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1
(globalization)
(digital
convergence)
(digitalize)
(broadcasting)
( ) (
) (
) 1
1 Vivian Reding ( vice-president of European Commission), 2006, speech in Digital Lifestyle
Exhibition, “Digital convergence: a whole new way of life”.
2
2009 2
2010 (Connecting America: the National
Broadband Plan)3 2015 90%
50Mbps 4 2020 90%
100Mpbs
20065 2010 90% 30Mbps
2010 2015 100%
100Mbps
Korea
Communications Commission, KCC 2009
50% 2009
KCC 6 2013 85% 50-100Mbps
2Mbps 8Mbps 10Mbps 0.2%
( 2011:11) 50Mbps
2 (terrestrial television)
5
(digital television)
5 (
) 5 15-163 http://www.broadband.gov/plan/ ( 2011/05/02) 4 (broadband access) (bandwidth)
Mbps(megabits per second) 10Mbps
20Mbps—50Mbps 100Mpbs
5 Find http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx?page=news&id=4354 (2011/05/02) 6 Find http://www.find.org.tw/find/home.aspx?page=news&id=5420 (2011/05/02)
3
(cable tv.)7
2010
6.33% ( 2011:14) 2009 42%( 2010:20)
49%( 2010:37) 84%( 2010:56)
( )
2004
6 2010 ( )
8
2006 ( )
9
2010
7 (cable tv.)
8 http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=20160&ctNode=4456&mp=1 (2011/05/02)9 NCC http://www.ncc.gov.tw/ ( 2011/05/02)
4
2011
(
2011:08) 96.8
(Dye, 1972:2)
1976
( 2006:56)
( )
5
2003
MOD(multi-media on demand) 2007
MOD
horizontal regulatory framework layered
model multi-layered model
(deregulation)
(governance)
2007 European Commission
( 2008)
6
( 2007)
(
2008)
(public governance)
(regulatory reform) (regulatory governance)
(better regulation)
?
7
Dye(1972)
(governance)
8
2003—2010
9
1-2-1
1-2-1
001 22 2011/05/31
1900--2200
002 1994 2011/06/02
1230--1500
10
iptv. internet portal tv.)10 (web.
tv.)11
10 Iptv(internet portal television)
iptv
iptv
11 (connect tv.)
11
1962
1976 14
2006
12
13
(Adam Smith)
(the public
interest theory of regulation)
(regulation)
(natural monopoly) (externalities)
(information asymmetry)
(market failure)
Stigler(1971)
(The theory of economic regulation) (the private interest
theory of regulation)
(regulation failure)
(Wheelan
,2003:93 )
Stigler(1971)
14
(regulatory capture)
( 2007:201)
(political capture)
(cronyism)
(corruption) (Thtobald,1990)
(regulatory costs)
(regulatory risk)
(regulatory failure)
(voting paradox) (rent-seeking)
(government failure)
Weimer Vining 1992
Weimer Vining (freeing markets)
(facilitating markets) (simulating markets)
(deregulation)
Weimer Vining(2011:210)
(administrative regulation)
(social regulation) (economic regulation)
( 2-1-1)
15
2-1-1
16
Weimer Vining (2011)
1978
1996
( 2003:05)
17
(re-regulation)
Stigler(1971)
(Public Choice Theory )
Buchanan, & Tullock, 1962:13)
( )
(Dye,2002) �
18
( 1999:61)
(
2008:113)
Dartmouth Deborah Stone 2001 Policy
Paradox Stone
(Stone,2001,xi )
Stone
(Stone, 2001:13-14)
Stone
(Stone,
2001:34)
Stone
Rosenbloom(2004:14)
19
(regulatory reform) (regulatory governance)
(Minogue,2002)
regulatory impact
assessment RIA
2007:225
good governance ( 2008:01)
(from interventionism to regulatory governance)( 2003:03)
OECD (the organization for economic co-operation and development )
RIA
(OECD,1997)
(freedom of speech)
(agenda-setting ) (the fourth estate)
(media politics) (the political economy of communication)
20
(infrastructure)
21
1948
12
(Statement on Communication Right)
13
2009 5 14
14
( )
12 http://www.un.org/zh/documents/udhr/ ( 2011/05/04) 13 http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/web/602.htm (2011/05/04) 14 http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/ccpr.htm ( 2011/05/04)
22
1993
15
1994 9 23 364
15 http://www.judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/P03_01_detail.asp?expno=364&showtype=( 2011/05/02)
23
16 (the right of access to the
media) 17
(Social Value School) (Market Economics
School)(Entman & Wildman, 1992)
(Federal Communication
Commission, FCC.) Mark Fowler Michael Powell
1996
(Media Reform)19
1983 2004 19
16 (access to media)
17
18 FCC http://www.fcc.gov/telecom.homl ( 2011/05/03) 19 http://www.corporations.org/media ( 2011/04/29)
24
50 5 Ted Tunner(CNN
)
20
(Francis,1993:35, 2003)
BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)
BBC
1927 BBC (Royal Charter) BBC
BBC
( 2006:127)
2000 12 (A New Future For Communication)
Ofcom(Office of
20 ‘There’s really five companies that control 90 percent of what we see, read and hear. That’s not healthy.” April,24, 2003. CNN
25
Communication )
Ofcom BBC
BBC BBC
digital uk 2008 2012
21
1990
Ofcom(Office of Communication )
22
21 digital uk http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/about_digital_uk/partners ( 2011/05/31)
Ofcom http://www.ofcom.org.uk/about/what-is-ofcom/ ( 2011/05/05)“We
make sure that people in the UK get the best from their communications services and are protected from
scams and sharp practices, while ensuring that competition can thrive.”
26
2002 2003
10
2006
328
159
143
( 2009) ( 2009) ( 2008) ( 2009)
( 2011)
( 2007) 2008 ( 2008)
( 2-3-1)
27
( )
( ) /
( )
28
2003
( 2003:03)
(2003:11)
(media ownership)
( :
)
(1993:61)
( ) (democratic divide) ( )
/ ( ) (media citizen
activism)
2006
29
(2006)
30
2006
(
2006:01)
( 2006:02)
(2006)
31
32
23 6981 http://www.president.gov.tw/Portals/0/Bulletins/paper/pdf/6981.pdf2011/07/01
33
1962 1958 823
—
( 3-1-1)
3-1-1
1962/10/10
1968/10/31
1971/10/31
1993/08/11
1994/01/28
34
1995/06/16
1997/06/11
1998/07/11
1999/02/03
2003/12/09
2005/12/24
2006/01/03
2006/02/22
NCC
NCC
2006/04/11
2007/04/11
35
2008/11/04
(1991:58)
( 1993:117)
1960
( 2002:215)
(1993:86)
( )
1962 1976
14
36
1980
( 001)
(
3-1-2)
3-1-2 : 1962-1987
( ) 1962-1976
( ) 1976-1991
( ) 1962-1974 (
)
( ) 1974-1981
( ) 1981-1988
( ) 1968-1978
( ) 1978-1980
( ) 1980-1987
( ) 1968-1972
( ) 1972-1978
( ) 1978-1983
( ) 1983-1990
( ) 1972-1973
37
( ) 1973-1979
( ) 1979-1992
( ) 1972-1976
( ) 1976-1978
( ) 1978-1979
( ) 1979-1988
(1993)
1973 10 31
—
(2002)
( )
11
38
1976
60
…..
( 2002:226)
1962 1993 31
24
1993 3 11
( 1993)
2001
24
39
( 2001)
80
80 (
001)
( 001)
1962 1987 25
(2002)
( 2002:215)
40
1987 1988
1980 ( )
ok
25
25 1986
41
1993
1983
1987
( 2002:298)
1990
1990
1993 1996 TVBS ( U2 )
……
42
1994 8
1994 11
(
) ( )
43
tvbs
(Formosan Association for Public Affairs,
FAPA) 26
1994
( 3 6 )
26 tvbs
44
(
)
5 22
6 7 6 9
27
6 16
1997 6 11
30%
HBO, DISCOVERY, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC…..
27
45
( )
1999
28
2 29
28 1999
29 18
46
30
47
(2000--2008)
1995 2 18
( )
2000 5 20
2001
2003 5 4
48
( 2000)
( )
( 2000)
31
2002
2006
2004
31 2000/08/13
49
( 3-3-1)
3-3-1
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 ( )
2007
2008
(
001) 2000 3
50
( 2000)
2000 (
)
(
)
2003 12 9
2005 12 26
32
33 5 18
(
001)
32
33 3-3-2
51
3-3-2
2000/05—2000/10 5
2000/10—2002/02 18
2002/02—2003/07 17
2003/07—2004/05 10
2004/05—2005/03 11
2005/03—2006/01 10
2006/01—2007/04 15
2007/04—2008/05 11
2005 12 26 2006 1 3
(
2009:241)
52
( 2009:229)
NCC
( 2009)
(Hung and Wei,2006)
?
2000
2000 2008
53
300 650
….. ( 002)
2010
6.33%
2000 2008
54
55
56
34
35
15-28
57
36 http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/ ( 2011/05/05)
58
37
U-Life 1
U-Life 2
U-Life 4
U-Life 3
U-Life 5
1081671
21.21%
59
2005
2009 600
38 39
50 113
40
15%
2%
2009 11
10% 2010 3
10% ( :2010)
( 2009)
2011 3 24 3239 41
38 2006
39 2011 499,254 9.79%
40 2141 3239 http://www.ey.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=78767&ctNode=1229&mp=1 (
60
2010 7
2010 11 17 2015
50%......
2011/05/28)
61
momo 1
momo 1
momo 2
499,254
9.79%
1,125,988
22.09%
momo 3
Channel v
62
1962
1987 25
25
( 2003:148)
1988
—
( ) 1980
63
1993
2000
(Stakeholder)
2008
( 3-5-1)
64
3-5-1 2011
1,125,988 22.09%
31.88%499,254 9.79%
1,091,671 21.41%
741,261 14.54%
293,088 5.75%
1,346,617 26.41%
5,097,879 100%
2011
65
BBC NHK KBS CCTV ?
? !
( 001)
80
1927 BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)
BBC BBC
BBC BBC
BBC
BBC
digital uk 2008 2012
66
42
1950
1960 1980
KBS(Korean
Broadcasting System) 1980
( 2005:4)
KBS KBS
KBS
KBS KBS
2000 2006
2000 2008
( 001)
1980
42 digital uk http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/about_digital_uk/partners ( 2011/05/31)
67
1993
1
8000 ( 2000:61-62)
1996
1997
( 1997)
1997 50
560 600 1999
600 2000
68
(100 600 )
? ?
( 002)
600
1950
( 2007:49)
600
69
( )
100
1999 2000
2004
( 002)
1993 2000
70
71
2000
( 2000)
2000
60%
72
2008
162
2011
(
4-2-1)
73
74
75
1993
(?)
( 002)
76
MOD MOD
( 002)
2007
1982 Stigler(1971)
1999 19
50%
13 (1993)
2011 700
EBITA( ) ( 2010)
110 5,500 (
77
7200 )
(
1999:61)
78
( )
2008 2009
( )
43
?
43
79
80
81
82
2006
44 http://jirs.judicial.gov.tw/FJUD/ ( 2011/05/05)
83
2010 9
……
10 (set-top
box)
(Streaming)
(regulation)
(regulatory
legitimacy)
( 2007 209-217)
45 99/09/08
84
46
(better regulation)
( )
( 5-1-1)
46 http://www.tpgrc.org.tw/content.php?f=93( 2011/06/21)
85
5-1-1
86
(
)
( )
87
( )
88
? ( 2007:204)
(
)
2007
89
48
2008
( )
47 http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/files/09021/1401_9443_090216_1.pdf (2011/07/02) 48
90
6.33%
91
49
iptv connet tv.
(app.)
iptv connect tv.
49 2010 2010( ) 2015 50%
2011 3 24
92
(2010)
1997 1998
2003 iptv(MOD)
MOD MOD
iptv 50
1999 pccw
pccw & era iptv 51
2003
10 pccw now tv.
iptv pccw
MOD
50 MOD 30%
51 pccw & era
93
94
95
1993
:
2000 2000/06/24
4
1991 --
202 :74-77
2008
2009
2002 : 2008
1995 —
22:64-75
2008 :NCC
2008/06/05 A15
2006
2007
96
2009
Iris Geva-May, An operational approach to policy analysis: the Craft. Norwell:
Kluwer Academic Publisher.
1993
2003 : 50
145-169
2005 85:1-30
2008
2009 :
2008 94
149-192
1997 1997/09/21
3
2003 12 Wheelan, harles. Naked
Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science. , New York: w.w. Norton &
Company,2003
2006 —
26 51-75
2006
1-27
2009
:
2003
97
2008
2010 104
1-30
1993
1993/03/12 10
1997 1997/12/21
10
2009 NCC
2009/11/10 A8
2007 2007.9.27
2010
2006 Palan Ronen, Global
Political Economy : Contemporary Theories. New York: Routledge, 2000.
2010 700 2010/07/30
A2
2008
2008
2010
2010
2008 21
2004
98
1998
Mosco Vincent, The Political Ecomomy of Communication : Rethinking and
Renewal, London: SAGE, 1996.
2010
2006 — OECD
38 49-98
2007
2008
1980-2000 12 1 101-145
2009
2000 2000/03/22 6
1998 1998/10/03
20
2001
2001/01/21 C2
1993
:
2006
2008 VS. :1158
99
12-13
2008 2008
2006
1995
2005 —
1998
1998/01/06
2008
2008 2008/04/10
2003 50
1-48
2006 BBC: :
2008
1999
13 3 1999 47-64
2008
2003
100
101
Buchanan, James. M. Gordon, Tullock. 1962. The Calculus of Consent. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Burgess, Giles H., 1997, The Economics of Regulation and Antitrust, New York: Harper
Collins.
Drake, Paul W. and Mathew D. McCubins. 1998. The Origins of Liberty: Political and
Economic Liberalization in the Modern World. NJ.: Princeton University Press
Dunn, William N. ,2008, “Public Policy Analysis : An Introduction.”, NJ.: Upper Saddle
River.
Dye, Thomas R. , 1972 , Understanding Public Policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.:
Prentice-Hall.
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Entman, R. M. and Wildman, S. S., 1992, Reconciling Economic and Non-Economic
perspectives on media policy: Transcending the “Marketplace of ideas”, Jounal of
Communication. 42,1,p5-19
Hung, C. L. and Wei T. ( ) 2006 ”Media reform in Taiwan: A critical
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Causes and Norms, Stuart S. Nagel, ed. New York: Greenwood Press.
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102
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