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Objectives:
Identify steps of cell cycle
Catalyst: Make a T-chart for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
TODAYTODAY
I Present – you take down infoI Present – you take down info Let’s Practice TogetherLet’s Practice Together
– Two quick Practice SheetsTwo quick Practice Sheets– Utilizing selector toolUtilizing selector tool
Then you prove your Then you prove your knowledge!!!!!knowledge!!!!!– WhiteboardsWhiteboards– FlipbookFlipbook
CELLS & George Wythe
Why would a cell divide?Why is the school divided by grade
levels?
How do cells get water and energy?Why must we have multiple lunch
shifts?
Binary Fission Bacteria replicate its chromosomes and then
divides in two
Budding Little buds sprout from parent and then grow up
– same chromosomes
Sporulation Fungi produces spores that are released into
the air – same chromosomes
G2 PHASE• “gap 2” Phase• when organelles needed in
cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)
Cell Division
M Phase
(Mitosis)
CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages
Cytokinesis(division of cytoplasm)
Back to Interphase
MNEMONIC DEVICE!!! REMEMBER!!
What happens if Mr. Gibney drinks 4 bottles of gatorade and chills on the couch for an hour.
He gets up and goes to the bathroom and is in such a hurry that he kinda misses.
PMAT
1. PROPHASE1. PROPHASE longest phaselongest phaseChromosomes Chromosomes
appear & attach to appear & attach to spindlespindle
Nucleolus and Nucleolus and nuclear membrane nuclear membrane breaks downbreaks down
2. METAPHASE2. METAPHASEShortest phaseShortest phaseChromosomes line up Chromosomes line up
at center of the cellat center of the cell
3. ANAPHASE3. ANAPHASECentromeres splitCentromeres splitChromosomes Chromosomes
separate to become separate to become individualsindividuals
Ends when the Ends when the movement of movement of chromosomes stopschromosomes stops
4. TELOPHASE4. TELOPHASEChromosomes uncoil Chromosomes uncoil
into chromatininto chromatinNuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
reformsreformsSpindle breaks apartSpindle breaks apart
Meiosis
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes exist in pairs called homologuesDiploid cells have two sets of chromosomes –
Ex: all cells (skin, hair, eye) except for sex cellsHaploid cells have one half the chromosomes –
Ex: only sex cells
Sex cells are also called gametesMeiosis is the process by which sex cells
make sure they have the right number of chromosomes
Meiosis takes place in the gonads: testes and ovaries
MeiosisThe process of cell division so that each new cell has 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the original.
MITOSIS MEIOSISCell Divides
Once
Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes
• Cell Divides Twice
• Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes
• Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell
Stages of Meiosis
The stages of Meiosis in order are: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II
Spermatogenesis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell
Oogenesis – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)
PRACTICE!!!!!
I’ve Presented – you’ve taken down infoLet’s Practice Together
Two quick Practice Sheets Utilizing selector tool
Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! Whiteboards Flipbook
1. PROPHASE1. PROPHASE longest phaselongest phaseChromosomes Chromosomes
appear & attach to appear & attach to spindlespindle
Nucleolus and Nucleolus and nuclear membrane nuclear membrane breaks downbreaks down
3. ANAPHASE3. ANAPHASECentromeres splitCentromeres splitChromosomes Chromosomes
separate to become separate to become individualsindividuals
Ends when the Ends when the movement of movement of chromosomes stopschromosomes stops
2. METAPHASE2. METAPHASEShortest phaseShortest phaseChromosomes line up Chromosomes line up
at center of the cellat center of the cell
4. TELOPHASE4. TELOPHASEChromosomes uncoil Chromosomes uncoil
into chromatininto chromatinNuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
reformsreformsSpindle breaks apartSpindle breaks apart
Meiosis
Humans have pairs of chromosomesFor a total of chromosomesChromosomes exist in pairs called
23
46
Homologues
MITOSIS MEIOSISCell Divides
Once
Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes
• Cell Divides Twice
• Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes
• Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell
Stages of Meiosis
– makes four sperm cells from each parent cell
– makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
Flipbook
You have 9 cardsFirst card = Flip book of Cellular Division
plus your nameCard 1 – G1 (write definition) - InterphaseCard 2 – S Phase - Interphase, Card 3 –
G2 - InterphaseCard 4-8 – do phases of mitosis plus draw
pictures
Navajo word for cancer translates as:Navajo word for cancer translates as:
The sore that will not The sore that will not heal.heal.
Per year in the United States alone:Per year in the United States alone:
over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour) over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour)
over over ½ million deaths (25% of all ½ million deaths (25% of all deaths)deaths)
more than $50 billion spent for more than $50 billion spent for healthcarehealthcare
about $15 billion spent for researchabout $15 billion spent for research
“Cigarette smoking is the most significant cause of lung cancer and the leading cause of lung cancer death in both men and women. Smoking is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. In addition, it is highly associated with the development of and deaths from bladder, kidney, pancreatic, and cervical cancers.” National Cancer Institute
Cancer is a complex genetic disease caused primarily by environmental factorsNote well:Note well: “genetic” is not the same as “inherited”
(most cancers are not usually inherited)
Adult viral-induced renal Adult viral-induced renal adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of
a tadpolea tadpole
MALIGNANTMALIGNANT
Six features common to cancer cells from: Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg (2000) “The Hallmarks of Cancer,” Cell
100:57-70
1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals or response2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
3. Evasion of programmed cell death
4. Limitless replication potential
5. Sustained stimulation of blood vessel growth6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
Mainly: loss of control of cell division
Three probable causes of cancer
1. Defective DNA repair mechanisms2. Transformation of a normal gene into an oncogene
3. Malfunction of a tumor suppressor gene
Healthy, dividing cell
Damage to cell
Damage control Stop cell division Assess damage Cellular repair
Successful repair
Return toReturn to cell cyclecell cycle
Failed repair
CancerCancer
Extensive damage
Cell deathCell deathmodified from Biology of Cancer by R.W. Phillis and S. Goodwin
Cancer results from mutations, often environmentally
induced, in genes that stimulate
or suppress cell division and cell-to-cell signaling.
These genes commonly code for transcription factors and
other genetic control elements.