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Observational Observational LearningLearning
Chapter 7, Lecture 4Chapter 7, Lecture 4
“Children need models more than they needcritics.”
- Joseph Joubert
Learning by Observation
Higher animals, especially humans,
learn through observing and
imitating others.
The monkey on the right imitates the
monkey on the left in touching the pictures in a certain order to
obtain a reward.
© H
erb Terrace
©H
erb Terrace
Mirror NeuronsNeuroscientists discovered mirror neurons
in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
Rep
rint
ed w
ith p
erm
issi
on f
rom
the
Am
eric
an
Ass
ocia
tion
for
the
Adv
ance
men
t of
Scie
nce,
Sub
iaul
et a
l., S
cien
ce 3
05: 4
07-4
10 (
2004
) ©
200
4 A
AA
S.
“Our brain’s mirror neurons underlie ourintensely social nature.” - David Myers
Imitation Onset
Learning by observation begins early in life. This
14-month-old child imitates the adult on TV
in pulling a toy apart.
Mel
tzof
f, A
.N. (
1998
). I
mita
tion
of te
levi
sed
mod
els
by in
fant
s. C
hild
Dev
elop
men
t, 59
122
1-12
29. P
hoto
s C
ourt
esy
of A
.N. M
eltz
off
and
M. H
anuk
.
Bandura's Experiments
Bandura's Bobo doll study (1961)
indicated that individuals (children)
learn through imitating others who receive rewards and
punishments.
Cou
rtes
y of
Alb
ert B
andu
ra, S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity
Applications of Observational Learning
Unfortunately, Bandura’s studies show that antisocial models (family, neighborhood
or TV) may have antisocial effects.
Positive Observational Learning
Fortunately, prosocial (positive, helpful) models may have prosocial effects.
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
/ The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Television and Observational Learning
Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children
in elementary school who are
exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express increased
aggression.
Ron
Cha
pple
/ Tax
i/ G
etty
Im
ages
Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression of aggression.
Children modeling after pro wrestlers
Bob
Dae
mm
rich
/ The
Im
age
Wor
ks
Gla
ssm
an/ T
he I
mag
e W
orks
Figure 7.18 Media violence viewing predicts future aggressive behaviorMyers: Psychology, Ninth Edition
Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
Modeling Violence
Research shows that viewing media violence leads to an increased expression
of aggression.“…an evil psychologist could hardly imaginea better way to make people indifferent tobrutality than to expose them to a graded seriesof scenes, from fights to killings to themutilations in slasher movies. Watchingcruelty fosters indifference.”
- David Myers
HomeworkStudy!
“Television viewers are learning about life froma rather peculiar storyteller, one that reflects theculture’s mythology but not its reality.”
- David Myers