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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

obTolcfT Tl mobpbosbW obsfbt lc pbfpjfC obTolcfTTfNd jbTelap clo efpTlofCAi roj BrfiafNdp Ahmet sefa lrhonN ABpToACT qhe retrçfit is a general term that may cçnsist çf a variety çf treatmentsI includingW preservatiçnI rehabilitatiçnI restçratiçn and recçnstructiçnK peismic retrçfitting is the integral part çf all building retrçfit treatmentsK qhe earthquakes in ftaly Ecriuli NVTSI rmbria NVTVI NVVTI mçtenza NVUMFI jçntenegrç ENVTVF and plçvenia Emçsçcje NVTSI NVVUI OMM4F have caused lçss çf life due tç cçllapse çf histçrical masçnry buildingsK pince the çbservatiçns in recent earthquakes indicate the seismic vulnerability çf unreinfçrced masçnry ErojF buildingsI seismic retrçfitting çf such histçrical buildings lçcated in highJrisk seismic zçnes is inevitably requiredK ltherwise histçrical buildingsI which are cultural assets wçrth preservingI can be lçst alçng with many livesK qhe seismic retrçfitting çf a histçrical building requires an appreciatiçn fçr the technicalI architecturalI ecçnçmic and cultural aspects çf the issue in handK Althçugh a variety çf methçds have been implemented fçr seismic retrçfitting çf roj structuresI selecting the methçd is nçt easyK pince wrçng practice can damage çr destrçy the features that make the building significantI selected methçd shçuld respect the character and integrity çf the histçrical building and be visually cçmpatible with it in designK lriginal cçnstructiçn materials çf histçrical buildings are usually drastically different frçm their cçntempçrary cçunterpartsK qhat’s why; seismic retrçfitting methçd shçuld alsç be cçmpatible with histçric materialsK qhis paper reviews and discuses the seismic retrçfitting methçds fçr histçrical roj buildings with emphasis çn their general apprçpriateness with regard tç technicalI architectural and heritage principlesK Building examples are alsç given tç critique the relative merits çf these methçdsK heywordsW peismic retrofittingI rnreinforced masonryI eistorical buildingI mreservationI

oehabilitation N. fNTolarCTflN

N.N. peismic vulnerability of historical roj buildings jasçnry is amçng the çldest cçnstructiçn materialK ft is estimated that mçre than TMB çf the buildings inventçry wçrldwide is masçnry buildings xNzK Althçugh masçnry can carry substantial lçads in cçmpressiçnI its lçad bearing capacity fçr tensiçn and shear develçped when subjected tç seismic fçrces is relatively lçwK cçr that reasçnI histçrical masçnry buildingsI which are mçstly unreinfçrced masçnry ErojFI are likely tç be vulnerable tç severe damage çr cçllapse under strçng seismic excitatiçnK qhe recent earthquakes in rKpKA Eiçma mrieta NVUVI kçrthridge NVV4FI gapan Ehçbe NVVRFI qurkey EdçlcukJfzmit NVVVFI Chile Ejaule OMNMF and eaiti EmçrtJauJmrince OMNMF revealed the fact that an earthquake can cause widespread destructiçn amçng çld masçnry buildings xOJRzK bspecially the earthquakes in ftaly Ecriuli NVTSI rmbria NVTVI mçtenza NVUMI rmbriaJjarche NVVTFI jçntenegrç ENVTVF and plçvenia Emçsçcje NVTSI NVVUI OMM4F have caused lçss çf life due tç inadequate seismic perfçrmance çf masçnry buildings in histçric settlements xSzK Accçrding tç pcrivenerI the çld masçnry buildings even in areas çf suppçsedly lçw earthquake risk may be vulnerable tç damage and even cçllapse xTzK oecent experiences with large earthquakes resulted that the need çf seismic retrçfitting is

N AsstK mrçfKI açkuz bylul rniversity caculty çf ArchitectureI vefaKçrhçn]deuKeduKtr

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well acknçwledgedK fn view çf the pçtential seismic vulnerability çf roj buildingsI a large variety çf technical sçlutiçns have been implemented fçr the seismic retrçfitting çf such structuresK N.O. oetrofit to preserve fn a brçader senseI the retrçfit is a general term that may cçnsist çf a variety çf treatmentsI includingW rehabilitatiçnI restçratiçn and recçnstructiçn xUzK peismic retrçfitting is the integral part çf all retrçfit treatmentsK Althçugh histçrical buildings can be retrçfitted tç survive earthquakesI many retrçfit practices can damage çr destrçy the very features that make such buildings significantK qhree impçrtant preservatiçn principles shçuld be kept in mind when undertaking seismic retrçfitting prçjects çf histçrical buildings xVzW

– eistçric materials shçuld be preserved and retained tç the greatest extent pçssible and nçt replaced whçlesale in the prçcess çf seismic strengthening;

– kew seismic retrçfit systemsI whether hidden çr expçsedI shçuld respect the character and integrity çf the histçric building and be visually cçmpatible with it in design; andI

– peismic wçrk shçuld be "reversible" tç the greatest extent pçssible tç allçw remçval fçr future use çf imprçved systems and traditiçnal repair çf remaining histçric materialsK

burçcçde UJP xNMzI cbjA PRS xNNz and ApCb 4NJMS xNOz are sçme çf well knçwn building cçdes that cçver the seismic rehabilitatiçn çf existing buildingsK Accçrding tç these cçdesI seismic retrçfitting prçcess çf existing structures requires lçcal mçdificatiçn çf cçmpçnentsI minimizing structural irregularities Ein mass and stiffnessFI structural stiffeningI structural strengtheningI mass reductiçn and seismic isçlatiçn tç imprçve the structural perfçrmanceK merfçrmance çbjectives used fçr seismic retrçfitting çf histçrical buildings are similar tç general çbjectives used in the perfçrmance based engineering cçntextI but with extra cçnstraints tç preserving the histçric fabric alçng with the structure itself xNPzK

O. pbfpjfC obTolcfTTfNd jbTelap clo efpTlofCAi roj BfiafNdp qhe çverarching prçblem çf the roj buildings is that they were simply nçt designed fçr lateral lçadsI and while they can be made tç perfçrm adequately in an earthquakeI they lack a basic degree çf cçnnectiçn tç allçw all parts çf the building tç act tçgether as çne xN4zK rnder seismic lçadingI roj walls have twç pçssible failure mechanisms namely inJplane and çutJçfJplaneK qypicallyI roj walls exhibit an insufficient inJplane strength andLçr ductility tç behave satisfactçrily during earthquakesK qhese deficiencies can be cçrrected by enhancing the existing roj walls with inJplane andLçr çutJçfJplane strengthening methçdsK jçst roj walls transfer sçme degree çf shear lçading alçng their lengthK ff a building has insufficient shear capacity in a particular directiçnI capacity çf existing walls can be increased using inJplane strengthening instead çf inserting additiçnal structureK qhere are variçus methçds fçr achieving this strength increase which generally invçlve the applicatiçn çf an additiçnal layer çf material bçnded tç the surface çf roj tç increase its strength such as surface treatment methçds xN4zK pçme roj wallsI which are nçt çf sufficient thickness tç withstand çutJçfJplane fçrcesI alsç need çutJçfJplane strengtheningK jany strengthening methçds can be used fçr these walls such as surface treatmentI pçstJtensiçningI center cçre reinfçrcementI interJflççr wall suppçrtsI pjAas etcK jçst seismic retrçfitting methçds utilize rehabilitatiçn strategies invçlving adding strengthI stiffnessI ductilityI andLçr imprçvement lçad path detailsK Ançther apprçachI less cçmmçnly emplçyedI is tç reduce the seismic demand çn the structure by using methçds such as reductiçn çf seismic weightI base isçlatiçn and passive damping xNRzK cçllçwing methçds can be used fçr the seismic retrçfitting çf histçrical roj buildingsW O.N. purface treatment with structural overlay purface treatment methçds retrçfit existing roj walls by adding a structural çverlay çntç the roj wall surfaceK OKNKNK Conventional reinforced overlays oeinfçrced plasterW A thin cement plaster layer applied çver high strength steel reinfçrcement can be used fçr retrçfitting roj walls xNSzK qhe steel reinfçrcement can be arranged as diagçnal bars çr as a vertical and hçrizçntal meshK A detail drawing çf reinfçrced plaster applicatiçn fçr roj is shçwn in cig NaK xNTzK cerrçcementW cerrçcement is an çrthçgçnal cçmpçsite materialI which cçnsists çf fine steel wires in the fçrm çf mesh Ecig NbF cçmpletely embedded in a high strength cement mçrtar layer ENMJRM mm

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thicknessFK qhe mçrtar is trçweled çn thrçugh the mesh with cçvering thickness çf NJR mmK qhe mechanical prçperties çf ferrçcement depend çn mesh prçperties – vçlumetric reinfçrcement ratiç EMKRB tç RBFI the mesh type and çrientatiçn xNUzK qhe behaviçr çf the mçrtar can be imprçved by adding MKRJNB çf a lçwJcçst fiber such as pçlyprçpylene xNTzK phçtcreteW As a general termI shçtcrete is cçncrete Eçr mçrtarF cçnveyed thrçugh a hçse and pneumatically prçjected at high velçcity çntç a surfaceK phçtcrete çverlays are sprayed çntç roj wall surfaces çver a mesh çf reinfçrcing bars Ecig NcFK qhe thickness çf the shçtcrete can be adapted tç the seismic demandK fn generalI the çverlay thickness is at least SM mmK fn çrder tç transfer the shear stress acrçss shçtcreteJmasçnry interfaceI shear dçwels are fixed using epçxy çr cement grçut intç hçles drilled intç the masçnry wall xNTzK OKNKOK ciber composites Cçmpçsite materials are made up fibers EeKgKI glassI carbçnI hevlarF bçnded tçgether with a resin Eepçxy çr pçlyesterF matrixK thile the fibers are the primary lçadJcarrying elementsI the resin matrix serves as the bçnding agent tç prçtect the fibers and distribute the lçad amçng themK qhe fiber fabric cçntains fibers pçsitiçned in bçth directiçnsK Cçnsidering the high tensile strength çf fiber cçmpçsitesI a thin layer çf these materials can be epçxied tç the exteriçr surface çf the roj wall tç increase bçth flexural and shear strength çf the wallK qhe mçstly used cçmpçsite material fçr this methçd is glassJfiberJreinfçrced pçlymer EdcomFK CarbçnJfiberJreinfçrced pçlymer ECcomFI which is bçth strçnger and stiffer than dcomI is less used in the cçnstructiçn due tç its being rather expensiveK bxperimental results have shçwn that retrçfitting roj walls with fiber cçmpçsites çn a single side alsç appears tç prçduce gççd behaviçr xNVzK

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EcF cig. N Cçnventiçnal reinfçrced çverlaysI EaF oeinfçrced plaster xNTzI EbF cine steel mesh used in cerrçcementI

EcF Applicatiçn çf shçtcrete xNTz

OKNKPK Cementitious composites Cementitiçus cçmpçsites are made up fibers EeKgKI glassI steelI carbçn fibersF bçnded tçgether with a cementitiçus matrixW such as fiberJreinfçrced cçncreteK ciberJreinfçrced cçncrete EcoCF is cçncrete cçntaining shçrt discrete fibers that are unifçrmly distributed and randçmly çrientedK peismic retrçfitting çf roj walls with coC was applied in the field xOMzK An coC subJcategçry is named as bngineered Cementitiçus Cçmpçsite EbCCFK bCC is an easily mçlded mçrtarJbased cçmpçsite reinfçrced with specially selected shçrt randçm fibersI usually pçlymer fibersK rnlike regular cçncreteI bCC has a strain capacity in the range çf PJTB – cçmpared tç MKNB fçr regular cçncrete xONzK bCCs have unique prçperties suitable fçr applicatiçns in repair and retrçfit çf roj structuresK O.O. bxternal reinforcement with steel-strips bracing bxisting roj walls can be externally reinfçrced by adding diagçnal and vertical steelJstrips çn bçth sides çf wallsI attached using thrçughJthickness bçltsK pteelJstrips bracings are attached directly tç the existing diaphragm and wall Ecig OaFK Accçrding tç a researchI this retrçfitting system significantly increases the inJplane strength and ductility çf lçwJrise roj walls xOOzK

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O.P. bpoxy or grout injection bpçxy çr grçut injectiçn is a methçd tç restçre the çriginal integrity çf roj wall by filling the present masçnry vçids and cracksI which are result çf physical and chemical deteriçratiçn andLçr mechanical actiçnsK bpçxy resin is used fçr relatively small cracks Eless than O mm wideF; whileI cementJbased grçut is cçnsidered mçre apprçpriate fçr filling çf larger cracksI vçidsI and empty cçllar jçints in multiJwythe masçnry walls xNTI OPzK qhe restçratiçn çf a masçnry bridge pier built in NUUT was carried çut using cementJbased grçutK kçndestructive testing çf retrçfitted pier with sçnic tçmçgraphy indicated that grçut injectiçn transfçrmed relatively pççr quality limestçne masçnry intç relatively gççd in situ quality xO4zK O.4. most-tensioning and center core reinforcement mçstJtensiçning is an effective way çf prçviding çutJçfJplane strength in roj wallsK qhe prçcess invçlves drilling vertical cçres thrçugh the middle çf roj wall then inserting steel rçds intç themK qhe rçds may çr may nçt be set in grçutI and are then tensiçnedI which prçvides an additiçnal cçmpressive fçrce in the wall tç cçunteract the tensile stresses resulting frçm lateral lçads Ecig OcFK qhis mçdificatiçn alsç results in an increase in the shear strength çf the wall xN4zK mçstJtensiçning has little architectural impactI althçugh methçd may be unsuitable in sçme buildingsI as access is needed tç the tçp çf the wallI and walls need tç be çf a certain minimum thicknessK

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cig. O EaF bxternal reinfçrcement with steelJstrips bracing xOOzI EbF pimple inJplane strengthening çf brick masçnry with bracings xN4I ORzI EcF mçstJtensiçning bars with cçncrete lçad spreaders xN4I ORz

qhere are çther methçds çf cçre reinfçrcement; the mçst cçmmçn being nçnJstressed bars set in grçutI where the steel çnly becçmes stressed when the wall is laterally lçadedK cçr exampleI center cçre reinfçrcement cçnsists çf reinfçrcedI grçuted cçre placed in the center çf roj wallK aepending çn the wall thicknessI the cçre is drilled RMJNOR mm in diameterK ary prçcess drilling remçves the debris by using a vacuum system and keeps the dust tç a minimumK After placing the reinfçrcement in the cçre centerI a filler material – which cçnsists çf a binder material EeKgK epçxyI cementI and pçlyesterF and a filler material EeKgK sandF – is pumped frçm the tçp çf the wall tç the bçttçm xOSzK qhis reinfçrced "hçmçgeneçus" vertical beam prçvides strength tç the wall with a capacity tç resist bçth inJplane and çutJçfJplane lçadingK tall anchçrs fçr lateral ties tç the rççf and flççrs are placed at the cçre lçcatiçn tç make a pçsitive cçnnectiçn tç the wall xNTzK O.R. phape memory alloy devices EpjAasF phape memçry allçys EpjAsF are metallic materials endçwed with unusual prçperties assçciated with the reversible transfçrmatiçn between twç crystalline phasesI knçwn as Austenite and jartensiteK puperelasticity – sçmetimes called pseudçelasticity – is an elastic EreversibleF respçnse tç an applied stressI caused by this phase transfçrmatiçnK phape memçry allçy devices EpjAasF utilize this feature tç retrçfit structures against earthquakeK pjAas have first gained usage fçr the seismic retrçfitting çf histçrical roj buildings in the end çf NVVMsK qhe first example çf pjAas being applied in a structure is a rehabilitatiçn prçject undertaken in ftalyK fn this prçjectI pjAas cçmpçsed çf SM kiJqi superelastic wires çf N mm diameter and PMM mm length Ecig PaF were used fçr the seismic retrçfitting çf pK diçrgiç Church bell tçwer in qrignanç Ecig PbFI which was seriçusly damaged by a 4KU oichter magnitude earthquake in NVVSK pjAa cçnnected steel barsI which run thrçugh the height çf the tçwer and are anchçred at its fçundatiçnI reinfçrce the structure and increase its mçdal frequenciesK pteel bars were inserted in the internal cçrners çf the

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structureI withçut drilling masçnryK qhe perfçrmance çf the applicatiçn was pçsitively verified after a similar earthquake shççk the structure in OMMM xOTzK

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cig. P EaF phape jemçry Allçy aevice EpjAaF xOUzI EbF pjAas in series with steel bars were used in the seismic retrçfitting çf pK diçrgiç Church bell tçwer xOTz

pjAas applicatiçn fçr the imprçvement çf cçnnectiçns çf walls against çutJçfJplane seismic fçrces has been alsç applied in the fçllçwing applicatiçns in ftalyW the transept tympana çf the upper basilica çf ptK crancis in AssisiI the pan celicianç Cathedral facade in cçlignçI and the pan perafinç Church at jçntegranarçI all heavily damaged by the NVVTJNVVU rmbriaJjarche earthquakeK cçr the seismic rehabilitatiçn çf the rpper Basilica çf ptK crancis in AssisiI 4T pjAas were used tç cçnnect the rççf tç the twç transept tympanumsK qhe cçst çf the pjAas installed in this prçject tçtaled less than NB çf the tçtal restçratiçn cçstK cçr the rehabilitatiçn çf pan celicianç Cathedral EcigK 4FI V pjAas were used tç imprçve the cçnnectiçn çf the façade tç a new sJshaped beam that welded tç the existing beams çf the mçdern steel rççf built in the NVRMs xOUzK Analçgçus pjA based seismic retrçfitting schemes fçr masçnry structures were discussed xOVI PMz and implemented in the seismic retrçfitting çf an ancient aqueduct xPNzK

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cig. 4 pjAas applicatiçn in the pan celicianç CathedralI EaF caçade xOUzI EbF pjAa cçnnectiçn detail xOUzI EcF pjAas after the installatiçn xOUz

O.S. Confining with tie-columns pinceI cçnfined masçnry is çne çf the mçst widely used masçnry cçnstructiçn systems – especially in Asia and iatin America – cçnfining roj walls with tieJcçlumns is alsç used as a seismic retrçfitting methçd fçr existing roj buildingsI especially in ChinaK jain strengthening element çf this system is the vertical rKcK çr reinfçrced masçnry tieJcçlumns which cçnfine the walls at all cçrners and wall intersectiçns as well as the vertical bçrders çf dççrs and windçws çpeningsK fn çrder tç be effectiveI tieJcçlumns shçuld cçnnect with tieJbeams alçng the walls at flççrs levelsI çtherwise methçd dç nçt have a significant pçsitive effect çn walls behaviçr xNTzK jain prçblem çf the methçd is that it is nçt easy tç cçnstruct such cçnfinement elements EtieJcçlumnsLtieJbeamsF in histçrical buildingsK O.T. joment frames A mçment frame is a bçxJshaped frame with special mçment cçnnectiçns çr jçints that help in the resistance çf earthquake damageK ft helps the building tç flex as necessary tç remain the buildingDs integrityK qhe advantage çf the methçd is that mçment frames allçw full visual and physical access between each side çf the frameI and minimal spatial disruptiçnK fn building façades with numerçus

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çpeningsI sçme fçrm çf mçment frame can çften be fitted tç the masçnry piers çn the inside çr çutside Eçr bçthF depending çn the effect çn the architectural character xN4zK bnsuring stiffness cçmpatibility with the existing roj structure is particularly impçrtant fçr steel framesK O.U. Base isolation Base Eçr seismicF isçlatiçn is simply a damping layer cçnstructed between the building and the grçundK ft wçrks by separating the mass çf the building frçm the lateral lçads induced by grçund mçvement with a layer çf flexible materialI and invçlves lengthening the building’s fundamental periçd çf vibratiçn tç reduce the seismic demand transmitted frçm the grçund tç the buildingK qhe appealing feature çf this applicatiçn tç histçrical buildings is the pçssibility çf reducing the seismic demand tç levels cçmparable with the superstructure capacityI thus requiring minimum alteratiçns in the çriginal fabric xPOzK eçweverI it is alsç the mçst radical seismic retrçfitting methçdI as it requires the building tç be physically separated frçm its fçundatiçns by a layer çf flexible materialI and the fçundatiçns and the grçund flççr will usually need tç be extensively strengthened xN4zK oemarkable examples çf seismic retrçfitting çf histçrical roj buildings with base isçlatiçn realized in rKpKI between the end çf the NVUMs and the NVVMs xPOzK Base isçlatiçn is usually a very expensive rehabilitatiçn strategy and has been primarily applied in the rKpK tç impçrtant histçric structuresI usually as a way çf minimizing the amçunt çf superstructure strengthening an impact çn the histçric fabric çf the building xNRzK palt iake City and Cçunty BuildingI and pan cranciscç City eall are the wellJknçwn examples çf histçric masçnry buildings retrçfitted with base isçlatiçnK qhe twç basic types çf base isçlatiçn systems that have been emplçyed are elastçmeric bearings Eusing natural rubber çr neçpreneF and the sliders Eqeflçn and stainless steelF xNPzK eigh damping rubber bearings EeaoBsFI which cçmbine the isçlatiçnI damping and lçadJbearing functiçnsI are the mçst widely used isçlatiçn devices tçgether with lead rubber bearings in retrçfit çf histçrical roj buildings xPPzK O.V. lther ptrategies and Considerations OKVKNK aampers aampers are energy dissipater devices that wçrk in cçmbinatiçn with a steel frameK pince damping is mçst relevant tç flexible buildingsI applicatiçn çf dampers is usually nçt effective fçr mçst roj buildings xN4zK Applicatiçn çf viscçus dampers fçr the seismic rehabilitatiçn çf a histçrical masçnry building in iisbçnI which dates back tç NVNNI is implemented in xPPzK OKVKOK oeduction of seismic weight pince seismic fçrces are directly prçpçrtiçnal tç the mass çf the buildingI reductiçn çf seismic weight is pçssible tç reduce the seismic demandK eçwever this indirect seismic strategy is usually hard tç apply fçr histçrical roj buildingsI since it may lead tç remçval çf heavy histçric elementsK oeductiçn çf weight may be achieved in mçre minçr waysI such as remçval çf internal roj partitiçnsK OKVKPK cloor strengthening lne çf the cçllapsing mechanisms in masçnry buildings is the fall çf the exteriçr walls by excessive defçrmatiçn in the flççr planeK ft is pçssible tç minimize this risk by increasing the flççr stiffnessK peveral system sçlutiçns – such as strengthening çf the çriginal flççr with crçssed steelJtiesI using reinfçrced cçncrete slabsI çr using cçmpçsite steelJcçncrete slabs etcK – can be used tç enhance the flççr prçpertiesK eçweverI these kinds çf interventiçns alter the dynamic characteristics çf the çriginal structure tç different extentsK cçr exampleI the reductiçn in mass çr the increase in stiffness will lead tç an increase in the frequencies çf vibratiçnI which has a direct effect çn the seismic lçads xPPzK

P. ClNCirpflNp then dealing with the seismic retrçfitting çf a histçrical building there are several çbjectives tç be cçnsideredK aepending çn the assessed earthquake riskI histçric value çf the buildingI technical and material limitatiçnsI and ecçnçmical cçnstraintsI several seismic retrçfitting methçdsI which are çutlined in this paperI can be appliedK cigK R shçws the assessment çf these methçds accçrding tç fçllçwing assessment criteriaW “added mass” Ethe mass added tç building by applying the methçdFI “cçst” Ecçst çf the methçdFI “technçlçgy” Etechnçlçgy level required fçr the applicatiçn çf the methçdFI “architectural impact” Ethe effect çf the methçd çn the architectural appearance çf the buildingFI “space reductiçn” Ethe building space reduced by the applicatiçn çf the methçdFI “need çf

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architectural finishing” and “disturbance çccupancy” Edisturbance tç building usage during the applicatiçn çf the methçdFK qhe seismic retrçfitting çf a histçrical building simply requires an appreciatiçn fçr the technicalI architecturalI ecçnçmic and cultural aspects çf the issue in handK

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purfK treatK with reinfçrced plaster O N N P OJP P OJP purfK treatK with ferrçcement O N N P OJP P OJP purfK treatK with shçtcrete P NJO N P P P P purfK treatK with fiber cçmpçsites N P P O N O N purfK treatK with cementitiçus cçmpçsites N P O O N O N bxternal reinfK with steelJstrips bracing OJP O OJP P N P P bpçxy çr grçut injectiçn M P OJP M M N N mçstJtensiçning L center cçre reinfK N P OJP MJN M N N phape memçry allçy devices EpjAasF MJN OJP P N M M M Cçnfining with tieJcçlumns OJP O N P N P P jçment crames OJP O N O O O N Base fsçlatiçn M P P M M N N

cig. R Assessment çf seismic retrçfitting methçds fçr histçrical roj buildings Ebffect scaleW M – kçneI N – içwI O – jediumI P – eighF

pelecting the apprçpriate retrçfitting methçd is a great challenge invçlved in the seismic rehabilitatiçn and must be determined individually fçr each prçjectK qhe first step that must always be taken is tç assess the elements that make up the special character and interest çf the buildingK qaking seismic measures tç prçtect these elementsI utilizing the intrinsic resistance çf the structure tç the greatest extent pçssibleI preventing the cçllapse and ensuring an acceptable level çf damage tç structural elements during earthquakes are the decisive parameters çf the seismic assessment and retrçfitting methçd selectiçn prçcessK pelected seismic retrçfitting methçdI

– shçuld respect the character and integrity çf the building and be visually cçmpatible with it in design in çrder tç have minimum visual impact çn the histçric appearanceI

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jasçnry ErojF BuildingsK aenverI rK pK deçlçgical purveyK xPz Bernardini AK ENVVVF peismic damage to masonry buildingsK oçtterdamI AKAK BalkemaK x4z Bruneau jK ENVVRFK aamage tç masçnry buildings frçm the NVVR eanshinJAwaji EhçbeI gapanF

earthquake – preliminary repçrtK fnW mroc Tth Canadian Masonry pymposiumI U4JVUK xRz Bruneau jK ENVV4F ptateJçfJtheJart repçrt çn seismic perfçrmance çf unreinfçrced masçnry

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xTz pcrivener gKCK ENVVOFK lld masçnry buildings – earthquake perfçrmance and material testingK fnternal oepçrt kçK SO4I katiçnal oesearch Cçuncil CanadaK

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xNMz burçcçde UJP EOMMRFK burocode UW aesign of ptructures for barthquake oesistanceW mart PW Assessment and oetrofitting of BuildingsI BrusselsI CbkK

xNNz cbjA PRS EOMMMF cema PRSW mrestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildingsI tashingtçn aCI cbjAK

xNOz ApCb 4NJMS EOMMTF ApCb/pbf 4NJMSW peismic oehabilitation of bxisting Buildings ptandardI oestçnI ApCbK

xNPz duh qKgKI Altççntash AK EOMMSF peismic oetrçfit çf eistçric Building ptructuresK fnW mrocK Uth rKpK kational ConfK on barthquake bngineering pan cranciscçK

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xNTz blgawady jKI iestuzzi mKI Badçux jK EOMM4F A oeview çf Cçnventiçnal peismic oetrçfitting qechniques fçr rojK mrocK NPth fntK Brick and Block Masonry ConfKI AmsterdamI maper kçK UVK

xNUz bhsaniI jK oKI and paadatmaneshI eK ENVVSFK peismic retrçfit çf roj walls with fiber cçmpçsitesK qhe jasçnry pçciety gçurnalI N4EOFW SPJTOK

xNVz bldawady jKAKI iestuzzi mKI Badçux jK EOMMRF peismic perfçrmance çf roj walls retrçfitted using comI mrocK OMMR kwpbb ConfKI kew wealandI NJUK

xOMz Cheung jKI cçç pKI dranadinç gK EOMMMF peismic retrçfit çf existing buildingsW fnnçvative alternativesK mrocK fntK ConfK on the peismic merformance of qraditional BuildingsI fstanbulK

xONz ii sK CKI eçrii eKI habele mKI handa qKI iim vKjK EOMMMF oepair and retrçfit with engineered cementitiçus cçmpçsitesK bngineering cracture Mechanics SREOJPFW PNTJPP4K

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xORz aizhur aKI aerakhshan eKI driffith jKI fngham gK EOMNNF fnJsitu testing çf a lçw interventiçn kpj seismic strengthening technique fçr histçric roj buildingsK fnternational gournal of Materials and ptructural fntegrity REOLPFW NSUJNVNK

xOSz mlecnik gKI Cçusins qKI l’Cçnnçr bK ENVUSF ptrengthening çf unreinfçrced masçnry buildingsK gournal of ptructural bngineering NNOWNMTMJNMUTK

xOTz fndirli jI Castellanç jI Clemente mI jartelli AK EOMMNF aemçJapplicatiçn çf shape memçry allçy devicesW the rehabilitatiçn çf the pK diçrgiç Church bellJtçwerK mrocK of pmfbI pmart ptructures and jaterialsI vçlK 4PPMI OSOJOTOK

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xPMz Casciati pKI lsman AK EOMMRF aamage assessment and retrçt study fçr the iuxçr jemnçn CçlçssiK ptructural Control and eealth Monitoring NOWNPVJNRSK

xPNz Chrysçstçmçu CK wKI ptassis AKI aemetriçu qKI eamdaçui hK EOMMUF Applicatiçn çf shape memçry allçy prestressing devices çn an ancient aqueductK pmart ptructures and pystems 4EOFW OSNJOTUK

xPOz Cuçmç dKI ae iuca AKI jele bK EOMMUF aesign aspects in seismic isçlatiçnW applicatiçn tç retrçfit churchesK fntK gournal of Architectural eeritage OEPFW O4TJOTPK

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