving aid and loans to the Asian-Afr ican countries i t is actuated only by the sincere desire to help them achieve economic inde- pendence and work for a common economic prosperity•

These facts show tha t China 's economic and t rade rela- tions with the As ian-Afr ican countries are expanding at an ever greater ra te; the scope of co-operation has ex- panded; it has been put on a f irmer basis and f r iendly contacts have become more frequent• China regards her share in all this as a par t of her contr ibut ion to the g r o w t h

of t rade in the As ian-Afr ican region and that wider eco- nomic co-operation envisaged in the Bandung Conference resolutions. All this is clearly in the interests of the Asian-Afr ican peoples and of all those who hold peace and human progress dear.

Past experience has amply demonst ra ted to the Asian- African countries that if they wan t to achieve and con- solidate their nat ional and economic independence as speedily as possible and raise the s tandards of living of their people, they should continue to s t rengthen economic co-operation between themselves and actively develop mutua l ly beneficial commercial relations• What has a l ready been achieved shows that no effort should be spared to gain this grea t common goal.

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Free Culture from Colonialism by CHOU YANG

The following i s an abridged translation of the speech made at the Asian-African Writers' Conference held in Tashkent from October 7 to 13 by Chou Yang, deputy leader of the Chinese writers' delegation. The speech was originally entitled: "The Cultures of the Peoples of Asia and Africa and Their Relat ion to Wes tern Culture." - -Ed .

I AM extremely happy to be able to talk in this historic city of Tashkent on the subject of "The Cultures of

the Peoples of Asia and Africa and Their Relation to Western Culture." Not far from here is Samarkand, one of the chief stations on the old route between Asia and Europe. This road ran all the way from ancient Changan - - C h i n a ' s present-day S i a n - - t o Rome. Very early in history men of Asia and Africa travelled to and fro along this road for purposes of trade and cultural exchange. By the first and second centuries A.D., it also began to be used as a trade route between East and West. As com- merce expanded, a brisk cultural exchange grew up be- tween East and West. These economic and cultural rela- tions continued for over ten centuries, but were disrupted when capitalism arose in the West and launched economic and cultural aggression against the East.

Today we writers of the two great continents of Asia and Africa are once more discussing the question of cul- tural relations between East and West. This marks a new age in the history of mankind. Now, on a new basis, we are developing friendly cultural relations among the Eastern countries, and with the West as well. The peo- ples of Asia and Africa have awakened and stood up. We are advancing steadily under the banners of peace, de- mocracy, national independence and socialism. We of Asia and Africa want to defend and develop our national cultures. At the same time we want cultural exchange with other nations.

The Common Riches of Mankind

National cultures, the outcome of different nations' intellectual activity, are part of the common riches of mankind. They tend to blend with each other, and through intercourse they are further enriched. The cultural history of our Eastern peoples eloquently demonstrates this. Take Chinese art for example. The famous Buddhist sculptures at Yunkang and the wall paintings at Tunhuang owe much to the influence of the Indian Gandhara art. Similarly the murals in the Ajanta caves in India have certain features in common with the Chinese wall paint- ings from the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties. During the Yuan dynasty the Chinese astronomer Kuo Shou-ching improved the Chinese calendar after studying Arabic astronomy. In the Ming dynasty China's famous pharmacologist Li Shih-chen made use of many drugs and methods of treatment brought to China by the Arabs in ancient times to enrich his celebrated Ben Cao Gang Mu (Materia Medica). After the Chinese arts of paper-making

and printing were introduced to the Arab people, along with the compass and gunpowder, they contributed to cul- tural development and productive techniques in the Arab world.

Similarly, when the civilization created by the peoples of the East came into contact with that of the West, it hastened the development of the latter. Chinese paper, silk, gunpowder, the compass and the art of printing were taken by the Arabs to Europe, and contributed to the rapid advance of Western culture, science and technique. Arabic mathematics, medicine and astronomy played a similar role in Europe. Indian literature also exerted no small influence on European literature.

Imperialist Aggression

The poet of imperialist Britain, Kipling, in his lines "Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet!" which have been quoted so often, actually states but one historical fact: the Eastern peoples are un- willing to bow to domination and cultural aggression by the Western colonialists. Their hatred of foreign aggres- sors is intense. But among the peoples themselves there can never be any feeling of ill-will. They are always willing to live together in friendship.

After coming to the East, the Western imperial!sts by political oppression and economic exploitation under- mined the economic foundations of the Eastern countries and the national cultures built on these bases. They even undermined the national languages, retarding their de- velopment. They used political force to reduce the national languages to an inferior position, and deliberately made a privileged class of those who received their colonial education, so that these people would be their willing servants. In China we called such men "foreign lackeys" or compradors. On the colonial economic base they created, the imperialists built up another type of culture - - a feudal-comprador culture, produced jointly by the native reactionary feudal and comprador classes. This spread its poison widely. It induced in Eastern peoples a sense of their own inferiority, made them fawn on their foreign rulers and despise their own compatriots and na- tional cultural tradition, and this facilitated control and exploitation by the imperialists.

During the last half century the American imperialists have followed in the steps of the European colonialists, doing the same things in a more viciou~ way. They export great quantities of a debased and decadent "culture," a compound of degeneracy, pornography and violence. Through the medium of yellow films, crime fiction and comic strips, they have been trying hard to spread their rotten, decadent culture on a large scale through many areas in the East in a deliberate attempt to poison the minds of Eastern peoples--especia l ly of the younger generation.

15

While seeking to destroy the civil ization of the East, they t ry their utmost to disseminate the very dregs of feudalism in Eastern cultures. The two things go hand in hand. The negative, so-called "spir i tual civil ization" of the East is one of the cankers they have been doing their best to propagate, in order to para lyse the fighting spiri t of the Eastern peoples and leave them intoxicated with this empty, passive "spir i tual civilization," contented with the world as it is, with no desire to advance, no deter- mination to resist oppression; leaving them like sheep ready to be led to the s laughter house. This is of course what the colonialists are t ry ing their best to achieve. And the react ionary feudal -comprador rul ing class, act ing in accordance with the will of their foreign masters, promote this with great enthusiasm, spreading its pernicious in- fluence among the people. Ofir grea t wr i t e r Lu Hsun, in many of his bit ing and pene t ra t ing essays, lashed out, with a heavy heart , against this so-called "spir i tual civilization." Through the unforget table character of Ah Q in his cele- brated work The True Story of Ah Q, he exposed and gave a profound analysis of the philosophy of negative, spineless "spir i tual victory." A h Q is a poor peasant. He is crushed and humil ia ted wherever he happens to be. Because his polit ical consciousness is low, though he longs to revolt he does not know the r ight direction to take, and he is not resolute enough to struggle. Each t ime he is beaten, he finds some ridiculous a rgumen t to console himself with. He imagines himself a fa ther beaten by his son, a senior beaten by his junior, a wise man beaten by a f o o l - - t h i s is nothing to get worked up about! And finally he convinces himself that he has won "a spir i tual victory." This kind of "spir i tual victory" actual ly does not and cannot solve any problem. And in the end he is shot by the reac t ionary rul ing class. Of course, Ah Q is only a negative type of the working people. But the industr ious and courageous Chinese people, af ter a long and unremi t t ing struggle for f reedom and independence, have shaken off the spir i tual shackles put on them by the imperial is ts and feudal reactionaries, and finally won an historic victory of world significance.

The shameless Lin Yu-tang, long disowned by his peo- ple, is one of those who energet ical ly advocate the so- called "spir i tual civil ization" of China. He is a typical product of the Chinese feudal -comprador culture, and a mouth-piece of the feudal -comprador class. He brings out in sharp relief the negat ive aspects of Chinese life and culture, praising and idealizing them. The Chinese he describes have no sense of responsibi l i ty to society but seek personal en joyment as thoroughly selfish individual - ists. This is a supreme dis tor t ion and insult to hundreds of millions of courageous, ha rd -work ing Chinese. I t is unfor tunate that not a few people abroad regard him as a Chinese wri ter . In no way can he represent Chinese men of let ters; he is the scum of the Chinese nation and a t ra i tor to the Chinese people.

Ever since the new cul tural movement of May the Four th of 1919, the Chinese people have been fighting this feudal -comprador culture, while at the same t ime absorb- ing f rom the West scienfitic knowledge and democrat ic and socialist thought; for we know that only in this way can our genuine nat ional culture develop. And only when we have a genuine nat ional cul ture of our own can we talk of cul tural exchange with other lands, foster a t rue

unders tanding between peoples, and promote world peace and a flowering of human culture.

Cultural Contact~ Our cul tural contacts with the West, just as with the

peoples of the East, have had a fine tradi t ion. We treasure this t radi t ion because it has played an impor tan t role in promoting mutual unders tanding between East and West.

It is only by respect ing the cul tura l achievements of other lands that a people can absorb the finest qualit ies of others to enrich their own culture. And it is only on such a foundat ion that normal and effective cul tural rela- tions can be established between the people of different countries.

We absorb the essence of the culture of other coun- tr ies on the basis of our special nat ional conditions and needs, and assimilate it for the creation of our own. Since l iberat ion we have rid our soil of imper ia l ism and the poison of feudal -comprador culture, and we are today car ry ing on cultural exchanges systemat ical ly and on a large scale. We are modest ly learn ing f rom the strong points of other peoples. F i rs t and foremost we are learn- ing from the advanced exper ience of our great socialist n e i g h b o u r - - t h e Soviet Union, the first socialist country to appear in the world. The splendid new culture created by the gal lant Soviet people has raised human civilization to a higher level than ever before in history.

The imperial is ts do not want to see any genuine cul- tural exchange between different peoples. They are doing all in their power to separa te peoples, to create misunder- s tanding and stir up s t r i fe in order to facil i tate their con- trol and exploi ta t ion of thei r colonies and dependencies. When the colonialists ruled over the East it was impos- sible for the wri ters of Asia and Africa to sit down to- gether at a conference l ike this - - in fact no such conference has ever been held. I t would have been even more un- th inkable to discuss cul tural exchange between East and West, for in those days it was only permissible for the Western colonialists to force their colonial culture on the people of the East. But now the t imes have changed, and the si tuation has changed too. Since the year before last when we held our first conference at New Delhi, many other Eastern countr ies have won independence and free- dom, and many peoples are even now still engaged in heroic struggles for l iber ty and independence. That is why we have more wr i te rs here today, represent ing a greater number of countries. Socialist cul ture and resurgent na- t ional cul ture have appeared in the East today. These cul- tures are lively, full of vi tal i ty, moving forward by leaps and bounds. The l iberated Chinese people are working with t remendous zest to build a socialist society. In their selfless toil they cannot suppress their passionate love for their mother land and for labour. This enthusiasm has found expression in poet ry and painting. We in China today are now exper iencing an age of rap id development and bold creation in a r t and l i terature . This new situa- t ion makes us all the more eager, on a basis of fr iendship to br ing about closer cul tural ties and genuine cultural exchange among the peoples. Such an exchange of cul- ture will undoubtedly grea t ly s t imula te the development of the nat ional cul tures of the East as well as the West, enrich these cultures, promote mutua l unders tanding and fr iendship among nations, thereby making an important contr ibut ion to the advance and cultural prosperi ty of mankind.

16

TI-IEATRE

A t t h p F r o n t l i n e

P e k i n g ' s t h e a t r i c a l w o r k e r s sen t a p icked force of 250 to t he F u k i e n f r o n t las t m o n t h to p e r f o r m for f r o n t l i n e un i t s of the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y . Lead - ing ac tors and ac t resses f rom the C h i n a P e k i n g Opera Thea t r e , C h i n a P i n g j u Thea t re , C h i n a You th A r t Thea t r e , Pe - k ing People ' s Ar t T h e a t r e , t he C e n t r a l Song and Dance E n s e m b l e a n d o t h e r t hea t r i ca l o rgan iza t ions a re in the g roups p e r f o r m i n g the re now. O t h e r s a r e eage r ly wa i t ing the i r turn . E v e r y o n e in t h e a t r i - cal circles w a n t s to do his b i t for the l ibe ra t ion of T a iwan , Penghu , Q u e m o y and Matsu. Se lec t ion for a tour of frontli ,ne du ty is looked upon as an honour .

These f ron t l i ne t h e a t r e g roups took wi th t h e m some of the l a tes t p o p u l a r successes, such as The Red Storm, Son o] the Working Class, Long L~ve the Heroes, Sanliwan Village and Hearts Aflame. M a n y new songs, dances a n d o the r concer t i t ems were espec ia l ly a r - r a n g e d for the troops.

The Chinese R a i l w a y W o r k e r s ' C u l t u r a l T r o u p e was jus t a b o u t to s end i ts m o d e r n Ch inese p lay g roup on a t ou r of n o r t h e a s t C h i n a w h e n the A m e r i c a n p rovoca t i ons s t a r t e d in the T a i w a n St ra i t s . P l a n s w e r e i m m e d i a t e l y swi tched , and it s en t the group to the F u k i e n f ron t ins tead . En rou te they r e h e a r s e d n e w plays specia l ly for t he t roops a n d the r a i l w a y corps a t t h e f ron t l ine .

The S h a n g h a i W o r k e r s ' Cu l tu r a l T r o u p e has also r ecen t ly had a tou r of du ty on t ha t front . Af t e r r e t u r n i n g to S h a n g h a i , its m e m b e r s rece ived h u n d r e d s of l e t t e r s wi th pledges f rom soldiers to " w i n m e r i t i,n ac t ion" as an expres s ion of t hanks .

The m e n of the F u k i e n f r o n t "have n e v e r been lack ing in t h e a t r i c a l e n t e r - t a inmen t . W h a t is h a p p e n i n g now is mere ly a s t epp ing up of t h e a t r i c a l se rv ice in v iew of the i nc rease i,n m i l i t a r y ac t iv - ity there . S ince J u n e a lone t h e r e h a v e been visi ts f r om t h e S h a o h s i n g O p e r a T h e a t r e of S h a n g h a i , the C h i n a You th Ar t T h e a t r e of Pek ing , the P e k i n g O p e r a Com pany of Fukien , a n d t he S h a o h s i n g Opera C o m p a n y of Amoy, j u s t to m e n t i o n a few. If t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e s we re a n e n c o u r a g e m e n t to the troops, the t roops ' f ight ing r e v o l u t i o n a r y sp i r i t and d e t e r - mina t ion to l i be r a t e T a i w a n was a n im- press ive i n s p i r a t i on to t h e a t r e w o r k e r s to do t he i r bes t in t he yea r of the g r e a t l eap .

On these tours , e n t e r t a i n m e n t s a re b r o u g h t to as m a n y P.L.A. m e n as pos- sible, inc luding those a t f o r w a r d posi t ions . A c lear ing in the woods, t he roads ide , w h a r v e s , ba r r acks , u n d e r g r o u n d t unne l s and a i r f i e l d s - all s e rve as s tages.

The S h a o h s i n g Ope ra T h e a t r e of S h a n g h a i of m o r e t h a n fifty m e m b e r s , led by the ac t re s ses Y u a n H s u e h - f e n g a n d Fan J u i - c h u a n , f amous for t h e i r co- s t a r r i n g roles in the ope ra Liang Shan-po and Chu Ying-tai (The Bu t t e r f ly Lovers) , t gu red the f ron t for two mon ths , c o v e r i n g a d i s t ance of 2,500 k i l ome t r e s a n d g iv ing a h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y p e r f o r m a n c e s . S o m e t i m e s they b r o k e up in to s m a l l groups to sp read t h e i r e n t e r t a i n m e n t s wider , g iv ing a sho r t sk i t or p lay le t or a few songs; s o m e t i m e s t hey c a m e t o g e t h e r to pu t on fu l l - l eng th plays. E v e r y w h e r e , they got a rous ing welcome. H a r a s s i n g fire f r o m e n e m y p lanes a n d a r t i l l e ry b o m b a r d m e n t s lef t th i s t roupe , w h o s e m e m b e r s w e r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y w o m e n , unruff led . S o m e t i m e s they p e r f o r m e d a t the f r o n t l i n e pos i t ions less t h a n 1,500 m e t r e s f r o m t h e enemy. On the i r r e t u r n they sa id t hey h a d fe l t a joy a n d p r i d e such as they h a d se ldom e x p e r i e n c e d before in t h e i r lives.

At the f ront , m e m b e r s of al l t h e t h e a t r i c a l t roupes he lped to cook a n d len t a h a n d w i th c a m p chores. Ac t res ses set to w i th need les a n d t h r e a d to m e n d c lo thes and socks. T h e t roops, on t h e i r par t , m a d e vases out of e n e m y shells , p l a n t e d f lowers in t hem, a n d p r e s e n t e d t h e m to the va r ious t roupes as souveni r s . As a t oken of g r a t i t u d e for all t h e w a r m t h an d k indnes s s h o w n t h e m by t h e people of t h e count ry , t hey p ledged to ta l v ic tory.

A g roup of wr i t e r s a n d a r t i s t s r ecen t ly lef t P e k i n g to v is i t un i t s of the P.L.A. on t he F u k i e n f ront . H e a d e d by t h e no ted p l a y w r i g h t T ien Han, the ac to r Mei L a n - f a n g , the compose r Lu Chi a n d the poe t T ien Chien, t h e de l ega t ion wil l r e p o r t to t h e t roops w h a t t h e people a re do ing to give a h u n d r e d pe r cen t s u p p o r t to them. T h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y people a re anx io u s to k n o w w h a t is h a p p e n i n g a t the f ront . De lega t ion m e m b e r s wi l l g a t h e r f i r s t - h a n d m a t e r i a l for plays, poems, songs a n d repor tage .

SPORTS

T w o I V o r l d l t e e o r d s

C h i n a ' s we igh t - l i f t e r s h a v e been doing v e r y wel l recen t ly . Two n e w wor ld records were set up las t mon th . B a n t a m - w e i g h t C h e n C h i n g - k a i b r o k e his o wn wor ld r ecord in t h e clea,n a n d j e rk even t by l i f t ing 140.5 kg. a t t he F i r s t Spor t s Mee t i ng of F r i e n d l y A r m i e s of t w e l v e coun t r i e s on S e p t e m b e r 26 at Leipzig. C h e n h im s e l f ho lds the wor ld r ecord of 139.5 kg. w h i c h h e set up in Moscow in A u g u s t 1957.

Af t e r p re s s ing 97.5 kg. a n d s n a t c h i n g 95 kg., Chert a sked for 140 kg. d u r i n g his

second a t t e m p t a t the c lean a n d je rk event . A check of the b a r b e l l a f t e r C h e n ' s successfu l l if t s h o w e d t h a t the ac tua l w e i g h t was 140.65 kg. This, howeve r , was r eckoned as 140.5 kg. ac- c o r d i n g to i n t e r n a t i o n a l regula t ions . C h e n ' s w e i g h t t h a t e v e n ing was 55.95 kg. His t h i r d a t t e m p t to j e rk 142.5 kg. was not successful . C h e n Ch ing -ka i ' s fea t was wel l w i t h i n the e x p ec t a t i on of m a n y e n t h u s i a s t s w h o c a n s t i l l r eca l l t h a t las t Ju ly , m a c o mp e t i t i o n w i t h we igh t - l i f te rs of t h e U n i t e d A r a b Republ ic , he n e a r l y got h o m e w i t h a l ift of 140 kg.

Not to be ou tdone , Ch ina ' s l i g h t - h e a v y - w e i g h t c h a m p i o n Chap Ch ing -kue i b roke the wor ld record in the c lean and j e rk on S e p t e m b e r 30 in P e k i n g by l i f t ing 176.5 kg. Th i s was 0.5 kg. b e t t e r t h a n the record held by J i m George of the Un i t ed Sta tes . A 22-year-old s t u d e n t f rom Tien- tsin, Chap C h i n g - k u e i c a m e second a t the Moscow I n t e r n a t i o n a l Weigh t - l i f t i ng C h a m p i o n s h i p s las t M a r c h w i t h a t h ree - l i f t to ta l of 415 kg. S ince t hen he has m a d e rap id progress . In a m a t c h las t J u l y w i t h we i g h t - l i f t e r s of t he Un i t ed A r a b Republ ic , h e n e a r l y succeeded in j e r k i n g 176.5 kg. D u r i n g t h a t m a t c h Chap wo n f i r s t p lace w i t h a to t a l l i f t

of 432.5 kg.

T a b l e T e n n i s

In the 1958 N a t i o n a l T a b l e Tenn i s C h a m p i o n s h i p s he ld in C a n t o n ea r l i e r th is mon th , Y u n g Kuo-tua,n, a 21-year- old Can tonese , c h a m p i o n of the I n t e r -

Ci ty T o u r n a m e n t he ld las t M a r c h in S h a n g h a i , de fea t ed Ch ina ' s v e t e r a n S w a y t h l i n g Cup p l aye r C h i a n g Yung- hi,rig 22-20, 21-14, 15-21, 21-17 to win the n a t i o n a l m e n ' s s ingles t i t le. This success fo l lowed his s p e c t a c u l a r v ic tory over C h i n a ' s 1957 n a t i o n a l champion , W a n g C h u a n - y a o , w h o was p laced s e v e n t h a m o n g t h e wor ld ' s n ine bes t m e n p layers for 1957-1958, a n d wh o h a d scored t h r e e success ive v ic tor ies ove r t he re ign ing E u r o p e a n c h a m p i o n Z o l t a n Bercz ik las t Apr i l in P e k i n g a n d aga in in May in Moscow to w i n the m e n ' s s ingles a t t he I n t e r n a t i o n a l T a b l e T e n n i s C h a m p i o q - ships. F a m o u s for b o t h his f o r e h a n d and b a c k - h a n d smashes , W a n g th is t ime fa i l ed to get h o m e w i t h his forcefu l dr ives , a n d was t r o u n c e d in t h r e e s t r a igh t games 21-11, 21-13, 21-13 by Yung Kuo- t u a n w h o p roved to be the b e t t e r tac t ic ian .

In the w o m e n ' s s ingles , Yeh P e i - c h i u n g r e t a i n e d h e r t i t le by de fea t ing Sun Mei- y ing in t h r e e s t r a i g h t games. Sun Mei- ying, a f o r m e r na t i ona l champion , was p laced s e v e n t h a m o n g the wor ld ' s top w o m e n p laye r s for 1957-1958.

Wi th t h e i nc rea s ing popu la r i za t ion of spor t s a m o n g t h e masses , a g r ea t e r n u m - b e r of n e w p layers h a v e come to the fore in th is year ' s t o u r n a m e n t .

17

SIDELIIGHTS Everybody's S ing ing It, You can h e a r i t a lmos t a n y w h e r e t he se days. Social- ism's Fine, a song w i th a bouncy m e l o d y and words t he C h ines e peop le l ike, ha s swep t the count ry . I t wou ld be n ice if we could t r a n s m i t the c a t c h y me lody t h r o u g h ou r co lumns too, b u t here , a t a,ny ra te , is a t r an s l a t i on of t h e lyrics.

Socialism's fine, Socialism's grand, The standing o] the people Is tops in socialist lands.

We've overthrown Reaction's dregs, Imperialism beat it With its tail between its legs.

Build our unity iar and wide, Stir up a socialist construction, Mighty high tide, Mighty high tide!

Our Communist Party's fine, Our Communist Party's good, It leads the Chinese people Exactly as it should.

It keeps its word You'll always find. It's all out ]or the people With its whole heart and mind.

We'll stick to the Communist Party, And make our great Chinese mother-

land Strong and sound and ]ree, Strong and sound and lree.

On a S o u t h - B o u n d Train. A r e c e n t t r a v e l l e r on the P e k i n g - S h a n g h a i ex - press re la tes the fo l lowing inc iden t : A p rov inc ia l g o v e r n o r and a g e n e r a l w e r e s i t t ing opposi te e ach o t h e r a t the w i n d o w of ou r c o m p a r t m e n t s i l en t ly a d m i r i n g t h e r ich ha rves t s r i p e n i n g on t h e eas t China plains. T he g e n e r a l was going to he t he gove rno r ' s guest . Ten yea r s ago, he was a c o m m a n d i n g off icer in t he Peo- ple 's L ibe ra t i on A r m y and t he g o v e r n o r was his pol i t ical commissa r . Toge the r , they had been t h r o u g h m a n y c a m p a i g n s ; t oge the r they h a d r o u t e d C h i a n g K a i - shek ' s c r ack divis ions r i g h t on t he se v e r y plains. S u d d e n l y they we re roused f r o m the i r mus ings .

" C o m r a d e passengers , papers ! Any- body w a n t s today ' s p a p e r s ? " T h e voice be longed to a young w o m a n . S h e was rosy -cheeked a n d r o b u s t bu t s e e m e d a bi t shy. S h e w a l k e d a b i t d i f f iden t ly a long the cor r idor , m a g a z i n e s u n d e r one a r m and dai l ies in h e r o t h e r hand . " A n y - body w a n t s to r e a d today ' s p a p e r s ? " she repea ted .

"I ' l l h a v e one," t he gene ra l ca l led out.

S h e c a m e over . On h e r coat was a sma l l e n a m e l l e d b a d g e w i t h t h e words " P e k i n g Un ive r s i t y . " Th e genera l , w h o h a d j u s t r e t u r n e d f rom abroad , looked puzzled. A u n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t or a con- duc t r e s s? B u t the head l ine s of Renmin Ribao c l a i me d his a t t en t ion .

W h e n he f in i shed r e a d i n g he h a n d e d t he p a p e r to the governor . He looked up, and t h e r e was the young w o m a n again , th is t i m e d u s t i n g a n d t idy ing the c o m p a r t m e n t s ' s m a l l tables. P re sen t ly , she r e a c h e d t h e g e n e r a l ' s c o m p a r t m e n t . S h e p icked up the f ru i t p l a t e a n d t h e tea t h ings an d gave the t ab l e a good going- over . S h e m o v e d conf ident ly . S h e had lost h e r shyness now.

" A r e you a s t u d e n t of P e k i n g U n i v e r -

s i ty?" t he old w a r r i o r j u s t cou ldn ' t he lp ask ing .

" T h a t ' s r ight . W e ' r e going sou th to p rac t i ce w h a t w e ' v e l ea rn t . "

"You a r e a s t u d e n t of r a i l w a y a d m i n i s - t r a t i o n t h e n ? "

"No, I ' m a geology s tuden t . " S h e s a w the puzzled look in t h e gene ra l ' s face, a n d added, "You see, w e ' v e dec ided to m a k e th i s o u r v o l u n t a r y l a b o u r day. W e ' r e he l p i n g the conduc tors . "

T h e g o v e r n o r too took an i n t e r e s t in t h e young woman . L ike a k ind f a t h e r

he bade h e r to s i t bes ide h im. " W h e n a r e you going to g r a d u a t e ? " he asked.

" N e x t s u m m e r . "

" T h a t ' s sp lendid . We need lots of geologists . Rouse those m o u n t a i n s f rom t h e i r sleep! Tell t h e m to come a long w i t h tm in the big l eap!" He t u r n e d to h is old f r iend. "Lag Han , d o n ' t u n d e r - r a t e h e r b e c a u s e she is a girl. Old h a n d as you are, she 'd p r o b a b l y m a k e a b e t t e r scout t h a n you."

T h e g e n e r a l l aughed . Yes, the f u t u r e be longs to t h e young.

T h e n so me o n e ca l led ou t t o w a r d s t h e girl, "You a r e on the f i rs t p r o g r a m m e . C o m e on, h u r r y up!"

The gir l s p r a n g to h e r feet. S h e told t h e two old c o m r a d e s t h a t s h e h a d to b e going. " W e ' v e o rgan ized a conce r t to be b r o a d c a s t to e n t e r t a i n t h e pas sen - gers ."

The gene ra l s e e m e d lost in thought . Then , a l l of a sudden , he p icked t h e bes t a,nd l a rges t app l e f r o m the p la t e and t h r u s t i t in to the gir l ' s hands .

Coal Comes to Lhasa. F o r t h o u s a n d s of yea r s t h e i n h a b i t a n t s on t h e T i b e t a n p la - t eau d e p e n d e d m a i n l y on c o w d u n g for t h e i r fuel . Now they h a v e b e g u n to use, for t h e f irst t ime in t h e i r l ives, coal ex- t r a c t ed f rom a s m a l l col l iery j u s t ou t s ide Lhasa . A road h a s been bu i l t by T i b e t - ans a n d H a n g o v e r n m e n t cadres to c a r r y coal f r o m t h e pi t to t h e city.

NOW PRODUCI~D IN CHINA

New Locomotives

The "Giant Dragon" C h i n a ' s f i r s t 4,000 h.p. i n t e r n a l com-

b u s t i o n locomot ive for f r e igh t t r a i n s - - the " G i a n t D r a g o n " - - was r ecen t ly pro- duced by t h e Ta l i en Locomot ive and W a g o n Works . I t is 33 m e t r e s long and h a s two sect ions, e a c h equ ipped w i th a 2,000 h.p. d iese l engine , to p o w e r a 1,350 kw. d i rec t c u r r e n t gene ra to r . As one of the mos t p o w e r f u l locomot ives in the wor ld , i t can pu l l a t r a i n of 3,500 tons a t a speed of 100 k i l o m e t r e s pe r hour. I t c a n t r a v e l 800 k i l ome t r e s w i t h o u t re- fuel l ing. I t is con t ro l l ed by p u s h pu t tons .

All of the 100,000 pa r t s of the locomo- t ive we re m a n u f a c t u r e d in Ch ine se p l a n t s in t h r e e mo n t h s . Th e d e b u t of t he " G i a n t D r a g o n " m a r k s t h e b e g i n n i n g of a new s t age in Ch i n a ' s locomot ive indus t ry .

Electric Locomotive T h e A,nshan I ron a n d S tee l Works has

m a n u f a c t u r e d a n e w elect r ic locomotive. W e i g h i n g 90 tons, i t is t he b igges t e lectr ic l ocomot ive m a d e in C h i n a to date . I t h a s a t r a c t i v e p o w e r of 3,500-4,000 tons a n d a top speed of 72 k i l ome t r e s per hour .

I n t e r n a l c o m b u s t i o n a n d e lect r ic loco- mo t i v e s wi l l b e p roduced in i nc rea s ing n u m b e r s to s u p p l e m e n t a n d e v e n t u a l l y r ep lace t h e s t e a m locomot ives on Ch ina ' s r a i lways .

18

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

E i s h i ' s T r u e F a c e

The J a p a n e s e P r e m i e r Kish i ' s i n t e r - v i ew w i t h t he A m e r i c a n NBC cor- r e s p o n d e n t on Oc tobe r 14 is r o u n d l y c o n d e m n e d by O b s e r v e r in Renm$n Ribao (Oct. 17) as " a comple t e e x p o s u r e of the t r u e face of J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s m a n d a s ign t h a t it is p r e p a r e d to fo l low a t the hee ls of the U n i t e d S t a t e s in agg re s s ion aga ins t Ch ina and the r e s t of As ia . "

In his in te rv iew, K i sh i open ly dec l a red t h a t " t h e t i m e has come for J a p a n to e l i m i n a t e the 'no w a r ' p rov i s ion in the J a p a n e s e cons t i t u t i on . " He he ld t h a t J a p a n shou ld be ab le to s end t roops a b r o a d so t h a t she can "p lay he r fu l l p a r t in the f ight to p r e s e r v e the f ree wor ld . " P a r r o t i n g Dulles, he even de- c lared t h a t " t he T a i w a n s i tua t ion is no t a civil war , i t is a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l f ight aga ins t C o m m u n i s t aggress ion ," t h a t the Chinese people w e r e " t h e aggresso r s in K o r e a and V i e t - n a m and a r e n o w aggres - sors aga ins t Q u e m o y and Mat su . "

O b s e r v e r notes t h a t t he who le wor ld

h a s c o n d e m n e d U.S. aggress ion a n d p r o v - oca t ions aga in s t C h i n a ; no t a s ingle

m e m b e r s t a t e of the U.S. s p o n s o r e d mi l i - t a r y blocs ha s d a r e d to m a k e publ ic dec l a r a t i on of i ts r e ad ines s to go a long w i t h W a s h i n g t o n ' s a d v e n t u r e . I t is a t

such a t ime t h a t K i sh i h a s chosen to d is -

p l ay his obsequious s u b s e r v i e n c e to W a s h i n g t o n a n d b i t t e r hos t i l i t y to the

peoples of C h i n a and the res t of Asia. He expresses his e a g e r n e s s to se rve as a lackey of t he U.S. aggressors j u s t w h e n

they a re despe ra t e ly isolated.

I t is no m e r e acc ident , O b s e r v e r con- t inues, t h a t w h e n Kish i dec la red t h a t J a p a n m u s t be p r e p a r e d " to p l ay a ful l p a r t in the f ight to p r e s e r v e the f ree wor ld , " h e espec ia l ly m e n t i o n e d T a i w a n and Korea. They w e r e once occupied by the J a p a n e s e impe r i a l i s t s and now Kish i is tryi,ng to offer W a s h i n g t o n his se rv ices as a " c o m p e t e n t gu ide . " On t he o t h e r hand , i t also r evea l s t h a t the J a p a n e s e mi l i t a r i s t s h a v e t h e i r o w n axe to gr ind. Kish i m a d e this as plai,n as the nose on his face w h e n h e sa id T a i w a n a n d K o r e a we re " e s s e n t i a l " to J a p a n ' s secur i ty . T h e Chinese people a r e v e r y f a m i l i a r w i t h such u t t e r a n c e s ; th i s was the p i r a t i c a l logic used by J a p a n d u r i n g its i n v a s i o n of C h i n a f r o m the t imes of T a n a k a to Tojo.

This g r a sp ing logic of K i sh i ' s is no t d i rected aga in s t t he peoples of C h i n a and Korea alone, O b s e r v e r po in t s out. Accord ing to th i s logic, if Ch ine se a n d K o r e a n t e r r i to r i es a re essen t ia l to

J a p a n e s e secur i ty , t h e n the s a m e appl ies to a l l t h e coun t r i e s i,n S o u t h e a s t As ia a n d the Pacif ic such as t h e Ph i l ipp ines , Vie t - nam, B u r m a , I n d o n e s i a a n d even Aus- t ra l ia . I t is no t so long ago t h a t the J a p a n e s e impe r i a l i s t s a t t a c k e d these coun t r i e s u n d e r the s logan of " a n t i - c o m - m u n i s m " a n d t h e " G r e a t e r Eas t As ia Co- P r o s p e r i t y S p h e r e . " Now Ki sh i is aga in r a i s ing t h e ban,her of " a n t i - c o m m u n i s m . " He is eage r to " f ight c o m m u n i s m " no t on ly at h o m e b u t also in o the r A s i a n count r ies . W h a t else can th is m e a n b u t a r e v i v a l of the " G r e a t e r Eas t As ia Co- P r o s p e r i t y S p h e r e " ?

O b s e r v e r conc ludes : " T h e Ch inese people a r e d e t e r m i n e d to l i be r a t e t h e i r Quemoy, Matsu , P e n g h u a n d Ta iwan . I f t he J a p a n e s e impe r i a l i s t a d v e n t u r i s t s i n t e n d to t ra i l b e h i n d the U n i t e d S ta t e s in i ts i n t e r f e r e n c e in C h i n a ' s i n t e r n a l affairs , th i s ca,n only be i n t e r p r e t e d as a d e l i b e r a t e p r o v o c a t i o n a g a i n s t the Ch inese people. T h e r e is no d o u b t t h a t t h e J a p a n e s e imper i a l i s t s wil l get a n o t h e r t h r a s h i n g . "

I n d i a n O c e a n "' V a c u u m F i l l e r ' "

" T h e U.S. f leet p l a n n e d for the I n d i a n Ocean wil l c o n s t i t u t e a g r a v e t h r e a t to peace a n d secur i ty i.n th i s region. Once the U.S. aggressors h a v e e s t ab l i shed t h e m s e l v e s the re , t hey wil l wh ip up t en -

slon as they did in t he Middle and F a r Eas t a n d pose a m i l i t a r y t h r e a t des igned to p lace t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e and sove re ign ty of t h e n a t i o n s t h e r e u n d e r the muzzles of U.S. guns ." Th i s w a r n i n g f rom Renmin Ribao's C o m m e n t a t o r on October 14 is typ ica l of Ch inese ed i to r ia l c o m m e n t on press r epo r t s of U.S. p r e p a r a t i o n s to s t a t ion a " F i f t h F lee t " in the I n d i a n Ocean.

S k e t c h i n g in the backgrou.nd of this n e w U.S. move, C o m m e n t a t o r recal ls t h a t e v e r s ince the end of the Second Wor ld War , the U n i t e d S ta t e s ha s been h a r d a t i t p u s h i n g its aggress ive schemes in t h e I n d i a n Ocean. In 1946, the U.S. f o r m e d a spec ia l n a v a l c o m m a n d wi th U.S. w a r s h i p s in the P e r s i a n Gu l f a n d the w e s t e r n p a r t of the I n d i a n Ocean. By m e a n s of m i l i t a r y pacts or b i l a t e ra l t rea t ies , i t e s t ab l i shed seve ra l m i l i t a ry bases in th is region. F r o m I ran , W a s h i n g - ton secured the r i gh t to use the Pe r s i an G u l f coas t ; i t forced Q a t a r to s ign an a g r e e m e n t fo r a 9g-year lease of a nava l base ; a n d f r o m Eth iopia , it secured t he r i g h t to s t a t i on w a r s h i p s i,n M a s s a w a Bay. In P a k i s t a n , the K a r a c h i Nava l B a s e a n d t h e C h i t t a g o n g Base a re be ing e x p a n d e d a n d bu i l t w i t h U.S. he lp for U.S. use. S e v e r a l m o n t h s before t h e U.S. m a r i n e s l a n d e d in S i n g a p o r e in A u g u s t th is year , t h e U n i t e d S ta te s was a l r e a d y p r e p a r i n g to se t up supply depots for i ts n a v a l forces in s t ra teg ic por t s of t h e I n d i a n Ocean.

Expos ing the r ea l mo t ives b e h i n d the U.S. p l an to dep loy a s izable n a v a l force in the I n d i a n Ocean, C o m m e n t a t o r notes :

THE PASSING SHOW

The Sky's the Limit NEW YORK, Oct. 1 1 - - T h e U.S. Air Force announces that a U.S. rocket has

been launched from Cape Canaveral and is heading for the Moon.

WASHINGTON--The Pentagon spokes- man announces tha t the U.S. Moon rocket is the first man-made object to have es- caped Ear th ' s gravi ta t ional field {!) and is moving on course at the speed planned.

NEW YORK (Five and a half hours later) - - The Pentagon announces tha t it can ' t say yet if the rocket will approach the Moon. Called the "Pioneer ," it seems to be flying a bit h igher than expected.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 12--The U.S. Air Force announces tha t the Moon rocket won ' t get very near the Moon.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 12--The Pen- tagon announces that the Moon rocket is re turn ing to Earth.

NEW YORK, Oct. 13--The U.S. Air Force announces that the Moon rocket has presumably burn t up over the Pacific. "So you've got another belly-ache, The original Pentagon s ta tement on its eh? Didn't I tell y o u not to swal-

low those U.S. Moon rockets?" "success" was "technical ly inaccurate." Dy Hua Chun-wu

19

"The f lames of the an t i - co lon ia l i s t s t rug - gle a re sweep ing t h r o u g h the e n t i r e I n d i a n Ocean a r e a f r o m eas t to wes t ; the Br i t i sh colonial is ts , once the over - lords of this region, a re be ing forced to r e t r e a t s tep by step. U n d e r these c i r cum- s tances , the U.S. colonia l i s t s a r e i t ch ing to fill up th is ' v a c u u m ' too a n d impose U.S . -made colonia l f e t t e r s on t he mi l l ions in t h a t a rea who h a v e won t h e i r inde- p e n d e n c e and f r eedom."

This U.S. m o v e is b o u n d to fail, Com- m e n t a t o r concludes . " T h e age of g u n b o a t d ip lomacy is dead and gone. The U.S. S ix th and S e v e n t h Flee ts fa i led to scare the people of the Midd le a n d F a r East. They only succeeded in a n g e r i n g the peo- ples st i l l m o r e a n d inc i t ing t h e m to an even more u n r e l e n t i n g s t rugg le a g a i n s t U.S. aggression. In the s a m e way, the p l a n n e d fif th fleet wil l j u s t add one more noose a r o u n d W a s h i n g t o n ' s neck."

T w o - f a c e d B r i t i s h P o I i e y

Two of the l ead ing Chinese p a p e r s h a v e t a k e n Br i t a in ' s Fo re ign S e c r e t a r y S e l w y n Lloyd to t a sk for his speech on Oc tober 10, in which , wh i l e dec l a r i ng t h a t B r i t a i n did not i n t end to get i tself invo lved in the U.S. m i l i t a r y a d v e n t u r e in the T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea , h e also t r i ed to w h i t e w a s h W a s h i n g t o n and p e r m i t t e d h imse l f to s l a n d e r China .

Re fu t i ng Lloyd 's a l l ega t ion t ha t " t h e r e would be ve ry ser ious consequences in the F a r Eas t" if C h i n a l i b e r a t e d Q u e m o y and Ma t su by force, Da Gong Ban (October 14) poin ts out t h a t " B r i t a i n has long ago recognized and e s t ab l i shed d ip lomat i c re la t ions w i t h th i s count ry . Br i t i sh officials h a v e on m a n y occas ions a d m i t t e d t h a t Q u e m o y and M a t s u a re Chinese. W h a t g rounds then does B r i t a i n h a v e for oppos ing Ch ina ' s r i g h t to l i be ra t e its own t e r r i to r i e s and d e f e n d its sovere ign ty? Lloyd was c lear ly m e r e l y pa r ro t i ng Dulles."

Renmin Ribao's L o n d o n c o r r e s p o n d e n t unde r l ines the a b s u r d i t y of Lloyd ' s r e fe rence to the i l legal t r e a t y b e t w e e n the Uni t ed S ta te s and C h i a n g Ka i - shek .

As a Fore ign Sec re ta ry , he wr i tes , Lloyd should not forge t t h a t his c o u n t r y m a i n - t a ins d ip lomat i c r e l a t ions w i t h t he Peo- ple 's Republ ic of China .

The paper ' s c o r r e s p o n d e n t ho lds t h a t Lloyd's s e l f - con t r ad i c to ry s t a t e m e n t s on ly se rve to expose the doub le - f aced n a t u r e of Br i t i sh policy in t he F a r East. He notes t h a t w h i l e B r i t a i n is u n e a s y a b o u t the Un i t ed S ta t e s s t a r t i n g a w a r in t he F a r Eas t w h i c h would e n d a n g e r B r i t a i n ' s i n t e re s t s in As ia and o t h e r p a r t s of t he wor ld , it is s pa r i ng no effort to e x t r i c a t e W a s h i n g t o n f r o m r e spons ib i l i t y fo r i t s wa r p rovoca t ions , even to t he e x t e n t of back ing up the u n r e a s o n a b l e d e m a n d for a "cease-f i re" f rom China .

20

C H I N A AND THE

W O R L D

C . P . V . C o m p l e t i n g W i t h d r a w a l f r o m K o r e a

T h e G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s of the C h i n e s e People ' s V o l u n t e e r s and the M i n i s t r y of N a t i o n a l Defence of the K o r e a n Democra t i c People ' s Repub l i c h a v e issued a jo in t c o m m u n i q u e on the course of the w i t h d r a w a l of the C.P.V. w h i c h is in i ts f inal s tages.

I t reca l l s t h a t " r e s p o n d i n g to the pro- posa l of the G o v e r n m e n t s of C h i n a and K o r e a for the w i t h d r a w a l of al l fo re ign forces f r o m n o r t h a n d sou th K o r e a a n d for the p r o m o t i o n of a peacefu l se t t le - meri t of the K o r e a n ques t ion, the G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s of the C.P.V. issued a s t a t e m e n t on F e b r u a r y 20, 1958, a n n o u n c - ing its dec is ion to w i t h d r a w f rom Korea by s tages a n d comple te the w i t h d r a w a l before t h e end of 1958.

" W i t h the w i t h d r a w a l a b o u t to be com- ple ted, the G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s of the C.P.V. dec ided to h a n d over all t h e i r b a r r a c k s t o g e t h e r w i t h r e l a t ed e q u i p m e n t , faci l i t ies a n d m a t e r i a l s to t h e K o r e a n People ' s A r m y w i t h o u t c o mp e n s a t i o n . "

T h e h a n d - o v e r was comple ted on Oc tobe r 16. Bo th s ides exp re s sed t he i r s a t i s f ac t ion in the c o m m u n i q u e , desc r ib ing it as " a n o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n of the com- r a d e s h i p - i n - a r m s b e t w e e n the Ch inese a n d K o r e a n peoples ."

T h e c o m m u n i q u e was s igned on Oc tober 17 by G e n e r a l Yang Yung, C o m m a n d e r of the C h i n e s e People ' s V o l u n t e e r s and S e n i o r G e n e r a l K i m K w a n g Hyup, the K o r e a n M i n i s t e r of Na t iona l Defence.

F r a t e r n a l C o u n t r l e m B a c k C h i n a

As W a s h i n g t o n con t inues w i t h its i n t e r f e r e n c e in Ch i n a ' s i n t e r n a l affa i rs and m i l i t a r y p r o v o c a t i o n s in t h e T a i w a n S t r a i t s a rea , the socia l i s t cou,ntries have r e i t e r a t e d t h e i r u n r e s e r v e d s u p p o r t for C h i n a ' s ju s t cause.

I n t h e i r r e c e n t j o in t c o m m u n i q u e , the g o v e r n m e n t de l ega t ions of the G e r m a n Democra t i c Repub l i c a n d the B u l g a r i a n People ' s Republ ic s eve re ly c o n d e m n the U.S. i m p e r i a l i s t s ' w a r p rovoca t ions a g a i n s t t h e Ch i n e s e Peop le ' s Repub l i c a n d d e m a n d t h a t t h e Un i t ed S ta te s im- m e d i a t e l y w i t h d r a w its forces f rom

Ch i n a ' s t e r r i t o r i e s a n d s top i n t e r f e r i ng in C h i n a ' s i n t e r n a l affairs.

In W a r s a w , s p e a k i n g a t a g a t h e r i n g on Oc t o b e r I1 to m a r k the 15th a n n i v e r - sa ry of the f o u n d i n g of t he Po l i sh Peo- ple ' s A r m y , the Po l i sh Min i s t e r of N a t i o n a l Defence, G e n e r a l Spychalsk i , dec la red : " T h e Po l i sh people and govern - m e n t fu l ly s u p p o r t the s t rugg le of t he Ch i n e s e people for t h e comple t e l ibe ra - t ion of t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s . " The g a t h e r i n g was a t t e n d e d by a Ch inese mi l i t a ry de lega t ion h e a d e d by M a r s h a l Yeh Chien-y ing .

In Budapes t , a d d r e s s i n g 100,000 voters on Oc t o b e r 15, J a n o s Kada r , F i rs t S e c r e t a r y of the Ce n t r a l C o m m i t t e e of the H u n g a r i a n Soc ia l i s t W o r k e r s ' Pa r ty , po in t ed o u t t h a t the ques t ion of T a i w a n and the offshore Ch inese i s l ands is a n i n t e r n a l ques t i on and d e m a n d e d t h a t t he U.S. impe r i a l i s t s s top t h e i r shame le s s in t e r fe rence .

In Korea , on Oc tobe r 16, a t a fa rewel l m e e t i n g for officers and m e n of the C.P.V. H e a d q u a r t e r s , S e n i o r G e n e r a l K i m K w a n g Hyup, Defence M i n i s t e r of the K o r e a n Democra t i c People ' s Republ ic , dec la red that: t he gross ly p rovoca t ive acts of t h e U.S. in the T a i w a n S t ra i t s a rea a re not on ly a w a n t o n i n t e r f e r e n c e in Ch i n e s e i n t e r n a l affa i rs bu t also a chal- l enge to the C h i n e s e people a n d peace- lov ing people the wor ld over. He p ledged the ful l s u p p o r t of the Korean people a n d the officers and m e n of the K o r e a n Peop le ' s A r m y for the Chinese people ' s ju s t s t rugg le to l i be r a t e Ta iwan.

A i d f o r V i e t - a a m

W o r k on V i e t - n a m e s e indus t r i a l p ro jec t s bu i l t w i t h Ch inese aid will be f in ished a h e a d of schedule .

B l u e p r i n t s for mos t of the pro jec ts h a v e a l r e a d y been comple ted . Recon- s t r u c t i o n of the Hano i F o u n d r y and the H a n o i K n i t w e a r Mil l wil l be comple ted be fo re the end of th i s year , more t h a n t w o - t h i r d s of the p ro jec t s a re expec ted to b e in ope ra t ion n e x t year . Some of the l a r g e r p ro jec t s wi l l be comple ted in 1960.

C h i n e s e and V i e t - n a m e s e t echn ic i ans a re busy speed ing up c o n s t r u c t i o n work . Fac to r ies in C h i n a p r o d u c i n g e q u i p m e n t

for the V i e t - n a m e s e p l a n t s h a v e u n d e r - t a k e n to fill t h e i r o rde r s a h e a d of t ime.

U n d e r t h e t e r m s of the 1958 S ino-Vie t - n a m e s e A g r e e m e n t , C h i n a i s t o he lp bui ld or r e c o n s t r u c t 18 i n d u s t r i a l pro jec ts dur - ing the per iod 1958-1961 w i t h pa r t of the 800 mi l l ion y u a n w h i c h C h i n a has ear l ie r g iven to V i e t - n a m as a f ree gift.

M e a n w h i l e , f ive of the 13 r i ce -husk ing mil ls C h i n a is he lp ing V i e t - n a m bui ld

u n d e r a n o t h e r a g r e e m e n t h a v e a l r e a d y been comple ted . These mil ls a re d is - t r i b u t e d in the d i f fe ren t p r o v i n c e s of t he republ ic . W h e n comple ted , t hey wil l be ab le to h a n d l e al l r ice e a r m a r k e d for e x p o r t a n d mos t of w h a t is needed for city consumpt ion .

S l n o . ] ~ J [ o n g o l l a n C o . o p e r u t l o n

A Mongolian-Chinese Friendship As* soelatlon has b e e n f o u n d e d in t h e M o n - gol ian People ' s Republ ic . S h a r a p , Sec re - t a r y - G e n e r a l of t he P r e s i d i u m of t he Great People ' s Hura l , is i ts c h a i r m a n .

A viaduct a s t r i d e t he P e k i n g - U l a n Ba to r -M os cow R a i l w a y b u i l t w i t h Ch i - nese aid was h a n d e d ove r to the Mongo- l i an G o v e r n m e n t on Oc tobe r 10. O£ re in forced concre te a n d 370 m e t r e s long, the v i aduc t was bu i l t u n d e r the t e r m s of the S i n o - M o n g o l i a n Economic Aid A g r e e - m e n t of 1956.

A m o t o r - r o a d b r idge o v e r t h e T u r a River , l i nk ing U l a n B a t o r w i t h ea s t Mongolia, a n d t h r e e t a r m a c roads on t h e ou t sk i r t s of t he cap i t a l w e r e h a n d e d over by t h e i r bu i l de r s to t h e M o n g o l i a n G o v e r n m e n t a t t h e s a m e t ime.

Chinese and Mongolian cameramen a re co -ope ra t ing to m a k e a f u l l - l eng th docu- m e n t a r y ded ica t ed to f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n the two peoples.

Scenar io wr i te r s , d i r ec to r s and c a m e r a - men f rom P e k i n g a n d U l a n B a t o r f i lm s tudios a re w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r in a j o in t team. F i lming wil l b e comple t ed th i s year. The d o c u m e n t a r y wi l l be d u b b e d in bo th Ch inese and Mongol ian .

Twenty thousand head of cattle w e r e h e r d e d f r o m the Mongo l i an People ' s Re- publ ic across the b o r d e r to graze in t he I n n e r Mongo l i an A u t o n o m o u s Region. This s tep was ag reed upon by the two g o v e r n m e n t s w h e n Mongol i a ' s S o u t h Gob i Dis t r ic t was affected by d rough t . G r a z i n g grounds cover ing vn a r e a of 4,200 s q u a r e k i lomet res were e a r m a r k e d to accom- moda te the cat t le .

Visitors

A de lega t ion of s even T h a i M.P.s headed by Na i T h a h a r n K h a m h i r a n .

A f i v e - m e m b e r I t a l i an C u l t u r a l De lega - t ion.

A s i x - m e m b e r de l ega t ion of t he In - dones i an T e a c h e r s U n i o n h e a d e d b y Sud]ono, Na t i ona l i s t M.P.

A f i ve - member de lega t ion of B u r m e s e Educa t i ona l Workers , h e a d e d by U B a K y a w , S e c r e t a r y of t he B u r m e s e M i n i s t r y of Educa t ion .

Tadeusz Rozewicz, Po l i sh poe t a n d Wi to l t Zalewski , wr i t e r .

FORi::IGN TRADE NOTES

* Hi t of the Felr T h e People ' s Repub l i c of C h i n a wa s

t h e gues t of h o n o u r a t the 39th Swiss N a t i o n a l F a i r he ld th i s a u t u m n in L a u s a n n e . E v e r y t h i n g seems to i nd i ca t e t h a t t h e o rgan ize r s of the Ch inese P a v i l - ion a t t h e F a i r succeeded a d m i r a b l y . T h e Ch ine s e s h o w was desc r ibed b y m a n y h a b i t u d e s of the L a u s a n n e Fa i r as " t h e be s t e x h i b i t i o n seen in t h e l a s t 39 years . " I t was a lways p a c k e d w i t h v i s i to rs c rowd- ing to see i ts t w o - t h o u s a n d exhib i t s . T h e s e inc luded mach ine - too l s , p rec i s ion i n s t r u m e n t s a n d such t r a d i t i o n a l e x p o r t s as s i lks a n d sa t ins , t e a a n d h a n d i c r a f t s . Peop le f locked to b u y Ch inese silks, s a t i n s a n d h a n d i c r a f t s a t i ts sales d e p a r t - men t . P r i ces a n d q u a l i t y w e r e a t t r ac t ive .

Ch ine se t r a d e officials in a t t e n d a n c e a t the e x h i b i t i o n we re kep t busy w i t h bus ine s s t a lk s w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of f ac to r i e s a n d bus ines s f i rms f r o m Swi t - ze r l and , Wes t G e r m a n y , F rance , Br i t a in , Be lg ium, Aus t r i a , Hol land , I taly, Moroc- co, Spa in , I r an , Alger ia , D e n m a r k , S w e d e n a,nd the U n i t e d A r a b Repub l i c a n d a n s w e r i n g e n q u i r i e s f r o m m a n y o t h e r places. M a n y bus iness deals we re made . Ch inese t r a d e co rpo ra t i ons came a w a y w i t h qu i t e a n u m b e r of con t rac t s to buy meta ls , m a c h i n e r y a n d o the r com- mod i t i e s a n d sell such t r a d i t i o n a l e x p o r t goods as tea, spec ia l ,native products , a n i m a l products , m ine ra l s , foodstuffs , s i lk a n d sa t in .

In t a lks w i t h the Ch i n e s e t r ade r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s m e r c h a n t s f r o m Greece a n d S p a i n e x p r e s s e d a wish to e x p a n d t r a d e w i t h C h i n a on a b a r t e r basis.

The Ch inese e x h i b i t i o n in L a u s a n n e s h o w e d t h a t C h i n a today h a s a v e r y wide r a n g e of goods for e x p o r t a n d t h a t the t r a d i t i o n a l ideas of t r a d e w i t h C h i n a n e e d d ra s t i c o v e r h a u l i n g . T h e rap id a n d m a n y - s i d e d g r o w t h of h e r n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y h a s p u t h e r in a pos i t ion to e x p o r t no t on ly g ra ins , vege t ab l e oil, foodstuffs , a n i m a l products , silk, tea, m i n e r a l p roduc ts , ~nd t r a d i t i o n a l n a t i v e p r o d u c t s b u t also m a n y i n d u s t r i a l goods, i n c l u d i n g o r d i n a r y mach ine - too l s , com- p le te sets of e q u i p m e n t for t ex t i l e mills , p a p e r mil ls , c e m e n t works , etc.

T h e success fu l c a r r y i n g ou t of h e r Second F i v e - Y e a r P l a n a t a h igh speed also p rov ides cond i t ions for a n ex- p a n s i o n in i m p o r t s r a n g i n g f a r b e y o n d t r a d i t i o n a l l ines.

S u m m i n g u p its i mp r e s s i o n s the Chi- nese L a u s a n n e E x h i b i t i o n De lega t ion s t a t e d t h a t as Ch i n a ' s fo re ign t r a d e in gene ra l is e x p a n d i n g , t h e r e is a big f u t u r e fo r i n c r e a s e d t r a d e b e t w e e n C h i n a

a n d t h e cap i t a l i s t coun t r i e s in the West on a bas is of equa l i t y a nd m u t u a l benef i t .

• Sino-Cambodian Econom;c Relations C h i n a has a l r e a d y sen t t e chn i ca l ex-

pe r t s to C a m b o d i a for p rospec t ing and d e s i g n i n g w o r k on the co t ton mill , p a p e r mi l l a n d p lywood f ac to ry i t is he lp ing t h e C a m b o d i a n G o v e r n m e n t bui ld. On S e p t e m b e r 28, t h r e e more Ch inese specia l i s t s w e r e s en t to C a m b o d i a to give a f inal e x a m i n a t i o n to t he designs. C o n s t r u c t i o n wi l l s t a r t as soon as they h a v e comple t ed t h e i r work .

A f i v e - m e m b e r t r a d e g roup r e p r e s e n t - ing Ch i n e s e fo re ign t r a d e s t a t e corpora- t ions le f t on S e p t e m b e r 30 for C a m b o d i a

.to get a c q u a i n t e d w i t h the C a m b o d i a n m a r k e t a n d t r a n s a c t bus iness .

• Chinese Rice for Inclones;a I n d o n e s i a is b u y i n g a n o t h e r 75,000 tons

of r ice ~rom China . Th e c o n t r a c t for this wa s s igned on Oc t o be r 13 by the I n d o n e s i a n Food F o u n d a t i o n and the Ch i n e s e C o m m e r c i a l Counse l lo r ' s Office in D j a r k a r t a . P a y m e n t for t he r ice wil l be v ia t h e c l ea r ing accoun t b e t w e e n the two count r ies .

Th i s wi l l m a k e a to ta l of 170,000 tons of r ice i m p o r t e d by I n d o n e s i a f r o m C h i n a th i s year .

• £ 8 0 4 , 0 0 0 Worth of Business in 6 Hours Th e 1958 A u t u m n E x p o r t Commodi t i e s

F a i r opened w i t h a go in C a n t o n on Oc tobe r 15. I n its first s ix hou r s o v e r £804,000 w o r t h of bus iness was t r ansac t ed . Th i s was 40 p e r cent more t h a n the da i ly a v e r a g e of bus ines s t r a n s a c t i o n s d u r i n g t h e a u t u m n f a i r las t year. Con t rac t s w e r e m a d e for m a c h i n e r y , mine ra l s , scientif ic a p p a r a t u s , n a t i v e p roduc t s and s i lk a n d o t h e r goods. T h e f a i r wi l l be open un t i l N o v e m b e r 30. (For de ta i l s see "Fo re ign T r a d e Notes ," Peking Review, No, 32, 1958.)

• Tientsin Exports New DyestuffJ T i e n t s i n ' s dyes tu f f i n d u s t r y ha s fol-

lowed u p successfu l m a n u f a c t u r e of reac- t ive dyes w i t h t h e p roduc t ion of ye t a n o t h e r h i g h - q u a l i t y i t e m - - f a s t - p r i n t i n g dyes tu f f n o w k n o w n u n d e r t he n a m e of Uhop~d. This T i e n t s i n p roduc t ha s passed i ts tes t s w i t h f lying colours and is now a v a i l a b l e for e x p o r t in t w e l v e d i f fe ren t t in t s i nc lud ing shades of red, yel low, blue, green, b rown , o range , sca r le t a n d grey.

21

Since ear ly S e p t e m b e r , I n d o n e s i a h a s b o u g h t a c o n s i g n m e n t of Uhopid fas t red RH a n d Uhopid fas t b lue BN. B u r m a bough t a q u a n t i t y of these dyes in al l twe lve ranges .

I t is not so v e r y long ago t h a t no fac- tory in C h i n a could p r o d u c e such dye - stuffs. All those of th i s t ype used h a d to be i m p o r t e d f r o m abroad . Now, fo r b e a u t y of colour, l u s t r e and f a s tnes s t h e

Uhopid dyes be ing m a d e iv C h i n a a re r a t e d as good as the bes t p roduced in o t h e r count r ies .

Uhopid dye is e x t r e m e l y s imp le to use. No d y e - i n t e r m e d i a t e s a re needed w i t h it. I t can be dyed d i rec t onto co t ton or viscose r a y o n fabrics . W i t h a lcohol a n d caus t ic soda added, it is m i x e d into a p a s t e w i t h ho t w a t e r ; cold w a t e r is added to cool it and b r i n g i t to the r igh t con-

s is tency. I t can t h e n be appl ied d i rec t to the fabr ic .

Th e Uhopid fas t -pr in t i .ng dyestuffs made in C h i n a a re in p o w d e r fo rm and v a c u u m packed to p r e s e r v e t he i r qua l i ty in one pound, 500 g r a m m e a n d one k i l o g r a m m e tins. Ex p o r t s of Uhopid are be ing h a n - d led by t h e T i en t s in b r a n c h of the Ch ina N a t i o n a l I m p o r t a n d E x p o r t Corporat ion. (171 C h i e n S h e h Road, T ien t s in , China.)

W H A T ' S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s a re s u b j e c t to c h a n g e . W h e r e t i m e s are n o t l i s t ed c o n s u l t t h e a t r e or d a i l y p r e s s .

P E K I N G O P E R A

• L I N T S E - H S U A n e w h i s t o r i c a l o p e r a abou t L in T s e - h s u , the p a t r i o t i c v i c e r o y of K w a n g t u n g and K w a n g s l P r o v i n c e s in t h e late Ch lng d y n a s t y , w h o d e s t r o y e d the o p i u m s h i p p e d to C h i n a by B r i t i s h m e r - chan t s . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 21, 7:30 p .m. P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b Oct. 24, 7:30 p .m. R e n r n i n T h e a t r e

• C H I U C H I N T h e s t o r y of Ch lu Chin , a Ch ine se W o m a n of t he C h i n g d y n a s t y , w h o p r o t e s t e d the i n e q u a l i t y of w o m e n . T h e f e u d a l ru l e r s , in t h e i r f e a r a n d h a t r e d , a r r e s t e d a n d k i l l ed her . P r o d u c e d b y the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 23, 7:30 p .m. R e n m t n T h e a t r e Oct. 25, 7:30 p .m. G u a n g He T h e a t r e

• M U R D E R W I L L O U T - - a f a m o u s t r a d i - t ional opera . T h e sp i r i t of L ln S h i h - c h a n g , a s i lk m e r c h a n t r o b b e d of h i s m o n e y a n d m u r d e r e d in cold blood a p p e a l e d to P a d K u n g , the l e g e n d a r y d i s t r i c t m a g i s t r a t e i n S u n g d y n a s t y w h o b r o u g h t t he m u r d e r e r to jus t i ce , P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 25, 7:30 p .m. P e k t n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• C A P T U R I N G " T H E H A W K " An e x c i t i n g ep i sode f r o m the nove l T r a c k s i n t h e S n o w y Fores$ by Chu Po. A P .L .A. m a n p i t s h i s Wits a n d c o u r a g e a g a i n s t t h e n o t o r i o u s H a w k . a b a n d i t l eade r , a n d he lp s c a p t u r e h i m a n d h is b a n d . P r o d u c e d by the C h i n e s e O p e r a School.

Oct. 24, 7:30 p .m. G u a n g H e T h e a t r e Oct. 25, 7:30 p .m. C h a n g A n T h e a t r e Oct. 27, 7:30 p .m. Jl X t a n g T h e a t r e

• L O C H E N G - H S I U - - b a s e d on the t r u e s t o ry of Lo C h e n g - h s i u , t he S z e c h u a n " W h i t e - H a i r e d G i r l . " I l l - t r e a t e d by t h e l and - lord, she f led to the m o u n t a i n w i l d e r n e s s m a n y y e a r s ago . She l i ved a lone , ou t of touch wi th the wor ld , un t i l she w a s r e c e n t l y found . P r o d u c e d by t h e C h i n e s e O p e r a School.

Oct. 20, 7:30 p . m . C h a n g A n T h e a t r e

P I N G J U O P E R A

• T H E G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S A y o u n g g i r l h e l p e d u n c o v e r a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y c l ique in p e k i n g . P r o d u c e d b y the P i n g J u O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 21, 22, 24-27, 7:30 p ,m. Da Z h o n g T h e a t r e

• T H E C A S E OF H S U C H I U - Y I N G A n e w o p e r a b a s e d on a t r u e " incident . A g i r l w a s m y s t e r i o u s l y m u r d e r e d . H o w the pub l i c s e c u r i t y f o r c e s u n e a r t h e d a c o u n t e r - r e v - o l u t i o n a r y g a n g . P r o d u c e d b y the l='ingju O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 26, 1:00 p .m. M t n z h u T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• H E A R T S A F L A M E A g r o u p of d e m o b i l i z e d so ld i e r s se t up a f a c t o r y in a b r o k e n - d o w n b u i l d i n g a n d t u r n e d ou t f i r s t - r a t e p r o d u c t s . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e ,

Oct. 21-27, 7:15 p .m. S h o u d u T h e a t r e

• T H E M A S S E S A S T I R - - d e s c r l b e s h o w Ch inese w o m e n , f o r t he f i rs t t i m e in cen -

fu r i e s , h a v e f r e e d t h e m s e l v e s f r o m h o u s e h o l d d r u d g e r y a n d Jo ined in soc ia l p r o d u c t i o n E r l u n g R o a d in P e k i n g is the s cene of th i s p lay . P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

Oct. 21 & 22, 7:30 p .m. R e n m i n T h e a t r e

• P E O P L E ' S S T R O N G H O L D No . I - - f i r s t p a r t o f the t r i l o g y Hail t h e P e o p l e ' s Corn- m u n e s . I t c o v e r s t he p e r i o d f r o m the W a r of R e s i s t a n c e to J a p a n e s e A g g r e s s i o n to the e a r l y y e a r s of l i be ra t ion . A r e c o r d of the p e a s a n t s ' f igh t a g a i n s t the J a p a n e s e a n d l a n d l o r d s , t h e i r e n t h u s i a s m fo r a g r i c u l t u r a l c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d soc i a l i sm , P r o d u c e d by t h e C e n t r a l D r a m a School .

Oct. 21-27, 7:30 p .m. S h t y a n T h e a t r e

• T H E P A P E R T I G E R lk s a t i r e u p o n the m e n in the Whi t e H o u s e d r e a m i n g of an- n e x i n g C h i n a ' s T a l w a n . T h e p l a y e n d s w i t h t h e co l l apse of t h e Whi t e H o u s e a n d the d e f e a t of t h e w a r m a n i a c s . P r o d u c e d by the Ch ina Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e . Oct. 21-27, 7:30 p .m. C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

F I L M S

• D A U G H T E R S O F T H E P A R T Y - - s h o w s the C h i n e s e p e a s a n t s ' d e e p - r o o t e d d e v o t i o n to the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t h r o u g h the s t o r y of t h r e e y o u n g p e a s a n t w o m e n , w h o over - c a m e m a n y d a n g e r s to f ind the P a r t y H.Q. i n o r d e r to w a r n t h e m of a t r a i t o r in t h e i r m i d s t . A co lou r f i lm p r o d u c e d b y the C h a n g c h u n F i l m Studio .

Oct. 26 & 27 S h o u d u C i n e m a , D o n g D a n W o r k e r s ' C lub , Z h o n g y a n g , X t D a n W o r k e r s ' C lub

• O R D E A L B Y F I R E A N D I R O N A f e a t u r e f i lm b y T l a n Ma F i l m S t u d i o a b o u t the w o r k e r s ' m o v e m e n t s in S h a n g h a i on the eve of l i be r a t i on .

Oct. 22 S h o u d u C i n e m a Oct. 26 S h o u d u T h e a t r e Oct. 27 E r t o n g , P e k i n g T h e a t r e

• I N H O N O U R OF THE R E D F L A G A doc- u m e n t a r y in two pa r t s . T h e f i r s t pa r t , n o w s h o w i n g , is a b o u t t h e u n u s u a l a c h i e v e m e n t s of 8 f a c t o r i e s in S h a n g h a i d u r i n g the b i g leap.

Oct. 21 Da H u n Oct. 22 P e l t i n g W o r k e r s " C l u b Oct. 23 Z h o n g y a n g Oct. 24 J tao Dad K o u Oct. 25 X i n Z h o n g G u o

• A T H O U S A N D F O R W A R D S T R I D E S A D A Y T h r e e s h o r t f e a t u r e s d e s c r i b i n g h o w the n e w c o m m u n i s t s p i r i t is d e v e l o p i n g a m o n g the people . P r o d u c e d by the " A u g u s t 1" F i l m Studio .

Oct. 22 & 23 J tao Dad K o u Oct. 23 & 25 X i n J le K o u , S h o u d a C i n e m a Oct. 24 D a H u n Oct. 25 D o n g D a n W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• T H E E V E R L A S T I N G B E A M A P.L.A. r ad io o p e r a t o r , s e n t f r o m Y e n a n to se t up an u n d e r g r o u n d r ad io t r a n s m i s s i o n s t a t i on in o c c u p i e d S h a n g h a i in o r d e r to e x p o s e the s c h e m e s of J a p a n e s e - K M T co l l abo ra t i on , s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r i e s out h i s m i s s i o n . A f e a t u r e f i lm b y the " A u g u s t 1" F i l m Studio .

Oct, 24 & 25 S h o u d u C i n e m a

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N o f the p a r t s of t he U.S. " S i d e w i n d e r " g u i d e d m i s s i l e s u s e d b y the C h l a n g K a i - s h e k a i r f o r c e in r a i d s o v e r t he

m a i n l a n d . O p e n da i l y ( ex cep t Mon.) 8-12 a .m. , 1:00-5:30 p .m.

At t he W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e o f C u l t u r e

• P H O T O M O N T A G E E X H I B I T I O N b y the f a m o u s G e r m a n a r t i s t J o h n Hear t f l e ld . On d i s p l a y a r e 370 pho to m o n t a g e c a r t o o n s , il- l u s t r a t i o n s , p o s t e r s a n d b o o k j a c k e t s . Open da f fy 9:0 a.m.-0:00 p .m. till Oct. 26.

At t he W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e o f C u l t u r e

• E X H I B I T I O N of the r e p r o d u c t i o n s of the w o r k s of K o r i n Oga ta , the f a m o u s J a p a n e s e a r t i s t , in c o m m e m o r a t i o n of the 300th an- n i v e r s a r y of h i s b i r th . O p e n da i ly 9:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m.

At the G a l l e r y o f t h e A r t i s t s ' U n i o n a t S h u a i Fu Yuan , off W a n g f u c h l n g St.

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N O L O G I C A L A C H I E V E M E N T S Open d a i l y ( e x c e p t Moo.) 8:30 a.m.-6:00 p .m. till NOV. 15 a t t he n e w b u i l d i n g of t he Centra l M u s e u m o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y in T lench iao .

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S O p e n daf fy (ex- cep t Mon.) 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p . m .

At P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e a n d B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W A C H I E V E M E N T S I N T H E M E D I C A L F I E L D O p e n da f fy (except Mon.) 8:09 a.m.-6:00 p .m.

At the W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e o] C u l tu re a n d z h o n g s h a n P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N OF T H E R E F O R M OF CHI- N E S E W R I T T E N L A N G U A G E O p e n daffy ( e x c e p t Moo.) 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p .m. S p o n s o r e d b y the C o m m i t t e e f o r R e f o r m i n g the Ch inese W r i t t e n L a n g u a g e . A t B e i h a t P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N o f p a i n t i n g s in Ch inese t r a d i t i o n a l s ty le on the s u b j e c t of th is y e a r ' s b i g l e a p by P e k i n g a r t i s t s . O p e n da i ly 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p ,m.

A t B e i h a t P a r k

F L O W E R S H O W

N o w is the s e a s o n f o r c h r y s a n t h e m u m s , W a t c h f o r the a n n u a l c h r y s a n t h e m u m s h o w

j o i n t l y s p o n s o r e d by P e k i n g ' s p a r k s . I t wil l o p e n soon at B e i h a i P a r k .

V a r i o u s k i n d s of c h r y s a n t h e m u m s p l an t ed by P e k i n g ' s e x p e r t g a r d e n e r s will be on d i sp l ay .

S P O R T S

• T H E T H I R D C I T Y - W I D E S P O R T S M E E T is n o w be ing he ld in P e k i n g c o v e r i n g 36 e v e n t s f r o m foo tba l l to chess , i n c l u d i n g a 42,195-metre m a r a t h o n r a c e the f i rs t e v e r h e l d in th i s c i ty . O v e r 6,000 p a r t i c i p a n t s f r o m P e k i n g ' s w o r k e r s , p e a s a n t s , g o v e r n m e n t em- p loyees , s t u d e n t s , P .L .A, m e m b e r s a n d Pe- k i n g r e s i d e n t s wi l l t a k e p a r t in th i s 0-day m e e t s t a r t i n g on Oct. 19 a n d e n d i n g Oct. 20. W h e r e the e v e n t s wi l l be h e l d :

F o o t b a l l : P e k i n g S t a d i u m ; B a s k e t b a l l : Dong C h a n g A n J l e S t a d i u m , Shi Cha H a l G y m n a - s i u m , G u a n Y u a n S t a d i u m , a n d P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m ; V o l l e y b a l l : B e i h a i . S t a d i u m ; Basebal l~ Di T a n S t a d i u m ; Sof tba l l : DJ Tan S t a d i u m ; H a n d b a l l : P e k i n g S t a d i u m ; Table T e n n i s : T a o R a n T i n g S w i m m i n g Pool; W a t e r P o l o : P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m ; T e n n i s : P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m ; B o x i n g : P e k i n g G y m - n a s i u m ; C h e s s : W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e ot Cu l tu re .

22

Sizes to order

Orders are cordially invited

114 TAF, U ROAD C., TIENTSIN, CHINA. C=ble A~l,.eu " .SUNDRY" TIENTSIN

QUALITY guaranteed "~"'''~''''`'~``~'~'~''~'`''~''~'`'''~''''~'~.~'~`''''"~''~'~'```'~`''''~''`'`''~`''"~''''''~'~'`~ a n d it costs you LESS

CHEMICALS PHARMACEUTICALS Activated Bleaching Earth Metol Aminopyrine

Activated Charcoal Oleic Acid Amobarbital

Aluminium Hydroxide Phosphoric Acid Antipyrine

Barium Carbonate, Sodium Fluoride Barbital

Precipitated Sodium Hydrosulfide Belladonna Extract

Blanc Fixe Sodium Hyposulfite Caffeine

Cryolite Synthetic Sodium Nitrite Calcium Gluconate

Furfural Sodium Phosphate, Castor Oil

Iron Oxide, Red Di- & Tri- Fish Liver Oil

Kaolin Sodium Sulfate, Phenacetin

Magnesium Carbonate, Anhydrous Santonin

Light etc. etc.

Orders welcomed irrespecEive o[ quanEiEy. Why no~ write ~o us Eoday [or parEiculars 7

CHINA NATIONAL IMPORT AND EXPORT CORPORATION

TSINGTAO BRANCH

82 Chu~gsh~ Road, Tsi~gtao, China Cgble: CNIECTB TSINGTAO

Quality Guaranteed

TEXTILE ACCESSORIES Only the best materials are used. All accessories are

manufactured under the strictest supervision.

Orders for special specifications or designs are welcomed.

F

For particulars, please write to:

CHINA NATIONAL TRANSPORT MACHINERY IMPORT CORPORATION (Importers ~ Exporters)

Head Office: Erh Li Kou, Hsichiao, Peking Shanghai Branch: 27 Chungshan Road El, Shanghai Cable Address: TRANSMACH PEKING Cable Address: TRANSMACH SHANGHAI

d Tonic tIFithout a Peer

PANAX GI NSENG EXTRACTUM A usefu l tonic for t r e a t i n g con- sumpt ion , r h e u m a t i s m a n d m a n y chronic diseases of the circulatory a n d n e r v o u s sys tems. Helps restore vi ta l i ty .

Contains :

Panax ic acid • P a n a x i n

Panaquilon • Essen t ia l oils Vi tamins A , B1, B2, etc.

@ P I N E BRAND

Distributed by:

TIENTSIN MEDICINE & DRUGS CORPORATION Branch o~

CHINA NATIONAL NATIVE P R O D U C E EXPORT CORPORATION

308 Hsing An Road, Tients in , China Cable Address: DRUGS TIENTSIN

HongkongAgent: Teck Soon Hong Ltd. 38 B o n h a m Strand. W., Hongkong Cable Address: STILLON HONGKONG