ObjectivesObjectives

• Define the vocabulary wordsDefine the vocabulary words• Define CDC and explain its functionDefine CDC and explain its function• Define the patterns of diseaseDefine the patterns of disease• List and describe the basic mechanisms List and describe the basic mechanisms

of disease and risk factors associated of disease and risk factors associated with diseasewith disease

• List and describe the five categories of List and describe the five categories of pathogenic organisms and explain how pathogenic organisms and explain how they cause disease (Be able to identify they cause disease (Be able to identify each example on handout)each example on handout)

• Know Common Aseptic Methods in Table Know Common Aseptic Methods in Table 5-6 on page 1165-6 on page 116

• Distinguish between the terms benign Distinguish between the terms benign and malignant as they apply to tumors and malignant as they apply to tumors (Know Table 5-7 on page 118)(Know Table 5-7 on page 118)

• Describe the pathogenesis of cancerDescribe the pathogenesis of cancer• Outline the events of the inflammatory Outline the events of the inflammatory

response and explain its role in diseaseresponse and explain its role in disease

Vocabulary WordsVocabulary Words

• Health – physical, mental, and Health – physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely social well-being; not merely absence of diseaseabsence of disease

• Disease – abnormality in body Disease – abnormality in body function that threatens healthfunction that threatens health

• Etiology – the study of factors that Etiology – the study of factors that cause diseasecause disease

More vocabulary wordsMore vocabulary words

• Idiopathic – refers to a disease with an Idiopathic – refers to a disease with an unknown causeunknown cause

• Signs – objective abnormalities that can Signs – objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other be seen or measured by someone other than the patientthan the patient

• Symptoms – subjective abnormalities Symptoms – subjective abnormalities felt only by the patientfelt only by the patient

• Syndrome – a collection of different Syndrome – a collection of different signs and symptomssigns and symptoms

Vocabulary (cont’d)Vocabulary (cont’d)

• Acute – signs and symptoms appear Acute – signs and symptoms appear suddenly, persist for a short time, then suddenly, persist for a short time, then disappeardisappear

• Chronic – develops slowly and lasts for a Chronic – develops slowly and lasts for a long timelong time

• Communicable – can be transferred from Communicable – can be transferred from one person to anotherone person to another

• Pathogenesis – the pattern of a disease’s Pathogenesis – the pattern of a disease’s developmentdevelopment

• Incubation – latent or “hidden” Incubation – latent or “hidden” stage, no signs of disease are stage, no signs of disease are visiblevisible

• Convalescence – recoveryConvalescence – recovery• Remission – reversal of a chronic Remission – reversal of a chronic

disease; when permanent the disease; when permanent the person is considered “cured”person is considered “cured”

CDCCDC

• Centers for Disease Control and Centers for Disease Control and PreventionPrevention

• Branch of U.S. Public Health ServiceBranch of U.S. Public Health Service• Headquarters in AtlantaHeadquarters in Atlanta• Morbidity – disease rates in specific Morbidity – disease rates in specific

populationspopulations• Mortality – number of deaths caused by Mortality – number of deaths caused by

specific diseasesspecific diseases

Patterns of DiseasePatterns of Disease

• Epidemiology – study of occurrence, Epidemiology – study of occurrence, distribution, and transmission of distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populationsdiseases in human populations

• Endemic – native to a local regionEndemic – native to a local region• Epidemic – disease affects many people Epidemic – disease affects many people

at the same timeat the same time• Pandemic – widespread, perhaps global, Pandemic – widespread, perhaps global,

epidemicepidemic

PathophysiologyPathophysiology

the study of underlying the study of underlying physiological aspects of physiological aspects of diseasedisease

Mechanisms of DiseaseMechanisms of Disease

• Genetic mechanismsGenetic mechanisms• Pathogenic organismsPathogenic organisms• MalnutritionMalnutrition• Tumors and cancerTumors and cancer• Physical and chemical agentsPhysical and chemical agents• AutoimmunityAutoimmunity• InflammationInflammation• Degeneration (when tissues break apart)Degeneration (when tissues break apart)

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

• Genetic factorsGenetic factors• AgeAge• LifestyleLifestyle• Stress – psychogenic (mind-caused), Stress – psychogenic (mind-caused),

ulcers, headaches, hypertensionulcers, headaches, hypertension• Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors• Preexisting conditions- example: blisters Preexisting conditions- example: blisters

from a burn break open…..bacterial from a burn break open…..bacterial infection infection

Pathogenic OrganismsPathogenic Organisms

• Viruses invade cells and insert their own Viruses invade cells and insert their own genetic code into the host cell’s genetic genetic code into the host cell’s genetic code causing the cell to produce viral code causing the cell to produce viral DNA or RNA and protein coatsDNA or RNA and protein coats

• Classified by shape, nucleic acid type, Classified by shape, nucleic acid type, and method of reproductionand method of reproduction

• Know Table 5-1 on page 109Know Table 5-1 on page 109

VirusesViruses

• Bacteria secrete toxic substances that Bacteria secrete toxic substances that damage human tissues, become damage human tissues, become parasites inside human cells, or may parasites inside human cells, or may form colonies that disrupt normal human form colonies that disrupt normal human functionfunction

• Spores - nonreproducing forms of Spores - nonreproducing forms of bacteria that resist unfavorable bacteria that resist unfavorable environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions

Classifying BacteriaClassifying Bacteria

• Function: aerobic (require oxygen) vs. Function: aerobic (require oxygen) vs. anaerobic (no Oanaerobic (no O22))

• Staining properties (composition of cell Staining properties (composition of cell wall):wall):

• Gram-positive – stained purple by Gram-positive – stained purple by Gram’s staining technique Gram’s staining technique

• Gram-negative – no stainingGram-negative – no staining• Shape and sizeShape and size

Fungi (Fun-jye)Fungi (Fun-jye)

• Fungi that are pathogenic parasitize Fungi that are pathogenic parasitize tissue on or near the skin or mucous tissue on or near the skin or mucous membranes; mycotic infections (often membranes; mycotic infections (often resist treatment)resist treatment)

• Protozoa are one-celled organisms that Protozoa are one-celled organisms that can infest human fluids and cause can infest human fluids and cause disease by parasitizing cells or directly disease by parasitizing cells or directly destroying themdestroying them

Pathogenic FungiPathogenic Fungi

A Scanning electron micrograph of yeast cellsB Infectious mold that forms “fungus balls”

Major Groups of ProtozoaMajor Groups of Protozoa

• Amoebas – pseudopodiaAmoebas – pseudopodia• FlagellatesFlagellates• CiliatesCiliates• Sporozoa (coccidia) – enter cells Sporozoa (coccidia) – enter cells

during one phase of a two part life during one phase of a two part life cycle; borne by vectors cycle; borne by vectors (transmitters) during the other (transmitters) during the other phasephase

• Pathogenic animals are sometimes Pathogenic animals are sometimes called metazoa. Large, called metazoa. Large, multicellular organisms cause multicellular organisms cause disease by parasitizing humans or disease by parasitizing humans or causing direct injury causing direct injury

Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control

• Person-to-person contactPerson-to-person contact• Environmental contactEnvironmental contact• Opportunistic invasionOpportunistic invasion• Transmission by a vectorTransmission by a vector• VaccinationVaccination• Chemicals – antibiotics (natural Chemicals – antibiotics (natural

compounds derived from living compounds derived from living organisms) and synthetic compoundsorganisms) and synthetic compounds

Tumors and CancerTumors and Cancer

• Neoplasms (tumors) – abnormal growths Neoplasms (tumors) – abnormal growths of cellsof cells

• Benign – remain localizedBenign – remain localized• Malignant – spread, forming secondary Malignant – spread, forming secondary

tumorstumors• Metastasis – cells leave a primary tumor Metastasis – cells leave a primary tumor

and start a secondary tumor at a new and start a secondary tumor at a new locationlocation

Classification of TumorsClassification of Tumors

• Benign, epithelial tumors:Benign, epithelial tumors:• Papilloma – finger-like projectionPapilloma – finger-like projection• (wart)(wart)• Adenoma – glandular tumorAdenoma – glandular tumor• Nevus – small. Pigmented tumorNevus – small. Pigmented tumor• (mole)(mole)

• Benign, Connective Tissue Tumors:Benign, Connective Tissue Tumors:• Lipoma – adipose (fat) tumorLipoma – adipose (fat) tumor• Osteoma – bone tumorOsteoma – bone tumor• Chondroma – cartilage tumorChondroma – cartilage tumor

CarcinomasCarcinomas

• Malignant epithelial tissues:Malignant epithelial tissues:• Melanoma – involves melanocytes Melanoma – involves melanocytes

(pigment-producing cells of the (pigment-producing cells of the skin)skin)

• Adenocarcinoma – glandular cancerAdenocarcinoma – glandular cancer

SarcomasSarcomas

• Connective tissue cancerConnective tissue cancer• Lymphoma – lymphatic cancerLymphoma – lymphatic cancer• Osteosarcoma – bone cancerOsteosarcoma – bone cancer• Myeloma – bone marrow tumorMyeloma – bone marrow tumor• Fibrosarcoma – cancer of fibrous Fibrosarcoma – cancer of fibrous

connective tissue connective tissue

Causes of CancerCauses of Cancer

• Hyperplasia – growth of too many cellsHyperplasia – growth of too many cells• Anaplasia – development of Anaplasia – development of

undifferentiated cellsundifferentiated cells• GeneticsGenetics• CarcinogensCarcinogens• Age Age • Injury (radiation)Injury (radiation)• VirusesViruses

Pathogenesis of CancerPathogenesis of Cancer

• Early detection Early detection • Methods of detection:Methods of detection:• Self-examinationSelf-examination• Diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging• (Know pages 121-122)(Know pages 121-122)• Grading – assess likely patternGrading – assess likely pattern• Cachexia (Ka-Kek-see-ah) – syndrome: Cachexia (Ka-Kek-see-ah) – syndrome:

appetite loss, weight loss, general appetite loss, weight loss, general weakness weakness

• Causes of death: secondary Causes of death: secondary infections, organ failure, infections, organ failure, hemorrhage, undetermined hemorrhage, undetermined

• Treatments: chemotherapy, Treatments: chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, laser surgery, radiotherapy, laser therapy, immunotherapy, new therapy, immunotherapy, new strategies (vaccines)strategies (vaccines)

InflammationInflammation

• Response reduces injury to tissues, Response reduces injury to tissues, homeostasishomeostasis

• Signs- redness, swelling, heat, painSigns- redness, swelling, heat, pain• Inflammation mediators released Inflammation mediators released

from tissues– histamine, from tissues– histamine, prostaglandins, kininsprostaglandins, kinins

Inflammation MediatorsInflammation Mediators

• Some cause blood vessels to dilate Some cause blood vessels to dilate (widen), increasing blood volume (widen), increasing blood volume (redness,heat); white blood cells (redness,heat); white blood cells travel quickly to sitetravel quickly to site

• Some increase blood vessel Some increase blood vessel permeability (swelling (edema) and permeability (swelling (edema) and pain); white blood cells move easily pain); white blood cells move easily out of vessels, irritant is diluted, out of vessels, irritant is diluted, and exudate (fluid in inflamed and exudate (fluid in inflamed tissue)accumulatestissue)accumulates

• Some attract white blood cells to Some attract white blood cells to the site - chemotaxisthe site - chemotaxis

• PhagocytosisPhagocytosis• Pus – exudate becomes thick with Pus – exudate becomes thick with

white blood cells, dead tissue and white blood cells, dead tissue and bacterial cellsbacterial cells

Inflammatory DiseasesInflammatory Diseases

• Local or systemic (body-wide)Local or systemic (body-wide)• Fever – destroys pathogens and Fever – destroys pathogens and

enhances immunityenhances immunity• Chronic inflammation – damages Chronic inflammation – damages

tissuestissues• Arthritis, asthma, eczema, chronic Arthritis, asthma, eczema, chronic

bronchitisbronchitis