21
The effects of kinetin and Alar-85 applications on the growth and flowering of Adonis autumnalis, L. Journal Title: Proceedings annual meeting - Plant Growth Regulator Society of America. Journal Volume/Issue: 1985. (12th) Main Author: Abdalla, N.M. Other Authors: El-Gengaihi, S.E., Solomos, T., Al-Badawy, A.A. Format: Article Language: English Subjects: height plant characteristics Adonis ornamental plants medicinal plants spraying kinetin daminozide stems diameter branching flowers yields Document details Title Influence of growth regulators on growth, herbage and essential oil yield in davana (Artemisia pallens Wall.). Authors Bhat, P. B.; Farooqi, A. A.; Subbaiah, T. K. Editors Bhattacharyya, S. C.;Sen, N.;Sethi, K. L. Conference paper Proceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3. 1990 pp. 81-84 Conference Title Proceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3. ISBN 1-85529-018-9 Record Number 19920311100

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The effects of kinetin and Alar-85 applications on the growth and flowering of Adonis autumnalis, L.

Journal Title: Proceedings annual meeting - Plant Growth Regulator Society of America.

Journal Volume/Issue:

1985. (12th)

Main Author: Abdalla, N.M.Other Authors: El-Gengaihi, S.E., Solomos, T., Al-Badawy, A.A.

Format: Article Language: EnglishSubjects: height

plant characteristics Adonis ornamental plants medicinal plants spraying kinetin daminozide stems diameter branching flowers yields

Document detailsTitle

Influence of growth regulators on growth, herbage and essential oil yield in davana (Artemisia pallens Wall.).

AuthorsBhat, P. B.; Farooqi, A. A.; Subbaiah, T. K.

EditorsBhattacharyya, S. C.;Sen, N.;Sethi, K. L.

Conference paperProceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3. 1990 pp. 81-84

Conference TitleProceedings of the 11th international congress of essential oils, fragrances and flavours. New Delhi, India, 12-16 November, 1989 Vol. 3.

ISBN1-85529-018-9

Record Number19920311100

Abstract

Gibberellic acid (GA3) was sprayed at 0, 50 and 100 p.p.m. on seedlings 20 days after transplantation to the field. Cycocel (CCC) [chlormequat]

(at 0, 2000 and 4000 p.p.m.) and TIBA (at 200, 300 and 400 p.p.m.) were sprayed once before flowering (30 days after transplanting) and a

second time after flowering (60 days after transplanting) as sub-plot treatments. Plant height, number of branches, plant spread, number of days

taken for 50% flowering and fresh and dry weight of flower heads and leaves were determined. Leaves and flower heads were air dried for 48 h

Page 2: Obtained Ref mateen sajid

and essential oil content was determined by hydrodistillation. Plants treated with GA3 showed an increase in plant height, number of branches,

plant spread and fresh and dry weight of flower heads and leaves. Essential oil yield from flower heads was significantly enhanced (to 12.12

kg/ha) by GA3 at 100 p.p.m. and less so by TIBA at 400 p.p.m. (to 11.17 kg/ha) and CCC at 4000 p.p.m. (to 10.11 kg/ha) compared with controls

(7.30-8.98 kg/ha). Early flowering (47 days) was observed with GA3 treatment, but flowering was delayed after application of CCC or TIBA. CCC

and TIBA suppressed plant height significantly.

Title

Action of various growth regulators and floral preservatives on vase life of cut rose cv. 'First red' grown under controlled conditions.

AuthorsDhekney, S. A.; Ashok, A. D.; Rengasamy, P.

JournalSouth Indian Horticulture 2000 Vol. 48 No. 1/6 pp. 69-71

ISSN0038-3473

Record Number20013163045

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted on rose cv. First Red to determine the action of pre-harvest sprays of growth regulators i.e. GA3 at 100,

200, and 300 ppm; benzyladenine at 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm; salicylic acid at 50, 100 and 150 ppm; and brassinolide at 0.25, 50 and 0.75 ppm.

In a related experiment, the vase life of the cut flowers under different treatments was determined in vase holding solutions i.e. 200 ppm AgNO3,

and 15% sucrose+0.3% citric acid. The flowers sprayed with GA3 at 200 ppm and salicylic acid at 50 ppm recorded a vase life of 7.33 and 7.00

days, respectively, compared to the control (5.33 days). A maximum vase life of 10.33 days was recorded under GA3 at 200 ppm using 200 ppm

AgNO3 and sucrose+citric aci

to AGRIS search

Try it!

Journal of Agronomy (2004)

Effect of accel on the postharvest vase life of Easter lily

Emongor, V.; Tshwenyane, S.O. (University of Botswana, Gaborone (Botswana). Dept. of Crop Science and Production)

Date of publication 2004

AGRIS Categories Handling, transport, storage and protection of plant products

AGROVOC English terms Lilium; Cut flowers; Plant growth substances; Keeping quality; Postharvest physiology

AGROVOC French terms Lilium; Fleur coupée; Substance de croissance végétale; Aptitude à la conservation; Physiologie après récolte

AGROVOC Spanish terms Lilium; Flor cortada; Sustancias de crecimiento vegetal; Aptitud para la conservación; Fisiología postcosecha

Language English

Page 3: Obtained Ref mateen sajid

Notes 3 tables, 29 ref.

Type Summary

Type Bibliography

Journal Title Journal of Agronomy

ISSN 1680-8207

Vol. No. v. 3(3) p. 170-174

Abstract (English) Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the effect of Accel on the postharvest vase life of Easter lily cut flowers. Flowering stems of Easter lily cultivar `St. Joseph' were purchased from a commercial farm in Gaborone, Botswana. Accel at 25, 50, or 75 mg L-1 significantly delayed postharvest catastrophic leaf yellowing of Easter lily, flower senescence and abscission, improved flower water uptake, increased flower vase life and retarded leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen degradation. The results indicated that Accel can be used as a commercial cut flower preservative solution for Easter lily and other cut flowers with postharvest leaf yellowing as a problem.

Submitted by:National Agricultural Research Centre (Pakistan)

P.O. Box NIH, Park Road

Islamabad

Contact: Ms Shahnaz ZUBERI

Tel: +92 51 9255033 +92 51 9255033 ; 51 9255061

Fax: +92 51 9255034

Email: [email protected]; [email protected];

URL: http://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/narc.html

AGRIS search

Try it!

Journal of Agronomy (2004)

Effects of gibberellic acid on postharvest quality and vaselife life of gerbera cut flowers (Gerbera jamesonii)

Emongor, V.E. (University of Botswana, Gaborone (Botswana). Dept. of Crop Science and Production)

Date of publication 2004

AGRIS Categories Handling, transport, storage and protection of plant products

AGROVOC English terms Cut flowers; Gerbera; Gibberellic acid; Keeping quality; Postharvest physiology

AGROVOC French terms Fleur coupée; Gerbera; Acide gibbérellique; Aptitude à la conservation; Physiologie après récolte

AGROVOC Spanish terms Flor cortada; Gérbera; Ácido giberelico; Aptitud para la conservación; Fisiología postcosecha

Language English

Notes 4 tables, 19 ref.

Page 4: Obtained Ref mateen sajid

Type Summary

Journal Title Journal of Agronomy

ISSN 1680-8207

Vol. No. v. 3(3) p. 191-195

Abstract (English) Laboratory trials were carried out to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the postharvest quality and vase life of gerbera cut- flowers. Freshly cut flower stems of gerbera cultivar `Ida Red', with two outer disc florets open were put in flower vases containing 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5 mg L-1 of GA3. The treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replicates. Gerbera cut-flowers held in GA3 at 2.5, 5 or 7. 5 mg L-1 significantly delayed flower senescence by increasing the number of disc florets open, delayed petal fading and abscission. Gibberellic acid at 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 significantly reduced dry matter content in the flower heads and stems of gerbera cut-flowers. Gerbera cut-flowers held in 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 GA3 had significantly higher water content in the flower heads and stems, hence maintaining flower turgidity, reduction in bent neck and flower senescence and increased flower quality after 14 days of holding compared to flowers held in distilled water. Gibberellic acid at 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg L-1 has the potential to be used as a gerbera cut-flower preservative solution.

Submitted by:National Agricultural Research Centre (Pakistan)

P.O. Box NIH, Park Road

Islamabad

Contact: Ms Shahnaz ZUBERI

Tel: +92 51 9255033 +92 51 9255033 ; 51 9255061

Fax: +92 51 9255034

Email: [email protected]; [email protected];

URL: http://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/narc.html

Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities (EJPAU) founded by all Polish Agriculture Universities presents original papers and review articles relevant to all aspects of agricultural sciences. It is target for persons working both in science and industry,regulatory agencies or teaching in agricultural sector. Covered by IFIS Publishing (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), ELSEVIER Science - Food Science and Technology Program, CAS USA (Chemical Abstracts), CABI Publishing UK and ALPSP (Association of Learned and Professional Society Publisher - full membership). Presented in the Master List of Thomson ISI.

2011Volume 14Issue 4

Topic:

AgronomyELECTRONICJOURNAL OFPOLISHAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITIES

Copyright © Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej we Wroclawiu, ISSN 1505-0297 1505-0297

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El-Saeid H. , Abouziena H. , AbdAlla M. 2011. EFFECT OF SOME BIOREGULATORS ON WHITE LUPINE (Lupinus termis) SEED YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS AND ON ENDOGENOUS HORMONES CONTENT IN SEEDS, EJPAU 14(4), #02.Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume14/issue4/art-02.html

EFFECT OF SOME BIOREGULATORS ON WHITE LUPINE (LUPINUS TERMIS) SEED YIELD AND ITS

COMPONENTS AND ON ENDOGENOUS HORMONES CONTENT IN SEEDS

H.M. El-Saeid, Hussein Fawzy Abouziena, M.S.A. AbdAlla

Botany Department, National Research Center

ABSTRACT

A pot experiments was carried out at National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, to investigate the effect of

IAA (100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3), NAA (10, 20 and 40 mg∙dcm-3) and kinetin (25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3) on

Lupinus termis plant growth, yield and seed chemical composition as well as hormones contents compared with

untreated plants. The obtained results indicated that the highest number of branches was obtained with kinetin

treatment, especially at 100 mg∙dcm-3. While, the maximum values of both number and dry weight of pods were

obtained as a result of foliar application with kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3. Spraying the lupine plants with

bioregulators increased significantly the seed number per pod and per plant, and seed yield/plant except those

plants treated with IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3. Applications of IAA, NAA and kinetin treatments had no significant

effect on crop index, harvest index and shelling percentage. The maximum seed yield was recorded with the

application of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3 followed by kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 as well as IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3. High

levels of GA and IAA were observed in seeds produced from plants treated by IAA relative to those treated by

NAA or kinetin. Spraying the lupine plants with the bioregulators IAA, NAA and kinetin caused an increase in

protein content and total carbohydrates and decrease of oil percent in the lupine seeds

Key words: lupine, IAA, NAA, kinetin, endogenous hormones, seed yield.

INTRODUCTION

White lupine (Lupinus termis Forsik) is one of the oldest agricultural crops widely used in the

world not only as a protein source in fodder production but also for soil improvement [19].

Lupine belongs to the genus Lupinus in the Fabaceae family. Lupine seeds contain

considerable nutrition due to its high protein (35-45%) and oil content (10-15%). In Egypt,

the cultivated lupine area is about 1482 ha producing 2881 t with a productivity of 19,439

kg∙ha-1 [10].

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Plant growth regulators play important roles in the enhancement of the growth and

productivity of the most economic crops. Gromadzinski et al. [13] reported that plant growth

regulators resulted in significant increases in pod number, shortening of offshoots and seed

yields of yellow and narrow-leaved lupines (Lupinus luteus and L. angustifolius, resp.) plants,

but only when applied at the correct rate and date. Prusiński and Borowska [23] reported that

sprayed plants of traditional yellow lupine cultivar with varied doses of the growth regulators

auxin (indole-3-butritic acid) and cytokinin (6-benzyloaminopurine) limited the unfavourable

abscission of generative organs, which resulted in a significantly higher seed yield, than the

control.

Emery et al. [9] reviewed the literature and stated that a wide range of environmental factors

can influence the extent of "flower shedding", and as a consequence the yield potential of

many pulses may not be realized. Theories as to the cause include hypotheses based on

competition for nutrients. They add that at different times during fruit development 18

different forms of cytokinin (CK) were detected in the component tissues [9]. El-Saeid et al.

[8] reported that when cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) plants were sprayed with IAA at the rate of

25 and 50 mg∙dcm-3 increased number of leaves, shoot dry weight and number of produced

flowers per plant and consequently significantly increased number and weight of pods and

seeds per plant. Meanwhile 50 and 100 mg IAA significantly decreased the number of

flowers abscised from cowpea plant. Seymour [26] reported that timing of application was

critical, with application 6 weeks before flowering giving the most consistent positive

responses. El-Bassiouny and Shukry [7] reported that foliar application of IAA at three

concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 mg∙dcm-3) induced increments of the plant height, fresh and

dry weights, number of branches and number of leaves per cowpea plant as well as yield

components (pods per plant, seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod and per plant and weight

of seeds/fed) (fed = 0.42 ha). Khalil et al. [15] reported that kinetin treatments decreased stem

height of lentil plant, however they induced significant increase in the number of leaves and

branches, shoot dry weight and number of produced flowers per plant. Meanwhile, all

treatment decreased the percentage of abscised flowers and increased number and weight of

pods and seeds per plant.

The working hypothesis assumed that:

spraying the bio-regulators have an effect on the productivity and chemical constituents features of lupine plants,

there is a relationship between the endogenous hormones and lupine yield,

the effect of bio-regulators on the plants varied depending on the concentration of the plant hormone application.

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The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of IAA, NAA and kinetin applied at 3

concentrations on white lupine plants growth, yield, and chemical composition and hormones

content in seeds.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre,

Cairo, Egypt to study the effect of IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) at 100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3;

Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 10, 20 and 40 mg∙dcm-3 and kinetin at 25, 50 and 100

mg.dcm-3 and tap water (as control) on growth, yield and seed chemical constituent as well

as hormones contents of white lupine (Lupinus termis Forsik) plants.

Seeds of white lupine cultivar Giza 1 were obtained from the Legume Research Section,

Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Ten seeds were planted in

plastic pots 50 cm diameter filled with 20 kg clay loam soil at 21th of October in the two

winter seasons and the plants were irrigated when needed. The seedlings were thinned at the

age of 3 weeks to three uniform seedlings per pot. Triple superphosphate was mixed with the

soil before sowing the seeds. The plants were fertilized with 3 g of nitrogen in the form of

ammonium sulphate in three applications (one gram for each) after 4, 7 and 10 weeks from

sowing.

Seedlings were sprayed with IAA at irrigated at 100, 200 and 400 mg∙dcm-3; NAA at 10, 20

and 40 mg∙dcm-3 and 25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 in the case of kinetin and tap water as control.

Tepole was added (1 mg∙dcm-3 of growth substances) to the solution as wetting agent. The

volume of spraying solution was maintained just to cover completely the plant foliage till

drip. The plants were sprayed twice. The first spray was applied ten days before flowering as

guided by the indicator plants and the second spray was performed ten days later. Other

agricultural processes were performed according to normal practice.

Data recorded

At harvest, plant height, numbers of branches and pods per plant, pods weight, number of

seeds per pod and plant, seed yield per plant, seed index (100 seed weight), shelling (%)

[(seed weight per pod divided by pod weight) ×100], straw yield (g∙plant-1), crop index (seed

yield per plant divided by straw yield per plant), and harvest index (seed yield per plant

divided by biological yield (above ground) per plant) were estimated. Furthermore, migration

coefficient (pods dry weight divided by biological yield) was estimated according to the

method described by Abdel Gawad et al. [2].

Chemical analysis

For determination of total carbohydrate, phenol sulphuric acid method was used according to

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Dubois et al. [6]. Nitrogen, element was determined according to the method described by

Cottenie et al. [5]. Total protein was calculated using a conversion factor of 6.25. Oil content

in the yielded seeds was determined as described by the methods mentioned in the A.O.C.S.

[1] using petroleum ether (40-60°) in Soxhlet apparatus.

Endogenous hormone contents

Contents of endogenous IAA and GA3 in lupine seeds were determined using High

Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Extraction and purification were performed

according to Jensen and Junttila [14] and Potts et al. [22] for IAA and GA, respectively.

Analysis of samples by HPLC for IAA was carried out on a Perkin Elmer unit, Series (2),

fitted with UV detector delivery system and analytical C18 reversed phase column. The

solvent program was linear gradient (1%-99%) methanol in 1% acetic acid, the rate of the

program (2% min-1) at a flow rate 0.8 ml∙min-1. Gibberellins were determined by the bioassay

of lettuce hypocotyls in purified extracts chromatography [11].

Statistical analysis

A completely Randomized Design was used; each treatment was replicated six times. The

obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis of variance according to the method

described by Snedecor and Cochran [27] and the combined analysis of the two seasons was

calculated according to the method of Steel and Torrie [28]. For comparison between means,

L.S.D. test at 5% level was used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Plant height and number of branches

The data presented in Table 1 indicated that IAA increased significantly the white lupine

plant height and the highest plant was recorded with 200 mg∙dcm-3 of IAA. The auxin IAA

increased linear growth of stem by causing cell elongation, due to greater osmotic uptake of

water which results in increase of osmotic pressure or decrease in turger pressure or both. On

the other hand, NAA and kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 treatments had a negative effect on the

plant height.

Concerning the effect of the three growth regulators tested on number of branches per plant

the results in Fig. 1 showed that IAA induced a lowest increment in most cases for the

branches number, except the highest level. Regarding the effect of NAA the data in Fig. 1

showed no significant differences in branches number. The highest significant effect on

branches number was obtained with kinetin treatment, especially the highest level. So, it

could be conclude that kinetin treatments had more effect on branches number compared with

auxins. Khalil et al. [15] found that kinetin treatments increased the dry weight of lentil

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shoots though they decreased stem length; such increase may be due to increase in number of

branches and leaves. In this respect, Wickson and Thimann [30] reported that the application

of CK reduced apical dominance and the lateral buds of intact plants which, otherwise,

remain arrested could be made to grow by applying kinetin.

Figure 1. Effect of some bioregulators on number of branches and pods per white lupine plant

Yield and yield attributes criteria

Spraying the plants with growth substances increased both number and dry weight of white

lupine pods per plant. It could be noticed that IAA at 200 mg∙dcm-3 and kinetin at 50 and 100

Page 10: Obtained Ref mateen sajid

mg∙dcm-3 had a significant effect on pods number (Fig. 1), while pods dry weight per plant

was significantly affected with all treatments, except NAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3 (Table 1). The

maximum values of both number and dry weight of pods were obtained as a result of foliar

application with kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3. In this respect, kinetin plays an important role in

growth of the ovary by cell division [17]. Seymour[26] reported that lupine seed yield

increases due to CK application were related to improvements in pod set.

Spraying the plants with bioregulators increased significantly the seed number per pod and

per plant, and seed yield per plant, except those plants treated with IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3

(Table 1). The highest values of those criteria were obtained as a result of kinetin treatments,

especially the medium level. Krishnamoorthy [17] reported that cytokinin influences the

direction of transport of organic metabolites and minerals and their accumulation in cells. It's

well known that metabolites are preferentially translocated to developing fruits and seeds. It's

quite likely that phloem transport from source to sink may also be under the control of

cytokinins. On the other hand, it could be noticed that seed index increased significantly as a

result of growth substances treatments. Thus it can be concluded that the increment of seed

yield per plant mainly due to the increase of seed number per plant. Prusinski et al. [24]

found that weight of 1000 seeds and the seed yield of treated lupine plants with auxin were

significantly higher than the non-treated control.

Table 1. Effect of some bioregulators on white lupine plant and yield characters (combined analysis of two seasons)

Treatments Characters

SubstancesConcentration

[mg∙dcm-3]

plant

height

[cm]

pods

weight

[g∙plant-

1]

no. of

seeds

per

pod

no. of

seeds per

plant

seed

index

[g]

shelling

[%]

crop

index

harvest

index

Control – 77.6 20.7 2.3 30.0 48.9 61 0.39 0.89

IAA

100 84.9 25.1 2.9 44.8 40.8 63 0.44 0.86

200 93.2 31.1 2.8 50.9 38.9 59 0.39 0.79

400 85.7 27.4 2.6 43.8 41.1 77 0.39 0.74

NAA 10 79.8 22.6 2.4 34.3 43.7 59 0.41 0.73

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20 78.4 26.8 2.5 41.8 39.1 61 0.42 0.73

40 75.3 26.9 2.9 37.9 43.2 77 0.43 0.75

Kinetin

25 76.9 27.4 3.1 50.4 44.3 74 0.45 1.29

50 73.7 31.6 3.0 64.4 36.3 82 0.60 1.33

100 68.4 31.1 3.1 52.7 38.5 66 0.58 1.40

LSD0.05 3.3 2.1 0.2 6.8 2.0 ns ns nsns – non-significant differences

As for straw yield per plant, the increase was observed as a result of growth regulators

treatments except kinetin at 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 which decreased significantly the value of

this character (Fig. 2). On the other side, these treatments had no significant effect on crop

index, harvest index and shelling percentage. Generally, these treatments decreased those

characters, except plants sprayed with kinetin. The highest values of crop and harvest index

were obtained as a result of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3, while the maximum value of shelling

percentage was obtained at 25 mg∙dcm-3. The results showed also that migration coefficient

was obtained under the effect of kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3.

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Figure 2. Effect of some bioregulators on seed and straw yields per white lupine plant

There was significant effect of plant growth regulators application on lupine seed yield. The

maximum yield was recorded with the application of kinetin at 50 mg∙dcm-3 followed by

kinetin at 100 mg∙dcm-3 as well as IAA at 100 mg∙dcm-3 and minimum yield was recorded in

unsprayed plants (Fig. 2).

The increment of seed yield as a result to application of CK could be attributed to that

exogenous application of cytokinin to developing flowers prevents their abortion and permits

the initiation of seed development [3]. Morris [21] reported that accumulation of cytokinins

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in developing seeds coincides with the highest rates of cell division, which is consistent with

the idea that CK increase the sink strength of seeds for assimilates. Matthysee and Scott [20]

stated that CK serve as a carrier from the root apex as it regulates the growth of lateral roots

and lateral branches of the shoots. These results are in agreements with those reported by

Seymour[26], Khalil et al. [15] and El-Saeid et al. [8]. Prusinski et al. [24] reported that the

seed yield of yellow lupine treated with auxin was significantly higher than when treated with

CK and the non-treated control.

Endogenous hormonal content

There is a relationship between the exogenous and endogenous hormones, especially GA3,

and there is a relationship between the end product and endogenous hormones [4]. The results

in Table (2) indicated that spraying the lupine plants with IAA or NAA at the three

concentrations used caused a significant increase of the endogenous hormones contents i.e.

GA and IAA in white lupine seeds. While application of kinetin at 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 led

to a significant increment of the two endogenous hormones (GA and IAA), however spraying

kinetin at the low concentration (25 mg∙dcm-3) had a slight enhancement of the endogenous

hormones contents in lupine seeds.

Table 2. Effect of some bioregulators on chemical composition of white lupine seeds (combined analysis of two seasons)

Treatments Characters

SubstancesConcentration

[mg∙dcm-3]

Migration

coefficient

Chemical contents in seeds

[ %]

Endogenous

hormones

[ng∙g-1 seeds]

total

carbohydrates

crude

proteinsoil GA IAA

Control – 0.59 24.7 39.4 15.9 25 31

IAA

100 0.61 25.2 45.3 14.7 68 99

200 0.69 25.3 45.7 14.3 95 200

400 0.61 24.7 45.5 14.9 124 300

NAA 10 0.63 24.7 43.7 15.0 61 58

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20 0.65 25.8 44.7 15.0 88 90

40 0.64 24.7 43.8 15.1 107 95

Kinetin

25 0.70 25.6 48.7 14.3 32 47

50 0.77 27.7 51.6 13.0 51 63

100 0.81 29.3 50.8 12.9 66 76

LSD0.05 0.06 0.2 0.4 0.1 18 43

It's evident that the level of IAA increased endogenous GA in the seeds, such increase were

362%, 218% and 166%, compared with control seeds when plants treated with 400, 200 and

100 mg∙dcm-3 IAA, respectively. However the content of IAA in the seeds produced from

plants treated by different levels of IAA was more than the control seeds. Such increases

were 812%, 497% and 206%, when plants treated with 400, 200 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 IAA

respectively.

The amounts of GA in the seeds produced from plants treated by different levels of NAA are

shown in Table 2. It's evident that the level of NAA increased endogenous GA in the seeds,

such increase were 281%, 211% and 111%, compared with control. However the content of

IAA in the seeds produced from plants treated by different levels of NAA was more than the

control seeds. Such increases were 174%, 112% and 56%, when plants treated with 40, 20

and 10 mg∙dcm-3 NAA, respectively.

Data in Table 2 indicated that sprayed white lupine plants with kinetin at concentrations of

25, 50 and 100 mg∙dcm-3 resulted in significant increase the GA content in lupine seeds by

167%, 104% and 26%, relative to the unsprayed plants, respectively. In the same direction

the amount of IAA in the seeds was increased by 147%, 91% and 26%, respectively in

comparison to untreated plants. Similar finding was obtained by Khalil et al. [15], El-Saeid et

al. [8]. Khalil et al. [15] found that Kinetin treatments increased the level of IAA,

gibberellins and cytokine's in lentil plants.

It seems very fruitful to correlate and discuss changes in the separate endogenous groupings

of active materials existing into extracted of seeds from plants treated by different levels of

IAA, NAA and kinetin. The high levels of GA and IAA in seeds produced from plants treated

by IAA relative to those treated by NAA or kinetin may explain the increase in plant height

Page 15: Obtained Ref mateen sajid

and number of leaves and pods. Its well known that the increase in the levels of both auxin

and gibberellins promote cell division and cell enlargement and hence increased plant height

[12]. On the other hand, high levels of auxins and gibberellins together were found to

enhance leaf production [25].

Chemical contents in seeds

Data recorded in Table (2) revealed that spraying white lupine plants with the three growth

substances i.e. IAA, NAA or kinetin at different concentrations caused an increase in resulted

in increase of total carbohydrate as well as crude protein contents, compared to unsprayed

plants. The highest significant values of total carbohydrates and protein contents were

observed under the effect of kinetin at 100 and 50 mg∙dcm-3 respectively. It's apparent from

the data that fixed oil percent was decreased as a result of applied the three bioregulators

treatments. So it could be concluded that there is a negative correlation between fixed oil and

carbohydrate as well as protein content.

Using kinetin at 25, 50 or 100 mg∙dcm-3 exhibited highly significant increments in the total

carbohydrate and protein content and decreased the oil % rather than IAA, NAA and non-

treated control treatments (Table 2). Similar findings were reported with Khalil and

Mandurah [16], Tagade et al. [29] and Khalil et al. [15]. However Prusinski et al. [24]

reported that auxin treatment had no significant effect on chemical composition or seed yield

components of yellow lupine. Leopolda and Kriedeman [18] reported that kinetin plays an

important role in protein synthesis through activation of nucleic acid synthesis, which needed

phosphorus as participate part and potassium as stimulus to enzyme system.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Application of the three bioregulators IAA, NAA and kinetin increased the number of branches as well as pods and seeds per plant resulting in the significantly enhancement of seed yield per white lupine plant.

2. The maximum seed yield was recorded with the application of kinetin at 50 mg dcm∙ -3 followed by kinetin at the dose of 100 mg dcm∙ -3.

3. There was a negative correlation between fixed oil and carbohydrate as well as protein content.

4. Spraying white lupine plants with IAA or NAA at the three concentrations used and kinetin at 50 and 100 mg dcm∙ -3 caused a significant increase of the endogenous GA and IAA hormones contents in seeds.

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H.M. El-SaeidBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egypt

Hussein Fawzy AbouzienaBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egyptemail: [email protected]

M.S.A. AbdAllaBotany Department, National Research CenterDokki, Cairo, Egypt

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