October 2000: Law and Politics before the Or Commission of Inquiry

7/30/2019 October 2000: Law and Politics before the Or Commission of Inquiry

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czzgtmnv |fz` z`nft |gtb fm z`n lcz`ntfml ge z`n actln chg~mz ge nufjnmon ~dhfzznj zg z`n

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nogmj zcln ge z`n Oghhffgm {tgonnjfml- Cjcac` Czzgtmnv Gtmc Bg`m cmj Lcjnnt

Mfogac {tn{ctnj efan ge nufjnmon cmj |gtbnj dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm2 Cjcac` Czzgtmnv_~`cj @chhg~j ecofafzcznj z`n znch hnjfc |gtb2 cmj Cjcac` Lnmntca Jftnozgt! Czzgtmnv

@ccm Icdctnnm oggtjfmcznj z`n anlca znch- Fmzntmczfgmca cjugocov |gtb ogmontmfml z`n

Oghhffgm {tgonnjfml |ntn ecofafzcznj dv hcmv fmjfufj~ca dgz` Cjcac` zcee cmjfmzntm fmoa~jfml Cjcac` Czzgtmnv Ichfa Jcb|ct! Ectfjc Jnfe! Cmmn Hcclnn! Bczfn Zcvagt!

cmj Icbn \cjacmj- Cjcac` Jnunag{hnmz Jftnozgt Tfmc Tgnmdntl oggtjfmcznj z`f neegtz

cmj ogmztfd~znj flmfefocmzav zg z`n {tn{ctczfgm ge z`f tn{gtz- Ztcmaczfgm cmj {tgj~ozfgm

ge z`f tn{gtz |ntn cag hcjn {gfdan j~n zg z`n `ctj |gtb ge Cjcac` [~dafoczfgm NjfzgtCac @an`na cmj Lcdtfnaan T~dfm-

Cjcac` cag |f`n zg npznmj c{{tnofczfgm zg z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn egt z`n Ctcd

Ofzfynm fm Ftcna egt fz {~dafo ~{{gtz egt z`n anlca |gtb dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm- Cdgun

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ag {gfdan! z`n ag ge z`nft agunj gmn! g~t agunj gmn-

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Cjcac`9 Z`n Anlca Onmznt egt Ctcd Hfmgtfzv Tfl`z fm Ftcna zg z`n geefofca Oghhffgm geFms~ftv fmzg z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; {tgznz jnhgmztczfgm (`ntnfmceznt z`n Oghhffgm& gm> Jnonhdnt 4;;4- Z`n 363{cln ~dhffgm |c efanj gm dn`cae ge Hnhdnt ge Bmnnz

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afbnav zg dn `cthnj dv z`n fms~ftv gt fz tn~az-

Z`n {cln z`cz egaag| jfo~ z`n hcfm tncgm egt z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; {tgznz jnhgmztczfgmfm Ftcna! |`fo` tn~aznj fm z`n bfaafml ge 3? ~mcthnj [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge z`n zczn cmjz`n fmi~tv ge `~mjtnj ge gz`nt dv z`n {gafon- Z`n nzcdaf`hnmz ge z`n Oghhffgm! fz

hcmjczn! fz {tgonnjfml! cmj z`n |ctmfml fz f~nj ctn cag npchfmnj-

Z`n ogmoa~jfml ctl~hnmz tnafnj gm z`n np`fdfz dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! z`n {tgzgoga

ge caa ge z`n {tgonnjfml! c |naa c z`n ~{{gtzfml jgo~hnmz {tnnmznj zg fz- Z`n

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cmcavf-

Z`n ogmoa~jfml ctl~hnmz jnzcfa hcmv ge z`n coz cmj ghffgm ge npno~zfun dtcmo`

geefofca! dgz` lguntmhnmz hfmfznt cmj {gafon oghhcmjnt! ancjfml ~{ zg cmj j~tfml z`n

{tgznz jnhgmztczfgm ge Gozgdnt 4;;;! cmj z`n czznh{z hcjn dv z`nn zczn c~z`gtfzfnzg ogunt ~{ z`nft ecfa~tn- Fz cag jnotfdn m~hntg~ fmzcmon ge {gafon ufganmon clcfmz

[canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna! dgz` dnegtn cmj j~tfml Gozgdnt 4;;;! cmj tnent zg z`n onmztca

cmj mnlczfun tgan ge z`n Lnmntca _no~tfzv _ntufon (L__& fm nzzfml zczn {gafov zg|ctj z`nCtcd oghh~mfzv-

Z`n hcfm ctl~hnmz cjucmonj dv Cjcac` f z`cz z`n f~cmon ge z`n |ctmfml dv z`nOghhffgm clcfmz z`n z`tnn Ctcd {~dafo tn{tnnmzczfun f faanlca- Cjcac` cag

ogh{tn`nmfunav tne~znj z`n caanlczfgm nz egtz` dv z`n Oghhffgm clcfmz z`nh! cmj

z`ntnegtn ctl~nj z`cz z`n ogmznmz ge z`n |ctmfml `g~aj mgz dn fmoa~jnj fm z`n efmcaogmoa~fgm cmj tnoghhnmjczfgm ge z`n Oghhffgm-

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3_nn Tfmc Tgnmdntl! Gm z`n Ogaanozfun Otfhfmcafyczfgm ge [gafzfoca [tgznzgt! ?Cjcac` Tnufn| 6 (4;;4&-

4Anzznt ge C{{gfmzhnmz egt z`n Oghhfzznn ge Npchfmczfgm! f~nj dv [tfhn Hfmfznt N`~j Dctcb! jcznj 44 Gozgdnt 4;;;

(Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-

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Z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; [tgznz Jnhgmztczfgm fm Ftcna

Fm nctav Gozgdnt 4;;;! [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna zclnj hc jnhgmztczfgm fm zg|mcmj ufaacln z`tg~l`g~z z`n og~mztv zg {tgznz z`n lguntmhnmz g{{tnfun {gafofn clcfmz

[canzfmfcm fm z`n 365< Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn- Z`nn {tgznz nt~{znj ggm ceznt caCsc

Fmzfecjc dnlcm fm z`n Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn! j~tfml |`fo` z`n Ftcnaf cthv cmj no~tfzvegton bfaanj cmj fmi~tnj ogtn ge [canzfmfcm- Z`n {tgznz fm Ftcna jnunag{nj cmj |ntn

jftnoznj `gtzav z`ntnceznt fm g{{gfzfgm zg z`n ~n ge anz`ca egton dv z`n {gafon clcfmz

[canzfmfcm ofzfynm fm Ftcna-

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~mcthnj [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna cmj fmi~tnj `~mjtnj hgtn ~fml afun chh~mfzfgm!t~ddntogcznj znna d~aanz (t~ddnt d~aanz&! cmj znct lc- Z`n eftfml ge afun chh~mfzfgm

cmj t~ddnt d~aanz cz {tgznzgt! fmoa~jfml z`n ~n ge mf{nt! ctn caa {tg`fdfznj dv ac| cmj

nunm ufgaczn fmzntmca {gafon tnl~aczfgm- Ftcnaf In|f` ofzfynm cag czzcobnj [canzfmfcmofzfynm ge Ftcna! z`nft {tg{ntzv cmj z`nft `gav fzn fm nctav Gozgdnt 4;;;- Oagn zg


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ge Fms~ftv fm coogtjcmon |fz` z`n Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv Ac| 3650- ? Z`f ac| ltcmz

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O`fne I~zfon ge z`n _~{tnhn Og~tz! C`ctgm Dctcb! c{{gfmznj z`tnn hnhdnt zg z`n geefofca

Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv9 _~{tnhn Og~tz I~zfon Z`ngjgtn Gt (O`cft{ntgm&2 [tgengt_`fhgm _`chft ge Zna Cufu ^mfuntfzv! c egthnt Ftcnaf chdccjgt zg Nlv{z cmj Igtjcm2

cmj Jn{~zv [tnfjnmz ge z`n Mcyctnz` Jfztfoz Og~tz I~jln _c`na Ictc`- Fm I~mn 4;;3!

I~jln Ictc` tnflmnj etgh `f {gz j~n zg `ncaz` tncgm cmj |c tn{aconj dv Mcyctnz`Jfztfoz Og~tz I~jln @c`fh B`czfd-

Z`n Hcmjczn ge z`n Oghhffgm

Fhhnjfcznav egaag|fml z`n nzcdaf`hnmz ge z`n Oghhffgm! Cjcac` np{tnnj fzltcun ogmontm tnlctjfml z`n hcmjczn z`cz fz |c ltcmznj dv z`n lguntmhnmz! |`fo`

jfeentnj ogmfjntcdav etgh z`n hcmjczn ceegtjnj zg z`n Oghhfzznn ge Npchfmczfgm-:

DvLguntmhnmz Jnoffgm Mg- 4:6;! z`n Oghhffgm |c hcmjcznj zg fmunzflczn z`n oac`n

dnlfmmfml 46 _n{znhdnt 4;;; dnz|nnm no~tfzv egton cmj In|f` cmj Ctcd ofzfynm j~tfml

|`fo`! fmznt cafc! Ftcnaf ofzfynm |ntn bfaanj cmj fmi~tnj- Fm cjjfzfgm! z`n hcmjczn ocaanjegt cm fmunzflczfgm fmzg z`n oc~n ancjfml zg z`nft goo~tnmon Rz`n oac`nX cz z`cz zfhn

fmoa~jfml z`n ogmj~oz ge z`n fmofznt! gtlcmfynt! {ctzfof{cmz fm z`nn nunmz etgh caa

nozgt! cmj z`n no~tfzv egton- Cjcac` g{{gnj z`n og{n ge z`n hcmjczn! {ctzfo~actav z`ntnentnmon zg z`n ogmj~oz ge z`n fmofznt! c fz |c oanct z`cz z`n znth fmofznt |g~aj dn

~nj clcfmz Ctcd {gafzfoca ancjnt! |`fo` fmjnnj goo~ttnj-

C{{gfmzhnmz ge Cjcac`

Z`n echfafn ge z`n Ctcd ufozfh! c |naa c z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn egt z`n Ctcd

Ofzfynm fm Ftcna (ogh{tfnj ge Ctcd HB! hcvgt! cmj gz`nt ancjnt&! c{{gfmznj Cjcac`

zg tn{tnnmz z`nh dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm- Z`tnn ac|vnt Tfcj Cmn! Cyhfn Gjn`! cmjHc`hg~j _`c`fm |ntn cag c{{gfmznj dv z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn zg |gtb

zglnz`nt |fz` Cjcac` ac|vnt c hnhdnt ge z`n anlca znch-

_zcln 3 ge z`n [tgonnjfml

Z`n nctfml ge z`n Oghhffgm dnlcm gm 36 Endt~ctv 4;;3 cmj ogmoa~jnj fm Icm~ctv 4;;4-J~tfml z`n og~tn ge z`n vnct! ?:6 |fzmnn znzfefnj dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! lnmntczfmlmnctav 35!;;; {cln ge {tgzgoga jgo~hnmzfml z`n {tgonnjfml- \fzmnn fmoa~jnj

{gafzfoca ancjnt! {gafon oghhcmjnt cmj geefont! ig~tmcafz! np{ntz! cmj gtjfmctv

ofzfynm |`g `cj |fzmnnj z`n nunmz- Cjcac` anlca znch ~dhfzznj c actln s~cmzfzv genufjnmzfctv hczntfca zg z`n Oghhffgm fmoa~jfml gunt 3;; ceefjcufz ge nvn|fzmnn! fm

?_nn C{{nmjfp Mg- 3 Z`n Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv Ac| 3650-

:_nn C{{nmjfp Mg- 4 Z`n Hcmjczn ge z`n Geefofca Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv! f~nj gm 0 Mgunhdnt 4;;;-

DCOBLTG^MJ


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cjjfzfgm zg {`gzgltc{`! hnjfoca tn{gtz! d~aanz ocfml cmj hc{ ge z`n ctnc |`ntn z`nbfaafml ge z`n 3? [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna zggb {acon- @~hcm tfl`z gtlcmfyczfgm cmj

ac|vnt dgz` fm Ftcna cmj cdtgcj cfznj Cjcac` fm fz |gtb dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm-

Fm coogtjcmon |fz` {cz Ftcnaf {tcozfon tnlctjfml geefofca oghhffgm ge fms~ftv! mnfz`nt

z`n echfafn ge z`n Ctcd ufozfh gt Cjcac` `cj cmv anlca zcmjfml dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm

j~tfml z`f zcln ge z`n {tgonnjfml- Coogtjfmlav! j~tfml z`n og~tn ge z`nn `nctfml!Cjcac` ac|vnt |ntn mgz {nthfzznj zg ocaa gt zg otgnpchfmn |fzmnn- Vnz! dv czznmjfml

caa ge z`n Oghhffgm `nctfml egt cm nmzftn vnct cmj tnl~actav fmzntunmfml dv ~dhfzzfml

m~hntg~ anlca hgzfgm o`caanmlfml z`n {tgonj~tn cmj z`n nufjnmon! Cjcac` lcfmnj s~cfgeefofca zcz~ dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm-

Z`n \ctmfml

Gm 4< Endt~ctv 4;;4! ceznt gmn vnct ge `nctfml! z`n Oghhffgm f~nj 3: anzznt ge

|ctmfml-> Nanunm ge z`nn |ctmfml anzznt |ntn f~nj zg `fl`tcmbfml Ftcnaf lguntmhnmz{gafzfoca ancjnt! mchnav! egthnt [tfhn Hfmfznt N`~j Dctcb cmj egthnt Hfmfznt ge

Fmzntmca _no~tfzv _`aghg Dnm Chf! c |naa c uctfg~ {gafon oghhcmjnt cmj geefofca-

Z`n Oghhffgm cag f~nj |ctmfml anzznt zg z`tnn nanoznj Ctcd tn{tnnmzczfun9 HBCyhf Df`ctc! HB Cdj caHcanb Jc`ch`n! cmj _`nfb` Tcnj _cac`- Z`n |ctmfml anzznt

cjufn z`n tnof{fnmz z`cz z`nv ctn afbnav zg dn `cthnj dv z`n fms~ftv gt fz tn~az-

Z`n |ctmfml anzznt zg z`n z`tnn Ctcd {~dafo tn{tnnmzczfun caanlnj z`cz dnz|nnm 3660

4;;;! cmj j~tfml z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; nunmz! z`nv |ntn tn{gmfdan egt ogmunvfml hncln

~{{gtzfml ufganmon c c hncm zg czzcfm z`n lgca ge z`n Ctcd nozgt fm Ftcna- Z`n |ctmfmlanzznt f~nj zg _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cag zcznj! chgml gz`nt caanlczfgm! z`cz j~tfml 3660

4;;;! `n |c tn{gmfdan egt ogmunvfml tn{ncznj hncln jnmvfml z`n anlfzfhcov ge z`n

npfznmon ge Ftcna cmj {gtztcvnj z`n zczn c cm nmnhv-

Gm z`tnn n{ctczn goocfgm! Cjcac` nmz anzznt o`caanmlfml z`n hcmjczn ge z`n Oghhffgm!

|`fo` nmcdanj z`n Oghhffgm zg f~n z`nn |ctmfml-5 Cjcac` jfj mgz tnonfun c tn{av zgz`nn o`caanmln- Gm 34 Hcto` 4;;4! Cjcac` ~dhfzznj c hgzfgm zg z`n Oghhffgm zg

tnofmj z`n |ctmfml anzznt f~nj zg z`n Ctcd ancjnt! d~z z`n hgzfgm |c jnmfnj z|g jcv

>_nn C{{nmjfp Mg- ? Jnoffgm ge z`n Geefofca Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv Tnlctjfml z`n \ctmfml Anzznt! jnafuntnj gm 4

4- Z`n ^n ge Anz`ca Egton zg _~{{tn Jnhgmztczfgm fm z`n Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn

Cjcac` ctl~nj z`cz z`n ~n ge anz`ca egton dv z`n Ftcnaf cthv cmj no~tfzv egton clcfmz

[canzfmfcm jnhgmztczgt fm z`n Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn! etgh 40 _n{znhdnt 4;;;! |ccmgz`nt jftnoz tncgm egt z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; {tgznz jnhgmztczfgm fm Ftcna- Cjcac` ofznj

z`tnn hcfm g~ton jnzcfafml z`n ~n ge egton cmj fz anz`ca tn~az9

Fm c {tn tnancn f~nj gm 4 Gozgdnt 4;;;! Chmnzv Fmzntmczfgmca9 ogmjnhmnjRz`nX fmjfotfhfmczn bfaafml ge ofufafcm egaag|fml eg~t jcv ge oac`n fm Ftcna

cmj z`n Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn |`fo` `cun anez cz ancz ?> [canzfmfcm ofufafcm jncjcmj `~mjtnj ge gz`nt fmi~tnj- Z`n jncj ofufafcm! chgml z`nh vg~ml o`fajtnm!

fmoa~jn z`gn ~mfmugaunj fm z`n ogmeafoz cmj nnbfml cenzv --- Z`n ag ge ofufafcm

afen f jnuczczfml cmj z`f f ogh{g~mjnj dv z`n ecoz z`cz hcmv c{{nct zg `cundnnm bfaanj gt fmi~tnj c c tn~az ge z`n ~n ge nponfun gt fmjfotfhfmczn egton-35

Fm c tn{gtz f~nj gm 46 Mgunhdnt 4;;;! Hctv Tgdfmgm! z`n z`nm@fl` Oghhffgmnt

egt @~hcm Tfl`z zcznj9 Fm cm czznh{z zg jf{ntn z`n jnhgmztczfgm! z`n Ftcnaf hfafzctvc~z`gtfzfn cun ~nj afun chh~mfzfgm! t~ddnt ogcznj znna d~aanz cmj znct lc! caa ge |`fo`

`cun tn~aznj fm jncz` cmj fmi~tfn chgmlz z`n [canzfmfcm- @ncufnt |nc{gm `cun cagdnnm ~nj! fmoa~jfml tgobnz eftnj dv fmecmztv cmj etgh `nafog{znt! cthgtnj un`foan!

3>^M _no~tfzv Og~mofa Tnga~zfgm 3?44! cjg{znj gm < Gozgdnt 4;;;! cucfacdan cz9 `zz{9''|||-~m-gtl'Jgo'otn'4;;;'

o4;;;-`zh-

35Chmnzv Fmzntmczfgmca! [tn Tnancn! Ofufafcm Afun H~z dn Tn{noznj! 4 Gozgdnt 4;;;! cucfacdan cz9 `zz{9

''|nd-chmnzv-gtl'afdtctv'Fmjnp'NMLHJN3>;?44;;;7g{nm%ge8NMLF_T-

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|`fo` `cun dnnm jn{agvnj z`tg~l`g~z z`n Lcyc _ztf{ cmj z`n \nz Dcmb! cmj `ncuvhco`fmn l~m- Z`n ~n ge `ncuv |nc{gm `c tcfnj z`n fmofjnmon ge jncz` cmj fmi~tv

chgmlz mgmoghdczcmz cmj! fmjnnj! nuntca ~o` jncz` goo~ttnj j~tfml z`n {ntfgj ge

z`n @fl` Oghhffgmnt uffz- C `fl` {ntonmzcln ge z`n fmi~tfn ~zcfmnj dv [canzfmfcm`cun dnnm zg z`n ~{{nt {ctz ge z`nft dgjv! fmoa~jfml c actln m~hdnt ge nvn fmi~tfn! ghn

oc~nj dv z`n eftfml ge t~ddnt d~aanz cz oagn tcmln- Z`n tn~az f geznm z`n ag ge cm

nvn! d~z ocm cag dn nuntn dtcfm jchcln gt jncz`- Fm ~dns~nmz jfo~fgm nmfgt FJEtn{tnnmzczfun coon{znj z`n {gznmzfca anz`camn ge t~ddnt d~aanz! cmj cag z`cz ge znct

lc! fe ~nj fm c ogmefmnj ctnc! c `c dnnm caanlnj-3 (z`n \cjf Ctc Tgcj&! z`~ flmgtfml z`nhcmv oc~cazfn! fmoa~jfml eczcafzfn! z`cz og~aj cun! cmj `g~aj cun! dnnm cmzfof{cznj c

c tn~az ge z`n gtjnt! cmj z`cz fz |c afcdan zg e~tz`nt fmeachn z`n tfgz-

Dctcb znzfefnj z`cz ~o` cm gtjnt |c mnunt lfunm! cmj z`cz z`n cozfgm zcbnm dv z`n {gafon

gm 4 Gozgdnt 4;;; jg mgz tneanoz `f gtjnt- @g|nunt! fm z`n tcjfg fmzntufn| lfunm dv Dctcb

gm z`n hgtmfml ge 4 Gozgdnt 4;;;! z`n jcv ceznt z`n eftz bfaafml ge cm Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna!`n zcznj z`cz9

\n ocmmgz coon{z cmj |faa mgz coon{z nfz`nt z`n dagobfml ge tgcj gt jft~{zfgm

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z`n mfl`z vnzntjcv cz hv `ghn! F fmzt~oznj z`n Hfmfznt ge Fmzntmca _no~tfzv

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z`nft naetnztcfmz vnzntjcv j~tfml z`n jnhgmztczfgm! d~z F zgaj z`nh z`cz

vg~ cun z`n ltnnm afl`z egt cmv cozfgm mnonctv zg dtfml cdg~z z`n t~an ge ac|!

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z`n zczn! cmv|`ntn fm z`n zczn-

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zcznhnmz jg mgz tneanoz z`n coz~ca gtjnt lfunm zg {gafon! d~z |ntn hncmz zg ocah {~dafoogmontm! nnhfmlav gmav z`gn ge z`n In|f` {~dafo- Dctcb fmfznj z`cz z`n gtjnt n lcun

gm 3 Gozgdnt 4;;; |ntn c{{tg{tfczn! cmj z`cz z`n cozfgm ge z`n {gafon jg mgz tneanoz z`nngtjnt- @g|nunt! Dctcb zcznhnmz hcjn j~tfml z`n 4 Gozgdnt 4;;; tcjfg fmzntufn|! c

|naa c `f zcznhnmz hcjn j~tfml z`n 4 Gozgdnt 4;;; hgtmfml lguntmhnmz hnnzfml!

fmjfoczn z`cz z`n {gafon |ntn zgaj zg ~n cmv hncm zg g{nm z`n tgcj- Acznt gm z`n chn jcv!{gafon mf{nt |ntn jn{agvnj clcfmz jnhgmztczgt gm z`n \cjf Ctc Tgcj (mnct ^hh ca

Ec`nh& cmj fm Mcyctnz`! cmj fp [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna |ntn bfaanj-



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Z`ntn ctn ogmztcjfozgtv untfgm ge nunmz tnlctjfml z`n tnogtjfml ge c ot~ofca cnhnmzhnnzfml z`cz zggb {acon gm z`n mfl`z ge 3 Gozgdnt 4;;; cz Dctcb `ghn- Dctcb tnentnmonj

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hnnzfml- Z`gn {tnnmz cz z`n hnnzfml |ntn c|ctn z`cz nctafnt fm z`n jcv! gmn [canzfmfcm

ofzfynm ge Ftcna `cj dnnm bfaanj cmj hcmv gz`nt fmi~tnj dv {gafon gm z`n \cjf Ctc Tgcj-

Dctcb hfafzctv notnzctv! Lcjf Nfynmbgz! cag czznmjnj z`n hnnzfml- Nfynmbgz |c

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4;;; cnhnmz hnnzfml! egt |`fo` z`ntn ctn ogmztcjfozgtv np{acmczfgm-

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mgzfefnj z`cz z`ntn |c mg tnogtjfml-

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:- Z`n Bnnh @cHcmlfmc Gtjnt

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coz~caav fh{anhnmznj fm Gozgdnt 4;;;-

TNC_GM_ EGT Z@N GOZGDNT 4;;; [TGZN_Z JNHGM_ZTCZFGM_


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Z`n {gafon ogmj~oznj nuntca ztcfmfml npntofn fm ogmmnozfgm |fz` z`f {acm o~ahfmczfmlfm z`n |ct lchn Tg~c` _ncctc`! `naj cz z`n {gafon `ncjs~ctznt fm _`ceccht gm 5

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{tnntufml fz-

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hgtn jfeefo~az egt z`n {gafon zg jf{ntn z`nh-

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cmj z`cz fz ogmzfm~nj zg ~{{gtz z`nh-

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zfzan! [gafon Oghhffgmnt [gafov! z`n In|f` jnhgmztczfgm onmctfg fmoa~jn z`n

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Ctcd {tgznzgt j~tfml Gozgdnt 4;;;- Jn{fzn z`n dagobfml ge tgcj cmj zgmfml ge {gafon

dv In|f` jnhgmztczgt! z`n {gafon tncoznj |fz` npztnhn eanpfdfafzv! |fz`g~z tngtzfmlzg ufganmz hncm ~o` c z`n eftfml ge afun chh~mfzfgm gt t~ddnt d~aanz gt z`n ~n ge

mf{nt- Dv ogmztcz! z`n {gafon tncoznj zg Ctcd jnhgmztczgt fm c ogmetgmzczfgmca hcmmnt



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fm gtjnt zg egtone~aav ~{{tn z`n {tgznz- C Dgtjnt [gafon|ghcm zgaj c Vnjfgz C`tgmgz

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z`nft |gtb |c zg jnznt jnhgmztczgt! c g{{gnj zg {tnunmzfml cmv cth zg z`n {~dafo cmj

z`nhnaun-43

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fmi~tnj dv {gafon! z`n actlnz m~hdnt ge ufozfh gm c fmlan jcv j~tfml z`n Gozgdnt 4;;;

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z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn egt z`n Ctcd Ofzfynm fm Ftcna- Gm z`cz jcv! z|g hgtn

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z`n egaag|fml jcv- Hcmv gz`nt fmjfufj~ca |ntn fmi~tnj- Gm 0 Gozgdnt 4;;;! {gafon eftfml

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4;;;9 c tnztg{nozfun z~jv! cmj {~daf`nj fm Hcv 4;;4 fm Z`n Acmonz! ogmontm z`n

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Ge 3>4 {czfnmz |fz` 4;3 t~ddntd~aanz fmi~tfn! ?> |ntn ztncznj

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zg z|g tnlfgmca `g{fzca fm Mcyctnz`! cmj 35 |ntn tnenttnj zg

z`n Tchdch Hnjfoca Onmznt fm @cfec- Z`ntn |ntn 3>3 hcan

cmj gmn enhcan! |fz` cm cln tcmln ge 33>6 vnct --- 4; (3?.&

{czfnmz `cj hgtn z`cm gmn d~aanz fmi~tv! cmj fm gmn (;-5.&

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Z`n 4;3 t~ddntd~aanz fmi~tfn |ntn tcmjghav jfztfd~znj caa gunt

z`n dgjv --- Fmi~tfn |ntn hgzav agocznj fm z`n afhd (m8


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cdjghnm (34&! |ntn cag etns~nmzav mgznj- Fm coogtjcmon |fz` F__ ogtn! 64

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|`ntnc


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cmj ufganmon `c dnnm jftnoznj cz z`nh cmj z`nft {tg{ntzv tcz`nt z`cm cz gz`nt

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vhdgafo agoczfgm c np{noznj cmj tfgz `cun mgz nugaunj! z`n otg|j fh{av

hnaznj c|cv---

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{ncon cmj {tgznoz {~dafo afun cmj {tg{ntzv! cmj bmg| z`cz zg jg g |faa

fmugaun zcbfml tfb! |`fo` nmjcmlnt {gafon {ntgmmna-

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anz`ca cozfgm zcbnm dv z`n {gafon cmj z`nft {tgugoczfun {tnnmon fm {acon ~o` c Mcyctnz`

cmj ^hh caEc`nh-

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Ftcna94:

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ge t~ddntogcznj hnzca d~aanz cmj afun chh~mfzfgm |fz`g~z czznh{zfml zg ~nmgmanz`ca hnz`gj ge jf{ntca-

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4:Chmnzv Fmzntmczfgmca! Ftcna cmj z`n Goo~{fnj Znttfzgtfn9 Nponfun n ge Anz`ca Egton! Gozgdnt 4;;; cz 3?! cucfacdan

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cucfacdan cz9 `zz{9''|||-`t|-gtl'tn{gtz'4;;;'ftcna'ftag;;;4-`zh-



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5- Z`n Bmg|anjln ge Lguntmhnmz Hfmfznt cmj @fl`Tcmbfml [gafon Oghhcmjnt

Ogmontmfml z`n ^n ge Afun Chh~mfzfgm cmj _mf{nt

[tfhn Hfmfznt N`~j Dctcb! Hfmfznt ge Fmzntmca _no~tfzv _`aghg Dnm Chf! cmj [gafon

Oghhffgmnt Vn`~jc Ufab oacfhnj fm z`nft znzfhgmfn dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm z`cz z`nv

|ntn ~mc|ctn ge z`n ~n ge afun chh~mfzfgm cmj mf{nt clcfmz jnhgmztczgt dv z`n{gafon! ~mzfa z`n Oghhffgm {tgonnjfml `cj dnl~m-45

Z`n ~n ge mf{nt zggb {acon c nctav c 46 _n{znhdnt 4;;; fm caCsc Hgs~n ogh{g~mj!|fz` z`n tnca zfhn bmg|anjln ge z`n [gafon Oghhffgmnt cmj z`n Hfmfznt ge Fmzntmca

_no~tfzv- Fm cjjfzfgm! z`n Bnnh @cHcmlfmc gtjnt! jfo~nj cdgun! {nofefocaav

fmoa~jnj z`n ~n ge mf{nt2 z`f {acm |c fh{anhnmznj fm Gozgdnt 4;;;- Mgz gmav jfj z`n{gafon ecfa zg ogmj~oz fmzntmca fms~ftfn tnlctjfml z`n oc~n ge jnhgmztczgt jncz` cmj

fmi~tfn! d~z z`nv cag ogmoa~jnj fm z`nft nuca~czfgm tn{gtz z`cz z`n ~n ge mf{nt |c

neenozfun j~n zg fz jnznttnmz neenoz gm {tgznzgt- C mgznj! z`f cnhnmz |c {tnnmznjcz c ogmentnmon ge {gafon oghhcmjnt gm 0 Mgunhdnt 4;;;! czznmjnj dgz` dv z`n [gafon

Oghhffgmnt cmj z`n Hfmfznt ge Fmzntmca _no~tfzv-

Fm cjjfzfgm! gm 4 Gozgdnt 4;;;! Vgne Hnachnj! c nmfgt no~tfzv cjufgt zg z`n Hfmfznt

ge Fmzntmca _no~tfzv! |c c|ctn ge z`n ~n ge afun chh~mfzfgm cmj t~ddnt d~aanz dv

{gafon clcfmz {tgznzgt- Hnachnj bmg|anjln ge z`nn cozfgm ocm dn oanctav jnj~onjetgh zcznhnmz z`cz `n hcjn fm c anzznt nmz zg z`n Mgtz`ntm Jfztfoz [gafon G{ntczfgm

Oghhcmjnt! Jgu A~zybv- Fm z`n anzznt! Hnachnj cb9 Ocm vg~ cv z`cz afun chh~mfzfgm

cmj t~ddnt d~aanz |ntn ~nj j~n zg acob ge chh~mfzfgm7 --- [gafon @ncjs~ctznt tn{gtz

zczn z`cz z`ntn |c ~eefofnmz Caec chh~mfzfgm---4>:0>5 (znzfhgmv ge Tgmf Cznaac! Oghhcmjnt ge z`n Cbbc [gafon _zczfgm! 4 C~l~z4;;3& (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-



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J~tfml z`n {ntfgj ge z`n hfafzctv lguntmhnmz! Ctcd |`g jfj mgz ogh{av

|fz` z`n geefofca {gafov gt jfj mgz ogg{ntczn |fz` z`n hfafzctv lguntmhnmz

c~z`gtfzfn |ntn dacobafznj! cmj Ctcd fmznaanoz~ca |`g g~l`z c znco`fml

igd gt {tghgzfgm hcjn nuntv neegtz mgz zg dn fmoa~jnj fm z`n dacobafz --- Z`n

hfafzctv lguntmhnmz cag ~nj fmjftnoz hncm zg jnca |fz` Ctcd znco`nt

jnotfdnj c ~duntfun- Z`f |c z`tg~l` ogmztga ge {nthfz z`cz nuntv znco`nt

`cj zg lnz fm gtjnt zg dn caag|nj zg zcv fm z`n agocafzv |`ntn `n zc~l`z fe `n

|c mgz c agoca tnfjnmz-

Hfafzctv t~an |c fh{gnj gm z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv jftnozav egaag|fml z`n 36:0 \ct! j~tfml|`fo` z`n [canzfmfcm {ng{an agz z`nft `ghnacmj! c c tn~az ge hfafzctv cozfgm dv z`n

Yfgmfz egton fm [canzfmn- Tc`fj B`cafjf nh{`cfynj z`n fh{coz ge z`n ag gm [canzfmfcm

gofnzv! {nofefocaav fm afl`z ge fz ztcjfzfgmca cmj nhfztcjfzfgmca o`ctcoznt9?5

Lfunm z`n onmztcafzv ge czzco`hnmz zg {acon o`ctcozntfzfo mgz gmav ge

[canzfmfcm! d~z cag ge gz`nt fm ztcjfzfgmca cmj nhf ztcjfzfgmca gofnzfn! fz

ocm dn fhclfmnj `g| {g|nte~a cm fh{coz z`nn nunmz h~z `cun `cj9 dv z`n

nmj ge z`n {tgon ge jf{gnfgm fm 36:6! hgtn z`cm eg~t `~mjtnj ofzfn!zg|m cmj ufaacln fm Lcafann! z`n ogczca tnlfgm! z`n ctnc dnz|nnm Iceec cmj

Int~canh! cmj z`n g~z` ge z`n og~mztv `cj dnnm jn{g{~acznj! fmogt{gtcznj

fmzg Ftcna cmj nzzanj |fz` Ftcnaf! cmj hgz ge z`nft Ctcd fm`cdfzcmz |ntn

jf{ntnj z`tg~l`g~z z`n tnlfgm c tne~lnn-

Hg`n Jcvcm jnotfdnj z`n ecoz ge z`nn ztc~hczfo nunmz untv |naa fm cm cjjtn z`cz `n

lcun dnegtn z~jnmz cz z`n Zno`mfgm Ftcna Fmzfz~zn ge Zno`mgaglv gm 36 Hcto` 36569?Hcifj Ca@ci!Nj~oczfgm! Nh{g|nthnmz! cmj Ogmztga(Cadcmv9 _zczn ^mfuntfzv ge Mn| Vgtb [tn! 366>& cz 35


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Hc`a~a2 Lfucz fm z`n {acon ge Ifdzc2 _ctfj fm z`n {acon ge @~mnfef2 cmj Bnect

Vn`~`~c fm z`n {acon ge Zca ca_`~hcm- Z`ntn f mgz gmn fmlan {acon d~faz

fm z`f og~mztv z`cz |c mgz nzcdaf`nj gm z`n chn {acon c c egthnt Ctcd

ufaacln-

Gmn hcigt coz ge zczn ufganmon clcfmz z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv j~tfml z`n {ntfgj ge hfafzctv

t~an goo~ttnj gm 46 Gozgdnt 36>5! |`nm Ftcnaf no~tfzv egton `gz zg jncz` :6 {ng{an

etgh B~et Scnh |`g |ntn tnz~tmfml zg z`nft ufaacln etgh |gtb- Z`nn fmjfufj~ca jfjmgz bmg| z`cz c {nofca! nctav mfl`z o~ten| `cj dnnm fh{gnj gm z`n ufaacln dv z`nn chn

egton- Cz z`n zfhn! z`n Dnm L~tfgm lguntmhnmz czznh{znj zg ogunt ~{ z`n ecoz ge z`n

hccotn z`cz zggb {acon fm B~et Scnh-?0

Z`ntn f c jftnoz ogmmnozfgm dnz|nnm |`cz c{{nmnj fm 36:0 cmj z`n hfafzctv t~an fh{gnj

gm z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv fhhnjfcznav z`ntnceznt! cmj z`n ogmon{z ge ofzfynm`f{ egt Ctcd fm

Ftcna- Z`n vnct ge z`n hfafzctv tnlfhn |ntn egthczfun egt z`n tnaczfgm`f{ dnz|nnm z`nzczn cmj z`n mczfgmca hfmgtfzv- Z`f tnaczfgm`f{ |c mgz dcnj gm ofzfynm`f{ zcz~ d~z gm

gmn mczfgmca ltg~{ g{{tnfgm ge cmgz`nt mczfgmca ltg~{- Jn{fzn z`n ecoz z`cz z`n Ctcdhfmgtfzv fm Ftcna ~oonnjnj fm |fjnmfml z`tg~l` zt~llan z`n afhfznj {con ge ofzfynm`f{

fm |`fo` fz g{ntcznj! z`n zczn zfaa {ntonfun z`f oghh~mfzv c cm gdinoz ge ogmztga- Z`n

Ctcd hfmgtfzv fm Ftcna `c zg cdfjn dv z`n t~an ge z`n lchn nz dv c zczn z`cz ltcmz fz! czdnz! gmav c hctlfmca zcz~-

4- Acmj [acmmfml [gafov

Z`n {gafov ge ogmztga o~ttnmzav fm {acon clcfmz z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv f cag fh{anhnmznj

dv z`n zczn z`tg~l` z`n ~n ge s~cflguntmhnmzca acmj {acmmfml cmj jnunag{hnmzfmzfz~zfgm- Z`f {gafov ntun gmn oghh~mfzv z`n In|f` hcigtfzv fm Ftcna- Z`n {acmmfml

cmj jnunag{hnmz mnnj ge z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv fm Ftcna ctn mgz cjjtnnj dv z`n zczn

{acmmfml cmj jnunag{hnmz {gafofn- Z`n {`vfoca {tnnmon ge Ctcd ufaacln cmj zg|m fflmgtnj gm c tnl~act dcf dv z`n {acmmfml cmj jnunag{hnmz c~z`gtfzfn! cmj z`nv ctn nunm

ogmfjntnj zg dn cm gdzcoan z`cz h~z dn guntoghn-

Z`n zczn g{{tnfun acmj {gafofn ctn ~{{nthgz fm z`n hfmj ge z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv- Z`fg{{tnfgm f gmn ge z`n nanhnmz z`cz `cun ogmzt~oznj z`n fjnmzfzv ge [canzfmfcm ofzfynm

ge z`n zczn- Fm `f znzfhgmv dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm gm 5 C~l~z 4;;4! [tgengt McjfhTg~`cmc ctl~nj z`cz z`n Ftcnaf lguntmhnmz {gafofn ge c{{tg{tfczfml [canzfmfcmg|mnj

acmj cmj tnnzzafml z`n g|mnt nan|`ntn `cun dnnm z`n {tfmof{ca ogmztfd~zgt zg hcbfml

acmj cm nnmzfca ogh{gmnmz ge [canzfmfcm fjnmzfzv- C ~o`! cmv z`tncz zg [canzfmfcmacmj f {ntonfunj c c z`tncz zg z`n [canzfmfcm mczfgmca fjnmzfzv c |`gan- Faa~ztczfml

?0_nn T~ufb Tgnmz`ca! \`g Bfaanj Eczhc _ct~t fmB~et Scnh9 Nunmz cmj Hvz`! nj- T~ufb Tgnmz`ca (Zna Cufu9 @c

Bfdd~zy @chn~o`cj! 4;;;& cz 3: (@ndtn|&-



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[canzfmfcm tn{gmn zg ~o` z`tncz! [tgengt Tg~`cmc tnenttnj zg acmjtnacznj {tgznzjnhgmztczfgm ~o` c Acmj Jcv (36. ge z`n zgzca acmj fm z`n zczn- Z`n ctnc ge h~mfof{ca i~tfjfozfgm egt Ctcd h~mfof{cafzfn ogunt 4->. ge z`n zgzca ctnc

ge z`n zczn-

Cdg~z gmn`cae ge {tfuczn acmj g|mnj dv Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna |ntn ogmefocznj dv

z`n zczn-

Acmj caagoczfgm egt {~dafo {~t{gn fm caa ge z`n Ctcd zg|m cmj ufaacln f ~mjnt z`n

hfmfh~h mczfgmca zcmjctj-

Ctcd ofzfynm ctn {tcozfocaav dagobnj etgh {~to`cfml gt ancfml acmj fm cdg~z 0;. ge

z`n ctnc ge z`n zczn-

Z`n Ctcd {g{~aczfgm `c fmotncnj fpegaj fmon 36:0! d~z cz z`n chn zfhn! z`n acmj~mjnt fz ogmztga c `t~mb- _fmon fz nzcdaf`hnmz! z`n zczn c mgz caag|nj z`n Ctcd

hfmgtfzv zg nzcdaf` mn| zg|m-

Znm ge gaj Ctcd ufaacln ctn ~mtnoglmfynj cmj z`n zczn f ztvfml zg nuco~czn z`nh-

?- _gofca cmj Nogmghfo Jfotfhfmczfgm

Cmgz`nt jnn{tggznj tncgm egt z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; {tgznz jnhgmztczfgm f z`n ltcun gofgnogmghfo ogmjfzfgm ge z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv! |`fo` znh etgh ~oonfun Ftcnaf lguntmhnmz

jfotfhfmczgtv {gafofn clcfmz z`nh- Z`nn {gafofn fmoa~jn z`n acob ge fmunzhnmz fmCtcd ufaacln cmj zg|m cmj z`nft cdnmon etgh z`n mczfgmca {tfgtfzv afz cmj etgh mnctavcmv {acm cfhnj cz cfzfml |ncb {g{~aczfgm |fz` {ggt gofgnogmghfo o`ctcozntfzfo-

Z`n {tg{gtzfgm ge Ctcd ofzfynm fm z`n ag|nz gofgnogmghfo ztczc ge Ftcnaf gofnzv ect

nponnj z`nft {tg{gtzfgm fm z`n lnmntca {g{~aczfgm-

?6Np{ntz G{fmfgm! [tgengt Gtnm Vfezco`na! Z`n Acmj S~nzfgm cmj z`n Jnunag{hnmz ge Tnaczfgm dnz|nnm z`n Ctcd

Hfmgtfzv cmj z`n _zczn ge Ftcna! Mgunhdnt 4;;3 (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-



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Egt npch{an! Ctcd o`fajtnm fm Ftcna ~eent etgh ltncz {guntzv! |`fo` f c jftnoz tn~az gezczn {gafofn ge jfotfhfmczfgm cmj npoa~fgm npntofnj clcfmz z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv- Z`n

{guntzv anuna chgml Ctcd o`fajtnm f ogmfjntcdav `fl`nt z`cm z`n cuntcln {guntzv anuna

chgml Ftcnaf o`fajtnm fm lnmntca! cmj fmotncnj j~tfml z`n {ntfgj ge 3660 4;;;-

[guntzv fm Ftcna! 3660 4;;; :;

In|fs`

O`fajtnm

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ge o`fajtnm

Vnct

35-3.:4-6.43-0.3660

3.>3-:.4:-6.3666

34-0.4>-3.4;;;

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0-5:.! tn{nozfunav! c ogh{ctnj zg 3;->5. cmj 33-;4. egt Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna- :3

Coogtjfml zg z`n OD_ _zczfzfoca Vnctdggb 4;;4! z`n lc{ fm ~mnh{agvhnmz tczn egt 4;;;ltn| zg 0->. egt In|f` Ftcnaf! c ogh{ctnj zg 33-:. egt gz`nt tnaflfgm-

Hgtn jnzcfanj jczc (~mcucfacdan egt z`n {ntfgj 36604;;;& {~daf`nj dv z`n Acdgt Geefon

ge z`n Hfmfztv ge Acdgt cmj _gofca Ceecft fm C~l~z 4;;4! `g| z`cz z`n 4: zg|m |fz`

z`n `fl`nz tczn ge ~mnh{agvhnmz fm z`n og~mztv ctn Ctcd zg|m- ^mnh{agvhnmz tczn fmz`nn zg|m tcmln etgh 3.! |`ntnc fz zggj cz 3?->. egt Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna-

Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna cag tnonfun z`n ag|nz |cln ge caa ltg~{ fm z`n og~mztv- Coogtjfmlzg tnncto` ogmj~oznj dv z`n CJUC Onmznt! fm Ctcd zg|m fm Ftcna j~tfml z`n 366?3666

{ntfgj! z`n cuntcln |cln |c 56. ge z`n mczfgmca cuntcln |cln- Z`n o`ctz dnag| faa~ztczn

z`n |cln lc{9:4

\ncaz`vIn|fs`

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z`n Goo~{fnj

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:;Mczfgmca Fm~tcmon Fmzfz~zn! Cmm~ca _~tunv 4;;3! Zcdan 3! 6! 3; (@ndtn|&-

:3Jczc egt 3660 cmj 3666 |c {tgufjnj dv z`n Lcafann _gofnzv! Tfbcy Jczcdcmb! cucfacdan cz9 `zz{9'|||-tfbcy-gtl (Acdg~t

Egton! ^mnh{agvhnmz Tczn dv Mczfgmcafzv&-

:4Cagm Czbfm! [acon ge Tnfjnmon cmj Anuna ge \cln fm Ftcna 366?3666! (CJUC Onmznt! 4;;4& (@ndtn|&-



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FF- Z@N FAANLCAFZV GE Z@N \CTMFML_

C- LNMNTCA O@CAANMLN_ ZG Z@N \CTMFML_

C mgznj! gm : C~l~z 4;;4! z`n _~{tnhn Og~tz jfhfnj c {nzfzfgm efanj dv Cjcac`gm dn`cae ge z`n z`tnn Ctcd {~dafo tn{tnnmzczfun nnbfml z`n ocmonaaczfgm ge z`n

Oghhffgm jnoffgm zg f~n |ctmfml clcfmz z`nh- Fm fz z|g {cln i~jlhnmz! z`n_~{tnhn Og~tz jfj mgz jfo~ z`n jnzcfanj ctl~hnmz nz egtz` fm z`n {nzfzfgm dnegtn fz! cmj

z`~! jfj mgz jnofjn z`n ocn gm z`n hntfz-:? Z`ntnegtn! Cjcac` tcfnj z`nn f~n clcfm fm

fz ogmoa~jfml ctl~hnmz zg z`n Oghhffgm! fm cjjfzfgm zg mn| ctl~hnmz- Cjcac` ctl~njz`cz z`n |ctmfml f~nj dv z`n Oghhffgm clcfmz HB Df`ctc! HB Jc`ch`n! cmj

_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` ctn faanlca egt z`n tncgm z`cz egaag|-

Z`n Hcmjczn ge z`n Oghhffgm _`g~aj Fmoa~jn Gmav z`n Npno~zfun Dtcmo`

Z`n fmoa~fgm ge z`n f~n ge fmofznhnmz |fz`fm z`n hcmjczn ge z`n Oghhffgm ufgacznz`n Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv Ac| (3650& cmj ogmztcjfoz np{ntfnmon ge {cz oghhffgm-

Coogtjfml zg Ftcnaf ac|! z`n {~t{gn ge nzcdaf`fml c oghhffgm ge fms~ftv f zg

fmunzflczn npno~zfun dtcmo` c~z`gtfzfn fm ocn fm |`fo` z`nft coz cmj'gt ghffgm anjzg c ag ge {~dafo zt~z- Z`f f jfeentnmz etgh fmunzflczfml z`n ogmj~oz ge ofzfynm! |`g

ctn ~dgtjfmczn zg gz`nt zczn c~z`gtfzfn- Z`n ucz hcigtfzv ge {cz oghhffgm ge fms~ftv

`cun egaag|nj z`f t~an- Egt npch{an! z`n nogmj _`chlct Oghhffgm (3665&! |`fo`

fmunzflcznj z`n ofto~hzcmon ~ttg~mjfml z`n ccfmczfgm ge egthnt [tfhn HfmfzntVfzycb Tcdfm! ego~nj {tfhctfav gm z`n ecfa~tn ge z`n Lnmntca _no~tfzv _ntufon (L__& zg

cjns~cznav {tgznoz `fh- Fz jfj mgz fmunzflczn fmofznhnmz dv nzzant clcfmz Tcdfm {tfgt zg`f ccfmczfgm-

Fmunzflczfml z`n F~n ge Fmofznhnmz fm c Jfotfhfmczgtv Hcmmnt cmj Jftnlctjfml

_`ctgm Uffz zg caCsc Hgs~n Ogh{g~mj

Z`n Oghhffgm ogmfjntnj z`n f~n ge fmofznhnmz gmav fm tnaczfgm zg z`n cozfgm ge z`n

Ctcd nanoznj cmj {~dafo tn{tnnmzczfun- Dv fmlafml g~z z`n Ctcd ancjnt cmj o`ggfmlmgz zg fmunzflczn Ftcnaf In|f` tfgznt! z`n Oghhffgm octtfnj g~z fz hcmjczn fm c

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cz z`cz zfhn- In|f` tfgznt dagobnj ztnnz! d~tmnj zftn! z`tn| zgmn cz {gafon geefont!

cc~aznj Ctcd jtfunt! jnztgvnj Ctcd {tg{ntzv! cmj {~dafoav `g~znj jncz` zg Ctcd-Z`n Oghhffgm flmgtnj z`n fmofznhnmz ge In|f` ofzfynm clcfmz Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna-

:?_nn ~{tc mgzn 0-

Z@N FAANLCAFZV GE Z@N \CTMFML_


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Caz`g~l` z`n Oghhffgm |c hcmjcznj zg npchfmn nunmz dnlfmmfml gm 46 _n{znhdnt4;;;! fz o`ctlnj z`n Ctcd {~dafo tn{tnnmzczfun |fz` ~{{gtzfml ufganmon zg co`fnun

{gafzfoca gdinozfun j~tfml z`n {ntfgj ge 36604;;;- Dv ogmztcz! z`n Oghhffgm o`gn

mgz zg fmunzflczn gt nnb znzfhgmv etgh! anz cagmn |ctm! _`ctgm egt `f {tgugoczfun uffzzg ca@ctch ca_`ctfe ogh{g~mj gm 40 _n{znhdnt 4;;;! gmn jcv dnegtn z`n dnlfmmfml ge

z`n zfhn {ntfgj oguntnj dv z`n Oghhffgm hcmjczn-

Z`n hgz gdufg~ oc~n ge z`n jnzntfgtczfgm ge z`n fz~czfgm j~tfml z`n nmj ge _n{znhdnt

4;;; |c ogh{anznav flmgtnj dv z`n Oghhffgm- Z`n Oghhffgm jfj mgz jnnh fz

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ancjnt- [gafon tn{gtz cag oanctav {gfmznj zg z`n {gznmzfca jcmlnt ge _`ctgm uffz! j~nzg z`n g{{gfzfgm ge z`n [canzfmfcm fjn- Fm ecoz! z`f jcmlnt oc~nj z`n Int~canh [gafon

Oghhcmjnt zg g{{gn _`ctgm uffz gm z`n mfl`z dnegtn fz |c zg goo~t- _`ctgm bmn|`g| `n |c {ntonfunj dv z`n [canzfmfcm cmj gz`nt Ctcd- @n |c cag e~aav c|ctn ge z`nco~znav znmn {gafzfoca fz~czfgm! mnuntz`nan! `n o`gn zg lg c`ncj |fz` z`n uffz-

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z`tg~l`g~z fz fmunzflczfgm ge z`n z`tnn Ctcd ancjnt- Z`n Oghhffgm `cj mg c~z`gtfzvzg cb {gafzfoca s~nzfgm- Hgtngunt! fz cbnj {gafzfoca s~nzfgm gmav zg Ctcd {~dafo

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dv z`n Oghhffgm fmoa~jnj z`n egaag|fml9

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z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz fm ufaacln jnztgvnj dv Ftcnaf cthnj egton fm 36:0 cmj oacfhnjz`cz z`n tnmguczfgm |ntn ~mjntzcbnm egt {gafzfoca {~t{gn-

I~zfon Gt s~nzfgmnj HB Df`ctc cdg~z cm fmzntufn| z`cz `n lcun zg @cctnzyfm 3660!fm |`fo` HB Df`ctc zcznj z`cz fm Ftcna! z`ntn f c ogmztcjfozfgm dnz|nnm dnfml c {tg~j

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zcznj z`cz `n bmn| `g| HB Jc`ch`n coznj c c H~afh! cmj `n bmn| HB Jc`ch`n

::[tgzgoga ge z`n Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv cz 0>360>4; (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-



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Z`n {gafon! z`n cthv cmj z`n L__ ctn lguntmhnmzca clnmofn! |`fo` `cun c j~zv zgg{ntczn ecftav cmj |fz`g~z jfotfhfmczfgm- Z`n nufjnmon ~{{afnj dv z`nn clnmofn zg

z`n Oghhffgm ogmontm gmav z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv cmj z`n {gfzfgm ge z`n Ctcd {gafzfoca

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fmegthczfgm-

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{tgj~ozfgm ge {gafon bmg|anjln cdg~z [canzfmfcm ofzfynm ge Ftcna cmj z`n hfafzctfzfo

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fm Ftcna-

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tnlctjfml z`n zcz~ ge z`n Ctcd hfmgtfzv fm Ftcna-

Fm ecoz! z`n L__ dcn fz cmcavf gm c zv{n ge `gzfan gtfnmzcafh! |`fo` ~{{afn

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Ctcd ofzfynm-

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zg Jt- _ccjf9:6

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cmj tn{tnnmz z`n t~afml {g|nt- Cmv otfzfoca fms~ftv fmzg z`n zt~oz~tn ge z`n

Ftcnaf _zczn cmj fz tnaczfgm zg z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv f efntonav czzcobnj gt

fanmonj-

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Mgunhdnt 4;;3 (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`&-

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o~az~tn ge z`n L__-

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gm 4: Hcto` 4;;4 zg z`n Hnhdnt ge z`n Geefofca Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-

>>Jnoffgm ge z`n Oghhffgm! jcznj 4> Hcto` 4;;4 (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-



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Fms~ftv Ac|! |`fo` {tgufjn z`cz c oghhffgm ge fms~ftv h~z {acon cz z`n jf{gca gefmjfufj~ca |ctmnj dv z`n oghhffgm! ~o` nufjnmon tnanucmz zg z`cz {gznmzfca cth c f

fm z`n {gnfgm ge z`n oghhffgm ---

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Z`~! z`ntn f c oanct ogmztcjfozfgm dnz|nnm z`n z|g jnoffgm ge z`n Oghhffgm z`cz

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ogmztcjfozfgm fm z`n Oghhffgm jnoffgm! I~zfon Gt |tgzn z`cz9 Z`ntn f mg o`cmln

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ogmztcjfozfgm dnz|nnm z`n z|g->6

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> I~av 4;;4 zg z`n Hnhdnt ge z`n Geefofca

Oghhffgm ge Fms~ftv (Gm efan |fz` Cjcac`! @ndtn|&-

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{gafzfoca ancjnt`f{ cmj z`~! fm jgfml g! jfotfhfmcznj clcfmz z`nh-

Etnnjgh ge Np{tnfgm

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dv z`n _~{tnhn Og~tz ge Ftcna! |`fo` tnoglmfyn etnnjgh ge {nno` c c dcfo tfl`z-5;

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dn {tgznoznj {gafzfoca {nno` dv z`n NO@T-53

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clcfmz z`n {gafov ge z`n lguntmhnmz c ~o`95?

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HB Fhh~mfzv

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D- _[NOFEFO O@CAANMLN_ ZG Z@N \CTMFML_

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g|m {gafzfoca clnmjc- Fm `f znzfhgmv! `n cag tnenttnj zg z`n zcmjzcaa lnmntczfgm!



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vg~ml {gafzfocaav cozfun [canzfmfcm fm Ftcna! clnj 4;46! |`g ctn c|ctn ge z`nft fjnmzfzvcmj tfl`z- @n dnafnun z`cz z`f ltg~{ ge vg~ml {ng{an |ntn z`n hcigt {ctzfof{cmz fm cmj

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zg|ctj z`n lguntmhnmz-

Fm `f znzfhgmv dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! [tgengt Vgcu [nanj ctl~nj z`cz fm c afdntca

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|ntn anlfzfhczn {tgznz! cmj z`cz z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn cmj z`n Ctcd nanoznj

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4- _@NFB@ TCNJ _CAC@

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caEc`nh-

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Z`n ocaa zg afdntczn caCsc f c tnaflfg~ j~zv! |`fo` _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` dnafnun

fm |`gan`nctznjav- @n jgn mgz ocaa egt z`n ~n ge ufganmon fm gtjnt zg afdntczn caCsc

hgs~n! vnz! cz z`n chn zfhn! `n f ~m|faafml zg tnafms~f` `f tfl`z zg {tgznz clcfmzz`n goo~{czfgm ge z`n fzn2 fm gz`nt |gtj! zg ocaa egt z`n tnancn ge z`n hgs~n etgh z`n

~mac|e~a cmj ufganmz ogmztga zg |`fo` fz f ~dinoznj-

_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` {gfzfgm tnlctjfml z`n zcz~ ge caCsc hgs~n ogh{g~mj

c goo~{fnj znttfzgtv znh mgz gmav etgh `f lnm~fmn tnaflfg~ ogmufozfgm! d~z ctn cag

nhdgjfnj fm ^mfznj Mczfgm _no~tfzv Og~mofa Tnga~zfgm-55 Z`ntnegtn! cmv ogmoa~fgmgm z`f hczznt hcjn dv z`n Oghhffgm fm fz efmca tn{gtz |g~aj dn dgz` {gafzfoca cmj

~mtncgmcdan-

u- CaCsc f fm jcmlnt Cnhdafn

Z`n Oghhffgm caanln z`cz _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` gtlcmfynj hc cnhdafn cmj ~nj

fmeachhczgtv hnz`gj ge {tg{clcmjc zg otnczn c {~dafo g~zotv ~ttg~mjfml z`f nmfzfun

55_nn ^mfznj Mczfgm _no~tfzv Og~mofa Tnga~zfgm Mg- 4>4 ge 43 Hcv 36502 Mg- 45< ge ? I~av 36562 Mg- 4

_n{znhdnt 36562 Mg- 460 ge 4> _n{znhdnt 36


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f~n! cmj fm z`f |cv! nz fm hgzfgm z`n |fjn{tncj ufganmon j~tfml Gozgdnt 4;;;- Z`ffmfzfca ogmoa~fgm tnent zg z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz caCsc f fm jcmlnt cnhdafn-

Fz f ~t{tffml z`cz z`n Oghhffgm jnnhnj fz mnonctv zg |ctm _`nfb` Tcnj _cac`

ogmontmfml z`f f~n- Z`n Oghhffgm cttfunj cz z`f fmfzfca ogmoa~fgm! fmoa~jnj fm z`n|ctmfml anzznt! jn{fzn z`n ecoz z`cz z`nn cnhdafn |ntn {ncone~a cmj |naa gtlcmfynj!

nunm coogtjfml zg z`n {gafon- Fm fz s~nzfgm! z`n Oghhffgm jfj mgz tnaczn zg cmv {~dafo

jfz~tdcmon dnegtn! j~tfml gt ceznt z`n cnhdafn zggb {acon-

Fz f nufjnmz z`cz z`n Oghhffgm jfcltnn |fz` z`n ogmznmz ge z`n zcznhnmz hcjnj~tfml z`nn cnhdafn- @g|nunt! z`nn zcznhnmz ctn mgz cmj |ntn mnunt z`n dcf egt cmv

coo~czfgm ge ufgaczfgm ge ac|- Z`f bfmj ge jfcltnnhnmz jgn mgz ltcmz z`n Oghhffgm

z`n c~z`gtfzv zg fmzntentn |fz` z`n tfl`z ge _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cmj gz`nt hnhdnt ge

z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz zg etnnjgh ge dnafne! |gt`f{ cmj np{tnfgm! c fmjfufj~ca gt c

c oghh~mfzv-

_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` dnafne z`cz caCsc hgs~n f fm jcmlnt f dcnj gm `f tnaflfg~

j~zv zg {ctzfof{czn fm z`n neegtz zg {tnntun fz c c `gav fzn! cmj etgh ogmotnzn fmegthczfgm{~daf`nj fm z`n Ftcnaf {tn- _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` jnzcfanj z`nn jcmlnt! |`fo` ctn {gnj

dv z`n zczn c |naa c npztnhfz ltg~{ |fz`fm Ftcnaf In|f` gofnzv-

Z`n caCsc f fm jcmlnt cnhdafn dnlcm zcbfml {acon fm 366


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z`n Oghhffgm fms~ftv fmzg `f {gfzfgm gm caCsc hgs~n! |`fan cz z`n chn zfhnflmgtfml gz`nt tnanucmz hczznt {ntzcfmfml zg z`n fmofznhnmz ctg~mj ~o` c nmfzfun f~n

~o` c _`ctgm uffz zg z`n hgs~n ogh{g~mj gm 40 _n{znhdnt 4;;;! cmj z`n ltcmzfml ge

{nthffgm egt z`f uffz dv z`nm[tfhn Hfmfznt N`~j Dctcb-

Fm `f znzfhgmv dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! [tgengt Tcdfmg|fzy ocznlgtfocaav jfcltnnj

|fz` z`n Oghhffgm fh{afnj {gfzfgm tnlctjfml z`n fmontfzv ge _`nfb` Tcnj _cac`dnafne z`cz caCsc f fm jcmlnt- @n ztnnj z`n fh{gtzcmon ge z`n hgs~n zg _`nfb`

Tcnj _cac` cmj zg caa hnhdnt ge z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz- @n cag nh{`cfynj z`cz Fachfo

Hgunhnmz hnhdnt ctn c|ctn ge Ftcnaf {tn tn{gtz cdg~z z`tncz dv npztnhfz tfl`z|fmlIn|f` ltg~{ zg caCsc hgs~n- Z`~! caCsc f fm jcmlnt cnhdafn ctn c lnm~fmn

tneanozfgm ge z`n {ntonfunj z`tncz cmj mgz c hncm ge fmofznhnmz-

Z`n _n{znhdnt 4;;; caCsc f fm jcmlnt cnhdav! afbn {tfgt lcz`ntfml! |c czznmjnj

dv z`g~cmj ge {ng{an! cmj |c ogmj~oznj fm c untv gtjntav hcmmnt- Cz z`f cnhdav!_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` {gbn cdg~z z`n lguntmhnmzca clnmofn fmofznhnmz clcfmz z`n Ctcdhfmgtfzv fm lnmntca! cmj clcfmz z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz fm {ctzfo~act- @n cag zgaj z`n

{ctzfof{cmz z`cz z`f lcz`ntfml |c z`n cm|nt zg z`n {tgugoczfun {gafzfo cmj zg caa ge z`n

czznh{z zg octn z`n {ng{an c|cv etgh z`n cnhdav-

Z`n Oghhffgm fms~ftnj fmzg z`n ~n ge z`n znthfmgaglv ge cotfefon egt caCsc hgs~n!

egt npch{an! z`n ~n ge z`n Ctcdfo znth Enjc- _`nfb` Tcnj _cac`! fm `f znzfhgmv!np{acfmnj z`n ~n ge hnzc{`gt cmj vhdgafh fm z`n Ctcdfo acml~cln fm lnmntca! cmj

z`cz {nofefo znth fm {ctzfo~act- Jt- Nafc Czcaac`! cm Ctcdfo acml~cln {nofcafz! {tgufjnjcm np{ntz g{fmfgm gm z`n Ctcdfo acml~cln cmj fz jnunag{hnmz! |`fo` |c ~dhfzznj

dv Cjcac` zg z`n Oghhffgm-


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_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cmj z`n hnhdnt ge z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz ctn npntoffml z`nft tfl`zzg etnnjgh ge tnaflfgm cmj np{tnfgm |`nm z`nv gtlcmfyn cmj {ctzfof{czn fm caCsc f fm

jcmlnt cnhdafn- Z`n cnhdafn |ntn ogmj~oznj fm c untv gtjntav hcmmnt cmj z`ntn ocm

dn mg {~dafo `cth etgh ogmj~ozfml z`nn lcz`ntfml-

uf- Ogmunvfml tn{ncznj hncln jnmvfml z`n anlfzfhcov ge z`n npfznmon ge Ftcna

Z`n Oghhffgm caanln z`cz zcznhnmz hcjn dv _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` ogmunv hncln

jnmvfml z`n anlfzfhcov ge z`n npfznmon ge Ftcna- Fm tnco`fml z`f fmfzfca ogmoa~fgm! z`n

Oghhffgm flmgtnj gt jfj mgz lfun ~eefofnmz |nfl`z zg z`n hcmv znzfhgmfn cmj np`fdfzz`cz |ntn {tnnmznj zg fz! |`fo` ogmztcjfoz z`n caanlczfgm fm z`n |ctmfml anzznt clcfmz

_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cmj `g| z`cz z`nv `cun mg dcf-

Gm 40 C~l~z 4;;;! z`n Jftnozgt Lnmntca cmj nmfgt {ntgmmna ge z`n Hfmfztv ge Fmzntmca_no~tfzv! c |naa c {gafon geefofca tn{gmfdan egt z`n ^hh caEc`nh ctnc! ogmj~oznj c

uffz zg z`n zg|m- Z`nmHcvgt _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` gznj z`nh cmj tn{gtznj gm z`n uctfg~{tgdanh econj dv z`n ?5!;;; tnfjnmz ge ^hh caEc`nh! fmoa~jfml z`n jcmlnt {gnj dv

mnctdv hfafzctv dcn! jt~l! {ggt fmetczt~oz~tn! cmj `fl` ~mnh{agvhnmz (cdg~z 4;. cz

z`cz zfhn&- Z`n Cjufgt gm Ctcd Ceecft egt z`n Hfmfztv! |`g cag {ctzfof{cznj fm z`n uffz!{tn{ctnj c anzznt jcznj ?3 C~l~z 4;;;! fm |`fo` `n ~hhctfynj z`n hnnzfml- Fm zctb

ogmztcz zg z`n anzznt ge |ctmfml f~nj dv z`n Oghhffgm! z`n Cjufgt |tgzn fm `f anzznt

z`cz _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` |naoghnj z`n uffz cmj z`n uffzgt! cmj np{tnnj z`n {tgdanheconj dv z`n zg|m cmj c |faafmlmn zg cfz z`n Hfmfztv fm e~aefaafml fz j~zfn ~mjnt z`n

ac|zg {tgznoz z`n |naectn ge caa tnfjnmz ge ^hh caEc`nh-

Fm `f znzfhgmv dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` np{acfmnj z`n jfzfmozfgm

z`cz `n hcbn dnz|nnm z`n npfznmon ge z`n zczn ge Ftcna cmj fz fmzfz~zfgm! gm z`n gmn

`cmj! cmj zczn {gafov gm z`n gz`nt `cmj- @n cobmg|anjlnj z`cz `n fmzntcoz |fz` z`n zczncmj fz fmzfz~zfgm! dgz` c cm fmjfufj~ca cmj c z`n ancjnt ge z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz- Z`f

fmzntcozfgm fmoa~jn {ctzfof{czfgm fm z`n hcmclnhnmz ge h~mfof{cafzfn! ogg{ntczfgm |fz`

o`gga dgctj! cmj hcfmzcfmfml lggj tnaczfgm |fz` ac| nmegtonhnmz clnmofn- _`nfb`Tcnj _cac` znzfefnj z`cz `n jgn mgz ~{{gtz {ctzfof{czfgm fm z`n Bmnnz! c `n dnafnun

z`cz fz jgn mgz {tcozfocaav cjucmon z`n tfl`z ge z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv! jn{fzn z`n ecozz`cz z`f egt~h {tgufjn cm g{{gtz~mfzv zg {tgznz zczn {gafov! fe mgz`fml nan- @n cagznzfefnj z`cz `n jgn mgz coon{z z`n c~z`gtfzfn {gafofn cmj z`n jnefmfzfgm ge z`n zczn!

|`fo` npoa~jn z`n [canzfmfcm fm Ftcna c |naa c z`nft `fzgtv c mczfun ge z`f og~mztv-

@n f mgz |faafml zg cj`ntn zg {gafofn z`cz jfotfhfmczn clcfmz z`n oghh~mfzv! cmj `n ftncjv zg o`caanmln z`nn {gafofn fm z`n |fjnz {`ntn {gfdan ~mjnt z`n ac|-

[tgengt Mcjfh Tg~`cmc! fm `f znzfhgmv dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm! {tnnmznj tnncto`ogmontmfml z`n jfeentnmz ~mjntzcmjfml ge z`n tnaczfgm`f{ |fz` z`n zczn ge Ftcna dnz|nnm



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z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv cmj z`n In|f` hcigtfzv - Coogtjfml zg [tgengt Tg~`cmc! z`n[canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv fm lnmntca! fmoa~jfml _`nfb` Tcnj _cac`! jfzfml~f`n dnz|nnm z|g

dcfo ogh{gmnmz ge z`n zczn9 \`fan z`nv cobmg|anjln z`n anlca fmzfz~zfgm z`cz np{tn

z`n zczn npfznmon! z`nv tninoz z`n zczn jfotfhfmczgtv {gafofn z`cz znh etgh fz{gafzfoca Yfgmfz fjngaglv- Ogmuntnav! z`n hcigtfzv ge In|f` Ftcnaf jg mgz jfzfml~f`

dnz|nnm z`n zczn c ~o` cmj fz {gafzfoca cmj fjngaglfoca ogh{gmnmz- Egt c hcigtfzv ge

In|f` Ftcnaf! ctl~nj [tgengt Tg~`cmc! cmv otfzfofh ge z`n zczn {gafov cmj fjngaglvf fmznt{tnznj c o`caanmlfml z`n zczn npfznmon-

Ogmztctv zg z`n Oghhffgm caanlczfgm clcfmz _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` fm z`f tnlctj!fz |c z`n cozfgm ge z`n {gafon fm Gozgdnt 4;;; z`cz ~mjnthfmnj z`n ofufa anlfzfhcov

ge z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv fm Ftcna fm lnmntca! cmj z`n tnfjnmz ge ^hh caEc`nh fm

{ctzfo~act- J~tfml z`n Gozgdnt 4;;; jnhgmztczfgm! z`n {gafon cmj {gafon mf{nt eftnjafun chh~mfzfgm cmj t~ddnt d~aanz cz Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna- Z`nn anz`ca hncm |ntn

~nj ~mjnt z`n jftnoz oghhcmj ge z`n Mgtz`ntm Jfztfoz [gafon Oghhcmjnt! Cafb Tgm-Tgm etns~nmzav fmofznj clcfmz Ctcd ancjnt j~tfml 36604;;;! fmoa~jfml _`nfb` Tcnj_cac`! |`g g{{gnj f tcofz cmj faanlca hnz`gj- Tgm jnotfdnj _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` c c

{cz`gaglfoca afct! cmj z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz c c jn{fnj hgunhnmz- Cz `f |ctmfml

`nctfml dnegtn z`n Oghhffgm gm 4? I~av 4;;4! Tgm tn{ncznj f tcofz {gfzfgm tnlctjfml

z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz- Cag! j~tfml z`f fms~ftv! Tgm ogmefthnj z`cz `n jfj mgz mgzfev cmv

ancjnt fm ^hh caEc`nh ge `f fmznmzfgm zg dtfml {gafon mf{nt cmj zg {gfdav ~n z`nh

clcfmz z`n {tgznzgt etgh z`n zg|m-

Z`ntnegtn! z`n Oghhffgm caanlczfgm fm z`f tnlctj f ~meg~mjnj- Z`ntn f c jfeentnmz~mjntzcmjfml ge z`n tnaczfgm`f{ |fz` z`n zczn chgml z`n [canzfmfcm hfmgtfzv cmj z`n

In|f` hcigtfzv- Hgz In|f` Ftcnaf! fm ogmztcz zg Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna! ns~czn z`nnpfznmon ge z`n zczn |fz` fz Yfgmfz {gafzfoca fjngaglv- _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` tnoglmfyn z`n

zczn ge Ftcna cmj fz fmzfz~zfgm cmj fmzntcoz |fz` z`nh- _fhfact zg c ucz hcigtfzv ge z`n

Ctcd {~dafo fm Ftcna! _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` tninoz cmj ogmznz jfotfhfmczgtv zczn {gafofncmj fjngaglfn! |`fo` cfh zg hctlfmcafyn z`n oghh~mfzv-

uff- [gtztcvca ge z`n _zczn c cm Nmnhv

_ctcecmj f gmn ge z`n [canzfmfcm ufaacln jnztgvnj dv Ftcnaf egton fm 36:0! cmj

fz tnfjnmz |ntn egtonj zg ancun- Fm I~av 4;;;! z`n Ftcnaf c~z`gtfzfn jnhgaf`nj z`n

_ctcecmj Hgs~n! |`fo` `cj tnhcfmnj zcmjfml fm z`n ufaacln- Z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmzhcjn m~hntg~ czznh{z zg {tnunmz z`n jnhgafzfgm ge z`n hgs~n! dv |tfzfml anzznt zg

z`n tnanucmz lguntmhnmz hfmfztfn cmj gtlcmfyfml jnhgmztczfgm- Ceznt z`n hgs~n |c

jnhgaf`nj! _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` |tgzn c {gnh fm Ctcdfo tnlctjfml z`f `gav {acon! fm

_@NFB@ TCNJ _CAC@


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|`fo` `n nhgzfgmcaav zcznj z`cz z`n jnzt~ozfgm tnhfmjnj `fh ge z`n 36:0 ztclnjv-


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gm 46 _n{znhdnt 4;;; |c cz ancz hcafofg~ mnlaflnmon gm z`n {ctz ge z`n Ftcnaf no~tfzvegton! |`fo` og~aj chg~mz zg fmznmz- CaCsc hgs~n ogh{g~mj f c nmfzfun agoczfgm2

fm z`n {cz! dgz` fm 366; cmj 3665! fz |c z`n fzn ge dt~zca cozfgm dv Ftcnaf no~tfzv

egton! tn~azfml fm hcmv jncz` cmj fmi~tfn zg [canzfmfcm- \`fan nmfgt {gafon geefontcobmg|anjlnj z`n jcmlnt ge _`ctgm uffz zg caCsc hgs~n fzn! z`n Ftcnaf {gafzfoca

ancjnt`f{ ~azfhcznav flmgtnj z`nn |ctmfml cmj {nthfzznj z`n uffz zg zcbn {acon- C |c

cmzfof{cznj! _`ctgm uffz |c hnz dv fmznmn {tgznz! cmj z`n no~tfzv egton tnzcafcznj dv~fml nponfun egton clcfmz z`n jnhgmztczgt! tn~azfml fm hcmv fmi~tfn zg [canzfmfcm

gm 40 _n{znhdnt 4;;;- E~tz`nt! z`n no~tfzv egton jnofjnj zg zczfgm c actln m~hdnt ge

{ntgmmna! fmoa~jfml {gafon mf{nt! fm z`n ufofmfzv gm 46 _n{znhdnt 4;;;- Z`n no~tfzvegton ~nj anz`ca hncm zg jf{ntn z`n actln m~hdnt ge jnhgmztczgt2 nunm [canzfmfcm

|ntn bfaanj cmj ogtn ge gz`nt |ntn fmi~tnj- _nnhfmlav! z`n no~tfzv egton jfj mgz anctm

cmv angm etgh z`nft {tfgt anz`ca cozfgm9 Z`nv c{{nct zg `cun |faae~aav flmgtnj z`nnnunmz! |`fo` og~aj chg~mz zg fmznmzfgmca jftnlctj egt ~hcm afen-

Z`ntn |ntn mg ecoz {tnnmznj zg z`n Oghhffgm! |`fo` {gfmz zg c oc~ca ogmmnozfgmdnz|nnm _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` caanlnj zcznhnmz tnlctjfml z`n hccotn cz caCsc cmj

c ocaa egt ufganmz cozfgm fm Gozgdnt 4;;;- Zg ~{{gtz fz ogmznmzfgm z`cz ~o` c ogmmnozfgm

npfz! z`n Oghhffgm nnhfmlav tnafnj gm c eavnt zfzanj Hccotn cz caCsc! |`fo` |cjfztfd~znj dv z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz gm ?; _n{znhdnt 4;;;- @g|nunt! z`n Oghhffgm

ogh{anznav flmgtnj z`n coz~ca znpz ge z`n eavnt- \`fan z`n eavnt {gfmz zg z`n hcfun

{tnnmon ge no~tfzv egton fm caCsc hgs~n ogh{g~mj gm 46 _n{znhdnt 4;;; c cmfmjfoczfgm ge fmznmz! fz jgn mgz ocaa egt ufganmz cozfgm dv Ctcd ofzfynm ge Ftcna- Zg z`n

ogmztctv! z`n eavnt jnzcfa z`n {nofefo zn{ tnoghhnmjnj dv z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmzzg fz hnhdnt fm tn{gmn zg z`nn nunmz! fmoa~jfml c ocaa zg igfm z`n lnmntca ztfbncmmg~monj dv z`n @fl` Egaag|~{ Oghhfzznn egt z`n Ctcd Ofzfynm fm Ftcna2 zg {ctzfof{czn

fm hcto`n cmj jnhgmztczfgm2 zg jgmczn daggj2 zg uffz fmi~tnj fmjfufj~ca fm `g{fzca2

cmj zg uffz echfafn ge z`gn bfaanj dv z`n no~tfzv egton- Z`ntn f mgz`fml npztcgtjfmctvgt fmeachhczgtv cdg~z z`n eavnt- Nnmzfcaav! z`n eavnt ocaa gm z`n hnhdnt ge z`n Fachfo

Hgunhnmz zg nmlcln fm c ntfn ge gafjctfzv {tgznz cozfgm c |naa c zg zcbn ~hcmfzctfcm

hnc~tn fm tn{gmn zg {gafon ufganmon-

Gmon clcfm! fz c{{nct z`cz z`n Oghhffgm jfcltnn |fz` z n ogmznmz ge z`n tnaflfg~cmj {gafzfoca zcznhnmz hcjn dv _`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cmj z`n Fachfo Hgunhnmz! c |naac z`nft ~n ge {nofefo znthfmgaglv- @g|nunt! z`n Oghhffgm ecfanj zg {tgun c oc~ca

ogmmnozfgm dnz|nnm z`n caanlnj {acmmnj hccotn zcznhnmz cmj c ocaa egt ufganmz cozfgm

fm Gozgdnt 4;;;- Dv f~fml z`f |ctmfml! z`n Oghhffgm jftnlctjnj z`n znzfhgmfn ge_`nfb` Tcnj _cac` cmj

Documents

October 2000: Law and Politics before the Or Commission of Inquiry