Occupational Health: The Anna Baetjer CourseBruce Lippy, Ph.D., CIH, CSP

Director of Safety Research CPWRDirector of Safety Research, CPWR5/5/12

Topics we will cover:Topics we will cover:

1. Fatality and injury data for the construction industry

2. Major hazards on construction sites3. Managing and controlling construction3. Managing and controlling construction

exposures4 Safety of green construction4. Safety of green construction5. Construction workers during disaster

responsesresponses

Topic OneTopic One

Fatality and injury data for h i i dthe construction industry

Rate of deaths from injuries in construction, selected countries, 2005selected countries, 2005

14.0ItalyDeaths per 100,000 workers

11.1

14.0

United States

Spain

7.0

9.8

Norway

Finland

5 9

6.0

Australia

Germany

No w y

4 8

5.0

5.9

S it l d

Canada (Ontario)

Australia

4.4

4.8

Sweden

Switzerland

Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, by major industry 2005 (All employment)by major industry, 2005 (All employment)

30 9A i lt

Rate per 100,000 full-time workers

12 7

20.7

30.9

Transportation

Mining

Agriculture

4 5

11.1

12.7

Public admin

Construction

Transportation

2 3

3.0

4.5

Manufacturing

Wholesale and Retail

Public admin

1 0

2.1

2.3

Finance

Services

Manufacturing

4.2

1.0

All industries

Finance

Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work, by major industry, 2005 (Private wage-and-salary workers)

292.8TransportationRate per 10,000 full-time workers

210.8

239.5

292.8

Agriculture

Construction

Transportation

146 2

146.3

147.1

Mining

Retail

Manufacturing

131.9

145.9

146.2

Utilities

Wholesale

Mining

25 9

74.7

110.7

Finance

Information

Services

135.7

25.9

All industries

Finance

Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected industries 1992-2005 (All employment)industries, 1992-2005 (All employment)

30

35

Why does agriculture lead?25

30

ime

wor

kers

Why does agriculture lead?

15

20

100,

000

full-

ti

5

10

Rat

e pe

r 1

01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

YearYear

Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing

Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work , selected industries, 1992-2005 (Private , , (wage-and-salary workers)

600

500

me

wor

kers

300

400

0,00

0 fu

ll-tim

200

Rat

e pe

r 10

1001992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

YYear

Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing

Distribution of construction employment and work-related deaths from injuries byand work-related deaths from injuries, by establishment size, 2005

Employment(n=6,781,327)

27%

Work-related deaths(n=724)

21%

39%

55%

24%

34%

1-19 20-99 100+

Percentage of injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work, by ethnicity and establishment size, 20052005

43.4%

50%

37.9% 36.9%40%

ases

Hispanic

White, non-Hispanic

24.8%27.5%

20%

30%

f non

fata

l ca

9.0%

15.6%

10%

20%

% o

f

0.6%

4.1%

0.2%0%

1 10 11 49 50 249 250 999 10001-10 11-49 50-249 250-999 1000+Establishment size

Latino crew at the leading edge

Photos courtesy of Robert Carr

Distribution of deaths from injuries in construction, by age group, 1992 versus co st uct o , by age g oup, 99 e sus2005

30%

20%

25%

ths

10%

15%

% o

f dea

t

5%

0%16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Age group

1992 2005

Distribution of nonfatal injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work in construction, bby age group, 1992 versus 2005

40%

25%

30%

35%

juri

es

15%

20%

25%

of n

onfa

tal i

nj

5%

10%% o

0%16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

Age group

1992 2005

Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected t ti ti 2003 2005construction occupations, 2003-2005 average

57 368.9Ironworker

Number of deaths per 100,000 full-time workers

25.526.5

29.657.3

LaborerTruck driver

RooferPower installer

11.116.3

20.121.0

ForemanOp engineer

HelperWelder

8.78.89.1

11.0

Construction managerBrickmason

Heat A/C mechElectrician

5 67.27.68.5

DrywallCarpenter

PlumberPainter

Construction manager

11.65.6

All constructionDrywall

Number of work-related deaths from injuries, j ,selected construction occupations, 2003-2005

884LaborerNumber of deaths

202220

297316

ElectricianConstruction manager

ForemanCarpenter

152159

198202

Op engineerTruck driver

RooferElectrician

7098108

143

Heat A/C mechIronworker

PlumberPainter

53546565

B i kPower installer

WelderHelper

3653

DrywallBrickmason

Topic Two

Major Hazards on

Topic Two

Major Hazards on Construction Jobs

Have you heard of the Focus Four hazards? Why does OSHA single them out?single them out? 1. Falls2. Struck By3. Caught in Between 4 El i l4. Electrical

IUOE National Training Fund

Out of 2,355 total construction fatalities, 79% were Focus Four hazards!

El t i l Caught

All Others 21%

Electrical11%

Caught in

Between

St k BStruck By24% Fall 34%

IUOE National Training Fund

1,856 Focus Four fatalities in 2003/2004 (BLS)

Leading causes of work-related deaths, construction, 1992-2005construction, 1992 2005

400

450

300

350

eath

s

200

250

Num

ber

of d

e

100

150

N

501992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Fall to lower levelContact with electric currentHighway accidentStruck by object

What happens h f ll?

0.33 sec./2 feet

when you fall?• It takes most people

0.67 sec./7 feet

p pabout 1/3 of a second to become aware

1 sec./16 feet

aware• It takes another 1/3

of a second for theof a second for the body to react

• A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second

IUOE National Training Fund

2 sec./64 feet

Distribution of causes of deaths from falls in construction 1992Distribution of causes of deaths from falls in construction, 1992-2005 average

From roof (33%)

Other (25%)

F i d t t t l (8%)From girder, struct. steel (8%)

From ladder (16%)From scaffold, staging (18%)

Distribution of causes of injuries from falls involving days away f k t ti 2005from work, construction, 2005

On same level (34.0%)Other (27.5%)

From scaffold (8 3%)

From roof (6.1%)

From scaffold (8.3%)

From ladder (24.2%)

Wh t “ t k b ”Wh t “ t k b ”What are “struck-by”hazards?

What are “struck-by”hazards?hazards?hazards?

Powder-actuated hand toolsPowder actuated hand toolsWhat are the hazards?

• 37,000 people go to emergency rooms from

il i j i What is wrong with this nail gun injuries every yearThe hazards are similar

gpicture?

• The hazards are similar to those of firearms

• Sequential trip triggers• Sequential-trip triggers could prevent 65 percent of injuriesof injuries

Photo courtesy Laborers-AGC

Pneumatic nailersh b d fhave been made safer• Penetration checks must be made• All proper PPE must be wornAll proper PPE must be worn

Distribution of causes of trenching-related deaths in t ti 2003 2005construction, 2003-2005

Total = 159 deaths

Other causes (13%)

Struck by vehicle load (8%)

Struck by vehicle part (8%)

Cave-ins (71%)

Struck by vehicle load (8%)

Dedicated to PatrickDedicated to Patrick Walters

One of over 50 workers who needlessly die in trenching and

ti hexcavation each year

What do we know about the 542 “Patricks” who died inPatricks who died in excavations from 1992 to 2001?

• Average age was 38• Nearly half of their• Nearly half of their

companies had less than 10 employees10 employees

• Nearly all were employed by private companiesby private companies

• Cave-ins accounted for 76% of the deaths

Recovery of Patrick Walters’76% of the deaths

body

Is this a death trap?Is this a death trap?

Rate of deaths from electrocutions, selected construction ti 2003 2005

31.8Electrical power installer/repairerDeaths per 100,000 full-time workers

occupations, 2003-2005 average

4 8

5.0

13.4

Electrician

Helper

Earth driller

3.5

3.9

4.8

Ironworker

Construction laborer

Electrician

1 3

1.4

2.3

R f

Supervisor/manager

Welder, cutter

0.8

1.0

1.3

Heavy truck driver

Painter

Roofer

1.1All construction

Deaths caused by contact with electricity among electrical workers in construction, g ,2003-2005 average

Total = 124 deaths

Other (7%)

Electrical equipt & wiring (44%)

Lighting fixtures (17%)

Overhead power lines (32%)

Deaths caused by contact with electricity among non-electrical workers in construction,among non electrical workers in construction, 2003-2005 average

Total = 238 deaths

Other (7%)

Energized objects (5%)

Overhead power lines (57%)Electrical equipt & wiring (15%)

Machinery & appliances (16%)

Topic Three

M i d C t lli

Topic Three

Managing and Controlling Exposures on ConstructionExposures on Construction

Jobs

American National StandardsAmerican National Standards Institute has a standard called, “Occupational Health and SafetyOccupational Health and Safety Management Systems”

ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005

ANSI Z10 focuses on the strategic levels of policy and processesp

L f M t S t I l t tiLayers of Management System Implementation

Z-10 specifically uses the hierarchy p y yof controls (Section 5.1.1)

Eli i tiMost Effective Elimination

Substitution

Engineering Controls

Warnings

Administrative Controls

Personal Protection4-37

Least Effective

ANSI Z-10 provides a framework b ilt lit t l d lbuilt on a quality control model from business

Plan

DoAct DoAct

Check

What key elements does ANSI, OSHA VPP and DOE ISM have in common?VPP and DOE ISM have in common?

1. Management leadership1. Management leadership2. Employee involvement3 Hazard assessment3. Hazard assessment4. Hazard control5. Worker training

Involving workers pays off! (R i 2011)(Raines, 2011)

• Gallup (2006) surveyed 125 organizationsGallup (2006) surveyed 125 organizations and found top fourth of the companies scoring on worker involvement had 62%less accidents than the bottom fourth

• Molson Coors saved $1.7 million in safety costs in 2002 by strengthening employee involvement. Engaged employees were 5X less likely to have a safety incident andless likely to have a safety incident and 7X less likely to have a loss-time incident

Let’s face a real supervisor’sLet s face a real supervisor s choiceCommercial building HVAC / energy upgradespg

Must lift the unit on the roof from the wrong side of thefrom the wrong side of the building

This could be the result. What do you do?

Training supervisors reduces lost-time injuries (Constr Safety Assoc of Ontario)injuries (Constr Safety Assoc of Ontario)

Getting to root causes isn’t easy. Go beyond blaming the workers.

Scrubbing tower dropped 10 feet from large tanks of acid

Here are the main systems for working safely on roofs Anyworking safely on roofs. Any preferences?

Safety Monitors

Fall Arrest

Guardrails and warning lines

IUOE National Training Fund

What practices are needed h ki d h l ?when working around holes?

• Cover holes with materials of adequate strength and ensure they are securedM k k k th• Mark covers so workers know there are holes underneath

• Use guardrails• Use guardrails

IUOE National Training FundPhoto courtesy of Laborers-AGC

How can we apply the hi h t k li ht ?hierarchy to skylights?

Trench shields or trenchTrench shields or trench boxes are intended to shield

workers from cave-ins

Photo courtesy Trench Shoring ServicesPhoto courtesy Trench Shoring Services

Topic FourTopic Four

Safety of Green ConstructionSafety of Green Construction

Our current building costs are unsustainable

40% f t i l d• 40% of raw materials consumed globally are used by the building construction industryconstruction industry

• U.S. building construction:– Uses 68% of total electricity consumptionUses 68% of total electricity consumption– Creates 38% of carbon dioxide emissions– Uses 12% of potable waterp– Creates 272 million tons of construction

and demolition waste annually

Source: The Guide to Green Buildings

Examples of green i jconstruction projects

Wind turbine

Rooftop rain gardenp g

Modular, insulated wall units

Green roofs have manyGreen roofs have many advantages

A green roof in Chicago, courtesy of the City of Chicago

Can you think of any disadvantages?Can you think of any disadvantages?

This 2 300sf high rise green roof is part of a modern buildingThis 2,300sf high-rise green roof is part of a modern building construct. A crane was used to lift the soil and gravel onto three floors, courtesy DCGreenworks.org and the IUOE

Weatherization is an important part of green construction Whatpart of green construction. What risks from spray insulation?

City Center, Las Vegas

“How many constructionHow many construction site deaths should there be to make a building not green regardless of thegreen regardless of the environmental benefits?”

Topic FiveTopic Five

Construction workers during disaster responsesdisaster responses

Why do disaster sitesWhy do disaster sitesWhy do disaster sites present greater risks?Why do disaster sites present greater risks?p gp g

GreaterGreaterGreater chances are

taken like at

Greater chances are

taken like attaken, like at the World

taken, like at the World

Trade Center.Trade Center.

What is the violation

What is the violationviolation

here?violation

here?

What were the most deadlyWhat were the most deadly disasters from 1992-2006? 90 80

7262

60708090

ncy

cy

33

17 16 14 920304050

Freq

uen

eque

nc

14 9 40

1020

es es ds es es hes ms ds

kes

Fre

Wildfir

esHurri

canes

FloodsTo

rnad

oesLan

dslides

Avalan

ches

Ice Storm

sBliz

zard

sEart

hquakes

Disaster type

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Activities during hurricane-related gfatalities (Fayard, APHA, 2006)

Cl

Other (16%)

Cleanup, debris removal, tree

Law and order (6%)

,trimming (44%)

Restoring public utilities (8%)( )

What is the l h ?Restorative

construction (26%)Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007

lesson here?

Tornado destruction poses serious i k f l d di lrisks for cleanup and disposal

Check OSHA’s website for guidance

Clean-up of F5 tornado in Greenburg, KS, May 07

Disposal and burning of debris at the Greenburg dump, nearly entire

town needed to be burnedtown needed to be burned

Photos by Greg Henshall, FEMA.

Ice storms pose particular falling debris hazards for respondersp

Republic, MO, 2-27-07. A loader on debris pile after an ice storm created two million cubic yards of debris.

FEMA Photo/Michael RaphaelFEMA Photo/Michael Raphael