obesity - ProCon.org€¦ · 66 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese. 1 According to more recent data, over 25 percent of U.S. adults now may be defined as obese

THE AMERICAN COLLEGE Of GASTROENTEROLOGy Obesity initiative 2008 | 1 |

A Growing & Dangerous Public Health Challenge

obesity:

tHe amerIcaN coLLeGe of GastroeNteroLoGy obesity initiAtive 2008

Obesity’s Staggering Burden upon the Nation’s Health, and Health Care System

The prevalence of obesity in the United States has more than doubled in the past half century, adding a staggering burden to our current health care system. It is commonly assumed that overweight and obesity ensue as a consequence of deficient will power

or disproportionate consumption. Recent years have shed light on the complicated science of obesity, enlightening researchers to its complexities. With a new appreciation for obesity as a disease and global well-being in mind, we have an enormous opportunity before us: we can prevent obesity by pushing for change in public policy; commit to educating our children on healthy eating, the benefits of physical activity and illness-prevention habits; and incorporate meaningful tools for weight loss into our prescription for improving patients’ health.

~ Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG – ACG President 2007-2008

ContentsObesity’s Relevance to the Gastroenterologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Situation Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

ACG’s Obesity Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4• ACG 2008 Scientific Sessions & Special Lectures Featuring Obesity Topics• Recognizing Excellence in Obesity-Related GI Research

Why Obesity Matters to the Gastroenterologist: A Distinct and Additive Role for GI . . . . . 5• Risk of GI Disease Associated with Obesity

Combating a Devastating Trend: Addressing Obesity in the GI Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . 6• BMI and Waist Circumference as the “Fifth Vital Sign” • Waist Circumference — Waist-to-Hip Ratio• Tools for Patient Counseling — How to Talk to Patients About Their Weight • Role of Gastroenterologists in Post-Operative Care for Bariatric Surgery Patients

Public Policy Issues - About ACG’s Role in the Campaign to End Obesity “CEO” . . . . . . 9

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10• Key Obesity Articles for the Busy GI Clinician• Physician Education & CME Resources• Patient Education Resources • Weight Loss Resources• Of Further Interest

Weight BiasNEATFructoseObesity in Children

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14• Appendix I — Physician Education Resources from the American College of Gastroenterology

Philip R. Schauer, MD, “BMI>30 What Next?” David A. Johnson, MD, FACG, “GI Complications of Bariatric Surgery: What the Endoscopist Needs to Know — Anatomy, Strictures, Ulcers”Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG, “Appetite Regulation: Are We Programmed to be Fat?”

• Back Cover — Facts about Obesity from the Campaign to End Obesity (CEO)

Why is ACG tACklinG

obesity?

obesity: A Chronic DiseaseObesity is a chronic,

debilitating and potentially fatal disease .

obesity: A Preventable Cause

of DeathMortality related to

obesity ranks second only to smoking as a preventable cause of death according to the U .S . Surgeon General .

obesity: A Threat to

Our Nation’s Children More concerning than

the alarming trend in obesity among U .S . adults is the fact that children comprise the fastest growing population of overweight individuals

in this country .

obesity: A Driver of U .S . Health

Care Costs Obesity has considerable

economic effects . Numbers of studies have shown the direct health care costs of obesity to exceed tens of billions of dollars . When

indirect costs are included, it is estimated that the medical

complications associated with obesity cost the United

States more than $100 billion/year .

Source: The Obesity Society

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Our nation is facing an unprecedented obesity epidemic. Results from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using

measured heights and weights, indicate that an estimated 66 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese.1 According to more recent data, over 25 percent of U.S. adults now may be defined as obese (body mass index [BMI] > 30 kg/m2) according to self-reported weight and height data from the CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).2

The American College of Gastroenterology recognizes that the epidemic of obesity is a problem at the forefront of American public health concerns and considers it imperative that GI physicians engage in efforts to define new treatment options, refine existing approaches and enhance the management of associated complications.

The growing epidemic of obesity is of particular relevance to gastroenterologists because of the clearly documented associations of obesity with a number of gastrointestinal disease risk factors and outcomes, including mortality rates and unfavorable risk profiles.

The health implications posed by overweight and obesity involve a wide spectrum of disease states, including many gastrointestinal diseases, GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, erosive esophagitis, steatohepatitis/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cholelithiasis, pancreatitis and cancer, particularly colorectal and esophageal.

In the future, gastroenterologists may play an even greater role in treating obesity, not just managing its complications, as the understanding of the GI tract’s role in the control of appetite grows and as new interventions and novel therapeutic approaches related to the gut emerge.

In 1991, obese adults made up less than 15 percent of the population in most U.S. states. By 2004, not a single state could claim that distinction, and in nine states more than

25 percent of the residents were obese. Today, an estimated 149 million adult Americans weigh more than is healthy.3,4 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, data from the NHANES survey reveals that among adults aged 20-74 years, the prevalence of obesity increased to 32.9% (in the 2003-2004 survey).5

If this trend continues, almost nine in ten adults may be overweight or obese by 2030 with related health care spending projected to be as much as $956.9 billion, according to national survey data analyzed by researchers at Johns Hopkins and the federal government’s Agency for Health Care Research & Quality (AHRQ). This team predicts that by 2030, half of U.S. adults will be obese, as will 97 percent of black women and 91 percent of Mexican-American men.6

Even more alarming, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is on the rise, and they are becoming overweight and obese at earlier ages. The prevalence of childhood obesity has tripled since 1980 and now almost 20 percent of children suffer from excess weight or obesity.7

our nAtion’s “obesoGeniC environment” — the most importAnt publiC heAlth ChAllenGe of our time

According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, overweight and obesity are among the most important Leading Health Indicators in Healthy People 2010, the Nation’s health objectives for the first decade of the 21st century . The Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity 2001 not only identified overweight and obesity as a national epidemic

but designated it the most important public health challenge of our time . The increased prevalence illustrates alarming trends for people of all ages, racial/ethnic groups, and genders .

Source: “Think Tank: Enhancing Obesity Research at NHLBI,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH Publication No. 04-5249, August 2004


Obesity’s Relevance to the Gastroenterologist

Situation Analysis

The College’s primary objective in encouraging an enhanced focus on nutrition, metabolism and obesity is to bring the clinical and scientific expertise of GI

physicians to bear in formulating solutions to the obesity epidemic — both at the national health policy level and in terms of advancing clinical practice.

The College has invited a distinguished Task Force on Obesity to develop materials for both GI physicians and their patients. The College is grateful to the following physicians for their leadership and contributions to the work of the Obesity Task Force:

• Carol A. Burke, MD, FACG, Cleveland Clinic Foundation• Michael R. Charlton, MD, Mayo College of Medicine• Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG, Mayo College

of Medicine• Hashem B. El-Serag, MD, MPH, Baylor College of Medicine• Lisa Ganjhu, DO, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital• David A. Greenwald, MD, FACG, Montefiore

Medical Center• David A. Johnson, MD, FACG, Eastern Virginia

Medical School• Joel E. Lavine, MD, PhD, UC San Diego, Dept. Pediatric GI• Philip R. Schauer, MD, Cleveland Clinic Foundation

The ACG Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course this year feature important clinical updates on the expanding science of obesity. From the lectures and symposia, GI clini-cians will garner valuable strategies for managing obesity and its complications. The ACG Educational Affairs Committee, under the leadership of Jean-Paul Achkar, MD, FACG and in conjunction with Postgraduate Course Co-Directors, Brooks D. Cash, MD, FACG, Neena S. Abraham, MD, FACG and Stephen C. Hauser, MD, FACG, has invited several prominent speakers and planned important educational sessions featuring obesity at the 2008 Annual Scientific Meeting & Postgraduate Course.

aCG 2008 scientific sessions & special Lectures Feature Obesity topicsstate of the art Lecture at aCG Postgraduate CourseAt the invitation of the College and the Postgraduate Course Co-Directors, Michael R. Charlton, MD of The Mayo Clinic will present the PG Course State of the Art Lecture, “NAFLD — State of the Art and State of the Nation” .

The American Journal of Gastroenterology LectureEach year the College and publisher Wiley-Blackwell sponsor a dynamic lecture. This year the editors have invited two distinguished clinicians to share the latest on “Endoscopic Management of Obesity” with Christopher C. Thompson, MD, FACG, and “Reoperative Bariatric Surgery, When To and Not To” with Michael Sarr, MD.

Obesity Offerings at aCG annual scientific Meeting 2008 Symposium — “Obesity: What’s the Big Deal?” “Appetite Regulation: Curb Your Enthusiasm” Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG

“Foie Gras (NAFLD): Too Much of a Good Thing?” Naga Chalasani, MD, FACG

“Choosing the Right Cut: The Role of Endoscopy and Surgery in Treatment” Anthony N. Kalloo, MD, FACG

Obesity Offerings at aCG PG CourseThe PG Course features a session on Sunday, October 5, 2008 “The Expanding Science of Obesity” Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG

“GI Complications of Obesity” Hashem B. El-Serag, MD, MPH

“Medical Management of Obesity” Mark T. DeMeo, MD, FACG

“Surgical Management of Obesity and Post-Operative Complications” Peter T. Hallowell, MD

Recognizing excellence in Obesity-Related Gi ResearchFor the first time, the College has created an Abstract Award on an Obesity-Related Topic for the 2008 Annual Scientific Meeting. From among the abstracts submitted, the Educational Affairs Committee identified the best original or basic science oriented work in the area of obesity as it impacts gastrointestinal diseases or treatments. The College is pleased to recognize the winning abstract for the first ACG Obesity Research Award:

“Increased Soluable FAS and FAS Ligand Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis,” Michael Berk, MD, Tamali Bhattacharyya, MD, MS, Lisa Yerian, MD, Arthur McCollough, MD, FACG, Ariel Feldstein, MD, Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

ACG’s Obesity Action Plan

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Why Obesity Matters to the Gastroenterologist: A Distinct and Additive Role for GI

obesity & the risk of esophAGeAl And Colon diseAseDavid a. Johnson, MD, FaCG

Colon-Related RisksinCReaseD Risks: Colon cancer, precancerous colon polyps

EvIDENCE BASE: There is a strong association between obesity and the risk of developing colon cancer (relative risk of 1 .5-2 .8) . The association is evident but weaker and less consistent in women (RRs of 1 .2-1 .5) . further, obesity is associated with an increased

risk in premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, women . The relative risks are higher for the colon than for the rectum . Obesity also doubles the risk of the development of colon adenomas . Again, the risk appears to be higher in men than women .

Obesity-related risk of adenomas is increased in particular by abdominal (truncal) obesity .

El-Serag H. Obesity and disease of the esophagus and colon. In: Johnson DA (ed): Obesity and the Gastroenterologist. Gastroenterol Clin NA 2005;63-82.

esophagus-Related RisksinCReaseD Risks: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GeRD); complications of GeRD, including erosive esophagitis,

severe erosive esophagitis (La grade C&D), barrett’s esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma

EvIDENCE BASE: There are at least eight cross-sectional studies that examined GERD using appropriate validated questionnaires in the general population . The pooled weight related risks of GERD among overweight and obese patients are 1 .5 and 2 .0,

respectively . Similar data is reported for more severe erosive disease (LA grade C and D) . The association with Barrett’s esophagus is evident by same ratios, but not as strong as the association with esophageal adeocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the

gastric cardia . All of the epidemiologic studies to date have consistently identified obesity with increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 2 .1)

Katz PO, Uribe J, Shah A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity. In: Johnson DA (ed): Obesity and the Gastroenterologist. Gastroenterol Clin NA 2005; 35-44.

Magnitude of Increased Risk with Obesity (compared to normal or low BMI) CommentsEsOphagus

GERD symptoms 50% Erosive esophagitis 50-100% Barrett’s esophagus 2-fold Abdominal obesity Esophageal adenocarcinoma 2-fold

gallbladdER

Stones 2-3 fold More in women Cancer 35-85% More in women

panCREas

Cancer 35-85% Abdominal obesity Worse acute pancreatitis 20-50%

COlOn

Adenoma (especially advanced) 50-100% Cancer 2-fold Colon (not rectum), more in men, more with abdominal obesitylIvER

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease 2-3 fold Abdominal obesity Advanced HCv-related disease 50% Cirrhosis 30-50% Hepatocellular carcinoma 30-50%

risk of Gi diseAse AssoCiAted With obesityHashem b. el-serag, MD, MPHGastrointestinal specialists are on the

front line in diagnosing and treating patients with a range of digestive

diseases and complications directly related to obesity, particularly colorectal and esoph-ageal cancer, gallbladder and liver disease.

The magnitude of the obesity epidemic, coupled with new understanding of the role of gastrointestinal microflora in metabo-lism, as well as the role of gut hormones in appetite and weight regulation, points to a role for GI specialists in the management of obesity as the next generation of endoscopic, pharmacological and nutritional therapies emerges. In the short term, the clinical ex-pertise of gastroenterologists is clearly need-ed to care for the hundreds of thousands of patients undergoing bariatric surgery, and, in the long term, as minimally invasive en-doscopic surgical techniques are perfected, the potential exists for GI physicians to par-ticipate in the full spectrum of care for the surgical treatment of severe obesity.

bMi and Waist Circumference as the “Fifth vital sign” Make the determination of every patient’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference a part of your offi ce routine — just like other vital signs.8 BMI is calculated by the relationship of weight (in kg) divided by the height (in m2). BMI usually highly correlates with the percent of body fat; however, those individuals with excess muscle mass may have a BMI suggesting obesity. In addition, some people with BMIs in the normal range may have reduced muscle mass and excess fat.9

Waist Circumference — Waist-to-Hip RatioWaist Circumference provides an independent prediction of risk beyond that of BMI. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is the ratio of your waist circumference to your hip circumference (calcu-lated by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference). WHR is a measurement tool that looks at the proportion of fat stored on your waist, and hips and buttocks. Weight concentrated around the middle is often referred to as an “apple” shape; whereas, weight concentrated around your hips is referred to as a “pear” shape. For both men and women, a WHR of 1.0 or higher is considered “at risk” for heart disease and other problems associ-ated with being overweight. A high waist circumference is associated with a high risk ratio for development of type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in individuals with a BMI of 25-35 kg/m2.

Combating a Devastating Trend: Addressing Obesity in the GI Setting

“Efforts to address

the issue of obesity should

involve a

multidisciplinary

approach in which

gastroenterologists play

a key role. This implies a

role in both the primary

treatment and recognition

of the associated

problems, as well as in

the management of

postoperative

complications.”

- David A. Johnson, MD, FACG,

ACG Past President

ClAssifiCAtion of overWeiGht And obesity by bmi, WAist CirCumferenCe, And AssoCiAted diseAse risk

Disease Risk* Relative to normal Weight and Waist Circumference

bMi Obesity Men 102 CM (40 in) OR Less Men > 102 CM (40 in) (kG/M2) CLass WOMen 88 CM (35 in) OR Less WOMen > 88 CM (35 in)

Underweight < 18.5 - -

normal + 18.5 - 24.9 - -

Overweight 25.0 - 29.9 increased High

Obesity 30.0 - 34.9 i High very High

35.0 - 39.9 ii very High very High

extreme Obesity 40.0 + iii extremely High extremely High

* Disease risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and CvD .

+ Increased waist circumference can also be a marker for increased risk even in persons of normal weight .

Source: Clinical Guidelines on the Identifi cation, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH Publication No. 98-4083, September 1998

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bMi Calculators from the nHLbi

The NHLBI has an online BMI calculator using either Standard or Metric measures. http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/

You can also download the BMI calculator to Palm OS or Pocket PC 2003 devices on the NHLBI Web site.http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/bmi_palm.htm

tools for Patient Counseling — How to talk to Patients about their WeightGastroenterologists can provide a valuable clinical service by becoming actively involved in helping their obese patients lose weight. One may think that this is not the job of the gastroen-terologist, but that of the primary care provider. That is not the case. This is a battle in which all parties must come together in a united front: patient, primary care provider, and gastroenter-ologist. In many cases, the internist acts as gatekeeper, manag-ing the patient as a whole, including the many complications of obesity such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. The gastroenterologist is invested in the organs of digestion, intestinal transport and absorption and may be called upon to manage such complications of obesity as GERD, colon cancer or NASH. The patient’s role is to commit to change. Patients need to understand that the medical problems from which they suffer are related to obesity and to understand that changes in lifestyle could change their medical outcome.

As a busy gastroenterologist, time is a luxury. Trying to carve out more time to initiate the conversation with patients on obesity may seem taxing or even impossible. The American College of Gastroenterology understands and appreciates these challenges, and has developed the education materials in this kit. Further resources for patients are available at the ACG Web site www.acg.gi.org/obesity. The online tools are offered to help a busy gastroenterologist to start the conversation with their overweight or obese patients, with the ultimate goal of helping patients to better manage their health problems and to change their medical course.

tips on starting the Conversation With Patients about Overweight and Obesity

First and most importantly, educate the patient: inform them on the link between overweight and obesity and GI symptoms and illness. Most patients are unaware of the relationship. Let patients know that they have some control in their health. Share the idea that managing their health is their responsibility.

Once they understand and are willing to change, talk to patients about the obstacles they might face. You might ask:

• How did they get to their present weight?

• How do they feel about their weight?

• What are their weight and health goals?

• Do they want to change and are they ready to change?

Discuss their options and whether they have access for help in losing weight:

• Can they do it on their own?

• Do they have a partner who shares the same or similar goals (e.g., a friend, sibling, or spouse)

• Do they have access to a gym or to weight loss programs such as WeightWatchers™?

It is essential to review these issues in a caring, supportive, non-judgmental fashion. Many overweight and obese patients feel discriminated against and get defensive when discussing their weight. It’s also important to create a friendly environment and to develop a community to support your patients in your offi ce. Time management issues can be supported by involving a PA/NP or nutritionist. GI behavior modifi cation support from a mental health care worker may help to overcome the psycho-logical barriers to weight loss.

Using the ACG Poster, “Obesity: Know Your GI Risks,” show patients the BMI and waist circumference charts. Indicate where they fall on the grid and show them the target range for their weight. Encourage patients to set small goals of approximately 5 to 10 percent at time.

tools to Counsel Overweight & Obese Patients available at www.acg.gi.org/obesity:

• Food and exercise diary — Studies have shown tracking meals and adjusting intake as they go along will help with weight loss

• Guides to healthy eating at home and dining out — Educating the patients on healthy eating habits and setting up and stocking a healthy kitchen pantry

• Calorie counts on common foods• Tips on how to choose healthy restaurant and

fast food options• Calorie expenditure chart to help burn off calories

• Internet links to Additional Resources

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Principles of effective Obesity Counseling

• Communicate empathetically

• Establish a patient-physician partnership

• Deliver health counseling effectively

• Be sensitive to bias against overweight and obese individuals

strategies to Reduce bias against Overweight & Obese Patients

• Recognize that obesity is a chronic medical condition

• Improve your knowledge of nutrition, multi-disciplinary treatments and community resources

• Create a friendly offi ce culture and atmosphere

• Treat the overweight and obese population with respect and support

Source: Adapted from “Communication and Counseling Strategies” American Medical Association 2003 Roadmaps for Clinical Practice, “Assessment and Management of Adult Obesity: A Primer for Physicians”

behavior Modifi cation Behavioral therapy, in combination with reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity, constitute lifestyle modifi ca-tion. A comprehensive approach of lifestyle modifi cation is effective in inducing and maintaining losses of ~10 percent of initial weight. Losses of this size are associated with the preven-tion and amelioration of obesity-related health complications including type II diabetes and hypertension.10

Resource for Counseling the Obese Patient from nHLbi

A concise three step approach to initiating discussion about weight management with patients developed by NHLBI offers tips on skillful and empathetic communication including setting an effective tone, assessing patient motivation/readiness and building a partnership with the patient.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/obesity/aim_kit/steps.pdf

Role of Gastroenterologists in Post-Operative Care for bariatric surgery PatientsGastroenterologists often evaluate and treat the GI-related anatomic and metabolic complications following surgery for obesity. Given the increasing utilization of bariatric surgery, it is key that GIs understand not only the anatomy of these surgeries, but the endoscopic appearances and appropriate intervention strategies.11

Among the resources for gastroenterologists developed by the College for this Obesity Tool Kit are reprints of presentations by Dr. Philip R. Schauer, noted bariatric surgeon, entitled, “BMI>30 What Next?” as well as Dr. David A. Johnson’s 2007 presentation at ACG on “GI Complications of Bariatric Surgery: What the Endoscopist Needs to Know - Anatomy, Strictures, Ulcers.” For these talks, please see Appendix I.

Components of behAvior therApy

SELFMONITORING

PROBLEMSOLVING

CONTINGENCYMANAGEMENT

STIMULUSCONTROL

STRESSMANAGEMENT

SOCIALSUPPORT

COGNITIVERESTRUCTURING

Wadden and Foster. Med Clin North Am 2000:84:441


In 2007, the American College of Gastroenterology saw an im-mediate and pressing need for physician leadership on obesi-ty at the national level. ACG partnered with the Campaign to

End Obesity and is co-chairing a work group on restructuring the healthcare system to deal with the nation’s obesity epidemic. In May 2007, members of Congress, representatives of a wide range of consumer advocacy and disease groups and ACG convened at an “Obesity Summit” to develop policy recommendations for federal lawmakers on how to address the challenges presented by obesity. ACG was the only specialty society on the summit’s steer-ing committee. Dr. David Greenwald represented the College.

The CEO Obesity Summit made recommendations in three areas: nutrition, physical activity and changes to the health-care system. For example, the Summit recommended that the federal government “recognize obesity as a complex disease, with strong adverse health effects, establish diagnosis codes, and require coverage for prevention, screening, diagnosis and multi-treatment programs that are coupled to measurement of health outcomes.” The Summit also recommended that the fed-eral government increase “support for basic, clinical, epidemio-logical and health services research focused on obesity across all agencies of the federal government to bring it in line with investments aimed at solving other major medical problems.”

The Summit was just the beginning of an ongoing cross-dis-ciplinary effort to push federal policymakers to develop and

implement policies that will address this growing national cri-sis. The ongoing work of the summit is being carried on by the Coalition to End Obesity. Currently, Dr. Amy Foxx-Orenstein, as ACG President, serves as Co-Chair of the Health System Re-structuring work group, representing the College at the national level, and contributes to the development of legislative and reg-ulatory strategies to address obesity in the United States. This high profile partnership with CEO offers the College a platform for action and a voice in a national dialogue with leaders from medicine, government and industry.

The work of CEO is ongoing and in May 2008, they issued a Call-to-Action to the United States Congress and hosted a Health Policy and Fitness Fair on Capitol Hill. ACG joins CEO in its commitment to making a meaningful contribution to the nation’s public health policy, clinical practice and clinical research relating to obesity and shares CEO’s appeal to Congress and other policymakers to take action to address the national health threat of obesity.

The American College of Gastroenterology has been proud to support the work of the Campaign to End Obesity this year in its crucial efforts to educate policymakers on the nexus between obesity and many of the nation’s major public health challenges. ACG applauds CEO’s efforts to ensure that the U.S. healthcare system can appropriately treat overweight and obese patients and address obesity.

Public Policy Issues — About ACG’s Role in the Campaign to End Obesity “CEO”

Education • Require schools to report on

the quantity and quality of physical education offered

to students on school district and state report cards

• Provide incentives for schools that meet national standards

for physical education• Increase investment in the

USDA fruit and vegetable Program so that vulnerable students in all states can

have access to this program

Health Care and Public Health

• Expand coverage for Medical Nutrition Therapy to patients at risk for and suffering from

obesity• Pilot reimbursement for

managing and treating obesity

• Authorize coverage for services to manage and treat pediatric obesity via SCHIP

finances• Increase assistance via

federal food programs such as food stamps for

purchasing fruits and vegetables

• Allow physical activity expenses to be deducted as

medical expenses• Provide a tax credit for

physical activity participation to low income families

Work Environment• Reduce financial barriers to

worksite obesity prevention and intervention initiatives by amending the IRS Code to:

- Exclude offsite health club or gym benefits from taxable

income - Provide employers with a

tax credit for the costs of qualified wellness programs

- Provide employees with a tax credit for participating in qualified wellness programs

- Include bicycle commuting allowances as qualified

transportation fringe benefit

opportunities ACross the poliCy lAndsCApe to improve obesity prevention, mAnAGement & treAtment —

from the CAmpAiGn to end obesitySamples of a selection of CEO’s priorities for Congressional action span the policy spectrum and aim to improve key elements

of the world in which people live — their education, health care, finances, worksites and communities . These positions are adapted from CEO’s “Call-to-Action” delivered to Congress in May 2008, and while ACG supports CEO and its efforts, the College does

not endorse any of these specific priorities .

key Obesity articles for the busy Gi ClinicianObesity and the Gastroenterologist. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005; Johnson DA (ed) 34(1):1-172.

ASGE Guideline: Role of endoscopy in the bariatric surgery patient. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68(1):1-10.

DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, et al. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83(4):460-9.

Wu JC, Mui LM, Cheung CMY, et al. Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 2007;132:883-9.

Nguyen NT, Wilson SE. Complications of antiobesity surgery. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4(3):138-47.

Allen JW, Tanner B. Laparoscopic gastric banding or gastric bypass for morbid obesity? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4(4):178-9.

Vincent RP, Ashrafian H, le Roux, CW. Mechanisms of disease: the role of gastrointestinal hormones in appetite and obesity. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5(5):268-77.

Kaplan LM, Gorman MJ. Addressing the big challenge of obesity: how to prevent regain of lost weight. Synopsis and Commentary. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4(5):2007.

El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, Rabeneck L. Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1243-50.

Lindqvist A, Baelemans A, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Effects of sucrose, glucose and fructose on peripheral and central appetite signals. Regul Pept (2008), doi:10.10165/j.regpep.2008.06.008.

Fraumeni JF Jr. Cancers of the pancreas and biliary tract: epidemiological considerations. Cancer Res 1975:35:3437-46.

El-Serag H, Role of obesity in GERD-related disorders. Gut 2008;57:281-4.

Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet 2008;371:569-78.

Allison DB, Downey M, Atkinson RL, Billington CJ, Bray GA, Eckel RH, Finkelstein EA, Jensen MD, Tremblay A, “Obesity as a Disease: A White Paper on Evidence and Arguments Commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society,” Obesity (2008) advance online publication 24 April 2008.

Endocrine Reviews. December 2006, Volume 27, Number 7. This volume covers pathophysiology, genetics of obesity, role of gut peptides, etc.

Bray GA, Greenway FK. Pharmacological Treatment of the Overweight Patient. Pharmacological Reviews 59:151-184, 2007.

Physician education & CMe ResourcesnHLbi Professional Resources

NHLBI has numerous offerings for health care professionals, including slides to download for community education, such as the excellent “Portion Distortion” presentation. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/profmats.htm

NHLBI PortIoN DIstortIoN sLIDes http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/portion/

NHLBI Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), in cooperation with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), released the first Federal guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treat-ment of overweight and obesity in 1998.

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm

tHe PractIcaL GuIDe: IDeNtIfIcatIoN, evaLuatIoN, aND treatmeNt of

overweIGHt aND oBesIty IN aDuLts. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH Publication No. 00-4084, October 2000

This 2000 guide was developed in cooperation with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). It is based on the Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Evidence Report developed by the NHLBI Expert Panel and released in June 1998. The panel used an evidence-based methodology to develop key recommendations for assessing and treating overweight and obese patients. The goal of the guide is to provide the tools physicians need to effectively manage overweight and obese adult patients.

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/practgde.htm

Centers for Diseases Control & Prevention

cDc weIGHt maNaGemeNt “researcH to PractIce” serIes

Developed by the CDC to summarize the science on weight management topics for health professionals.

http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/health_professionals/practice/index.htm

Resources

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the Obesity society — CMe Offerings

The Obesity Society offers evidence-based obesity education and online professional continuing education programs.http://www.obesityonline.org/cme/index.cfm

BarIatrIc surGery for tHe treatmeNt of oBesIty

In this talk, Samuel Klein, MD and Harvey Sugerman, MD present an overview of surgical therapies for the management of severe obesity. They discuss the indications, contraindications, postoperative complications, and expected long-term results from each of the bariatric surgical procedures currently being performed in the U.S.

weIGHt BIas aND Its socIaL, ecoNomIc, aND HeaLtH ImPact In this slide talk, Kelly Brownell, PhD and Rebecca M. Puhl, PhD present the growing body of scientific evidence which demonstrates that in the United States, weight bias exists towards people of all ages — including very young children, as well as adults who are obese, and being a target of weight bias leads to multiple negative outcomes, including consequences for emotional, social, and physical health.

weIGHt BIas IN HeaLtH care settINGs

This slide talk presents data on how weight loss, combined with treatment for the other risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, has been shown to reverse all components of atherogenic dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of onset of adverse cardiovascular events.

offIce maNaGemeNt of oBesIty ** Includes Reimbursement TipsThe objective of this program is to educate participants about diet and counseling suggestions, physical guidelines and reimbursement information. Support for this activity was provided by an unrestricted educational grant from Abbott Laboratories. http://www.obesitycme.org/

assessmeNt aND maNaGemeNt of overweIGHt aND

oBesIty IN aDuLts Developed jointly with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the objective of the two modules in this program is to educate participants about the importance of weight management, health risks, treatment, weight loss motivations, and appropriate strategies. http://obesitycme.nhlbi.nih.gov/

Patient education Resourcesnational Heart, Lung and blood institute

NHLBI PuBLIcatIoNs “aIm for a HeaLtHy weIGHt”

The NHLBI guidelines provide patients with a new approach for the measurement of overweight and obesity and a set of steps for safe and effective weight loss.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/patmats.htm

national institute of Diabetes and Digestive and kidney Diseases

weIGHt-coNtroL INformatIoN Network (wIN)

NIDDK’s Weight-Control Information Network provides the general public, health professionals, the media, and Congress with up-to-date, science-based information on weight control, obesity, physical activity, and related nutritional issues.

Weight-Control Information Network (WIN) 1 WIN Way • Bethesda, MD 20892-3665 Phone: (202) 828-1025 • Toll-free number: 1-877-946-4627 FAX: (202) 828-1028 • Email: [email protected]

For more information on health risks and treatment options for obesity, refer to these Weight-control Information Network (WIN) publications:

• Understanding Adult Obesity. This fact sheet provides basic information about obesity. http://win.niddk.nih.gov/pub-lications/understanding.htm NIH Publication No. 01-3680. October 2001.

• Active at Any Size. www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/active.htm. NIH Publication No. 04-4352. April 2004.

• Do You Know the Health Risks of Being Overweight? www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/health_risks.htm.NIH Publication No. 04-4098. November 2004.

• Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Across Your Lifespan: Better Health and You (Tips for Adults). Available in English and Spanish. www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/bet-ter_health.htm. NIH Publication No. 04-4992. June 2004.

• Just Enough for You: About Food Portions. www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/just_enough.htm. NIH Publication No. 03-5287. January 2003.

• Weight Loss for Life. www.win.niddk.nih.gov/publications/for_life.htm. NIH Publication No. 04-3700. May 2004.

Centers for Disease Control & Prevention

cDc — oBesIty aND overweIGHt resources for coNsumers

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintains an extensive offering of resources for physicians and patients, including resources on weight loss and maintenance, as well as links to information on healthy lifestyles.http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/index.htm


cDc — PatIeNt BrocHure eat more weIGH Less CDC has developed a colorful pamphlet on adding low calorie, nutrient dense foods to the diet as a weight control strategy.http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/energy_Density.pdf

cDc — at-a-GLaNce 2008 PHysIcaL actIvIty aND GooD NutrItIoN:

esseNtIaL eLemeNts to PreveNt cHroNIc DIseases aND oBesIty

CDC’s At-a-Glance provides a concise overview of the obesity epidemic in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/aag/dnpa.htm

cDc — NutrItIoN PHysIcaL actIvIty oBesIty sectIoN CDC’s main Web portal to online resources for professionals and patients http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/

U.s. Department of Health and Human services

offIce of womeN’s HeaLtH

Materials from the National Women’s Health Information Center include Food & Diet Tools including menu planners and trackers.

fooD aND DIet tooLs http://www.4woman.gov/tools/#food

• Healthy Weight Menu Planner

• How to Read a Food Label

• MyPyramid.gov - Steps to a Healthier You

• MyPyramid Tracker

american Medical association

A useful series of templates and trackers for patient counseling regarding weight loss is available to download from the American Medical Association, including a food diary, physical activity log and other helpful tips.http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/433/weight.pdf

ama roaDmaPs for cLINIcaL PractIce serIes: assessmeNt aND

maNaGemeNt of aDuLt oBesIty Produced with support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and developed in 2003 in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assessment and Management of Adult Obesity consists of 10 booklets that offer practical recommendations for addressing adult obesity in the primary care setting.

The primer offers practical advice on:

• evaluating patients for current and potential health risks related to weight — beginning with a measure of the body mass index (BMI);

• understanding medication and surgical options;

• improving communication and counseling; and

• making office environments more accommodating to obese patients.

The clinical tools and patient handouts that appear throughout the booklets also can be downloaded as PDF files.Booklet 1 - Introduction and clinical considerations Booklet 2 - Evaluating your patients for overweight or obesity Booklet 3 - Assessing readiness and making treatment decisions Booklet 4 - Dietary management Booklet 5 - Physical activity management Booklet 6 - Pharmacological management Booklet 7 - Surgical management Booklet 8 - Communication and counseling strategies Booklet 9 - Setting up the office environment Booklet 10 - Resources for physicians and patients

cLINIcaL tooLs

• Assessment of health risks

• Assessment of patient readiness

• Treatment options

• The office environment

To link to the AMA’s Roadmaps for Clinical Practice Series on Managing Adult Obesity http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/10931.html

Weight Loss ResourcesamerIcaN DIetetIc assocIatIoN http://www.eatright.org216 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60606-6995 (800) 366-1655

amerIcaN oBesIty assocIatIoN http://www.obesity.orgc/o The Obesity Society 8630 Fenton Street, Suite 918 Silver Spring, MD 20910 301-563-6526

amerIcaN socIety for metaBoLIc & BarIatrIc surGery http://www.asbs.org 100 SW 75th Street, Suite 201Gainesville, FL 32607Phone: 352-331-4900Fax: 352-331-4975

fooD aND NutrItIoN INformatIoN ceNter http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/National Agricultural Library10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 105Beltsville, MD 20705Phone: (301) 504-5414Fax: (301) 504-6409

fooD safety INformatIoN http://www.foodsafety.gov/

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NutrItIoN.Gov

http://www.nutrition.gov National Agricultural Library Food and Nutrition Information Center Nutrition.gov Staff10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705-2351Email: [email protected]

sHaPe uP amerIca

http://www.shapeup.org4500 Connecticut Avenue Washington, DC 20008

Of Further interestWeight bias

According to the Obesity Society, “there is accumulating evidence of clear and consistent bias, stigmatization, and in some cases discrimination, against obese individuals.” The Obesity Society issued a policy statement on weight bias in 2005. A review of the scientific literature found evidence of clear and consistent stigmatization of obese individuals in three domains of living: employment, education, and health care. (Puhl and Brownell, 2001). Further, according to the Obesity Society, recent studies have also documented automatic negative associations with obese people among health professionals (Schwartz et al., 2003; Teachman & Brownell, 2001.)

For more information on weight bias and the Obesity Society’s advocacy efforts see http://www.obesity.org/about/20050501.asp

weIGHt BIas fact sHeet http://www.obesity.org/information/weight_bias.asp

neat (non-exercise activity thermogenesis)

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) is all activity that occurs during a 24-hour period that is not voluntary activity. This includes the energy expenditure of daily activities such as sitting, standing, walking, talking, and fidgeting. Levine et al. at Mayo Clinic have been interested in whether energy expenditure can interact with an increased food energy availability to determine who gains weight and who does not. Their research reveals that NEAT is significantly greater in the lean than in the obese.

http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/levine_lab/about.cfm — link to Dr. Levine’s lab at Mayo Clinic

http://www.obesityonline.org/commentaries/al_abstract.cfm?abs_id=abs_007 — link to slides on NEAT from the Obesity Society

Levine JA, Vander Weg MW, Klesges RC. Increasing Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis: A NEAT Way to Increase Energy Expenditure in Your Patients. Obesity Management. August 1, 2006, 2(4): 146-151. doi:10.1089/obe.2006.2.146.

Fructose

The effects of dietary fructose have been researched for years. Fructose can elevate serum triacylglyerol concentrations in healthy and diabetic subjects, which could be atherogenic. Following ingestion of fructose (even if mixed with other sugars), there is a significant immediate lipogenic effect that is associated with higher serum triglyceride concentrations. There is evidence suggesting that fructose causes hyperlipidemia postprandially directly, and indirectly by increasing liver re-esterification of fatty acids from all sources.

Parks EJ, et al. Dietary sugars stimulate fatty acid synthesis in adults. J Nutr. 2008 Jun;138(6):1039-46.

Obesity in Children

The prevalence of obesity is rising in all ages, races and genders in the United States but the relative increase is greatest among our children. The increase in early obesity is responsible for an increase in obesity-related diseases in children, such as type 2 diabetes, that were previously considered “adult” diseases.

Overweight is a serious health concern for children and adolescents. Data from two National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) surveys (1976-1980 and 2003-2004) show that the prevalence of overweight is increasing: for chil-dren aged 2-5 years, prevalence increased from 5.0% to 13.9%; for those aged 6-11 years, prevalence increased from 6.5% to 18.8%; and for those aged 12-19 years, prevalence increased from 5.0% to 17.4%.12

weIGHt Issues IN cHILDreN, amerIcaN acaDemy of famILy PHysIcIaNs

A concise overview of weight issues in children including practical tips on better eating habits.

http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/healthy/food/kids/343.html

cDc’s BmI-for-aGe caLcuLator http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/Calculator.aspxThis calculator provides BMI and the corresponding BMI-for-age percentile on a CDC BMI-for-age growth chart. Use this calculator for children and teens, aged 2 through 19 years old. For adults, 20 years old and older, use the Adult BMI Calculator.


cHILDreN tHe tarGet of fooD aDs

“The nation’s largest food and beverage companies spent

about $1.6 billion marketing their products — mainly

soda, fast food and cereal — to children in 2006, according

to a Federal Trade Commission report on food marketing

to children released yesterday.”

Washington Post, July 30, 2008

appendix iAmy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG, “Appetite Regulation: Are We Programmed to Be Fat?”

Philip R. Schauer, MD, “BMI>30 What Next?”

David A. Johnson, MD, FACG, “GI Complications of Bariatric Surgery: What the Endoscopist Needs to Know — Anatomy, Strictures, Ulcers”

Appendicesfootnotes1 CDC - NCHS http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm.

2 State-Specific Prevalence of Obe-sity Among Adults in the United States, 2007. MMWR 2008;57(28): 765-768.

3 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006; 295:1549-55.

4 Annual Estimates of the Popu-lation by Sex and Five-Year Age Groups for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004. U.S. Bureau of the Census.

5 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/index.htm

6 Wang Y, Beydoun M, Liang L, Ca-ballero B, and Kumanyika SK. Will All Americans Become Overweight or Obese? Estimating the progres-sion and cost of the US obesity epi-demic, Obesity (2008) doi:10.1038/oby.2008.351 advance publication online.

7 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High Body Mass Index for Age Among U.S. Children and Ado-lescents, 2003-2006. JAMA 2008; 299(20):2401-2405.

8 Kirby, DF. “The Truth about the Medical Management of Obesity,” 2003 ACG Annual Scientific Meet-ing Symposium “The Battle of the Bulge: Obesity Management for the Gastroenterologist”

9 Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, et al. Healthy percentages body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:694-701.

10 Wadden TA, et al. Gastroenterol-ogy 2007:132;2226-2238.

11 Johnson DA. “GI Complications of Bariatric Surgery,” 2007 ACG Annual Scientific Meeting Sympo-sium “Spotlight on Obesity”.

12 Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High Body Mass Index for Age Among US Children and Ado-lescents, 2003-2006. JAMA 2008; 299(20):2401-2405.

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4C: Obesity 121

APPETITE REGULATION: ARE WE PROGRAMMED TO BE FAT?

Amy E. Foxx-Orenstein, DO, FACG

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BMI > 30: WHAT’S NEXT?

Philip R. Schauer, MD

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4C: Obesity 133

Obesity has become a major health problem in most indus-trialized nations. In the United States, obesity may be re-

sponsible for more than 300,000 deaths per year. Additionally, obesity has costs from medical expense and lost productivity that are estimated to exceed $100 billion per year. Obesity has particular relevance for gastroenterologists because of the associated causaliy of GI disorders such as cholelithiasis, pan-creatitis, liver disease and GI cancers (particularly colon and esophageal). Additionally, gastroenterologists often evaluate and treat the GI-related anatomic and metabolic complications following surgery for obesity. Given the increasing utilization of bariatric surgery, it is key that GIs understand not only the anatomy of these surgergies, but the endoscopic appearances and appropriate intervention strategies.

Understanding the anatomyRoux-en Y gastric bypassThis is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the U.S. The standard is for the creation of a small gas-tric pouch (typically less than 30 mL) the lesser curvature. The pouch is anastomosed to a Roux limb in an end to side fashion creating a gastrojejunostomy with a stomal diameter of approximately 10–12 mm. The length of the Roux limb is typically between 60–75 cm.

Laparoscopic adjustable silicone band In this procedure, a band composed of an inflatable balloon is placed around the gastric cardia via the retroesophageal space and the angle of His. A catheter that leads from the Lap-Band is connected to a port reservoir which is implanted in the subcutaneous layer of the abdominal wall over the rec-tus fascia. This allows adjustment of the band to the desired degree of constriction.

Vertical banded gastroplasty The VBG is a purely restrictive operation which is less com-monly performed today The key components include the creation of a vertically oriented gastric channel that has a volume of 15 mL or less and an outlet from the channel to the remainder of the stomach. There is a polypropylene mesh collar of silastic ring to prevent stomal dilation.

Biliopancretic diversion and duodenal switchThis surgery which is not commonly done, is primarily a malabsorptive procedure which creates a distal gastrectomy, which results in reduction of oral intake, and a long limb Roux-en-Y anastamosis with a short (approximately 50 cm) common alimentary channel.

A modification of this surgery is a duodenal switch procedure which uses a sleeve gastrectomy rather than distal gastrec-tomy.

Jejunal-ileal bypassThis procedure creates a defunctionalized segment of small intesting which drains into the colon with a short segment of duodenum (35 cm) attached to a the distal ileum (10 cm). This surgery is no longer done in the U.S. due to the myriad of metabolic complications.

Indications for endoscopy1. Evaluation of symptoms: nausea, vomiting, unexplained

abdominal pain, dysphagia.2. Unexplained weight gain-evaluation for dehiscence or

disruption.3. Complications—GI bleeding, obstruction.4. Management of complications—control of hemorrhage,

dilation of strictures, closure of dehiscence.

Endoscopic principles1. Know the anatomy before starting.2. Discuss the surgery with the surgeon if possible ( many

modifications possible).3. Review the operative report and all imaging studies

available—prior to endoscopy.4. Anticipate needs and insure necessary equiptment is

available.5. Define appropriate time lines of intervention—in par-

ticular for sequential dilation of strictures.

REFERENCES1. Johnson DA (editor). Obesity and the Gastroenterologist. An is-

sue of Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2005;34.2. Nguyen NT, Wilson SE. Complications of antiobesity surgery.

Nat Clin Pract Gastro Hepatol 2007;4(3):138-46.3. Huang CS, Farraye FA. Endoscopy in the bariatric surgical

patient. Gastroenterol Clin NA 2005;34:151-66.

GI COMPLICATIONS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY: WHAT THE ENDOSCOPIST NEEDS TO KNOW—

ANATOMY, STRICTURES, ULCERS

David A. Johnson, MD, FACG

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america’s Obesity Epidemic • The 2003-2004 NHANES survey found that an estimated

66 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese

• The rate of childhood obesity more than doubled from 1980 to 2000

• More than 9 million children are overweight or obese

The Economic Impact of Obesity• According to Health Affairs Journal and RAND, 83 cents of

every health care dollar in America is spent on a patient that is overweight or obese

• According to the Department of Health and Human Services, the total cost of obesity in the U.S. is $117 billion each year

• Statistics from the National Business Group on Health in-dicate that obesity was responsible for 39 million lost work days and 63 million physician visits

Obesity and physical activity• 52 percent of adults do not meet minimum physical activ-

ity recommendations

• Only 35.8 percent of high school students are physically active 60 minutes or more, 5 days per week; only 33 per-cent attend physical education classes daily

Obesity and nutrition• Only 12 percent of adults and 2 percent of children eat a

healthy diet consistent with federal nutrition recommen-dations

• According to the USDA, healthier diets could prevent at least $71 billion per year in medical costs, lost productivity and lost lives

Obesity Risk for Minority populations• Nearly 30 percent of Mexican-American men are obese

• 81.6 percent of black women and 75.4 percent of Mexican-American women are overweight or obese compared to 58 percent of white women

• Type 2 diabetes affects half of the Pima Indians

Obesity’s Impact on america’s health • According to the American Cancer Society, obese adults

are at increased risk for all cancers especially endometrial, gall bladder, uterine, ovarian, colorectal and prostate

• According to the CDC, obesity contributes to two-thirds of all heart disease

• Over 75 percent of hypertension cases are directly related to obesity

• More than 80 percent of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight


facts About ObesityCourtesy of the Campaign to End Obesity

Source: http://obesitycampaign.org/obesity_facts.asp

a M e R i C a n C O L L e G e O F G a s t R O e n t e R O L O G ywww.acg.gi.org

GI Specialists Committed to Quality

in Patient Care

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obesity - ProCon.org€¦ · 66 percent of U.S. adults are either overweight or obese. 1 According to more recent data, over 25 percent of U.S. adults now may be defined as obese