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Observation Mapping between switch and fixture controlled > 7 years interaction, still trial and error
Anthropometric Data
HUMF 5001 – Team 4Danielle PlutStephen WhitlowAlan Wyman
Definitions Anthropos Man Metron Measure
Anthropometry Anthropo
Introduction to Ergonomics, 3rd Edition, Chapter 3User-Centered Workspace Design Using Anthropometric Data
Based on a statistical normal distribution
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Breaking out by gender and using real data
Comfort on bicycles and the validity of a commercial bicycle fitting system
Comfort on bicycles Assess “seated” comfort of utility bikes
– scientific contribution since most previous work focused on racing road bikes
Validate conventional bike-fitting practices
Propose alternative bike-fitting system
Issues > 1 M Dutch suffer from several
varieties of “saddle” soreness More women than men Women's’ issues are more serious Occurs even in short bike rides 3-10km
(2-6 miles)
Factors that impact riding comfort Environmental – temperature, wind,
rolling resistance on road Clothing – biking shorts can prevent
chaffing Mechanical – gearing Biomechanical – bike geometry Physiological – fitness level
Saddle(seat) Height Previous findings indicate 107% of crotch
height, current study used 108% Too high rider tends to hyper-extend knees Too low puts pressure on patellofemoral joint Patellofemoral pain syndrome “(PFPS) is a
syndrome characterized by pain or discomfort seemingly originating from the contact of the posterior surface of the patella (back of the kneecap) with the femur (thigh bone). It is the most frequently encountered diagnosis in sports medicine clinics” [wikipedia]
Distance between Saddle Pads No appropriate rules Pressure distribution on saddle requires pads
that support pelvic bones Distance between bones different for men and
women, bone shape differences as well Notched saddles can relieve prostrate
pressure Can lead to slipping off front edge
Crank length 20% of crotch height
This length produced “superior” measurements of heart rate, oxygen consumption, and perceived exertion
Has greater performance impact than discomfort impact– unless significant deviation from standard
Saddle angle No specific rules are available beyond
guidance that is should be “slightly upward” or “slightly downward”
Handle Height and Body Posture No appropriate rules High handlebars reduce lower cervical spine and
neck extension issues 15% forward lean reduces weight on thoracic cage Upright cycling position
Nearly all weight on saddle, discs become pinched and supporting ligaments stretched
Forward position puts more weight on arms, extends spinal column so
reduces disc pressure At low workload, an upright posture produces lower
HR than a racing position
Handlebar width Should be same width as rider’s
shoulders-- allow ample room for breathing and control
Less than width-- reduces steering efficiency
Distance between saddle and handlebars No scientific data Racing rule of thumb is not reliable Netherlands rule of thumb – underarm
length
Frame angle Less steep frame angle (seat tube
angle) – reduces jarring, saddle soreness and hand and wrist ache
Pilot study Pilot Study to collect objective anthropometrics
and assess comfort in prototype bike fitting system
Bike Show 453 subjects (60% male, 40% female) Mean age for women was 45, men was 46 132 subjects (76 men and 56 women) completed
both anthropometric measurements and comfort assessment
Research Tools Anthropometric measuring station
Body length and weight Trunk length Shoulder breadth Grip reach Upper leg length Crotch height Distance between pelvic bones
Computer program Generate optimal bike configuration based on rules of
thumb Remote-controlled bicycle simulator
Dynamic comfort assessments and adjustments Impose adjustable loads via pedals
Bike Simulator
Procedure Subjects cycled for 2 minutes at chosen
pedal load level with personalized bike fit Subjects then instructed to ask for a
change to bike geometry if they experience discomfort say “stop” when adjustment is OK 3 chance for changes
Results 60% of subjects complained of discomfort
35% mentioned saddle sores Women reported more discomfort than men
Preferred seat height does not correspond on rule of thumb (108% of crotch height) 106% for men, 107% for women
No correlation between grip reach and preferred saddle to handlebar length
No other physical measurements predicted preferred riding configuration
Large variability in relation between distance between pelvic bones & preferred seat width
Riding posture is more upright in simulator, likely due to static nature of simulator (low balance requirement)
Lab Experiment Investigate variables not investigated
during pilot study – seat angle, handlebar width, etc.
Contribute to design specs for Commercial Bicycle Simulator
Critical interest was in relationship of saddle and handlebar position in relation to crank axel and other body segments
Research Methods Equipment--same as pilot study
Subjects measure with anthropometric measuring station
Subjects shown how to adjust saddle and handlebar while riding
Initial settings conformed to rules of thumb Asked to maintain a 15 km/h pace (9.3 mph) Rode for 12 minutes and were prompted to
make adjustments every 2 minutes (5x)
Results 64% of subjects reported discomfort (74% of women, 55% of
men) Most frequent areas
lower arms and hands-- 32% saddle sores -- 29% neck & shoulders -- 18% Knee -- 10% Most subjects reported multiple areas
Crotch height is good predictor of preferred saddle-to-pedal distance
Higher correlation between grip reach and preferred saddle-to- handlebar distance than in pilot though still only accounted for 29% of variance in men and 26% in
women No correlation between age and preferred frame angle
Preferred saddle geometry has low correlation with pelvic bone distance, weight and age
Conclusions Comfort on bikes driven by individual needs
only 1 physical measurement was reliable predictor of preferred geometry (crotch height)
Non-trivial number of subjects preferred seat tube angle that are not within standard geometries
Researchers surprised by lack of finding for relationship between measurements and preferred saddle geometry
Validates the need for a highly configurable bike fitting simulator since rules of thumb were generally poor predictors of comfort
Manufacturers would need to support more configurability of bike setup – could be marketed as “personalization”
Simulator could be another tool for knowledgeable salesperson
Nice Ride Bicycleshow do they compare?
Only one adjustment available– seat height– also the only reliably predictive
variable in study for bike comfort
Relevant Chapter 3 Material
Body size and proportion vary across populations should use population data where system is to be
deployed E.g., Equipment designed for 90% of US males would
only fit 10% of Vietnamese Anthropometric surveys are expensive and time-
consuming – nice to use existing datasets – provided data still valid According to US CDC mean stature (height) of US
males and females has not changed since the 1960s Should not design for “average” user since half of
population is above and half below for normally distributed variable
Anthropometric AnalysisCrotch Height (mm) US Male US Female
Average 819 742
Standard Deviation (SD) 49 46
Z value(# of SD for 95% male, 5% female)
1.64 -1.64
Crotch Height (95% male, 5% female)
899.36 666.56
Nice Ride Max/Min Seat Height 955 720
Preferred Seat Height as a percentage of Crotch Height (Rule 108%)
106% 107%
Optimum Seat Height 953.3216 713.2192
Conclusion Within Nice Ride Range
Outside Nice Ride Range
Estimated percentage of the population accommodated
95.025% 94.840%
Crank length 160 mm
95% Male 20% = 183 mm
5% Female 20% = 130 mm
160 mm
680 mm
Middle of seat to tip of handlebar
Seat height Top of seat to top
of pedal a bottom position
Lowest position 720 mm
Highest position 955 mm
Saddle• Style• Size, width, and length
Team 4 would like to thank Nice Ride Minnesota for complimentary use of one of their bikeshttps://www.niceridemn.org/