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THE IMPACT OF PORTS IN THE INDUSTRY 3 INDIVIDUAL PORTS / SHANGHAI’S INTERNATIONAL PORT Shanghai international port, most im- portant harbour in the world, cannot be seen as a constructive side. It’s an administrative office that exists out of 3 individual sites or ports. The smallest and also the oldest port is named WUSONG PORT, nearby the Yangtze river, which is one of the four longest rivers in the world (+ 6,300 km) and one of the world’s most important cargo-carrying rivers. In the near future this cargo site will be transformed into the yacht marina of Shanghai. Second in row is known as the YANGSHAN PORT, which was build to overcome the limitations of the WAIGAOQIAO and WUSONG river-based ports. This port is located on offshore islands and connected to the mainland by the DONGHAI BRIDGE.The port is since 2005 responsable for an annual growth of 32% and contains 35% of the container transport (SEE graphic right corner above). The other and biggest influation of the container output is caused by the most important one, WAIGAOQIA port. In comparation with Rotterdam and Antwerp the port’s popularity can be explained of its inter-Asia shipping and the ability to use Waigaoqiao to service regional routes with more frequency, as an transhipment hub and as a staging point for China’s growing import market. http://rightsite.asia/en/article CONTAINER TRAFFIC CH-BE (THOUSAND TEU’s) 2004 2013 Pudong International Airport Honqoia International Airport Waigaoqiao Port Yangshan Deep-water Port Wusong Port 62KM 30KM 20KM 10KM SHANGHAI ANTWERP P Pudong Industrial Zones ROTTERDAM FLOODS INUNDATION RISK / FLOOD PLAINS Shanghai is considered as the wor- ld’s most vulnerable city to floo- ding. There are multiple geomorphic reasons to support this assessment. First, the geological soil of the city are mainly made of alluvial muds deposited by the Yangtze River over hundreds of thousands of years. Secondly the geography of the re- gion is quite flat with an average of 13 feet above sea level. The smooth slope uphill the Taihu lake flattens near the meanders of the Huangpu creating easily flooded lagoons. The city is also in a region highly affected by storms and typhoons, The rising sea level on the Chinese littoral is increasing. The Pudong disctrict coastline, the Chongming, Changxing and Hengsha islands will be the first ones to deal with it. For the moment an important sewer system regulates the emergency si- tuations that are still rare but vowed to increase in the future. In addition to the polders and levees, strategies to contain water are gra- dually established. Referring to a knowledge anchored in the Chinese culture, the inclusion of agricul- tural land such as paddy fields for rice, work as landscape filters and drain the water ecologically. http://scenariojournal.com/ 500-Year flood 6m 250-Year flood 5.7m 1000-Year flood 6.7m HYDROGAPHY CANALS / RIVERS Shanghai is the historic town of the Yangtze river, third longest river in the world, and it played a major role in the growth of China throughout history. Rich in fertile land, due to the large number of great lakes in the west, streams and rivers flowing from the mountains near Zhejiang to the China sea or the Hangzhou Bay. The municipality of Shanghai and the surrounding regions: Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu, have been called ‘the grain basket of China’ for a long time. Thereafter the industries used the amount of water to their benefit. Nowadays 58% of the water consumption in Shanghai is used for the thermal power industries which provide en- ergy to more than 24 million inha- bitants. Water is therefore symbolic for the city of Shanghai, But it is threate- ned by the considerable amount of pollution that the city faces. De- creasing fishery and scandals like the inexplicable death of animals along the banks, make the restora- tion of Shanghai’s nature an urgent matter. Several water treatments are being constructed through landscape projects by using the natural capa- city of the ecosystem to regenerate. http://www.scenariojournal.com GREEN SPACES Until opening reforms, green areas were limited due to the minimal in- vestment of environmental resources in Shanghai. In 1949, most of the green urban areas were gated and their use was limited to local re- sidents. But in 1978, urban space in Shanghai started his development towards the international standards: green areas surrounded by commer- cial, cultural and artistic activi- ties. They are mostly concentrated in the Pudong district, with an ave- rage of 24.55 m2 per capita, 20 times higher than in Huangpu district. In contrary, the suburbs are more scat- tered due to their dominant strategy of maximizing the space in the city center for economical and demogra- phic reasons. Also, the cost of deve- loping new green spaces is higher in the city center due to the high urba- nization. Between both areas, in the middle ring green corridors are built to absorb the huge quantity of pollu- tion in the area. Slowly, Shanghai’s green environment is increasing to become a model of a sustainable city. Urban parks Urban corridors Suburb’s parks Non urbanized GRADUAL SUSTAINABLE CITY -Brave New City: Three Problems in Chinese Urban Public Space since the 1980s, PU MIAO Original image by LU XINJIAN, City DNA / Xinzhuang, acrylic on canvas. 2014 ENERGY CONSUMPTION / DEVELOPMENT Energy consumption in Shanghai has an exponential growth due to its indus- trial and urbanization development. The consumption has multiplied by three in last 20 years. The energy supply mix of the city is composed of diesel oil, fuel oil, ga- soline, kerosene, coal and electri- city. Nevertheless, fossil consump- tion is in a much lower proportion than at the national level. Oil represents the most important part of fossil resources, increasing over the years in order to equal the percentage of coal as supply primary energy. An increasing share in the huge amount of city vehicles has not only risen carbon emissions but also de- creased the air quality in Shanghai downtown. Natural Gas contribution is minor but increasing, as well as the elec- tricity coming from other sources, reflecting the increase of cleaner sources. WEC «Energy for Megacities» Study. Shanghai Municipa- lity Case Study. diesel oil Proportion Shanghai Total Consumption Evolution of total energy consumption in Shanghai primary industry secondary industry transportation catering living consumption fuel oil gasoline kerosene coal electric power 0 10,000 tons SCE 10,000 tons SCE year 500 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 1000 2000 2500 1500 Shanghai Transforming, ed. ACTAR INDUSTRY ECONOMY / INDUSTRY / TRADE ZONE Located at the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai has a great advantage on the industrial level, by owning the largest container port in the world. Notably the Yangshan deep-water port. That port is linked to Shanghai by a bridge. The city invests in six specific industries towards the future. Diverse activities such as tourism and agriculture spread throughout the city, contribute as well to Shanghai’s growth. The contoured zone is the Free Trade Zone of Shanghai, this means that this area is an eco- nomic zone that doesn’t take the same duties and regulations as the rest of China like testing and improving new products and technologies. This area is situated near the industry park of Pudong, the largest industry zone of the more or less 120 other including Baoshan, Jiading and Sonjiang. The key manufacturing industries are the auto- mobile manufacture situated in Jiading, steel in Baoshan, petrochemicals near the Hangzhou bay and electronics. Free Trade Zone Pudong Baoshan Sonjiang Jiading MAIN INDUSTRY PARKS B J P S Iker,G.,2008,’Shanghai transforming’ http://www.globalurban.org The city puts itself ahead through its six pillar industries :information,fi- nance,trade,au- tomobile manufac- turing and real estate . THE INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE / 2 PATTERNS / 2 POLITICAL SYSTEMS After the new ‘opening’ of China in 1895, industrial ateliers started to pop up in the Shanghai landscape. Their location was based on the re- ducing costs of transport because of the easy access by the Huangpu Ri- ver. A modern municipal administra- tion was created after 1927, since there was no authority regulating the industrial establishment. Meanwhile in the French Concession, industries were not supported but there was a restricted area available for them. In opposition to this attitude the International Settlement didn’t in- teract and carried-on a laissez-faire policy. Simultaneously two patterns of manufacturing coexisted: the wi- dely dispersed small industrial ate- liers system, typical for a spatially restricted society, and the new fac- tory system of large integrated mills in the International Settlement. The multiplication of ventures in the in- dustrial landscape meant a more wides- pread distribution throughout the ur- ban network, including the core of the city. Nowadays, the GDP has drop- ped surprisingly, because the focus on quality of the industrial zones. The government decided to improve the excisting plants and turn them into renovated industryparks in stead of creating new industrial zones. Henriot & Durand-The impact of war on Shanghai’s industrial structure SHANGHAI’S ANNUAL GDP GROWTH % 2000 2014 zone outlying district zone core district (International Settlement) zone core district (French Concession) expansion * * 2 CAUSES 1.VALUE YUAN DROPPED 2.QUALITY ABOVE QUANTITY GDP EXPORT 3 6 9 12 15 SOCIAL CLASSES SETTLEMENTS/DISTRICTS According to CN publication, there are 7 social classes in Shanghai. It goes from extremely poor to reserved wealthy people and the gap between all classes is huge. Except inner Chinese social divisions, there is an expat class that is mostly sett- led in the new business and financial districts. Indeed, Shanghai is a city of growth, diversity and cosmopolitan life where all social diversity and inequality is clearly visible. The reasons of social separations as corruption and household registration are deep and hardly changeable. - Rich dwelling - Expat dwelling - Poor dwelling http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news14631.html CLIMATE SUBTROPICAL / HUMIDITY / TEMPERATURE / PRECIPITATION / SUN Shanghai is located on the limit of the temperate and subtropical cli- mate. Winters are mild with preci- pitation from mid-latitude cyclones, while summers are hot with recurrent rain and typhoons. The city is lo- cated near the warm temperate moist forest biome.The annual average tem- perature is 15,8 °C. The warmest mon- th is July with an average tempe- rature of 27,8 °C, and January the coolest month, with an average tem- perature of 3,7 °C. The total annual precipitation standard is 1111mm per year, with more than 130 days of rain per year. The driest period of Shanghai is in December and the more humid weather is in September. The annual relative humidity is 80.3%. It is sunny 42.8% of daylight hours, while the remaining 57.2% are likely cloudy or with shade and low sun in- tensity. The longest day of the year is 14h long, the shortest one is 10h long and the average of sunlight is 5:07h per day. In winter, the sun rises 76° east of due south and set 76° west of due south, while in sum- mer it rises 106° east of due south and set 106° west of due south. The climate of Shanghai is as the same as in Concordia (Argentina), a city situated on the other emisphere of the Earth. -Build to suit the Climate: A Handbook, Gerhard Haus- laden, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2012 Nowadays, the city continues its fast development thanks to a prosperous economy, the construction of new harbors and the reception in 2010 of the Universal Exhibition. Nevertheless, because of the high demographic growth, Shanghai and the cities surroundind are directly affected by environmental problems such as pollution. Following that, greening measures are taken and exemplary projects are being launched. Today, Shanghai is a ne- ver ending construction site, in perpetual extension. Over eightheen centuries, Shanghai has been nothing more than a small village, working in textile industry. Located close to the Huangpu river, at the Yangtze river mouth, Shanghai obviously had a suitable location for trades. Nevertheless, in 1553, the village built his first city wall in order to protect themselves from the Japanese pirates (see the schematic city map). It is three centuries later, after the defeat of the Chinese against the British during the Opium War, that those ones sett- led in 1848 in the North part of the Wusong River. Within it, the British were allowed to organize freely their own community and trade. A few years later, the Americans joined them to create the International Concession, followed in 1851, by the French com- munity. They settled on the opposite side of the International Concession (in south of the Wusong River) and desired to keep their own autonomy inside the city. Therefore, the city was di- vided into three different zones: the International Concession, the French one and the Chinese District (the old city walled). The map above, is showing the territory of each concession in 1848 (grey) and 1934. In 1949, led by Rao Shushi, the Communist party rose to the power. They stigmatized the urban populations and established new urban zones (called Shiqu) and rural ones (Jiaoqu). By the destruction of emblematic monuments and the rejection of consumerism, they also were conducive to the emergence of new industrial edifices in the mid 50’s. In consequences, all the foreigners left the city center for the suburb areas. Those changes were related to the promotion of a new economic system. From the early 1990’s, the city’ sprawl went slowly from a ho- rizontal growth extending beyond the rivers for more than ten centuries, to a vertical development throught skyscrapers. Those ones emerged in the city center and replaced most of the 19th century buildings. This change was related to Shanghai’s economic growth. It started in 1992 with Zhu Rongji (Jiang Zemin’s premier who came to power in 1989) when the government chose Shanghai as the model for the application of new reforms and a new Stock Market opened. The growth of the country will follow its own, which swapped from an industrial economy to a services one. Gradually, they began to build on the opposite side the Huangpu River, facing Puxi (the historical trading district), a new business district called Pudong. 1553 1934 1949 1979 1992 2015 1949: Communism 1979: Reform opening 1992: Construction of Pudong 2015: Environmental challenge Chinese District French Concession International Concession Japanese Concession Since the economic reform, we will ob- serve just a small development of Shan- ghai which has evolved differently during 30 years. At the political tran- sition of 1979, Chen Guodong installed new political reforms in 1985 (which were only applied in 1991). With those, we assisted to the opening of Shanghai to China and to the rest of the world. 1553 - 1992 1992-2015... Sources: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ (view on the 10/18/2015) http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Texts/Articles?ID=60 (view on the 10/13/2015) HENRIOT, Christian, ZU’AN, Zheng, Atlas historique de Shanghai, CNRS Eds, 1999. 1553: First city wall 1848: Concessions POPULATION GROWTH LAST 50 YEARS Social Policy Reform in Hong Kong and Shanghai: A Tale of Two Cities By Linda Wong, Lynn T. White, Shixun Gui -Build to suit the Climate: A Handbook, Gerhard Haus- laden, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2012 POPULATION DENSITY DENSITY/DISTRICTS Shanghai is the most populated city in China and number 6 in the world. It has a permanent resident popula- tion of 24,019,200. Shanghai popu- lation has average density of 2059 inhabitants per square kilometers (3881 in the urban areas). There is a huge floating population of itine- rant workers. Approximately 99.5% of the entire population of Shanghai is of the Han Chinese nationality. Howe- ver, the city consists of 44 ethnic groups in total. The migrant popula- tion in the city has been continuing to increase over the years, making up about 39% of the permanent population of the city. The life expectancy of the population of Shanghai is about 82 years. The infant mortality rate is dropped to about 5.97 deaths per 1000 births. Only about 8% of the population is under the age of 14 years, while about 22.5% of the po- pulation is over the age of 60 years. Shanghai has been the first munici- pality in China. It was created in 1905. The development of adminis- trative organization has helped to control the appropriation of the in- habitants since the nationalist go- vernment. Nowadays, Shanghai is com- posed of seventeen districts. 1.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2010/indexeh.html 2.Christian Henriot et Zheng Zu’an, auteurs - Olivier Barge et Sébastien Caquard, cartographes - Atlas de Shanghai, espaces et représentations de 1849 à nos jours 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1. Chongming 594 703.722 12.Pudong 4.168 5.044.430 11.Yangpu 21.624 1.313.222 2. Baoshan 7.029 1.904.886 6. Hongkou 36.306 852.476 5. Zhabei 28.383 830.476 3. Jiading 3.169 1.471.231 8. Huangpu 33.171 678.670 7. Jind’an 32.387 782 16.Qingpu 1.613 1.081.022 4. Putuo 23.507 1.288.881 10.Changning 18.031 690.571 15.Songjiang 2.613 1.582.398 9. Xuhui 19.816 1.085.130 13.Minhang 16.553 2.429.372 17.Jinshan 1.250 732.410 14.Fengxian 1.576 1.083.463 Name Pers/km2 Inhabitant Using the terms written in the book ‘Made in Shanghai’, we translated in a graphic our interpretation of the Shanghai abstract urban identity. First, we identify the big scale reflected by the «Infrastructure», which can be seen as a massive urban tissue. Next we divided the smaller scale into 4 types.First the «Land- mark» and the «Allegorical» types, for example the skyline of Pudong from The Bund, but also the very higher and sophisticated skycrapers you see driving along the highway. Then there is the «Historal Architec- ture» which is based on a time period heritage. Last but not least we defi- ned the «Everyday Architecture» as a behaviour modus. It is not coordina- ted by design but focussed on a cohe- sion of folk-wisdom and pragmatism. All those small scale urban types coexist in the city and are anchored to the big scale, But for us only the «Everyday Architecture» correlates the urban tissue with the Infrastruc- ture. Whereas the other types form contextual incoherences, mainly due to image and time context issues. As a result Shanghai’s identity is in the use of those infrastructures by an hybrid, combining the chaotic design, the structured framework and a quick-time developement XIANGFING Li, DANFENG Li, JIAWEI Jiang; in collaboration with TSUKAMOTO Yoshiharu;’Made in Shanghai’;2012;Tongji Univ.Press SHANGHAI’S IDENTITY URBAN ABSTRACT REPRENSENTATION. AY E V E R Y D AR CHITECTURE H I S T O R I C A L A R C H I T E C T U R E A L L E G O R I C A L A R C H I E C T U R E L A N D M A R K A R C H I T E C T U R E SHANGHAI: A POLYCENTRIC CITY Mapping of the new cities network surrounding Shanghai Since the economic reforms of 1990, Shanghai has to face the urban de- velopment that ensued afterwards. Since 1999, the city sets up the creation of satellite towns around Shanghai. According to Carine Henriot, Shan- ghai avoids an urban sprawl by de- veloping a polycentric growth of the city. Due to the construction of numerous infrastructures across the territory, the municipality has set up a new network of cities that can decongest the city center and rede- ploy activities and populations. Each city hosts an important in- dustrial activity, but also host schools, public facilities and a de- cent public transportation in order to attract people to the new cities. For example, a five-year plan ex- pects that the new city of Songjian reaches 1 million inhabitants by 2020. Within this same city exists « Thames Town », a literal reproduc- tion of a real English village. In fact different cities strongly ins- pired by western styles exist around Shanghai. After real estate specula- tion, those cities have an average occupancy rate of 20%. new cities urban areas Luchaogang Jinshan Songjian Chongqiao Fengxian Minhang Qingpu Anting Jiading Baoshan Nanhui Carine Henriot, «Villes nouvelles et redéploiement urbain à Shanghai», 2013 SHANGHAI: A TERRITORIAL ANCHORED CITY The Shanghai-Suzhou territory To control the accelerated urban expansion of Shanghai, the municipa- lity decided to slow down the city’s growth by creating new cities on the outskirts. The accelerated urbanisation of the new city centers was made possible since development companies were founded to finance the construction of these satellite cities. Those cities mostly develop a strong industrial activity and a quick constantly evolving population. This is part of a large-scale industrial network, which covers the whole ter- ritory of Shanghai-Suzhou. This approach helps to strengthen the economic power and territorial influence of Shanghai. This way the city takes the turn of urban develop- ment and sets itself as an interna- tional radiating Metropolis. But this development will have a dangerous impact on the agricultural areas. The city needs to think both the urban and the agricultural part in its development. The chongming island won’t be enough to feed the whole population. Carine Henriot, «Villes nouvelles et redéploiement métropolitain à Shan- ghai», 2013 Suzhou Shanghai new cities urban areas AGRICULTURE URBAN FARMING / RECYCLING / MINHANG To supply food to a metropolis like Shanghai, agriculture is a necessity. This is possible by realizing a green zone around the city. A good opportu- nity to transform the negative impact of the big industrial role in Shanghai is possible by recycling the originated nutrients of the industrial waste to fertilizing for the countryside. Ne- vertheless that ‘urban farming’ is a phenomenon that gave residents the op- tion to grow their own vegetables in the city. This showes them a solution to the air pollution and a meaning- ful treatment of the unused space. The government of Shanghai invests in this method of production by qua- lity controls and creates new oppor- tunities and infrastructures of ve- getable gardens. Minhang is a great example that upgraded a whole dis- trict. It has been divided into two agricultural zones, a recreational one, where experimental and urban far- ming on a small scale is possible and an agricultural industrial zone, the ‘Pujiang modern agriculture indus- trial zone’ where agricultural zones on a bigger scale are being tested. production of vegetables production of grain industrial agricultural zone recreational agricultural zone http://wwf.panda.org http://ruaf.org GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURE THE GENERAL NETWORK OF ROADS / MAIN TRAIN STATIONS / AIRPORTS. Shanghai’s air traffic is shared by two airports. The Hongquiao Airport is the oldest one and the main air- port for national flights. The Shan- ghai-Pudong International Airport was built in 1999 to become an in- ternational connection point. A new terminal was added in 2008 for the World Exposition. Pudong Airport is connected to the City center by the Maglev Train, a magnetic levitation train system which runs down the 30 km in 8 minutes. The Train traffic is covered by 4 main Train Stations: Shanghai South, Shanghai Hongquiao, Shanghai West and Shanghai Railway Station, which is the largest one and links direct trains to Beijing and Hangzhou. The road traffic is regulated by 3 Main Rings: the inner, the outer and the G1510 Shanghai expressway ring. The junction with the Chongming Is- land over the Yangtze River is made by the Changjiang Bridge and the Yangtze River tunnel, which has an additional deck for an upcoming metro line. A lot of infrastructure have been built for the world exposition, including a long distance bus station next to Shanghai railway station. HAN CHO YA 0 15 30km Maglev train Train System Train Stations Expressways Bridges Tunnels BEI 210km 2008 47km 1994 99km 2002 SO HO WE PU SHA -Aesop 2012 implementation of the Shanghai master plan Public transportation systems link to the different parts of the urban grid, covering most of the human mo- vement within the City. The bus system is composed by 1000 different bus-lines what makes it the biggest bus network in the world. The Metro system has been deeply de- veloped in the last 20 years, from the first line in 1993 to 14 lines in 2015. The Metro system can transport over 8 million persons a day and is 550 km long. The metro is under and over ground and crosses Huangpu River by tunnels. The Bicycle is a popular transpor- tation possibility. Despite some restriction in using bicycle on big roads and a lack of adapted infras- tructures especially in the west part of the city. Over a quarter of the local people use bicycles as their main transport. Boats are not a public transport and only used by tourist. Car sharing is becoming more popular due to the congested roads and the high prices for a new car license plate (sometimes more expensive than the car). Shanghai has also an elec- tric rental car network called EV- CARDS 0 5km 1 Metro Expressways Local roads No bike lanes PUBLIC TRANSPORT METRO NETWORK / URBAN GRID / BIkE LANES Shanghai Shentong metro company, 2012 EVOLUTION OF URBAN SPACE CHINESE / WESTERN PUBLIC SPACE The use of urban public space is mainly different in China than in western cities. The Chinese public spaces have a hierarchical and li- near structure with little scattered nodes, while in western countries it is mainly big static nodes conceived as squares. This thought is based on the fact that in the past , the public space was created by the religious buil- dings, and in Chinese culture the so- cialization node was inside a walled area, creating then a walled public space. While in Europe the empty space around the church was the so- cialization node. On a smaller scale, streets in China were defined by walls while in wes- tern cities they were by open and continuous façades. It is possible that this characte- ristic later influenced the Lilong typology, where the inside streets work as filters between the houses and the exterior of the walled area, This filter creates a first step of intimacy between the exterior and the private, making socialization happen along the streets. «Les nouveaux espaces publiques en Chine urbaine» PIPER GAUBATZ URBAN SPACE URBAN PUBLIC ROADWAY TISSUE Putting to use the analysis of the Chinese public space who explains the linear structure. The Nolli’s plan shows those linear structures of the public space and how they combine with the urban tissue of Shanghai. Compared with the western cities, where you can see big static nodes working as public spaces, resulting from the constructed land or are re- placing an object of the grid type planning. Shanghai is mainly composed by long continuous public spaces that gather along the riversides and the main avenues, that slowly spread out following the roadway tissue During the 90’s the Bund and Nanjing Road, located on the west side of the city developed a strong commer- cial activity. The same for Tianzi- fang and Xiantiandi, both with an old traditional structure from the Concessions. The other side of the Huangpu also developed new commer- cial areas like Pudong and the Expo 2010. Those areas were supposed to develop into residential, commercial and financial activities at the same time, but the predominance of trade buildings and high income services lead to an incoherence of public use where the space is deserted. China’s Urban Space: Development under market socia- lism; Terry McGuee Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and SpaceLaurence J.C. Ma,Fulong W MAIN BRIDGES AND HIGHWAY INTERCHANGER SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT Internal road traffic in Shanghai is structured by 3 main bridges: Lupu, Yangpu and Nanpu. Those bridges made the development of downtown area pos- sible and have become Shanghai sym- bols. The names of the bridges result from merging the names of the districts like Lupu Bridge, which links Luwan District and Pudong New Area. All of them have been designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute. Nanpu and Yangpu were finished in the early 90s. With a cable-stayed structure, both have become world’s longest bridges. Lupu Bridge was finished in 2003 and its arch structure is the biggest in the world. Also, you can visit Lupu’s arch top. The Dragon Highway Interchanger is one of the most impressive struc- tures in Shanghai, which connects the Yan’an Road, North-South Eleva- ted Road and local roads. Composed of 5 different levels, its name came from the decoration that surrounds the central column. 1.Lupu Bridge 4.Dragon’s Highway Interchange 2.Yangpu Bridge 3.Nanpu Bridge www.roadtraffic-technology.com www.wikipedia.org www.shanghaihighlights.com ECONOMY SHANGHAI / ENGINE / GROWTH / CHINA. In the 1980’s Den Xiao Ping’s pro- gram of economic reform aims to raise rates of foreign investments and growth. He envisions Shanghai as the billboard of the Chinese economy and seeks to assign it the leading financial and commercial position of the country. The city starts to open up to foreign players and knows a strong economic growth and inflow of FDI (Foreign Di- rect Investment). The approval of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone in 2013 gi- ves new life to the high value-added goods and service sector and confirms the city’s role as a regional plat- form for trade. Nowadays, Shanghai is at the heart of the Chinese de- velopment and is responsible for 32% of the country’s GDP. The city’s strength lies in her strong posi- tion in the service sector (finance, formation, communication). The main business district is Pudong, but ano- ther one is being created, Hongqiao, which will focuse on logistic ser- vices for maritime, inland waterway transport and high-technology. The Port of Shanghai, as leading port of China and the world’s busiest container port, is the most important gateway for foreign trade. Stock exchange: 5th rank worldwide and 2nd rank nationally Unemployement rate: 4,5 % GDP (Mds$) GDP per capita ($) Average monthly wage ($) Hong-Kong Shanghai Belgium 274 14 250 38 123 341 2 280,54 1 531,60 3 712,13 533 37 800 Primary sector: Agriculture Secondary sector: Industry Tertiary sector: Services 39% 60% 1% Activity sectors chine-fiche province, Ubifrance Chine - Bureau de Pékin et Service Economique de Shanghai, 2014 ROAD SYSTEM HIGH CONNECTED NETWORK / RINGS / ARTERIALS / LOCAL ROADS The city of Shanghai has a road-sys- tem made of sky-ways, national ex- pressways and provincial highways, creating a high connected network with radial arteries. There are also big avenues which work as pericentral roads. They are important to Shan- ghai’s infrastructure because they link the whole traffic. This kind of roads are mostly for commercial and residential purposes and caused the city’s gentrification phenomenon and the fast urban growth. Analyzing the roads network morpholo- gy and its density allows us to iden- tify a concentric urban development. The road traffic over the Huangpu River is structured by 12 Tunnels and 4 bridges, from north to south: the Yangpu, the Nanpu, the Lupu and the Xupu Bridge. Between the outer ring and the inner ring, the road traffic is organized with an additional but incomplete middle ring. All the expressways intersections have impressive road interchangers which link the local roads with the Expressway system. This shows how fast it is possible to join an ex- pressway from any point in the city. Expressways Radial arteries Pericentral roads Local roads 0 5km 1 Les dynamiques urbaines de Shanghai : 3 artères péricentrale en mutation, Howard Vazquez,2010 POLLUTION AIR / WATER / CONTAMINATION When we see the pedestrians in China conquering the streets, armed with mouth masks it is obvious that air pollution causes a big problem in Shanghai and all of China. Most of the damage was done by the burning of coal and the industry consuming big amounts of dioxides and toxic gasses. What in 2013 was called “the airpoca- lypse”, caused an approach for hand- ling China’s pollution problem. The situation at that time was so serious that there was a concentration of PM 2,5 micrograms, which means 602,5 mi- crograms per cubic meter while the world health organization is calling 25 micrograms per cubic meter as un- safe breathing. There was also a new website created concerning Shanghai’s AQI (air qua- lity index) that presents on daily basis a live rendition of the air quality illustrated by a cartoon’s feeling. Also the tap water in Shanghai origi- nating from the Huangpu River, that contains most of the city’s sewage, is polluted. It is not recommended as drinkable even after cooking it. average L.A. 2013 (PM 2,5) residential sector / others of smoke+ dust emissions smoke + dust (10,000tons) PM 2,5 concentration(mgr/m3) Shanghai (2011-2014) PM 2,5 concentration(mgr/m3) Industrial sector emission of smoke + dust january December 1991 1995 5 10 15 20 25 30 2000 2005 http://blogs.wsj.com http://students.concordiashanghai.org Iker,G.,2008,’Shanghai transforming’ CULTURE ACTUAL ATMOSPHERE / HISTORY / PERCEPTION Shanghai’s authorities now reco- gnize that cultural credibility is an obligation for building a leading global metropolis.The actual cultu- ral atmosphere is so weak in compa- rison to 1920-30’s when Shanghai had the highest concentration of artists anywhere in the country, because the foreign concessions offered China’s artists and intellectuals conditions that did not exist anywhere else in the country. Also, Shanghai offered a heaven of stability and minimum cen- sorship. Nowadays, they are building an im- pressive cultural hardware but not creating enough cultural potential. -THINKING SHANGHAI. A Foucauldian Interrogation of the Postsocialist Metropolis. Greogry Bracken. All of these things depend on a growth that comes from the bottom up in order to blossom. Shanghai’s representations in film and literature tell us of contracts between nostalgia of the past and the actual spirit of global greatness. Being in- cluded as one of the glamorous desti- nations in an action film like Mission Impossible III is not chance. Shan- ghai’s more representative novel is When We Were Orphans, by Kazuo Ishi- guro, that examines many of the themes that seem to featured in recent repre- sentations of the city. RELIGION CONFUCIANISM/ BUDDHISM/ TAOISM As a secular country, China do not have an official religion. It has been integrated into the global re- ligions in the twentieth and twenty- first centuries not only by impor- ting foreign religions but also exporting Chinese ones. So that, at this time, Shanghai counts on five official different religions: Budd- hism and Taoism -deeply associated to Chinese culture- and Islamism, Protestantism and Christianism -por- trayed as foreign faiths-. Original- ly, Chinese religion -closest to phi- losophy- started with Confucianism and Taoism in the 6th century while Buddhism did it one century later. Their main purpose was to aim how best to live instead how to get eter- nal life as Western religions did. Afterwards, the synthesis of these three brought on the emergence of Neo-Confucianism during the Song and Ming dynasties. In 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, all these tra- ditional religions have dissapeared, aswell as most temples. Only 220 of them remained in 1966 from the 2,186 temples existing in Shanghai in 1949. In the twenty-first century, social and political movements have emerged in order to revitalize Neo-confucia- nism as religion. Religious Question in Modern China- Goossaer,Palmer Religion in China and its Modern fate - R.Katz, Paul EDUCATION INFRAESTRUCTURE / PISA INFORM / IMPROVEMENT After the establishment of Communist party in 1949, education was under goverment control. It adopted the policy that mass education was for ordinary people. In order to reach that equality in education, most tea- chers were sent to rural areas and access to universities was restric- ted to avoid elitism. Thus, primary and secondary schools experimented a huge development. In 1970s, education policy suffered a great transformation since China opened its doors to the world due to the economic retorm, especially Shanghai, most international city in the country. Meanwhile in China’s modernization, education and economy were as closed as learning started to be seen as a private good. By the way, in 1985 local goverments started to be responsible for the adminis- tration of primary and secondary schools. As this system lead to an inequalable education between rural and urban areas, country goverment took the responsability. Nowadays, facing the challenge of be- coming an international metropolis, Shanghai carries out a bilingual edu- cative reform. 613 570 580 573 545 555 561 542 551 1st 2nd 3rd Shanghai Singapore Hong Kong Maths 10.4% 18.9% 36.8% 23.0% 10.9% 13.5% 21.0% 22.0% 7.0% 36.5% No data Only finished primary school Higher Education 68 institutes of higher education 504.800 students 59 institutes offering postgraduate programs: 5.200 PhDs and 30.400 masters students Regular Education 759 primary schools 852 secundary schools 99.9% of school-age children were enrolled in the nine-year compulsory education Non-public Education 21 private colleges 88.300 students 103 private high schools 75.200 students 178 primary schools 167.000 students year 2000 year 2010 Only finished lower secondary school Only finished high school Received higher education Reading Science PISA Inform 2012 World Ranking Belgique (18th ) Maths 515 pts Reading 509 pts Science 505 pts Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau % Residents in Shanghai Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau 2012 Religious Question in Modern China- Goossaer,Palmer Religion in China and its Modern fate - R.Katz, Paul

OBSOLETE MAPPING OF SHANGHAI by Dariia Spytska

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  • THE IMPACT OF PORTS IN THE INDUSTRY3 INDIVIDUAL PORTS / SHANGHAIS INTERNATIONAL PORT

    Shanghai international port, most im-portant harbour in the world, cannot be seen as a constructive side. Its an administrative office that exists out of 3 individual sites or ports.The smallest and also the oldest port is named WUSONG PORT, nearby the Yangtze river, which is one of the four longest rivers in the world (+ 6,300 km) and one of the worlds most important cargo-carrying rivers. In the near future this cargo site will be transformed into the yacht marina of Shanghai. Second in row is known as the YANGSHAN PORT, which was build to overcome the limitations of the WAIGAOQIAO and WUSONG river-based ports. This port is located on

    offshore islands and connected to the mainland by the DONGHAI BRIDGE.The port is since 2005 responsable for an annual growth of 32% and contains 35% of the container transport (SEE graphic right corner above). The other and biggest influation of the container output is caused by the most important one, WAIGAOQIA port. In comparation with Rotterdam and Antwerp the ports popularity can be explained of its inter-Asia shipping and the ability to use Waigaoqiao to service regional routes with more frequency, as an transhipment hub and as a staging point for Chinas growing import market.

    http://rightsite.asia/en/article

    CONTAINER TRAFFIC CH-BE(THOUSAND TEUs)

    2004 2013

    Pudong International Airport

    Honqoia International Airport

    Waigaoqiao Port

    Yangshan Deep-water Port

    Wusong Port

    62KM

    30KM 20KM

    10KM

    SHANGHAI

    ANTWERP

    P

    Pudong

    Industrial Zones

    ROTTERDAM

    FLOODSINUNDATION RISK / FLOOD PLAINS

    Shanghai is considered as the wor-lds most vulnerable city to floo-ding. There are multiple geomorphic reasons to support this assessment.

    First, the geological soil of the city are mainly made of alluvial muds deposited by the Yangtze River over hundreds of thousands of years. Secondly the geography of the re-gion is quite flat with an average of 13 feet above sea level. The smooth slope uphill the Taihu lake flattens near the meanders of the Huangpu creating easily flooded lagoons. The city is also in a region highly affected by storms and typhoons, The rising sea level on the Chinese

    littoral is increasing. The Pudong disctrict coastline, the Chongming, Changxing and Hengsha islands will be the first ones to deal with it.

    For the moment an important sewer system regulates the emergency si-tuations that are still rare but vowed to increase in the future. In addition to the polders and levees, strategies to contain water are gra-dually established. Referring to a knowledge anchored in the Chinese culture, the inclusion of agricul-tural land such as paddy fields for rice, work as landscape filters and drain the water ecologically.

    http://scenariojournal.com/

    500-Year flood 6m

    250-Year flood 5.7m

    1000-Year flood 6.7m

    HYDROGAPHYCANALS / RIVERS

    Shanghai is the historic town of the Yangtze river, third longest river in the world, and it played a major role in the growth of China throughout history. Rich in fertile land, due to the large number of great lakes in the west, streams and rivers flowing from the mountains near Zhejiang to the China sea or the Hangzhou Bay.

    The municipality of Shanghai and the surrounding regions: Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu, have been called the grain basket of China for a long time. Thereafter the industries used the amount of water to their benefit.

    Nowadays 58% of the water consumption in Shanghai is used for the thermal power industries which provide en-ergy to more than 24 million inha-bitants. Water is therefore symbolic for the city of Shanghai, But it is threate-ned by the considerable amount of pollution that the city faces. De-creasing fishery and scandals like the inexplicable death of animals along the banks, make the restora-tion of Shanghais nature an urgent matter. Several water treatments are being constructed through landscape projects by using the natural capa-city of the ecosystem to regenerate.

    http://www.scenariojournal.com

    GREEN SPACESUntil opening reforms, green areas were limited due to the minimal in-vestment of environmental resources in Shanghai. In 1949, most of the green urban areas were gated and their use was limited to local re-sidents. But in 1978, urban space in Shanghai started his development towards the international standards: green areas surrounded by commer-cial, cultural and artistic activi-ties. They are mostly concentrated in the Pudong district, with an ave-rage of 24.55 m2 per capita, 20 times higher than in Huangpu district. In contrary, the suburbs are more scat-tered due to their dominant strategy of maximizing the space in the city

    center for economical and demogra-phic reasons. Also, the cost of deve-loping new green spaces is higher in the city center due to the high urba-nization. Between both areas, in the middle ring green corridors are built to absorb the huge quantity of pollu-tion in the area. Slowly, Shanghais green environment is increasing to become a model of a sustainable city.

    Urban parks

    Urban corridors

    Suburbs parks

    Non urbanized

    GRADUAL SUSTAINABLE CITY

    -Brave New City: Three Problems in Chinese Urban Public Space since the 1980s, PU MIAO

    Original image by LU XINJIAN, City DNA / Xinzhuang, acrylic on canvas. 2014

    ENERGYCONSUMPTION / DEVELOPMENT

    Energy consumption in Shanghai has an exponential growth due to its indus-trial and urbanization development. The consumption has multiplied by three in last 20 years. The energy supply mix of the city is composed of diesel oil, fuel oil, ga-soline, kerosene, coal and electri-city. Nevertheless, fossil consump-tion is in a much lower proportion than at the national level. Oil represents the most important part of fossil resources, increasing over the years in order to equal the percentage of coal as supply primary energy.An increasing share in the huge amount of city vehicles has not only

    risen carbon emissions but also de-creased the air quality in Shanghai downtown.Natural Gas contribution is minor but increasing, as well as the elec-tricity coming from other sources, reflecting the increase of cleaner sources.

    WEC Energy for Megacities Study. Shanghai Municipa-lity Case Study.

    diesel oil

    Proportion

    Shanghai

    Total

    Consumption

    Evolution of total energy consumption in Shanghai

    primary industry

    secondary industry

    transportation

    catering

    living consumption

    fuel oil

    gasoline

    kerosene

    coal

    electric power

    010,000 tons SCE

    10,000 tons SCE

    year

    500

    1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010

    2000

    4000

    6000

    8000

    10000

    12000

    1000 2000 25001500Shanghai Transforming, ed. ACTAR

    INDUSTRYECONOMY / INDUSTRY / TRADE ZONE

    Located at the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai has a great advantage on the industrial level, by owning the largest container port in the world. Notably the Yangshan deep-water port. That port is linked to Shanghai by a bridge. The city invests in six specific industries towards the future. Diverse activities such as tourism and agriculture spread throughout the city, contribute as well to Shanghais growth. The contoured zone is the Free Trade Zone of Shanghai, this means that this area is an eco-nomic zone that doesnt take the same duties and regulations as the rest of China like testing and improving new products and technologies. This area is situated near the industry park of

    Pudong, the largest industry zone of the more or less 120 other including Baoshan, Jiading and Sonjiang. The key manufacturing industries are the auto-mobile manufacture situated in Jiading, steel in Baoshan, petrochemicals near the Hangzhou bay and electronics.

    Free Trade Zone

    Pudong

    Baoshan

    Sonjiang

    Jiading

    MAIN INDUSTRY PARKS

    B

    J

    P

    S

    Iker,G.,2008,Shanghai transforminghttp://www.globalurban.org

    The city puts itself ahead through its six pillar industries :information,fi-nance,trade,au-tomobile manufac-turing and real estate .

    THE INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPE / 2 PATTERNS / 2 POLITICAL SYSTEMS

    After the new opening of China in 1895, industrial ateliers started to pop up in the Shanghai landscape. Their location was based on the re-ducing costs of transport because of the easy access by the Huangpu Ri-ver. A modern municipal administra-tion was created after 1927, since there was no authority regulating the industrial establishment. Meanwhile in the French Concession, industries were not supported but there was a restricted area available for them. In opposition to this attitude the International Settlement didnt in-teract and carried-on a laissez-faire policy. Simultaneously two patterns of manufacturing coexisted: the wi-

    dely dispersed small industrial ate-liers system, typical for a spatially restricted society, and the new fac-tory system of large integrated mills in the International Settlement. The multiplication of ventures in the in-dustrial landscape meant a more wides-pread distribution throughout the ur-ban network, including the core of the city. Nowadays, the GDP has drop-ped surprisingly, because the focus on quality of the industrial zones. The government decided to improve the excisting plants and turn them into renovated industryparks in stead of creating new industrial zones.

    Henriot & Durand-The impact of war on Shanghais industrial structure

    SHANGHAIS ANNUAL GDP GROWTH%

    2000 2014

    zone outlying district zone core district (International Settlement)

    zone core district (French Concession)

    expansion

    *

    * 2 CAUSES1.VALUE YUAN DROPPED

    2.QUALITY ABOVE QUANTITY

    GDP

    EXPORT

    3

    6

    9

    12

    15

    SOCIAL CLASSESSETTLEMENTS/DISTRICTS

    According to CN publication, there are 7 social classes in Shanghai. It goes from extremely poor to reserved wealthy people and the gap between all classes is huge. Except inner Chinese social divisions, there is an expat class that is mostly sett-led in the new business and financial districts.Indeed, Shanghai is a city of growth, diversity and cosmopolitan life where all social diversity and inequality is clearly visible. The reasons of social separations as corruption and household registration are deep and hardly changeable.

    - Rich dwelling

    - Expat dwelling

    - Poor dwelling

    http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news14631.html

    CLIMATESUBTROPICAL / HUMIDITY / TEMPERATURE / PRECIPITATION / SUN

    Shanghai is located on the limit of the temperate and subtropical cli-mate. Winters are mild with preci-pitation from mid-latitude cyclones, while summers are hot with recurrent rain and typhoons. The city is lo-cated near the warm temperate moist forest biome.The annual average tem-perature is 15,8 C. The warmest mon-th is July with an average tempe-rature of 27,8 C, and January the coolest month, with an average tem-perature of 3,7 C. The total annual precipitation standard is 1111mm per year, with more than 130 days of rain per year. The driest period of Shanghai is in December and the more

    humid weather is in September. The annual relative humidity is 80.3%. It is sunny 42.8% of daylight hours, while the remaining 57.2% are likely cloudy or with shade and low sun in-tensity. The longest day of the year is 14h long, the shortest one is 10h long and the average of sunlight is 5:07h per day. In winter, the sun rises 76 east of due south and set 76 west of due south, while in sum-mer it rises 106 east of due south and set 106 west of due south.The climate of Shanghai is as the same as in Concordia (Argentina), a city situated on the other emisphere of the Earth.-Build to suit the Climate: A Handbook, Gerhard Haus-

    laden, Birkhuser, Basel, 2012

    Nowadays, the city continues its fast development thanks to a prosperous economy, the construction of new harbors and the reception in 2010 of the Universal Exhibition. Nevertheless, because of the high demographic growth, Shanghai and the cities surroundind are directly affected by environmental problems such as pollution. Following that, greening measures are taken and exemplary projects are being launched. Today, Shanghai is a ne-ver ending construction site, in perpetual extension.

    Over eightheen centuries, Shanghai has been nothing more than a small village, working in textile industry. Located close to the Huangpu river, at the Yangtze river mouth, Shanghai obviously had a suitable location for trades.Nevertheless, in 1553, the village built his first city wall in order to protect themselves from the Japanese pirates (see the schematic city map).

    It is three centuries later, after the defeat of the Chinese against the British during the Opium War, that those ones sett-led in 1848 in the North part of the Wusong River. Within it, the British were allowed to organize freely their own community and trade. A few years later, the Americans joined them to create the International Concession, followed in 1851, by the French com-munity. They settled on the opposite side of the International Concession (in south of the Wusong River) and desired to keep their own autonomy inside the city. Therefore, the city was di-vided into three different zones: the International Concession, the French one and the Chinese District (the old city walled). The map above, is showing the territory of each concession in 1848 (grey) and 1934.

    In 1949, led by Rao Shushi, the Communist party rose to the power. They stigmatized the urban populations and established new urban zones (called Shiqu) and rural ones (Jiaoqu). By the destruction of emblematic monuments and the rejection of consumerism, they also were conducive to the emergence of new industrial edifices in the mid 50s. In consequences, all the foreigners left the city center for the suburb areas. Those changes were related to the promotion of a new economic system.

    From the early 1990s, the city sprawl went slowly from a ho-rizontal growth extending beyond the rivers for more than ten centuries, to a vertical development throught skyscrapers. Those ones emerged in the city center and replaced most of the 19th century buildings. This change was related to Shanghais economic growth. It started in 1992 with Zhu Rongji (Jiang Zemins premier who came to power in 1989) when the government chose Shanghai as the model for the application of new reforms and a new Stock Market opened. The growth of the country will follow its own, which swapped from an industrial economy to a services one. Gradually, they began to build on the opposite side the Huangpu River, facing Puxi (the historical trading district), a new business district called Pudong.

    1553 1934 1949 1979 1992 2015

    1949: Communism

    1979: Reform opening

    1992: Construction of Pudong

    2015: Environmental challenge

    Chinese DistrictFrench Concession

    International Concession

    Japanese Concession

    Since the economic reform, we will ob-serve just a small development of Shan-ghai which has evolved differently during 30 years. At the political tran-sition of 1979, Chen Guodong installed new political reforms in 1985 (which were only applied in 1991). With those, we assisted to the opening of Shanghai to China and to the rest of the world.

    1553 - 1992

    1992-2015...

    Sources: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ (view on the 10/18/2015) http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Texts/Articles?ID=60 (view on the 10/13/2015) HENRIOT, Christian, ZUAN, Zheng, Atlas historique de Shanghai, CNRS Eds, 1999.

    1553: First city wall

    1848: Concessions

    POPULATION GROWTHLAST 50 YEARS

    Social Policy Reform in Hong Kong and Shanghai: A Tale of Two Cities By Linda Wong, Lynn T. White, Shixun Gui

    -Build to suit the Climate: A Handbook, Gerhard Haus-laden, Birkhuser, Basel, 2012

    POPULATION DENSITYDENSITY/DISTRICTS

    Shanghai is the most populated city in China and number 6 in the world. It has a permanent resident popula-tion of 24,019,200. Shanghai popu-lation has average density of 2059 inhabitants per square kilometers (3881 in the urban areas). There is a huge floating population of itine-rant workers. Approximately 99.5% of the entire population of Shanghai is of the Han Chinese nationality. Howe-ver, the city consists of 44 ethnic groups in total. The migrant popula-tion in the city has been continuing to increase over the years, making up about 39% of the permanent population of the city. The life expectancy of

    the population of Shanghai is about 82 years. The infant mortality rate is dropped to about 5.97 deaths per 1000 births. Only about 8% of the population is under the age of 14 years, while about 22.5% of the po-pulation is over the age of 60 years.Shanghai has been the first munici-pality in China. It was created in 1905. The development of adminis-trative organization has helped to control the appropriation of the in-habitants since the nationalist go-vernment. Nowadays, Shanghai is com-posed of seventeen districts.

    1.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2010/indexeh.html 2.Christian Henriot et Zheng Zuan, auteurs - Olivier Barge et Sbastien Caquard, cartographes - Atlas de Shanghai, espaces et reprsentations de 1849 nos jours

    1.

    2.

    3.4.

    5.6.

    7.8.

    9.

    10.

    11.

    12.

    13.

    14.

    15.

    16.

    17.

    1. Chongming 594 703.722

    12.Pudong 4.168 5.044.430

    11.Yangpu 21.624 1.313.222

    2. Baoshan 7.029 1.904.886

    6. Hongkou 36.306 852.476

    5. Zhabei 28.383 830.476

    3. Jiading 3.169 1.471.231

    8. Huangpu 33.171 678.6707. Jindan 32.387 782

    16.Qingpu 1.613 1.081.022

    4. Putuo 23.507 1.288.881

    10.Changning 18.031 690.571

    15.Songjiang 2.613 1.582.398

    9. Xuhui 19.816 1.085.130

    13.Minhang 16.553 2.429.372

    17.Jinshan 1.250 732.410

    14.Fengxian 1.576 1.083.463

    Name Pers/km2 Inhabitant

    Using the terms written in the book Made in Shanghai, we translated in a graphic our interpretation of the Shanghai abstract urban identity.First, we identify the big scale reflected by the Infrastructure, which can be seen as a massive urban tissue. Next we divided the smaller scale into 4 types.First the Land-mark and the Allegorical types, for example the skyline of Pudong from The Bund, but also the very higher and sophisticated skycrapers you see driving along the highway.Then there is the Historal Architec-ture which is based on a time period heritage. Last but not least we defi-ned the Everyday Architecture as a

    behaviour modus. It is not coordina-ted by design but focussed on a cohe-sion of folk-wisdom and pragmatism.All those small scale urban types coexist in the city and are anchored to the big scale, But for us only the Everyday Architecture correlates the urban tissue with the Infrastruc-ture. Whereas the other types form contextual incoherences, mainly due to image and time context issues.

    As a result Shanghais identity is in the use of those infrastructures by an hybrid, combining the chaotic design, the structured framework and a quick-time developementXIANGFING Li, DANFENG Li, JIAWEI Jiang; in collaboration with TSUKAMOTO Yoshiharu;Made in Shanghai;2012;Tongji Univ.Press

    SHANGHAIS IDENTITYURBAN ABSTRACT REPRENSENTATION.

    AY

    EVERYDARCHITECTURE

    HISTORICAL ARC

    HI

    TECT

    URE

    ALLEGORICAL

    ARCHIECTU

    RE

    LAN DMARK ARC

    HITECTURE

    SHANGHAI: A POLYCENTRIC CITYMapping of the new cities network surrounding Shanghai

    Since the economic reforms of 1990, Shanghai has to face the urban de-velopment that ensued afterwards. Since 1999, the city sets up the creation of satellite towns around Shanghai.According to Carine Henriot, Shan-ghai avoids an urban sprawl by de-veloping a polycentric growth of the city. Due to the construction of numerous infrastructures across the territory, the municipality has set up a new network of cities that can decongest the city center and rede-ploy activities and populations. Each city hosts an important in-dustrial activity, but also host schools, public facilities and a de-

    cent public transportation in order to attract people to the new cities.For example, a five-year plan ex-pects that the new city of Songjian reaches 1 million inhabitants by 2020. Within this same city exists Thames Town , a literal reproduc-tion of a real English village. In fact different cities strongly ins-pired by western styles exist around Shanghai. After real estate specula-tion, those cities have an average occupancy rate of 20%.

    new cities

    urban areas

    Luchaogang

    Jinshan

    Songjian

    Chongqiao

    Fengxian

    Minhang

    Qingpu

    Anting

    Jiading

    Baoshan

    Nanhui

    Carine Henriot, Villes nouvelles et redploiement urbain Shanghai, 2013

    SHANGHAI: A TERRITORIAL ANCHORED CITYThe Shanghai-Suzhou territory

    To control the accelerated urban expansion of Shanghai, the municipa-lity decided to slow down the citys growth by creating new cities on the outskirts.

    The accelerated urbanisation of the new city centers was made possible since development companies were founded to finance the construction of these satellite cities.

    Those cities mostly develop a strong industrial activity and a quick constantly evolving population. This is part of a large-scale industrial network, which covers the whole ter-ritory of Shanghai-Suzhou.

    This approach helps to strengthen the economic power and territorial influence of Shanghai. This way the city takes the turn of urban develop-ment and sets itself as an interna-tional radiating Metropolis.

    But this development will have a dangerous impact on the agricultural areas. The city needs to think both the urban and the agricultural part in its development. The chongming island wont be enough to feed the whole population.

    Carine Henriot, Villes nouvelles et redploiement mtropolitain Shan-ghai, 2013

    Suzhou Shanghai

    new cities

    urban areas

    AGRICULTUREURBAN FARMING / RECYCLING / MINHANG

    To supply food to a metropolis like Shanghai, agriculture is a necessity. This is possible by realizing a green zone around the city. A good opportu-nity to transform the negative impact of the big industrial role in Shanghai is possible by recycling the originated nutrients of the industrial waste to fertilizing for the countryside. Ne-vertheless that urban farming is a phenomenon that gave residents the op-tion to grow their own vegetables in the city. This showes them a solution to the air pollution and a meaning-ful treatment of the unused space.

    The government of Shanghai invests in this method of production by qua-lity controls and creates new oppor-tunities and infrastructures of ve-getable gardens. Minhang is a great example that upgraded a whole dis-trict. It has been divided into two agricultural zones, a recreational one, where experimental and urban far-ming on a small scale is possible and an agricultural industrial zone, the Pujiang modern agriculture indus-trial zone where agricultural zones on a bigger scale are being tested.

    production of vegetables

    production of grain

    industrial

    agricultural

    zone

    recreational

    agricultural

    zone

    http://wwf.panda.org

    http://ruaf.org

    GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURETHE GENERAL NETWORK OF ROADS / MAIN TRAIN STATIONS / AIRPORTS.

    Shanghais air traffic is shared by two airports. The Hongquiao Airport is the oldest one and the main air-port for national flights. The Shan-ghai-Pudong International Airport was built in 1999 to become an in-ternational connection point. A new terminal was added in 2008 for the World Exposition. Pudong Airport is connected to the City center by the Maglev Train, a magnetic levitation train system which runs down the 30 km in 8 minutes.The Train traffic is covered by 4 main Train Stations: Shanghai South, Shanghai Hongquiao, Shanghai West and Shanghai Railway Station, which is the largest one and links direct

    trains to Beijing and Hangzhou. The road traffic is regulated by 3 Main Rings: the inner, the outer and the G1510 Shanghai expressway ring. The junction with the Chongming Is-land over the Yangtze River is made by the Changjiang Bridge and the Yangtze River tunnel, which has an additional deck for an upcoming metro line. A lot of infrastructure have been built for the world exposition, including a long distance bus station next to Shanghai railway station.

    HAN

    CHO

    YA0 15 30km

    Maglev trainTrain SystemTrain StationsExpresswaysBridgesTunnels

    BEI

    210km 2008

    47km 1994

    99km 2002

    SO

    HOWE

    PU

    SHA

    -Aesop 2012 implementation of the Shanghai master plan

    Public transportation systems link to the different parts of the urban grid, covering most of the human mo-vement within the City. The bus system is composed by 1000 different bus-lines what makes it the biggest bus network in the world. The Metro system has been deeply de-veloped in the last 20 years, from the first line in 1993 to 14 lines in 2015. The Metro system can transport over 8 million persons a day and is 550 km long. The metro is under and over ground and crosses Huangpu River by tunnels.The Bicycle is a popular transpor-tation possibility. Despite some restriction in using bicycle on big

    roads and a lack of adapted infras-tructures especially in the west part of the city. Over a quarter of the local people use bicycles as their main transport. Boats are not a public transport and only used by tourist.Car sharing is becoming more popular due to the congested roads and the high prices for a new car license plate (sometimes more expensive than the car). Shanghai has also an elec-tric rental car network called EV-CARDS

    0 5km1

    MetroExpresswaysLocal roadsNo bike lanes

    PUBLIC TRANSPORTMETRO NETWORK / URBAN GRID / BIkE LANES

    Shanghai Shentong metro company, 2012

    EVOLUTION OF URBAN SPACECHINESE / WESTERN PUBLIC SPACE

    The use of urban public space is mainly different in China than in western cities. The Chinese public spaces have a hierarchical and li-near structure with little scattered nodes, while in western countries it is mainly big static nodes conceived as squares.This thought is based on the fact that in the past , the public space was created by the religious buil-dings, and in Chinese culture the so-cialization node was inside a walled area, creating then a walled public space. While in Europe the empty space around the church was the so-cialization node.

    On a smaller scale, streets in China were defined by walls while in wes-tern cities they were by open and continuous faades.It is possible that this characte-ristic later influenced the Lilong typology, where the inside streets work as filters between the houses and the exterior of the walled area, This filter creates a first step of intimacy between the exterior and the private, making socialization happen along the streets.

    Les nouveaux espaces publiques en Chine urbaine PIPER GAUBATZ

    URBAN SPACEURBAN PUBLIC ROADWAY TISSUE

    Putting to use the analysis of the Chinese public space who explains the linear structure. The Nollis plan shows those linear structures of the public space and how they combine with the urban tissue of Shanghai.

    Compared with the western cities, where you can see big static nodes working as public spaces, resulting from the constructed land or are re-placing an object of the grid type planning. Shanghai is mainly composed by long continuous public spaces that gather along the riversides and the main avenues, that slowly spread out following the roadway tissue

    During the 90s the Bund and Nanjing Road, located on the west side of the city developed a strong commer-cial activity. The same for Tianzi-fang and Xiantiandi, both with an old traditional structure from the Concessions. The other side of the Huangpu also developed new commer-cial areas like Pudong and the Expo 2010. Those areas were supposed to develop into residential, commercial and financial activities at the same time, but the predominance of trade buildings and high income services lead to an incoherence of public use where the space is deserted.

    Chinas Urban Space: Development under market socia-lism; Terry McGuee

    Restructuring the Chinese City: Changing Society, Economy and SpaceLaurence J.C. Ma,Fulong W

    MAIN BRIDGES AND HIGHWAY INTERCHANGERSUPPORT DEVELOPMENT

    Internal road traffic in Shanghai is structured by 3 main bridges: Lupu, Yangpu and Nanpu. Those bridges made the development of downtown area pos-sible and have become Shanghai sym-bols.The names of the bridges result from merging the names of the districts like Lupu Bridge, which links Luwan District and Pudong New Area.All of them have been designed by the Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute. Nanpu and Yangpu were finished in the early 90s. With a cable-stayed structure, both have become worlds longest bridges. Lupu Bridge was finished in 2003 and its arch structure is the biggest in the

    world. Also, you can visit Lupus arch top.The Dragon Highway Interchanger is one of the most impressive struc-tures in Shanghai, which connects the Yanan Road, North-South Eleva-ted Road and local roads. Composed of 5 different levels, its name came from the decoration that surrounds the central column.

    1.Lupu Bridge

    4.Dragons Highway Interchange

    2.Yangpu Bridge

    3.Nanpu Bridge

    www.roadtraffic-technology.comwww.wikipedia.org

    www.shanghaihighlights.com

    1

    2

    3

    1

    2

    3

    ECONOMYSHANGHAI / ENGINE / GROWTH / CHINA.

    In the 1980s Den Xiao Pings pro-gram of economic reform aims to raise rates of foreign investments and growth. He envisions Shanghai as the billboard of the Chinese economy and seeks to assign it the leading financial and commercial position of the country.

    The city starts to open up to foreign players and knows a strong economic growth and inflow of FDI (Foreign Di-rect Investment). The approval of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone in 2013 gi-ves new life to the high value-added goods and service sector and confirms the citys role as a regional plat-

    form for trade. Nowadays, Shanghai is at the heart of the Chinese de-velopment and is responsible for 32% of the countrys GDP. The citys strength lies in her strong posi-tion in the service sector (finance, formation, communication). The main business district is Pudong, but ano-ther one is being created, Hongqiao, which will focuse on logistic ser-vices for maritime, inland waterway transport and high-technology.

    The Port of Shanghai, as leading port of China and the worlds busiest container port, is the most important gateway for foreign trade.

    Stock exchange: 5th rank worldwide and 2nd rank nationally

    Unemployement rate: 4,5 %

    GDP (Mds$)

    GDP per capita ($)

    Average monthly wage ($)

    Hong-KongShanghai Belgium

    274

    14 250 38 123

    341

    2 280,54 1 531,60 3 712,13

    533

    37 800

    Primary sector: Agriculture

    Secondary sector: Industry

    Tertiary sector: Services

    39%

    60%

    1%

    Activity sectors

    chine-fiche province, Ubifrance Chine - Bureau de Pkin et Service Economique de Shanghai, 2014

    ROAD SYSTEMHIGH CONNECTED NETWORK / RINGS / ARTERIALS / LOCAL ROADS

    The city of Shanghai has a road-sys-tem made of sky-ways, national ex-pressways and provincial highways, creating a high connected network with radial arteries. There are also big avenues which work as pericentral roads. They are important to Shan-ghais infrastructure because they link the whole traffic. This kind of roads are mostly for commercial and residential purposes and caused the citys gentrification phenomenon and the fast urban growth. Analyzing the roads network morpholo-gy and its density allows us to iden-tify a concentric urban development.The road traffic over the Huangpu

    River is structured by 12 Tunnels and 4 bridges, from north to south: the Yangpu, the Nanpu, the Lupu and the Xupu Bridge. Between the outer ring and the inner ring, the road traffic is organized with an additional but incomplete middle ring. All the expressways intersections have impressive road interchangers which link the local roads with the Expressway system. This shows how fast it is possible to join an ex-pressway from any point in the city.

    ExpresswaysRadial arteriesPericentral roadsLocal roads0 5km1

    Les dynamiques urbaines de Shanghai : 3 artres pricentrale en mutation, Howard Vazquez,2010

    POLLUTIONAIR / WATER / CONTAMINATION

    When we see the pedestrians in China conquering the streets, armed with mouth masks it is obvious that air pollution causes a big problem in Shanghai and all of China. Most of the damage was done by the burning of coal and the industry consuming big amounts of dioxides and toxic gasses. What in 2013 was called the airpoca-lypse, caused an approach for hand-ling Chinas pollution problem. The situation at that time was so serious that there was a concentration of PM 2,5 micrograms, which means 602,5 mi-crograms per cubic meter while the world health organization is calling 25 micrograms per cubic meter as un-safe breathing.

    There was also a new website created concerning Shanghais AQI (air qua-lity index) that presents on daily basis a live rendition of the air quality illustrated by a cartoons feeling.Also the tap water in Shanghai origi-nating from the Huangpu River, that contains most of the citys sewage, is polluted. It is not recommended as drinkable even after cooking it.

    average L.A. 2013 (PM 2,5)

    residential sector / others of smoke+ dust

    emis

    sion

    s sm

    oke

    + du

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    ns)

    PM 2,5 concentration(mgr/m3)

    Shanghai (2011-2014)

    PM 2

    ,5 c

    once

    ntra

    tion

    (mgr

    /m3)

    Industrial sector emission of smoke + dust

    january December

    1991 1995

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    2000 2005

    http://blogs.wsj.comhttp://students.concordiashanghai.orgIker,G.,2008,Shanghai transforming

    CULTUREACTUAL ATMOSPHERE / HISTORY / PERCEPTION

    Shanghais authorities now reco-gnize that cultural credibility is an obligation for building a leading global metropolis.The actual cultu-ral atmosphere is so weak in compa-rison to 1920-30s when Shanghai had the highest concentration of artists anywhere in the country, because the foreign concessions offered Chinas artists and intellectuals conditions that did not exist anywhere else in the country. Also, Shanghai offered a heaven of stability and minimum cen-sorship.

    Nowadays, they are building an im-pressive cultural hardware but not creating enough cultural potential. -THINKING SHANGHAI. A Foucauldian Interrogation of the

    Postsocialist Metropolis. Greogry Bracken.

    All of these things depend on a growth that comes from the bottom up in order to blossom.

    Shanghais representations in film and literature tell us of contracts between nostalgia of the past and the actual spirit of global greatness. Being in-cluded as one of the glamorous desti-nations in an action film like Mission Impossible III is not chance. Shan-ghais more representative novel is When We Were Orphans, by Kazuo Ishi-guro, that examines many of the themes that seem to featured in recent repre-sentations of the city.

    RELIGIONCONFUCIANISM/ BUDDHISM/ TAOISM

    As a secular country, China do not have an official religion. It has been integrated into the global re-ligions in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries not only by impor-ting foreign religions but also exporting Chinese ones. So that, at this time, Shanghai counts on five official different religions: Budd-hism and Taoism -deeply associated to Chinese culture- and Islamism, Protestantism and Christianism -por-trayed as foreign faiths-. Original-ly, Chinese religion -closest to phi-losophy- started with Confucianism and Taoism in the 6th century while Buddhism did it one century later.

    Their main purpose was to aim how best to live instead how to get eter-nal life as Western religions did. Afterwards, the synthesis of these three brought on the emergence of Neo-Confucianism during the Song and Ming dynasties. In 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, all these tra-ditional religions have dissapeared, aswell as most temples. Only 220 of them remained in 1966 from the 2,186 temples existing in Shanghai in 1949. In the twenty-first century, social and political movements have emerged in order to revitalize Neo-confucia-nism as religion.

    Religious Question in Modern China- Goossaer,PalmerReligion in China and its Modern fate - R.Katz, Paul

    EDUCATIONINFRAESTRUCTURE / PISA INFORM / IMPROVEMENT

    After the establishment of Communist party in 1949, education was under goverment control. It adopted the policy that mass education was for ordinary people. In order to reach that equality in education, most tea-chers were sent to rural areas and access to universities was restric-ted to avoid elitism. Thus, primary and secondary schools experimented a huge development. In 1970s, education policy suffered a great transformation since China opened its doors to the world due to the economic retorm, especially Shanghai, most international city in the country. Meanwhile in Chinas

    modernization, education and economy were as closed as learning started to be seen as a private good. By the way, in 1985 local goverments started to be responsible for the adminis-tration of primary and secondary schools. As this system lead to an inequalable education between rural and urban areas, country goverment took the responsability. Nowadays, facing the challenge of be-coming an international metropolis, Shanghai carries out a bilingual edu-cative reform.

    613 570 580

    573 545 555

    561 542 551

    1st

    2nd

    3rd

    Shanghai

    Singapore

    Hong Kong

    Maths

    10.4% 18.9% 36.8% 23.0% 10.9%

    13.5% 21.0% 22.0%7.0% 36.5%

    No dataOnly finished primary school

    Higher Education

    68 institutes of higher education504.800 students

    59 institutes offering postgraduate programs: 5.200 PhDs and 30.400 masters students

    Regular Education759 primary schools

    852 secundary schools

    99.9% of school-age children were enrolled in the nine-year compulsory education

    Non-public Education

    21 private colleges 88.300 students

    103 private high schools 75.200 students

    178 primary schools 167.000 students

    year 2000

    year 2010

    Only finished lower secondary school

    Only finished high school

    Received higher education

    Reading Science

    PISA Inform 2012 World Ranking

    Belgique (18th )

    Maths 515 ptsReading 509 ptsScience 505 pts

    Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau

    % Residents in Shanghai

    Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau 2012

    Religious Question in Modern China- Goossaer,PalmerReligion in China and its Modern fate - R.Katz, Paul

  • Studio: MICROMEGAS LAB 2015-2016 Web: http://www.ulbatelierpublicrelations.com/ Teachers: DEPREZ Eve, SIMON Alain Students: BEKAERT Emma, BURETTE Aurore, CAPEL Benoit, DALON Corentin, EEKHAUT Nathalie, FARES Camilia, GHERMAN Diana, GODTS Adrian, MARTNEZ RUEDA Nicols, MOURA SILVA Sandrine, PEPIN Diego, RAMAS GUASP Iris, SCHLESSER David, SPYTSKA Dariia, VAN COM Lisa

    MIGRATION MAPMAIN COUNTRIES OF MIGRATION

    - 4%

    - 4%- 14%

    - 27,8%

    - 14,3%

    - 5.2 %

    - 4.6 %

    - 4.8 %

    - 3.1 %

    - 3 %

    http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2010/indexeh.htm

    SHANGHAI

    Area : 6350 km2

    Population : 23.500.000

    Disrict withe thehighest density : Hangpu 44.000/km2

    Disrtict with thelowest density : Chongming 567/km2

    Average density :3700/km2

    BRUSSELS

    Area : 161 km2

    Population : 1.167.951

    District with the highest density : St josse 23.057/km2

    District with the lowest density : Watermael boitsfort 1876/km/2

    Average density : 8500/km2

    0 15 30km

    Antwerpen

    Gent

    Charleroi

    FRANCE

    Brussels

    Shanghai

    Jo

    Wa

    Ha

    Cho

    0 15 30km

    DISTANCE BETWEEN BRUSSELS AND SHANGHAI : 9006KM

    http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai

    http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/

    user_upload/fr/pop/statistiques/popula-

    tion-bevolking-20150101.pdf

    PLAN OF SHANGHAI METRO-REGION 1999-2020With a prevision of 16 millions of people (of whom 13,6 million citizens in the new cities) by 2020, the mas-terplan covers a region of 6340 km. Nevertheless, the prevision made in 1999 was already exceeded in 2002 and reached around 24 millions of people today. The urban construction will be extended to 1500km, including 600km in the city center, for ap-proximately 8 million of people.Among other things, the masterplan aimed opening all the cities along the Yangtze River according to the predicted deployment of Shanghai industries, energies, sources, en-vironment and infrastructures.

    (including new ports, high-speed train stations, public transporta-tion, a periphery road system).The city plan of Shanghai thought in 1999 and still improving today was a compilation of Shanghais long-term sustainable development. Outside the Outer ring road area, the implantation of the extension will be concentrated along of the waterfront cities and of the industrial belt.

    The Shanghai 2020 plan included Chongming Island as the face of its sustainable strategic space for the citys development.

    Area 2015

    Area 2020

    Green spaces

    Agriculture

    The Chongming Island is just an exa-mple of the Shanghai 2020 masterplan. The whole conception was based on 5 main terms:1) By planning the construction of major infrastructures and produc-tion, the growth of the central city, the city region and the Shanghai-cen-tered city clusters (nearby Yangtze River Delta)2) Enhancing and joining the progress of the urban and suburbs areas: In order to organize an overall compe-titiveness within the municipality of Shanghai, a masterplan was drawn which covered the entire new area (6340km). It had the aim to improve the different functions in the cen-tral city by using its actual advan-tages. It also specified the urban layer as being a:-Multi Layers: by linking the central city, new cities, central towns and villages with new transportations)-Multi Axis: by developing the axis from Shanghai to Ningbo and Hangzhou.

    -Multi Cores: by defining the central city within the Outer Ring Road such as a political, cultural and economic center, and 7 new medium sized cities where the district governments are located nearby major industries).3) Unify and coordinate the whole development: The plan focused on a working method about the coordi-nation between the urban, spatial, economic, environmental and social developing plan. But also between the urban and the rural area at the same time. 4) Improving the environment: the plan included the promotion of a new image of the city through a sustai-nable development.5) Protection of the patrimony and inhering the Chinese tradition: It also took into account the protection of the old architectures situated in the city center such as the street blocks and the historic roads.

    YANGTZE RIVER DELTA PROJECT (YRDP)LANDSCAPE PROJECT / LITTORAL / FLOODING

    The Yangtze River Delta Project is a proposal that was exhibited at the Princeton-Fung Global Forum The Fu-ture of the City in Shanghai, in Ja-nuary 2013. It is part of a series of studies addressing the adaptation of coastal cities in a changing climate. The project is led by the architect Catherine Seavitt (City College of New-York), structural engineer Guy Nordenson (Princeton University). It is sited in the Pudong, Nahui, Fengxian and Jinshan districts of Shanghai, along the southern coastal delta of the Yangtze. The YRDP research group developed a strategy of coastal climate adap-tation and flood management. These proposals reduce damage from storm surge by slowing down wave energy and temporarily capturing floodwa-ters. As a result, floodwaters from typhoon storms are slowed, captured, retained, re-absorbed and allowed to

    retreat in a controlled manner. In search of a design strategy for the Yangtze delta proposal, the group project where inspired by Yu the Great (2205 BCE).YRDP team examined Yus concept of agricultural fields as a flood overflow zone through the conceptual development of a pas-sive polder. It functions as a kind of temporary reservoir, designed to hold floodwaters and slowly release them by gravity. Rather than attemp-ting to exclude floodwaters, the open polder system intentionally accepts overflow and provides a slow release of water. In addition to the polder and sea walls, sandy beach ridges named chenier are arrayed both on- and off-shore, they consist of mud-flat deposits with marsh and swamp vegetation. They merge durably with the landscape and decrease the wave impact.

    Agriculture

    Unplaned Vegetation

    New Polder

    Drained Polder

    Infrastructure

    SOIL

    CHENIER CHENIER

    MUDFLATSWAMP 0.0

    MARINE SAND-MUD

    IRRIGATIONSYSTEM

    SEAWALL

    OCEAN

    GRAVITY-FEDHYDROLOGICSYSTEM

    CHONGMING ISLANDRURAL ISLAND / AGRICULTURE / WILDERNESS

    Chongming Island is the largest al-luvial island in the world. Created over the centuries by the accumu-lation of soil deposits from the Yangtze River, the Chongming Island keeps growing today. Food production is the main purpose for this island. Rich soil and water resources made Chongming the food dispenser of Shan-ghai; producing fruits, vegetables, shrimps, crab, fish, and meat pro-ducts.In 2003, the city hosted a competi-tion where Skidmore, Owings and Mer-rills (SOMs) urban design studio from Chicago proposed the winning

    strategy. They recognize that the strength and core business of the is-land is food, making it a leading in-dustry for the region. In addition to this proposal, wetland restoration and preservation of the wilderness area is also made, the island serves as key stopping point for migrato-ry birds along the Pacific coastal flyway. There is also a major freeway planned to cross the island from the southeast to the northwest, connec-ting downtown Shanghai to the Jiangsu Province in the north.

    http://www.som.com/projects/chongming_island_mas-ter_plan

    Agriculture

    Aquaculture

    Protected Natural Reserve

    New Coastal Cities

    The idea is to deploy a low-tech but large-scale intervention of earthen berms, which help to reduce damage from storm surge by attenuating wave ener-gy, slowing wave velocity, and temporarily capturing floodwaters, allowing them to be absorbed and recede slowly. http://scenariojournal.com

    Curved housing blocks Villa Old TownHousing blocks on

    the canal Lilongs Container portPlagiarized city TowersIndustrial worker housing and zoning Grid housing blocks

    The Bund

    3

    CHINA HAS BEEN RURAL FOR A LONGER TIME THAN OTHER COUNTRY, CONSIDE-RING THAT IN 1949 ONLY 10% OF CHINESE INHABITANTS LIVED IN CITIES. AFTER ITS URBAN EXPLOSION DUE TO ECONOMIC REFORMS IN 1979, SHANGHAI TOOK THE ADVANTAGE OF THE COUNTRYS ECONOMIC OPENING TO SETTLE TODAY AS AN INTER-NATIONAL RADIATING METROPOLIS.SHANGHAIS UNIQUE URBAN PATTERN IS MADE OF A SERIES OF TYPOLOGIES THAT JUXTAPOSED AND OVERLAPPED EACH OTHER SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY. LIKE A CHEC-KERED GRID, THEY ASSEMBLE TO A COL-LAGE OF DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS THAT CITY AND THE WHOLE COUNTRY HAVE GONE THROUGH. AN INTERESTING FACT IS THE DIFFERENCE WHEN COMPARED TO WESTERN CITIES IS THE TIME SPAN OF THOSE PERIODS; MOST ARE QUITE SHORT BUT SHOW THE DETERMINATION AND THE GROWING POWER THAT CHINA AND SHANGHAI ARE ABLE TO SET UP.THE NAME OF SHANGHAI IS MADE OF TWO CHINESE CHARACTERS WHICH LITE-RALLY MEAN ABOVE AND SEA. WATER IS A SYMBOL FOR THE CITYS IDENTITY BE-CAUSE THIS ELEMENT IS IN CONSTANT CONTACT WITH THE URBAN TISSUE BY THE MEANS OF COUNTLESS CANALS THAT ROOT THE CITY. THOSE CANALS MIGHT BE A POSSIBLE WAY TO A SUSTAINABLE PLAN-NING OF SHANGHAI.THEY CAN EASILY EMBRACE GREEN SPACES AND PERFECTLY ACCOMMODATE TO THE CHINESE CONCEPTION OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACE. BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF A LI-NEAR AND A HIERARCHICAL SPACE WITH SMALL AND SCATTERED NODES ALONG THE STREETS, WHICH ARE BEING INVESTED BY STREET VENDORS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES.SHANGHAIS DENSE INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK ALLOWS THE CITY TO CONNECT TO ITS DIFFERENT DISTRICTS, CLOSE TER-RITORY AND TO THE REST OF THE WORLD. FUNCTIONING ON DIFFERENT SPEEDS, LEVELS AND OTHER IMPORTANT SCALES, THEY ENABLE THE CONNECTION OF DIFFERENT MEANS OF TRANSPORT INTO

    ONE CONSOLIDATED MEGAPOLE. UNFOR-TUNATELY, SOME OF THOSE LARGE-SCALE INFRASTRUCTURES ARE LIKE INVISIBLE WALLS, CREATING BARRIERS BETWEEN LO-CAL NEIGHBORHOODS.WHEN BUILDING THOSE INFRASTRUCTURES, THE SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMO-LITION OF A WHOLE MASTERPLAN SHOWS THE CONTRACTION OF THE SPACE-TIME CONTINUUM. EVERY REPRESENTATION OF SHANGHAI IS OBSOLETE AT THE MOMENT ITS PRODUCED. THE URBAN RENEWAL GOES BY AT A DIFFERENT PACE THAN IN THE OCCIDENT.SHANGHAI HAS DEVELOPED AS A POLY-CENTRIC AGGLOMERATION SINCE THE BE-GINNING OF THE YEAR 2000. TOGETHER WITH SUZHOU INDUSTRIAL AREA THEY CREATE NEW SATELLITE CITIES, AVOIDING THIS WAY AN URBAN SPRAWL. BECAUSE SHANGHAI IS CONSTANTLY MUTATING, THE CITY SETS WITH ITS 5-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR 2020 NEW GLOBAL PROJECTS FOR THE CITY. AMONGST OTHER THINGS THEY WILL INCREASE GREEN AREAS, ECOLOGI-CAL CORRIDORS AND AGRICULTURE ZONES, NOTABLY ON CHONGMING ISLAND AND ON THE EAST SHORE OF PUDONG.SINCE THE OPENING OF THE CITY AFTER THE OPIUM WAR IN 1842, SHANGHAI HAS GROWN AT A BREATHTAKING PACE. PERHAPS IT ALL WENT TOO FAST?THE CITY FACES HUGE PROBLEMS DUE TO ITS MASSIVE SCALE. IN ADDITION TO THAT, THE LATE LIBERALIZATION POLI-CY OF THE GOVERNMENT POINTED OUT THE FACT THAT HUGE AND RIGID SCALE PRO-JECTS ARE EFFECTIVE. BUT THEY COME WITH A HIGH RISK OF FAILING, BECAUSE THEY CANT ADAPT TO THE RHYTHM THEY SET THEMSELVES.BUT SHANGHAI WAS ABLE TO TAKE ITS WEAKNESS AND MAKE IT ITS STRENGTH. THE CITY HAS THE ABILITY TO CHANGE AND DEVELOP AT A REMARKABLE SPEED.THERE IS NO EVERLASTING PROBLEM.

    DEMOGRAPHYDensity (hab/km)

    POPULATIONforeigners (%)

    INFRASTRUCTURESRoad network(km road/100km land area)GREEN SPACES

    (%)

    ECONOMYGDP per capita ($)

    POLLUTION2,5 PM (mgr/m)

    Shanghai

    Brussels

    69 748 14 250

    602,5

    59

    6751

    3881

    112,5

    184

    116

    53

    2,5

    NEW CITIES AND METROPOLITAN REDEPLOYMENT IN SHANGHAI HENRIOT CARINE, GEOGRAPHY PHD THESIS, 2013

    HOW TO DOWNSIZE A TRANSPORT NETWORK: THE CHINESE WHEELBARROW, DE DECKER KRIS, LOW-TECH MAGAZINE, 2011

    PUBLIC SPACE IN CONTEMPORARY URBANISM LECTURE OF TONGYU SUN, PROFESSOR AT TONGJI UNIVERSITY, 2015

    LEGEND RINGMETRO ZOOM OF BUILDING MAP

    N

    0 2 KM


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