Oceans Economy and Trade, Sustainable Fisheries, Transport and

Tourism, Joint UNCTAD - Commonwealth Secretariat - International Ocean

Institute Seminar, 10-12 May 2016 - Geneva, Switzerland

This expert paper is reproduced by the UNCTAD secretariat in the form and language in which it has been received.The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the view of the United Nations.

The Blue Economy in Perspective

89.8

0.3

10.0

Volume of World Trade (%)

Seaborne Airborne Overland

72.7

13.0

14.3

Value of World Trade (%)

Seaborne Airborne Overland

The Blue Chain

1. Building 2. Ownership 3. Registration 4. Operations 5. Scrapping

Korea & China

(72%)

Greece, Japan &

China (38%)

Panama, Liberia

& Marshall Islands

(42%)

Denmark &

Switzerland (30%)

India, Bangladesh, China &

Pakistan (92%)

Financing and Insurance SeafarersGlobal Terminal Operators

UK & Scandinavia Philippines & Indonesia

Hong Kong, Netherlands,

Singapore & UAE (44%)

BLU

E CH

AIN

SUPP

ORT

Feeling the Blues…

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Seab

orne

Tra

de &

Exp

orts

of G

oods

International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2014

Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded) - Left Axis

Exports of Goods (trillions at current $US) - Left Axis

Ratio Exports / Seaborne Trade - Right Axis

Blue Highways: Maritime Shipping

5%

15%

30%

The Blue Pinch: Terminal Surface Controlled by the Main Global Terminal Operators

17,242 hectares

(172.4 km2)

The Big Blue: Evolution of Containerships

Early Containerships (1956-)

Panamax (1980-)

Post Panamax I (1988-)

New-Panamax (2014-)

Fully Cellular (1970-)

Panamax Max (1985-)

Post Panamax II (2000-)

Post Panamax III (2006-)

Triple E (2013-)

500 – 800 TEU

1,000 – 2,500 TEU

3,000 – 3,400 TEU

3,400 – 4,500 TEU

4,000 – 5,000 TEU

6,000 – 8,000 TEU

12,500 TEU

15,000 TEU

18,000 TEU

200x20x9

137x17x9

215x20x10

250x32x12.5

290x32x12.5

285x40x13

300x43x14.5

366x49x15.2

400x59x15.5

397x56x15.5 ; 22–10–8 (not shown)

(LOA – Beam – Draft)

10

8

23

20

10

6

6

917

5

915

6

813

5

613

10

4

5

84

64

6 containers across

4 containers high on deck

4 containers high below deck

A

B

C

D

E

meters

World’s Major Container Ports, 2012

Transshipment Volume and Incidence by Major Ports, 2007-12

Emerging Structure of the Ocean Economy

The Spatial Organization of the Ocean Economy: Maritime Clusters

Port Clusters Terminal Clusters Port / Logistics Clusters

Multiport Gateway

Transshipment cluster

Terminal operator A (Container)

Terminal operator B (Container)

Terminal operator C (Bulk)

Port authority

Port-CentricLogistics Zone

ContainerTerminal

First Tier Logistics

Second Tier Logistics

Bulk

Port

Port

Container port / terminal

Logistics zone / site

Strongly developed corridor

Poorly developed corridor

Multi-port gateway region

Pacific-Asia

(e.g. Pearl River Delta)North American West Coast

(e.g. LA/Long Beach)

North Europe

(e.g. Rhine Scheldt Delta)

Landbridge

The Geographical Setting of Multi-port Gateways Regions

The East Asian Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions

The North-American Container Port System and its Multi-Port Gateway Regions

The European Container Port System and its Multi-port Gateway Regions

ZHUHAI

Inter-firm Relationships in the Main Container Ports of the Pearl River Delta, 2015

HONG KONG

Asia Container Terminals

DP World Hong Kong

Hong Kong International Terminals

COSCO-HIT Terminal

Modern Terminals

Asia Port Services

SHENZHEN

Chiwan Container Terminal

Shekou Container Terminals

Da Chan Bay Terminal One

Yantian International Container

Terminals

Zhuhai International Container

Terminals

GUANGZHOU

Dongguan Container Terminal

Guangzhou South China

Oceangate Container Terminal

Nansha Container Terminal

Guangzhou Huangpu Xingang

Terminal

Guangzhou Huangpu Xinsha

Terminal

Nanhai International Container

Terminals

HUTCHISON PORT

HOLDINGS

PSA

DP World

Cosco PacificAPM Terminals

(AP Moller Group)20%

China Shipping Group 40%

50%

50%

Modern

Terminals

China Merchants

Holdings International

55%

25% 33%

67% 20%

50%50%

Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding

Guangzhou Port Group

Shenzhen Municipal

Government

Shenzhen Yantian Port

Group

20%

8%

65%

41%

60%

50%

51%

49%

39%

Cosco Pacific 15%

25%

35%

80%

China Merchant Mawan Port 84%

100%

40%

40%

Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of North America, 2015

LONG BEACH

LOS ANGELES

NEW YORK

APM Terminals Port Elizabeth

Port Newark Container Terminal

Maher Terminal

Global Terminal and Container

Services

New York Container Terminal

APM Terminals

(AP Moller Group)

Maher Terminals

Ports America

100%

50%

Global Container

Terminals

100%

Pacific Container Terminal

Total Terminals International

California United Terminals

Pier G Berth

Long Beach Container Terminal

Terminal A

Terminal C60

Global Gateway South

APM Terminals Pier 400

Evergreen Terminal

TraPac Los Angeles Berth 136

Yusen Terminals

West Basin Container Terminal

Stevedoring Services

of America

Ontario Teachers'

Pension Plan

100%

Cosco Pacific 51% 49%

100%

Hanjin AIG Highstar Capital

Deutsche Bank RREEF

Macquarie

Infrastructure20%

65%

Hyundai

100%

100%

K-Lines 100%

OOIL 100%

MSC 50%

APL

Evergreen 70% 30%

Yangming

100%

20%

Mitsui OSK 61%

NYK 100%

100%

Shipping Line Terminal Operator Terminal PORT Financial Holding

100%

China Shipping

40%

20%

Matson 35%

50%

MSC

34%

50%

MSC 46%

Inter-firm Relationships in the Three Main Container Ports of the Rhine-Scheldt Delta, 2015

DP World

PSAHUTCHISON PORT

HOLDINGS

APM Terminals

ANTWERP

Antwerp Gateway (3)

PSA HNN

MSC Home terminal

OCHZ

APM Terminal

ZEEBRUGGE

ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam World Gateway

(Maasvlakte II)

ECT

APM Terminal Rotterdam

CMA-CGM (2)

MSC

NYK

APM Terminals Maasvlakte II

Minority

Shareholding (4)

Waal- and

Eemhaven

Delta Terminal

Euromax

phase 1

Majority

shareholding

ZIM Line (1)

DP World Delwaidedock

North Sea Terminal

Europe Terminal

Deurganck Terminal

New World Alliance

CYKH Alliance

Antwerp International Terminal

(AIT) Shipping Line

(Global) Terminal

Operator

Terminal

Shanghai International

Port Group (SIPG)

Zeebrugge International Port

Cosco Pacific

100%

20%

51%

93%

100%

50%50%

50%

60%

30%

10%

100%

100%

100%

50%50%

100%

42.5%

20%

20%

10%

35%

100%

65%

75%

25%

PORT

Financial Holding

Delta MSC Terminal

50%50%

The Massification and Clustering of Transportation in Inland Systems

Port Port

IT

IT

IT

IT

Inland

Port

Corridor

Port-Centric

Direct truck

End haul

Rail / Barge

IT

Intermodal

Industrial Park

Inland

Terminal

Port

Inland Load Center Network Formation and Logistics

On-dock / near

dock rail

International Inventory of Inland Ports and Port Centric Logistics Zones