1

o _______ = unequal distribution of charge

o Each molecule has a __________ end and a __________ end.

II. Water is Polar:

Polar

positivenegative

2

o Ex: Water (H2O) molecule Oxygen is much stronger and therefore has a stronger ________________ than the hydrogen’s positive charge.

II. Water is Polar:

negative charge

3

o Because of water’s polarity, it can __________ many ionic compounds and other polar compounds such as ________.

II. Water is Polar:

dissolve

sugars

4

o The water molecules also ________ to each other because of __________ (unequal distribution of charge)

o The attraction of opposite charges forms a ______ bond called a _______________.

o This keeps large molecules __________!

o (Ex: proteins)

II. Water is Polar:

adhere

polarity

weakhydrogen bond together

5

1. _________ = the attraction between like molecules

• _________________ results from the cohesive properties of water.

• The polarity of water causes the surface layer of water molecules to act like a stretched film over the surface of the water (______________)

Ex. Water striders

III. Uniqueness of Water – due to its polarity

Cohesion

Surface tension

surface tension

6

2. Creeps up in thin tubes

________________

• The polarity of water allows _______ to get water from the ________.

• Water creeps up tubes in plant roots and stems.

III. Uniqueness of Water – due to its polarity

(capillary action)

plants

ground

7

• _________________________• Ice is _____ dense than water (ice floats)

III. Uniqueness of Water – due to its polarity

Expands when it freezesless

8

Water is Less Dense as a Solid

•Which is ice and which is water?

9

Water is Less Dense as a Solid

Water Ice

BIOCHEMISTRYCarbon Compounds

10

I. Role of Carbon in Organisms ___________________ = compounds that contain carbon Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

_____________________ = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: vitamins, minerals, water

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

11

I. Role of Carbon in Organisms Carbon forms ___ covalent bonds to become stable.

Can join with other carbons to form straight ________, branches or _______.

These structures may contain __________ carbon atoms. This makes many ___________

possible

4

chains rings

multiplecompounds

12

I. Role of Carbon in Organisms _________ = the simplest carbon compound (CH4)

_____________ = any molecule made ONLY of __________ and ________ atoms!

Methane

Hydrocarbon hydrogen carbon

13

II. The Digestive System The digestive system

breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks (__________).

Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use

monomers

14

II. The Digestive System ________________ = extremely large

compounds made of smaller compounds.

_________ = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) bond together, usually in ______ chains. Ex: carbohydrates, proteins,

lipids, nucleic acids

Macromolecules

Polymer

long

15

POLYMERSMONOMERS

(building blocks)

Carbohydrate _________________

Protein _____________

Lipid_________________

___________

Nucleic Acids _____________

Monosaccharides

Amino Acids3 fatty acids & 1 glycerolNucleotides 16

What do athletes eat the day before a big

game? Carbohydrates:

Carb loading works because carbohydrates are used by the cells to STORE and RELEASE energy.

17

III. Carbohydrates Compounds used for _________

and release of ________ Made of C, H, O atoms

storageenerg

y

18

3 types of carbohydrates:

1. ________________ = C6H12O6

________ sugar (6 carbons)

Ex: _______,________,_________

Only form our ______ can use for energy

MonosaccharideSimpl

e glucosefructos

egalactose

body

19

3 types of carbohydrates:

2. ________________ = C12H22O11

________ sugar made of 2 simple sugarsEx: _________ (milk sugar), _________, _________ (table sugar)

DisaccharideDoublelactos

esucrose

maltose

20

3 types of carbohydrates:

3. ________________ = more than 2 _________________ Ex. ________ - plant’s energy storing molecule

Polysaccharide monosacchari

des

Starch

21

3 types of carbohydrates: __________ - Animal’s energy storing

molecule Energy storage in the form of _________ Found in the liver and skeletal muscle When the body needs ________ between

meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose through ____________

Glycogen

glucose

energy

hydrolysis

22

3 types of carbohydrates: ________ - provides structure in

plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body)

Cellulose

23

What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body?

Broken down by the digestive system into _________________ which are then absorbed into the body through the _____________, where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce ________.

monosaccharides

bloodstream

energy

24

BIOCHEMISTRYLipids & Proteins

25

I. Lipids Commonly called _______ and

_______ Contain ______ C-H bonds and

______ O atoms than _______________ Ex. C57H110O6

Nonpolar; therefore repel _______ (__________)

fats

oilsmore

carbohydrates

less

waterinsoluble

26

27

I. Lipids ____________________________:

1. ____________ energy storage (used when carbohydrates are _____ available)

2. __________ 3. _________

body tissue (cushioning)

Functions of lipids in your bodyLong

term NOT

ProtectInsulation

28

Which has more energy - lipids or carbs?

One gram of _____ contains _______ as much ________ as one gram of _______________. Therefore, _____ are better _______ compounds!

fat TWICEenergy

fats

carbohydrates

storage

29

Fats vs. Carbs & Energy Storage 1 gram of Carbs (glycogen) = about ___ Kcal of energy A short term rapid

energy source (sprint events)

1 gram of Fats = ______________ of energy A long term energy source

(endurance events – marathons)

4

about 9 Kcal

30

Types and Examples of Lipids: 1. _______ - steroids

2. ______ - bee, furniture, ear

3. __________ - in egg yolks

4. _____ - from animals

5. ____ - from plants

Sterols

WaxesCholesterol

Fats

Oils

31

Structure of Lipids

Basic building blocks: _______________ + ____________

_____________ Long ________________ with a

__________ group at one end. Glycerol and each fatty acid are

joined to each other by

3 fatty acids 1 glycerolFatty Acids

carboxyl

chains of carbon

32

Structure of Lipids

One fatty acid:

33

3 types of fats:

1. ________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with only ________ bonds between the carbon atoms. “__________” – cholesterol (heart

disease) _______ at room temperature

Ex: ________

Saturated fats singl

eBad FatsSoli

d butter

34

3 types of fats:

2. __________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE ________ bond between the carbon atoms “___________” ________ at room

temperatureEx: ___________

Unsaturated fats doubl

eGood Fatsliquid

olive oil

35

3 types of fats:

3. ______________________ = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain. Ex: nuts, seeds, fish, leafy greens.

Polyunsaturated fats

36

Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids:

37

What happens to LIPIDS in the body?

Broken down by the digestive system into ______________________ which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the fatty acids and glycerol and make needed lipids.

fatty acids and glycerol

38

I. Lipids _______________ = majority of fat in

organism consist of this type of fat molecules Derived from fats eaten in _______ or

made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates.

Triglycerides

foods

39

I. Lipids Calories ingested in a meal and

not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. Storage – 3 month supply of ________

vs. glycogen’s 24 hour supply.

energy

40

I. Lipids Hormones regulate the release of

triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body’s needs for energy between meals.

41

Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications: Cause plaque to build up

__________________ = walls of the arteriesget thick and hard;fat builds up inside the walls and slows blood flow

blood clotsheart attacksstrokes

Arteriosclerosis

42

Excess Triglycerides – Life Applications: ____________

high blood pressure

Hypertension

43

II. Proteins Large complex polymer composed

of C, H, O, N and sometimes S Monomers (basic building blocks):

_____________ ___ different

amino acids

amino acids20

44

II. Proteins Essential Amino Acids:

___ of the ___ amino acids are “essential” because they are required by the body but are _____ created by it.As a result, it must be provided buy our ______. If one is missing then proper growth and repair cannot be ___________.

10 20

NOT

dietmaintained

45

Functions of proteins in our body: 1. _______ contraction

2. Transport _______ in the bloodstream

Muscle

oxygen

46

4. Carry out __________ reactions

Functions of proteins in our body: 3. Provide

_________ (antibodies)immunity chemical

47

What happens to PROTEINS in the body?

Broken down by the digestive system into ___________ which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes proteins for muscles.

amino acids

48

BIOCHEMISTRYNucleic Acids

49

II. Nucleic Acids: Complex polymer that stores

information in cells in the form of a ______.

Monomers (basic building blocks): __________, which consist of C, H, O, N, P These elements are arranged in 3

groups: _______________, ______________, and a _________________.

code

nucleotides

nitrogen base

simple sugarphosphate

group

50

II. Nucleic Acids:

51

II. Nucleic Acids: 1. _____ (deoxyribonucleic acid)

contains all the instructions for organisms development . . . AKA genetic information

2. _____ (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for _________ synthesis (production)

DNA

RNA

protein

52

53

Energy of ReactionsBasic Chemistry:

54

o The key to a chemical reaction is ________!

o Most compounds in living things ________ undergo chemical reactions without energy.

IV. Energy of Reactions:

energy

cannot

55

o ________________ = the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

o Look at Graph A: the peak in the graph represents the amount of ________ that must be added to the system to make the reaction occur.

IV. Energy of Reactions:

Activation Energy

energy

Graph A

56

o All living things are chemical factories driven by _________________!

o Enzymes (catalysts) need to be present in order to ________ the activation energy and allow the reaction to proceed quickly.

IV. Energy of Reactions:

chemical reactions

reduce

57

o Look at Graph B: the enzyme ________ the activation energy and the product will be formed sooner!

IV. Energy of Reactions:

lowers

Graph B

58

o __________ = a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

o ________ = special proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of the chemical reaction.

o Essential to life!o __________ to one reaction.

IV. Energy of Reactions:

Catalyst

Enzyme

Specific

59

o The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called ____________.

o The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the ____________.

How do ENZYMES work?

substrates

active site

60

o The active site and substrate have _______________ shapes (lock-and-key).

o Enzymes are ______ specific for the substrates that will change!

How do ENZYMES work?

complementary very

61

o When the enzyme-substrate complex forms, chemical bonds are ________ and new bonds ______ to produce the products.

o Enzyme releases the _________ and the enzyme can be used again.

How do ENZYMES work?

brokenform

product

62

1. ____ (how acidic or basic a substance is)

2. _____________• Most enzymes in humans cells

are most active at 98.6oF• pH & temperature will

__________ (change the shape) of the enzyme so it will not be able to bond with the corresponding substrate!

Factors that Affect Enzymes:pH

Temperature

denature

63

Examples of Enzymes Working:

digestion

replication

break down

1. Helps with ___________

2. DNA ___________

3. Enzymes in the venom of a venomous snake ____________ the membranes of a person’s red blood cells.

64

Examples of Enzymes Working:

1. Hard green apples _______ because of the action of enzymes

2. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide ________ for the cell with the help of enzymes

ripen

energy

65

Enzymes•The human body has over 1,000 types of enzymes. •Each kind does one specific job. •Without enzymes, a person could not breathe, see, move, or digest food. • IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE, ENZYMES KEEP US ALIVE! •They regulate the digestion of our food, the production of energy, the production of hormones and other important body secretions, and the destruction of foreign substances.

66

Examples of EnzymesIn the Human Body:•Amylases - Amylases break down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules. Your saliva contains amylase and so does your small intestine. •Lactase – break simple sugars down into individual glucose molecules. (lactose intolerant people don’t have this enzyme)•Lipases - Lipases break down fats.•Cellulases - Cellulases break cellulose molecules (from plants) down into simpler sugars. Most animals don’t have these so we depend on bacteria in our gut (approximately 3 lbs) to help us do this.

67

Examples of EnzymesOther enzymes:•Proteases and peptidases - Proteases and peptidases are often found in laundry detergents -- they help remove things like blood stains from cloth by breaking down the proteins.

68

Regulation of Enzyme ActivityTemperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes.•Enzymes produced by human cells work best at 98.6oF with a pH around 7.2.•Pepsin in the stomach works best under acidic conditions.•Most are regulated by molecules that switch them “on” or “off” as needed.