HISTORICAL THINKING & SKILLS UNIT2015-2016

Objective: I can analyze and evaluate the credibility of a source.

Partner Question-Put the objective in your own words

PRIMARY SOURCE

records of the event under investigation; a document which describes an event by its witnesses or first recorders

PRIMARY SOURCE

Records from the past, such as letters, speeches, photographs, cartoons, and personal writing such as journals and essays

PRIMARY SOURCE

Come from the original author, speaker, or creator

Important because they offer a glimpse of an era through the eyes of people who lived during that time

PARTNER QUESTION

Identify 3 examples of primary sources.

SECONDARY SOURCE

writings and interpretations that historians make about events that happened in the past

SECONDARY SOURCE

Restatements of events written by a second-party author, such as a textbook, a biography, about a historic event, or a newspaper article

SECONDARY SOURCE

Often offer analysis or an interpretation of an event

Authors of secondary-source information documents will use primary sources in their research

Both primary and secondary sources can reflect opinions as well as facts

PARTNER QUESTIONS

Identify 3 examples of secondary sources.

What is the goal of secondary sources?

OBJECTIVEI CAN ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THE CREDIBILITY OF A SOURCE.

Historical Thinking & Skills Unit

BEGINNING OF CLASS

Have yesterday’s homework (1-5) out on your desk.

You will have 2 minutes to go over yesterday’s homework with your partner.

Complete the “Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources” handout independently. There are 4 different versions.

BIAS

point of view; perspective

BIAS

Preference for one thing over another For example, in a sports event, you

may think one team is better than the opposing team because some of your friends are players on that team

Basing your evaluation of a team on your personal liking for its players rather than on its past performance is an example of bias

BIAS

Biased sources contain more opinions than facts

Offer only arguments in favor of one position and leave out arguments that might support the other

PARTNER QUESTION

Provide an example of bias you have seen in your life.

PROPAGANDA one sided information used to

guide readers to a particular conclusion

PROPAGANDA Spreading of

information or material in support of a cause or policy by the people who support that cause or policy

Propaganda is biased information

Often used during wartime to generate support for fighting a war

PARTNER QUESTION Provide an example of propaganda you have seen in your life.

IDENTIFYING BIAS & PROPAGANDA

Who is the author or creator of the information and what is his or her background? What are the author’s qualifications to write about this subject?

Does the source contain opinions (statements that cannot be proven)? Explain

Does the source contain only one point of view, or facts for only one side of an argument? Explain

IDENTIFYING BIAS & PROPAGANDA

Coca Cola will give you more energy to get through the day. Coca Cola’s ingredients are tested in the most advanced laboratories and guaranteed to quench your thirst.

Brought to you by the Coca Cola Company

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ABOUT IDENTIFYING BIAS & PROPAGANDA

IDENTIFYING BIAS & PROPAGANDA

It is important to remember that a biased source is not unusable or unimportant.

As long as you recognize the bias or propaganda and analyze the source carefully, biased sources allow you to understand different points of view of events.

You may not agree with a particular point of view, but it will help you understand how other people feel or felt about the topic.

CREDIBILITY

a source that is believable, persuasive, convincing, easy to accept as true; trustworthy and believable

PARTNER QUESTION

Provide as many examples of credibility as you can-what sources do you trust and why?

*ANALYZING THE CREDIBILITY OF A SOURCE*EVALUATING A SOURCE

1. Does the source contain logical fallacies?

2. Are the arguments in the source consistent?

3. Can you detect any unstated assumptions?

4. Is the source or author of the source biased?

misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in argumentation

A flaw (error) in reasoning

LOGICAL FALLACY

PARTNER QUESTION

Identify a logical fallacy. You can be creative or use a real life example.

COMMON LOGICAL FALLACIES-2 EXAMPLES

The use of reasoning that appeals to emotion or popularity. “Everyone else wears red, so you should too.”

The use of an incorrect cause-and-effect sequence. Just because something happens after something else does not mean that the first thing caused the second thing to happen. “Reese became a basketball player before Jamie; therefore, Jamie became a basketball player because Reese did.” This is a logical fallacy because you do not know that Jamie became a basketball player because Reese did.

conformity in the application of something, typically that which is necessary for the sake of logic, accuracy, or fairness

CONSISTENCY

CONSISTENCY OF ARGUMENTS

1. Does the author adequately support his/her argument, preferably with verifiable facts? Verifiable facts can be proved true.

2.Does the argument contain any contradictions? If the argument contains contradictory (conflicting) information, then the argument is not consistent.

In particular, the conclusion drawn in the argument must be consistent with the premise.

For example, if the argument is “All apples are red,” and the conclusion then states “Therefore, most apples are green,” the argument is inconsistent.

an idea that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof

ASSUMPTIONS

PARTNER QUESTION

What assumptions do we make every day?

UNSTATED ASSUMPTION

Accepted as true without proof Example

“I hear that our new classmate is an A student. He or she must be boring.”

Argument contains two hidden assumptions One is that all A students are boring. The other is that the speaker’s idea of what

is boring is universally accepted. Neither of these assumptions can be

proved.

BIAS Consider who the author is What is the author’s possible motives for

writing the piece? If you detect bias in a source, the source is

not necessarily invalid (unacceptable). Must decide if the bias damages the

credibility of the source Make sure to take the bias into account

when you interpret (understand) the source and that you find sources that balance the biased one

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Have questions 6-11 out from yesterday on your desk.

RELIABILITY

facts used by the source can be verified

RELIABILITY OF SOURCES

Does the source supply and use accurate facts?

Does the source contain adequate (enough) support for its statements?

What is the date of publication?

RELIABILITY OF SOURCES

Accurate Facts If a fact contained in a source is not accurate, it calls into question the accuracy of all of the facts in a source

RELIABILITY OF SOURCES Supporting Evidence

With no supporting statements, you have no way of knowing where the facts in the source came from or why the author believes the facts to be true

Reliable source should offer factual information with sufficient supporting and explanatory information

You should look for evidence in a source of how the author arrives at his or her conclusions

EVIDENCE

anything that is used to demonstrate the truth of a claim

PARTNER QUESTION

What types of evidence will we use in World History class this year?

(Detective)

RELIABILITY OF SOURCES Date of Publication When a work or source was published Proof a primary source is actually primary For secondary sources, you want to use the

most recent date of publication you can find. Older secondary sources might also be

reliable and contain valid (acceptable) information, but new information could have been discovered about a topic

Interpretations of historic events could have changed

Recently published secondary source is likely to have the most up to date information

PARTNER QUESTION

What is a primary source? Why is the date of publication important for a primary source?

What is a secondary source? Why is the date of publication important for a secondary source?

EVALUATE THE RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE I contend that we [Britons] are the first

race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race….It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.

Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith, 1877

Answer the three questions we looked at earlier (next slide)-also identify as a primary or secondary source.

IDENTIFYING BIAS & PROPAGANDA

Who is the author or creator of the information and what is his or her background? What are the author’s qualifications to write about this subject?

Does the source contain opinions (statements that cannot be proven)? Explain

Does the source contain only one point of view, or facts for only one side of an argument? Explain

statement that summarizes what specific facts have in common

GENERALIZATION

a statement that has no specific facts to back it up

UNSUPPORTED GENERALIZATION

exaggerated images of people, groups, or events

STEREOTYPES

to prove wrong by evidence or argument

REFUTE

THESIS

a statement that declares what the writer believes and intends to prove

PARTNER QUESTIONS

You are tasked with giving a presentation on the school dress code.

What credible and reliable sources would you use?

What topic of the dress code would you focus on?

Draft a thesis on your topic

HW QUESTIONS 12-18

Have last night’s homework on your desk.

OBJECTIVE I can analyze and evaluate the credibility of a source.

THE EDUCATION OUR ECONOMY NEEDS Read through the article and highlight the three (3) main ideas.

After reading and highlighting, work with your partner to answer the questions.

Next Slide

OBJECTIVE-I CAN ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THE CREDIBILITY OF A SOURCE.

“THE EDUCATION OUR ECONOMY NEEDS”

Answer the following questions on the back of today’s (Friday’s) handout with questions.

1. What are the author’s qualifications on the article’s topic?

2. Identify the bias in the article.

3. Is the article credible? Why or Why not?

Use this week’s notes to answer these questions!!!

OBJECTIVE-I CAN DEVELOP A THESIS AND USE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT AND REFUTE A POSITION.

Next Few Days Schedule• Today=Work Day for

Presentations• Tomorrow=Presentations

(Need Rubrics)• Friday=Presentations + 9/11

Activity• Monday=Review• Tuesday=Test/Journal Check

DEVELOP THESIS Continue to develop your thesis with your

partner. Once you are completed with the thesis,

begin to research for evidence to support your thesis.

Use the persuasion map to collect evidence. After you complete the persuasion map, then

begin to write a rough draft for your presentation-can use prop i.e. poster board, small index card one side, Google Presentations, etc.

*Both partners need to complete all tasks!!!

Get Computer NowTomorrow=Presentations Begin

OBJECTIVE-I CAN DEVELOP A THESIS AND USE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT AND REFUTE A POSITION.

Next Few Days Schedule• Today=5 Minutes to Work then

Presentations (Need Rubric)• Tomorrow=Presentations + 9/11

Activity• Monday=Review• Tuesday=Test/Journal Check

OBJECTIVE-I CAN DEVELOP A THESIS AND USE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT AND REFUTE A POSITION.

Next Few Days Schedule• Today=Presentations + 9/11

Activity• Monday=Review• Tuesday=Test/Journal Check