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Observer Scanner Training
Electronic SearchesSection 3
by 1st Lt. Alan Fenter
Level II Technician Rating
Section 1:
Objective:Discuss electronic equipment, including the reasons for its survivability, and the way to insure proper search coverage.
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The Success of ELT’s depend on
Life of the batterySurvivabilityWhether or not the unit was armed or not
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ELT System
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What does ELT stand for?
Emergency Locator Transmitter
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On what three factors does the success of electronic searches depend?
1. Life of ELT batteries
2. Survivability of ELT
3. Whether the unit was turned on or not.
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What means can be used to insure adequate, thorough coverage during a search?Use both an electronic search & a
general concentrated search
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Section 2:
Objective:Given statements concerning the track line pattern, select true ones from false.
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Electronic Search Patterns
Most effective is the Track Line SearchFlown from 5000 to 10,000 AGLSuccessive sweeps should be ½ previous track spacing
A
C
B
½ SM
½ SM
Track of Missing Aircraft
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The track line pattern is most effective during electronic searches.
True
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Most track line patterns are flown above 10,000 feet.
False, 5000 to 10,000 ft. AGL is the normal altitude for most Track
Line Patterns
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The maximum altitude for receiving an ELT signal is the best for making an electronic search.
False
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On second and third sweeps during a track line search, the track spacing should be one-third of the preceding sweep.
False
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The search procedures should be continued until the survivors are found or the batteries are presumed dead.
True
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Section 3: Homing Searches
Objective:Define homing and discuss the meaning of the actions of the left-right needle in a directional finding unit during a homing search.
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ELT Homing Game
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What does “homing” mean?
Tracking a signal from a distance point to its source.
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What does a centered left-right needle of a directional finding unit mean in the homing search method?
You are heading directly to or away from the signal source.
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How can you tell if you are flying directly toward or away from a signal picked up on the DF unit?
Make a 90 degree turn and observe the direction of the needle in relationship to the
planes orientation.
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How does the left-right needle indicate to you that you have just crossed over the target?
You will notice a full scale swing form side to side.
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If you have been steadily on the signal in a homing search and the needle suddenly drifts to one side and returns to the center, what does this indicate?
Interfering signal
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Section 4: Signal Null Method
Objective:Discuss the basis for the null search method, the equipment needed, the procedure itself, and the special considerations in this type of search.
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2 Assumptions
1. Metal wing will block the incoming ELT signal during steep turns
2. Two or more receptions will provide vectors locating the ELT
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Null ProceduresAltitude 6000 to 9000’
AGL
NULL
Path of Aircraft
NULL
NULL
Target
NULL Vector
Reduce Altitude
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The signal null method is based on what two assumptions?
1. Metal wing will block ELT Signal during a steep turn.
2. Two or more receptions will provide vectors locating the ELT.
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What special equipment is needed for this method?
A special antenna properly located.
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What does it mean to say “the signal will null”?
The signal will break or momentarily stop.
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How many degrees are added to or subtracted from a null signal reading for it to be accurate in locating downed aircraft?
90 degrees
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When the approximate location has been determined and the search craft has descended to obtain visual contact, how is the crew able to pinpoint the location within a small area?
More “nulls” and visually
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What are four special considerations in making a signal null search?1. Crew competent in 360 degree
turns.
2. Knowledge of search aircraft position when null occurs.
3. When signal is lost-go to last location null occurs.
4. Approach wreck area with caution.
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Section 5:Aural Searches
Objective:Define “aural” and discuss the assumption on which aural searches are based, standard volume during a search, and the problem in pinpointing downed aircraft using this method.
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Aural Search methodArea of equal beacon
strength is circular – barely audible in A/C receiver at
search altitude
SH
SF
Chord 1
SH SFChord 2
Chord 3
Decending
Commence Low Alt Pattern
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The aural search is based on what assumption?
Area of equal beacon strength is circular
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What does “aural” mean?
Audio
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Of what value is maintaining standard volume during an aural search?
Ensures the signal “heard” and “fade” positions will remain
constant.
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Why are the calculations on pinpointing the location of ELT units only approximate in aural searches?
In actuality, areas of equal signal strength are seldom circular.
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Section 6: Metered Search
Objective:Complete statements concerning the metered search method of locating downed aircraft.
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Metered Searches
6.0
4.0
First Signal /
8.0
6.0
8.0 Fade
s
8.0 Fade
s
2.0
1.0
ELT
2.0
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The meter, in a metered search, measures ____ _____ _______.ELT Signal Strength
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To be effective, the metered search must locate two positions where the signals are of _____ _____ _______.Equal Signal
Strength
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The metered search is carried out by the pilot making turns primarily of ____ degrees until enough information is gathered to plot the location of the downed aircraft.
180
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Section 7: General Conclusions
Objective:Complete statements concerning various general conclusions about electronic search methods.
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Electronic searches are most efficient when _________, ___________, and ________ are ideal.
Equipment environment terrain
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One big problem for search teams for a long time has been ________________.Signal Reflections
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During mountainous searches, the pattern should be flown _________ to the valley ridges first, then _____________ to them.
Parallel Perpendicular
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In looking at a problem in an electronic search, consider equipment reliability, direction finding procedures, and _______ as possible trouble sources.
terrain