60

O M Xpu jtmLjtK MPH.¥ ^ J K J ONM I1XpI1MPO¦jsunnyday.mit.edu/papers/tcas-tse-old.pdf · 2015. 12. 11. · XpV Y*YAMPH,GEV jtKNO¦XpK M j SUK#GEVX O M Xpu jtmLjtK MPH.¥ ^ J K J

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • � ����������� ����� ��������������������� � ��� !"�#�$�%���#��&(')�*��(��,+�.-$�(�(��� � /10

    2.354#687:9=%?A@B? CED54F(GEH,I JLKNMPO�QARTSUMWV1RTM�X�V1Y[Z�V \SUV MPMWONSUVL\ ] ^`_badcEe

    f V ShgiMPOkjlSUKlmnGpo`qrXEjtsLSUV \KNGEVQiM�X�KNKNuhMi] q�vxwy8zPwe

    {|35}C[~;U�;�.?8>35(F(GEH,ILJ KNMPO�QARTShMPV1RTM��MPI1XpOKNH,MWV8KW]8v�atzT�q$MPuhuj%X�uUu

    SRks SU\XpV[QKkXpKM f V SUgiMWOkjtShKlmZ(XjtKXpV1jlSUV \L] SRs Sh\iX�V,iyyEpaNzWEi

    .D57[?8}�D54 ¡;#¢[? ? C?

    £ V8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGV�XpV1Y.F(GEH,ILJ KNMPO�QARTShMPV1RTM��MPI KP¥f V SUgiMPO¦jtShKtmnG�oF#X�uUS§o¤GEONVLSX8] £ Og8ShV M

    £ Og8ShV Mi] F#v¨w©iz�

    ªt«¬�¯®°5±³²¤´µ¬¶k®¸·¹t¹lº»E¶k²¤¼½§¶k¾¯¾¯¿®¤À�»�»E±³²½¼¤¹Á�·P¿Â¸Ã�Ä,Å�²d¶ºW¼BÆÆÇÈÊÉT˳ËT̳ͳÎTÉ�ÏPÂÐ�ÃPÐrÅ�²¶kºP¼BÂÐBÅ`ÈÑÈÊÌT̳Ò�Ï�¶ºÁÂBÃpÄ�ÆÓ1Ç.Å�²¶kºP¼Ô`ÆÇÈÊÒTÕ³ÍpÑÖ³ÉTÒ�×Ø «¬�¯®»¶»¹l²¸¬¶k®B¶»�»E¹¶k²½¹Á%¯º�ÙÚ1Ú1ÚÜÛEÝdÞßPàÞ³áâãhäßPà#äkß%åiäæâçèÞkÝé�Ú5ßPê¦ãëßéélÝlãëßPê¦Ïpì³±T¾×�ÍTË�ÏPº�±E×�É�Ïp»�»A×ÌTÒkíîÑËTÎ�ÏÃP¹l»p¼¤¹lï·E¹l²BÑNɳÉkíE×AÆ5±³»P¿P²¤¯ðT¬W¼5ÑÉTÉkíB·P¿(«¬p¹èñº�®½¼¤¯¼¤Àp¼¤¹±kòAÓ ¾¯¹ó¼½²¤§ól¶¾¶kºÁÓ ¾¯¹ó¼½²¤±Tº�§ó®èÓ º�ðT¯º�¹l¹l²½ôºpðÏTñºók×8ÐB¾¯¾�²¤¯ðT¬W¼½®²¤¹t®¤¹l²½ì³¹Ái×z

  • õnö5÷kø³ùTúAûPøü�ýEþhÿ������������³ÿ���þ����³ÿ������������������tý��������þ��þ������������Eþ����� !����ÿ5ÿ"�����tþ$#%�����þ&�'�Aÿ�()���*��������³ÿlÿ"+

    ����������,ÿ"-iÿ"���� ÿ/.0�(ÿ1�����tþ$#%�����þ����2,3�����'�������4�tý����èÿ"�����5�����ÿ*�týEþëÿ6������������lý7.������8�����9��� !�,�������,¯þ3�����þ����:��(%�lý����������������tý;����!���µþ&����Aÿ1���þ3�?,@�Wþ&���A�?(B�4���,$,ôþhÿ½þ����C�?D�� þE�+�������ÿ"-iÿ"���� GFdüIH=J�K2L"L�MANiü�ý����9��� !�,���ÿ"�5���tþO#%���

  • XpV Y*YAMPH,GEV jtKNO¦XpKM�jSUK#GEV�X OM�XpujtmLjtKMPH.¥�^ J KJ ONMI1XpI1MPO¦jShuUuèY8M�jRTONS3 M�Ks M�XpV XpuUmLjtSjI ONGAR³M�Y8J OM�jMX�ONMY8MPgiMPuhGEI ShV \nX�V1Y*MWgEX�uUJ1X�KNShV \�o¤GEO�GEJ O�H,GAY8MWu¥

    GijlK�Gpo�Ks M,ShV8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGEV.KG1M ShV1RTuUJ Y8M�Y.SUV�GEJ O�jlm jlKNMPH OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkjH,GAY8MPu(X�uUOM�XEY8m�SjRTGuUuUM RTKNM�Y2AmjtmLjtKNMWH:MWV \EShV MPMPO¦j GO(jtG�o¤K� XpOMMPV \EShV MPMPO¦jT¥`µG�MPgiMPOW]PKNs M#SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�Sj¸R³GEH,H,GV uUmjNRWXpKNKMPONM Y Ks ONGJ \Es GJ KKNsLM�jtmLjtKMPH Y8GARTJ H MPV8K¦XpKSUGEV]ESj(J1jtJ1X�uUuhmnSUV8o¤GONH�X�uUuUmjlI M RTSE1M Y5]AXpV1Y,Sj�V GKSUV Xµo¤GEOH XpH,MPV X' uhMKNG�o¤GONH�X�u1XpV XpuUmLjtSjT¥ £ V XEYLY8SUKSUGEV]©Ks M�SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGVnSj�Gpo¤KMPV�jlI M RTSE1M Y�J1jtShV \H�J uUKSUI uhM%Y8S�èMPONMPVAKX�V1Y[SUV RTGEH,I XpKNS3 uUM�H,GAY8MWujISUKs SUV�Ks MnjXpH,MjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV~½Mi¥ \ ¥h]5QiKkX�KNMPH�X�KNM �25w']B%X�KNuhMPm�KGnRTGV1jtKONJ1R³KP]8OMPgASUM��]iX�V1Yo¤GEOH�XpuhuUm XpV XpuUm�¤PMi¥ GjtK.jlGpo¤K�X�ONM�ONM�iJ ShONMPH,MWViKkj�jtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGV�uXpVL\EJ1X�\EM�j[ShV1RTuUJ Y8M.jlGpo¤K�X�ONMY8M�jlSU\V�SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV� µKs M.GEOSU\SUV1X�u�vµal�jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV¥ µMWV1yE�µSj,X�V GEK¦X' uhM.M� R³MPI KNShGEV¥¦s MH,GAY8MWuUSUVL\nuXpVL\EJ1X�\EM�Y8M�jRTONS31M�Y*ShV[KNsLSjI1XpI1MPO�YASEèMPOkjo¤ONGEH Ks MnvµalnuXpV \J1Xp\Mi]5s G�MWgiMPOP] ShV[KNsLMJ1jlM,Gpo�s Sh\Es MWONa¤uUMPgiMPud] \uUG�1Xpu X'1jlKNOkXRTKNShGEV1j�G�o�KNs M�MPVAKNShONM jtmLjtKNMWH XpV1Y$ShV$Ks M,\GiXpu#Gpo�I OG�g8SY8SUV \o¤GEOH�XpujtmLjtKMPH XpV XpuUmLjtSj ILONGARTM�YAJ ONM�jKNG�GEI1MPO¦XpKMGEVKNs M(J V Y8MPONuhm8ShV \o¤GEOH�XpuiH GAY8MPu¥_bM�jlM�XpO¦Rs�s1XjSUV RTONM�XjtM�Y�GV Ks M�Y8MPgiMWuUGEILH,MPVAKGpoès SU\s MPOa½uhMPgiMPuLX'1jlKNOkXRTKNShGEV1j¸o¤GO>MWH^1M�Y YAM�Y�jlm jlKNMPH�jc ^Z£qliwE8]g1QAwER  XpV Y*X�uUKs GEJ \s�uXpO\EMPadjNRWXpuUM�M�LXpH I uUM�j`XpONMjlKNSUuhu5uXER�8ShV \ ]AjtGH,M%G�o�Ks M�jtMH,GEOMµOM�RTMPVAKSY8M�XEjXpOM! MWSUV \ XpI ILuUSUM Y SUV�ONMWKNONGjtI1M�RTK�KNGnKs Mvµalnjlm jlKNMPH.¥

    ^¸SUV XpuUuhmi]Ks M.uX�V \EJ1X�\EM�Y8M�1V M�Y¡s MWONM[s XEj�XpV1X�uUmLjtSj \EGXpuj�jlSUH,ShuXpOnKG�KNsLM~OG8F(GAQ�jlm jlKNMPH _�_�w8z?d]� J KJ jtM�jjlKkXpKM%H�XRs ShV M�j=sLMPONM�XjI�ONGAF(G8Q�J1jlM�j>I OGARTM�jjXpuU\M� O¦XEjT¥F(GV1jtM

  • SUK¦jbJ jtM�KG�jtI1M�R³Sëo¤m,Ks Mnjlm jlKNMPH ONMG�o#XpV�X�SUOkR³OkX o¤KRTGuUuUSjtShGEV�XPgiGESYLXpV1RTM jtmLjtKMPH)RPXpuhuUM�YµF#v�Q £N£ ¥ £ V.KNsLMnH,SY jlK%Gpo KNs SjµM?èGEOKP]BGEJ O�H,GAY8MWu= XEj�XEY8GI KNM Y�XEj%KNsLM G��RTSXpu�OM�iJ SUOMPH,MPViK¦jjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV,o¤GEO¬µF#v�Q ££ ]1jtG�KNs MONM�jlM�XpO¦Rs�M?èGEOK%X�V1Y*Ks M�ONM�jlJ uUKSUV \�H,GAY8MWu5s1XY*KNGC1M�ShV1Y8J1jlaKNOSX�u�iJ1XpuhSUKlmi¥4s M%J VLSBiJ MµI XpONKG�oBKNs Sj>M?èGONKP]1X�KuhM�XEjlKSUV KNMPOH�j�GpoBJ V ShgiMPOkjlSUKlm�OM�jtM XpOkRks]iSj(KNs1X�KKNsLMnjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV[uXpV \J1Xp\MbXjµY8MWgiMPuUGI M YUShKNs RTGEVAKNShV8J1X�u o¤MWM�Y51XR/�X�V1Y*MWgEX�uUJ1X�KNShGEVWAm�^ v%vMPH,ILuUG�miMPM�j³]XpShOto¤OkX�H,M�H�XpVAJ8odXER³KNJ OMPOkj³]dµF#v�Q.H XpVAJ8odXERTKJ ONMWOkjT]`XpShONuUShV M�ONMPI OM�jtMWV8K¦XpKNShgiM�jT]I ShuUGKkjT]XpV Y$GEKs MPO�M�AKNMPOV1Xpu�OMPgASUM�#MPOkj³¥ GjtK�Gpo�Ks MnONMPgASUM0MPO¦j8MPOMnV GEKjlGpo¤K�X�ONM�MPV \EShV MPMPO¦jµGEOMPgiMPVRTGH,I J KMPO�jRTSUMWV8KSjtK¦j? EKs Sj�s MWuUI1M�Y�SUV�I OGAY8J1RTShV \nX�jtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEVnuX�V \EJ Xp\EMKNs1X�K>Sj�M�XEjlSUuUmuUM�X�ONV M YXpV Y*J1jlM�Y_8m�X�I I uhSRPX�KNSUGV�M�8I1MPOKkj³¥

    vµuUKs GEJL\EspM�YAM�jNRTOSª1M X[I1XpOKNSR³J uX�O�uX�V \EJ Xp\EM�KNs1X�KbM,J jtM�Y�o¤GOnKNs Sj�H,GAYAMPu]BKNs M�YAMPKkX�SUujGpo KNs M�XRTKNJ Xpu(uX�V \EJ1X�\EM o¤M XpKNJLONM�j%X�ONM�uUM�jjµSUH I GONK¦XpVAK%KNs1X�V$Ks MnGEKs MPO�ONM jtJ uhKkjµG�oKNsLM OM�jtM�X�OkRks�Nz�(KNs M\EMPV MWOkXpuBR³ONSUKMPONSX%KNs1X�K�XpVAm�jtJ1Rks,H,GAYAMPuUShV \�H,MWKNs GAY�XpV1Y�uX�V \EJ1X�\EM�H�J1jtK jNXpKSjo¤mi]6d¨(KNsLMKlm8I1MGpoShV8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGV*Ks1XpK�H�J1jtK�1MnShV1RTuUJ Y8M�Y*ShV.jlJ1Rs�X jtmLjtKNMWH"ONM

  • XpKSUGV¡X�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤KP¥µF#v�Q £N£ I ONG�gASY8M�j�KNO¦XjlKkX�ONKNM Y G�giMPO#E�miM�X�OkjX�\EGL¥ £ V�zPwEyAzE]KNsLM�^Lv%vxY8M�R³SY8M�Y,KG,Y8MWgiMPuUGI�XpV1Y�SUH,ILuUMPH�MPVAK�µF#v�Q ££ ]1XpV1Y�X ShV SUH�X�u�µI1MPO¦XpKSUGEV XpuZ¸MPOto¤GONaH�X�V1RTM�QiKkX�V1Y XpO¦Y jw ¬Q*�Y8GAR³J H,MPVAK: XEj�I OGAY8J1RTM�Y�J1jlSUV \ X.RTGEHC ShV1XpKSUGEV�Gpo Z�V \EuhSjls¡X�V1YI1jlMPJ1Y8GARTGAYAMi¥µQiShV1RTM%ShKkj�XEY8GI KNShGEV[ShV�zPwEyc8]1KNs M ¬ Q�s1Xj1MPMWV*M08KMPV1jtShgiMPuUmnOMPgASjtM Y,jtS3,KNShH,M�jKNGW@�MPONOGEO¦j�GEO�SUH,I OG�giMnKNs M�jtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV¥ £ V zPwEyw8]KNsLM�^ v%v OM�iJ SUOM�Y�Ks1XpKPµF#v�Q £N£ 1MSUV jtKkX�uUuhM�Y,GEV�RTGH,H,MPO¦RTShXpuX�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤K8ShKNs[H GEONM�Ks1XpV�c,jtM�X�Kkj�8m�µM RTMPHC MWO%zPww8z�XpV Y[GEV�RTGH,aH,MPO¦RTSX�u X�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤KISUKs.zP�KNG�c�jtM XpKkjIAm�zPwwEeA¥Is M ^ v%v�ONMPuX'AM�Y Ks M�1OkjlK�Y8M�XEYAuUSUVLMµKG�ONM

  • H�X�SUVAKNMPV1X�V1RTM¦]iI ONGARTM jNj�Rs1X�OkXRTKNMPOSjlKNSRWj8½M¥ \ ¥h]8uhSUH,ShKNS§V \�I ONGAR³M�jNjgXpONSX' uhM�jKNG�H,ShV SUH�Sª¤PMILONGAY8J1R³aKNShGEV Gpo¬8mAI ONGAYAJ1RTKkj�k]X�V1Y¡jX o¤MPKlmñ¤S¥ Mi¥U](XPgiGESY8SUVL\.s1X'¤�X�OkY8GJ1j,jlKkXpKM�j/¦¥ £ V jtGEH M[jlm jlKNMPH jT]�KNsLMo¤J V1R³KNSUGV1Xpu#\EGXpuSj�KG[H�X�SUVAKkXpShV�jNXPo¤MPKlmi]�jlG.jNXPo¤MPKlm$Sj�I1X�ONKGpo�KNsLM,G�giMPOkX�uUu�G�*çlM�RTKNShgiM�XEj!MPuhuXjI1GEKMPV8KSX�uUuUm�I1X�ONK�Gpo`KNs MRTGV1jtKOkXpShV8K¦jT¥

    v%j(XpV,M0 X�H,I uUM] o¤GOX�V�XpShO1GEOV M�RTGuUuhSjtShGEV�XPgiGESY XpV RTM�jtmLjtKMPH|uUS3iM�µF#v�Q1]�ë�ì(RPX�V_1MµgASUM0M�YXEj�Xpuhu�XpShOkRTO¦X o¤K�KNs1X�K®¡1m SUVAKNGÜKNsLM�X�SUOkjlI1XER³M$G�onKNsLMµF#v�Qa½M�iJ ShI I1M�Y X�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤K[X�V1YîTì,XEj�XpuUuXpShOkRTO¦X o¤K#KNs1X�KI¡1m GJ KGpoBKs M�X�SUOkjlI1XER³M%Gpo`KNs M;µF#v�Q�XpShOkRTO¦X o¤KW¥�s M%\EGXpuG�o�Ks M!µF#v�Q�jlm jlKNMPH SjKNG�H�X�SUVAKkX�SUVnX�H,SUVLSUHnJ HjtMPI XpOkX�KNShGEV o¤J V RTKNShGEVC MWK�#MPMPVnKs M�XpShOkRTO¦X o¤KP¥(F(GEV1jlKNO¦XpSUVAKkj(SUV1R³uUJ1Y8M�jlJ1RksKNsLSUV \j>Xj>V GKShV8KMPOto¤MPOSUV \�SUKs Ks M�\EONGJ V1Y8aV1XjtM�Y�XpShO(KNOkX��R�RTGV8KONGEu4dv>µF�`jlm jlKNMPH.]GEI1MPOkX�KNShV \SUKs�XpV�XERPR³MPI KkX� uUm�uUG�uUMPgiMWu Gpo(JLV5 XpVAKNM�Y,X�uX�ONH�j�XEYAg8SjtGEOSUM�jKGnKNs MI SUuhGEK?¦] X�V1Y*H,ShV SUH�Sª¤³SUVL\KNsLM�X�H,GEJLV8K#Gpo#Y8MWg8SXpKNShGEV�Gpo`KNsLM�X�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤Ko¤ONGEH Ks MPSUO v�µF(aXjNjtSh\EV M Y*KNO¦XER� j³¥

    µGEKM%KNs XpKKNsLM%\EGXpujGpo`Xnjlm jlKNMPH XpOM�çlJ1jtK#KNs1X�KP] S¥ Mi¥U]iKs MPmnH�XPmnV GK� M�MPVAKNShONMPuhmnXRs ShMPgX' uhMi¥vµuhKNs GJ \Es,Ks M%\GiXpuG�oZµF#v�Q £N£ Sj>KGò�ó�ôBõbôBö*÷ø�òV M XpONa¤H,SjNjtM j¤S¥ Mi¥U]iX�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤KgASUGEuXpKSUV \H,SUV ShHnJ HjtMWI1XpO¦XpKNShGEV�jlKkXpV Y XpO¦Y j/¦] Ks Sj�RPX�V V GEK¬ M X ONM\GiX�uSjKNGUõbôBö*ôBõbôEù�ò(KNs MV8J HC1MPOGpo`V M�X�ONa¤H,SjjtM�j³¥ds MuXpKKNMPOW]8s G�#MPgiMPOP]iSj>V GK�X�H,M�XEjlJ OkX� uUM�\EGXpuBjlSUV1RTMSUKkj#XERks SUMWgiMPH,MPViK(RWXpV V GK1M�Y8MPKMPONH,ShV M�Y5¥�vµVLGEKNsLMPO%I1GijjtSªLSUuUShKlm*Ks1XpKKNs MPGONMPKSRPX�uUuhm�RPXpV~1MnMPgXpuhJ1XpKM�Y[SjKNGûú/òAü�ý�þ?òVLM�XpOaH,SjNjtM jT¥ws M�X�H,GEJLV8KGpo�ONM Y8J1RTKSUGEVrKNs1X�K�SjXERTKJ1XpuhuUmrXERks SUMWgiM�Y[KNs MWV1M�RTGEH M�j�X[RTOSUKNMWONSUGV�o¤GOs MPKs MPO#KNs M�jlm jlKNMPH RPX�V®1MIçlJ jtKNS�1M�Y_1XjtM�Y GV�RTGijlK�XpV1Y,I1GijjtSªLuUM�SUV1R³ONM�XjtM�Y OSj�^ShKNs,OM�jtI1M�RTKKNGGEKNsLMPO�s1X�¤�XpO¦Y j�SUVnKNsLMjtmLjtKMPH.¥4s MI1GEShV8K`s MPONM#Sj¸Ks1XpK`\EGiX�uj(XpOM�Y8SEèMPOMPVAK o¤OGEH¨OM�iJ SUOMPH,MPViK¦j1M�RPX�J1jtMKNs M\EGiX�ujµH X m V GEK21M XERks SUMPgX� uUMi¥às MnXRTKNJ1X�u¸OM�iJ SUOM�Y�XpV1Y.XRs ShMPgiM�Y^1MPs X gASUGO%RWXpV1MnMPgXpuhJ1XpKM�YWSUKs.ONM�jlI M RTK%KNG KNs Mn\GiXpuj�XpV1Y�RTGEV jtKNO¦XpShV8K¦jµKNG�YAMPKNMPOH,SUVLMsLMPKNs MWO%KNs M jtmLjtKMPH.]XEj�jtI1M�R³SE1M�Y�X�V1Y�Y8M�jtSh\EV M Y5] Sj!÷�þ�þ?ò"ÿ7øR÷��?óªò¦¥

    Z(XpONuhm$ShV$Ks M Y8MPgiMPuhGEI H,MWV8KI OGARTM�jjT]�KNO¦XEY8MWG'j:1MPK�MPMPV[o¤JLV1RTKNShGEV1X�u\GiXpuj�X�V1Y�RTGV1jtKOkXpShV8K¦jKNs XpKX�ONM�R³GEV5¡1SRTKNShV \�GEO#V GEK RTGEH,ILuUMPKMPuUm�XRsLSUMPgX'LuUM�H J1jlKd1MµSY8MPVAKNS�1M�Y�XpV1Y OM�jtGuUgiM�YnXRPRTGOkY8ShV \KNG�Ks MI ONShGEOSUKNShM�j�XjNjtSh\EV M Y KG�Ks MPH.¥ £ Y8MPVAKNS§o¤m8ShV \�KNs M�jlM�RTGEV�¡1SRTK¦j(XpV1YnONM�jlGEuhg8ShV \%KNsLMPH¨Sj�X%H�X'çlGEOKkXj� SUV1GKNs�KNsLM�jtmLjtKNMWH X�V1Y�jtG�o¤K�XpOM[OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkj�X�V1Xpuhm jlSjnI ONGAR³M�jNj³¥ v"jtM RTGEV1Y¡K¦XEj�¡SjMPV1jlJ ONShV \%Ks1XpK(KNsLM�jtI1M�RTS�1M�Y^¤GEO(ONMKG�X�V�XERWRTMPI K¦X' uhM�Y8MP\EOMPM�s SUuhM�jNXpKSjo¤m8ShV \�KNs MRTGEV jtKNO¦XpShV8K¦jT¥QiMPH XpVAKNSR(X�V1Xpuhm jlSj>G�oGJ OjtmLjtKMPH"OM�iJ SUOMPH,MPVAKkj(H,GAY8MPu`RPXpV�I1GEKMPV8KSX�uUuUm�XY Y8ONM jNj21GEKNs�Gpo KNs M jtMnMPuhMPH,MPVAKkj(Gpo�R³GEONOM�RTKV M�jNjjtShV1RTM%ShKSUV1R³uUJ1Y8M jX�H,GAY8MPuèGpo(Ks M! MWs1XPg8ShGEOGpoXpuhuKNs MRTGH,I1GEV MWV8K¦jGpo`KNs MjtmLjtKMPH.¥

    Ò�Ó�� �å¬Þ��bÖIÙ%ã ×Iܬá ÛpÖ�ÜIÝ7ã�ÜIÝ Ö�� â ãdä;å!ßAÞ7ã>æ³ã>ÜcÝ7Ù �bã��dß���=×dÝ6ßAÖ�Ü ��ÖIÞ�~Þ7Ö�=ãZÙ*Ù���ÛpÖÜcÝ7Þ7ÖØ���¬Ù5Ý7ã>æ³Ù

    v

  • Controlled VariablesManipulated Variables

    Controller

    Actuators Sensors

    Process

    Output Input

    System Input System Output

    Command Signal

    +,

    -

    .. +-

    F

    F

    F

    FS

    C

    P

    A

    S S

    cm

    Disturbances/

    ^¸SU\J ONM�z(v1XjtSR ILONGARTM�jjµR³GEVAKNONGuH,GAY8MPuY8MPOSUgiMX�H�XpKs MPH�X�KNSRPXpuAH,GAY8MPu1G�o�Ks M%I OGARTM�jNjYAJ M%KNGnKs MµodXRTKKs1XpKH,GjtK#I ONGARTM jNjtM jXpONMs SU\s uUmV GV uUShV M�XpOT½Sd¥ Mi¥h]8Ks M�I OGARTM�jj%Rs XpOkXRTKNMWONSjlKNSRPjY8MPI1MPV1Y�GEV.Ks M�uhMPgiMPu5G�o#GEI1MPOkX�KNShGEV6¦]5X�V1Y5]5MPgiMWV[X�KX�R³GEV1jlKkXpVAKGI1MPOkX�KNSUVL\�uUMWgiMPu]EKs M�I ONGARTM jNjRks1X�OkXER³KNMPOSjtKSRPj`Rs1X�V \EM¬SUKNs�KNShH,M!½Sd¥ Mi¥h]pKs M%I OGARTM�jj>SjV GV1jtK¦XpKNShGEV1X�ONm7k¥#vµVAm�XpKNKMPH,I K(KGnI ONG�gASY8MX�H�XpKs MPH�X�KNSRPXpuAM�AI ONM�jjtShGEV Y8M�jNR³ONSªLSUV \KNs M%ILONGARTM�jjSUVAgiGEuhgiM�jnjtShH,I uhSëo¤mASUV \ XEjNjlJ H,I KSUGV1j,XpV Y¡KNs MPOMTo¤GEOMWShuUu� M.ShH,I1MPOto¤M RTKP¥ QGEH,M�GpoKNs M.ILONGARTM�jjRks1XpO¦XERTKMPONSjtKNSRPjT]As G�MPgiMWOP] RWXpVW1M Y8M�jNR³ONSª1M�Yè]1XpV1Y�KNs SjY8M�jNR³ONSUILKNSUGV�RPXpV[ MJ1jtM Y*KNG Y8MPOSUgiM�X�V1YgXpuhSY X�KNM�KNs MRTGV8KONGu5o¤J V1RTKSUGEV¥0�ò�ö1�2��ú��XpOM�J1jlM�Y*KG H,GV SUKGEOKs MnXRTKNJ1X�u=1MPs X gASUGOµG�o(KNsLM�I OGARTM�jNj�8m,H M�XEjlJ ONShV \nKNs M RTGEVLaKNOGEuhuUM�Y,gXpOSX'LuUM�j³¥µ^ GOµM�LXpH I uUMi]LX KNsLMPONH,GH,MPKMTO#H�XPm H,M XEjtJLONM�KNs MKNMPH I MWOkXpKJ ONM�G�o#X,jtGuUgiMPVAKSUV�XnRks MPH,SRPXpuLI ONGARTM jNjGEOX:1X�ONGEH MPKNOSR�XpuUKSUH,MWKNMPO(H�XPmnH,M�XjtJ OM�XpuhKNShKNJ1Y8MGpoXpV.X�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤K�X'1G�giMjtM X uhMPgiMPu¥4s MjlMPV1jtGObo¤JLV1RTKNShGEV[è�3nH�XpI j��#��%_é4)íë�¥5�þ?øRý�÷ø���ú��XpONM Y8MPgASR³M�jµYAM�jtSh\EV M�Y[KG�H�XpV ShI J uXpKNMKNs Mb1MPs X gASUGO%Gpo KNs MnILONGARTM�jjT]Mi¥ \ ¥�gEX�uUgiM�jRTGV8KONGEuhuUShV \�KNs Mb¡1G�¨G�oXU¡1J SY�GOnX,I ShuUGEKRks1XpVL\ESUVL\[KNsLM,Y8ShONM�R³KNSUGV�XpV1YrjtI1MPM�Y$G�o�X�VÜXpShOkRTO¦X o¤KP¥s M�XER³KNJ1X�KNGEO¦j�I sAm jlSRPX�uUuUm.M08M�R³J KNM RTGEH H�XpV1YLj SjNjlJ M�Y8m�KNsLM�RTGEVAKNOGEuhuUMPOSUV�GOkY8MPOnKG�Rs XpV \MKNsLM%H�XpVLSUI J uXpKM�Y gX�ONSX� uUM jT¥�s Mµo¤JLV1RTKNShGEV1X�uUShKtmnG�o�Ks M�XRTKNJ1X�KNGOkjSjYAM�jNRTOSª1M�Y^Am�KNs M�XRTKNJ XpKNGOo¤J V1R³KNSUGV[è#6[H�X�I I ShV \_î7%wé8) �$ µ¥

    s M~þ���ö5øRú��ó3óªò�ú%SjXpVÜX�V1XpuhGE\[GOnY8Sh\EShKkXpu Y8MPgASRTMnJ jtM�Y.KNG�SUH,I uhMPH�MPV8K�KNsLM,RTGV8KONGuo¤JLV1RTKNShGEV¥s M%o¤J V1R³KNSUGV1Xpu�1MPs X gASUGOGpo(Ks M�RTGV8KONGuUuUMWOSjYAM�jNRTOSª1M�Y_Am�XnRTGEVAKNOGEu5o¤J V RTKNShGEV~"è�9�(H�XpILI SUV \ë:%�;M08KMPONV1X�uèRTGEH,H XpV1YnjlSU\EV Xpuj³¥�s M%I OGARTM�jj>H�XPmnRks1X�V \EM�jlKkX�KNM

  • V GK%GEV uhm[Ks ONGJ \Es�SUVAKNMPOV1Xpu`RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1j%XpV Y�Ks ONGJ \Es�KNs MnH XpV ShI J uX�KNM�Y,gXpOSX� uUM�j³]6 J K XpujlGw8mY8SjtKNJLO1X�V1RTM�jbðC�KNs1X�KXpONM V GEK jtJ**çlM�R³K%KNG XEY'çlJ1jlKNH,MWV8K�X�V1Y�RTGV8KONGu>Am.KNsLM,RTGV8KONGuUuUMWOP¥Cs M\EMWV MPOkX�uRTGV8KONGu5I OG uhMPH Sj>KG�XEY'çlJ1jlKKNs MH�XpV ShI J uXpKNM Y gXpOSX� uUM�jjlG�XEjKGnXERks ShMPgiMµKs M�jlm jlKNMPH\EGXpujµY8M jtI ShKNMY8SjlKNJ OA1XpV RTM�jT¥

    s Sj�H,GAYAMPu8Sj�XpV X' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV�>�OM�jtI1GEV jtSªLSUuUShKlm o¤GO(SUH,I uhMPH�MPViKNShV \KNs M�R³GEVAKNONGu8o¤J V1R³KNSUGVnH�XPmXER³KNJ1X�uUuUm[1M,Y8SjtKONSªLJ KNM�Y.X�H,GEVL\�jtMPgiMWOkXpuRTGEH,I1GV MPVAKkjµShV1RTuUJ Y8SUV \ XpV XpuUG\.Y8MWg8SRTM�jT]èY8Sh\ESUK¦Xpu#RTGH,aI J KMPOkj³]BXpV1Y$sAJ H�X�V1jT¥ ^ JLONKNsLMPONH,GONMi]èKNs M�RTGV8KONGuUuUMWO%H�XPm�s1XPgiM GV uUm�I1XpOKNSX�u#RTGEVAKNOGEu(G�giMPO%KNsLMI OGARTM�jNj�>jlKkXpKM.Rks1XpVL\EM�jnSUVÜKNsLM[I OGARTM�jNjnH�XPm�GARPRTJ O Y8J M�KNG�SUVAKNMWONV1X�u�RTGEV1YASUKNShGEV1j�ShVÜKNs M�I ONGaRTM�jj�GOb M RPXpJ1jlM,GpoM�AKNMPOV1Xpu#Y8SjtKJ O1X�V1RTM�j�GOnKNs M XERTKJ1XpKGEOkj�H X m.VLGEKnI1MPOto¤GONH XEj�M�AI1M�RTKM�Y5¥^ GEO%M0 X�H,I uUM]8KNsLM�I ShuUGEK�SUV�XPµF#v�Q�jlm jlKNMPH)H�XPm,V GEK�o¤GEuUuhG�xKNs MONM�jlGEuhJ KNShGEV�XEYAg8SjtGEOm~½M�jRPXpI1MH�X�V MPJ giMPO�BSjNjlJ M�Y_Am,KNs MTµF#v�Q RTGV8KONGuUuUMWOP¥

    s M,I JLONI1GijlM*G�o%Ks M�RTGV8KONGuUadjtmLjtKNMWH OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPViKkjjtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGV�Sj�KNG.YAM?1V M,Ks M�jlm jlKNMPH\EGXpuj X�V1YÜRTGEV1jlKNO¦XpSUVAKkj³]>Ks M,o¤J V1RTKSUGVpè 9 ½Sd¥ Mi¥h]¸Ks M�ONM�iJ SUOM�Y uXR/�1G'û MWs1XPg8ShGEO�G�o%Ks M�RTGEVLaKNOGEuhuUMPO�k]AXpV1Y,Ks M�XEjjtJ H I KNShGEV1j#X'1GEJ K�KNsLM%GEKs MPOR³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8K¦j>G�oBKNs M%ILONGARTM�jjtadRTGEVAKNOGEuuhGiGEI�KNs1X�KNz�%Ks MnSUH,ILuUMPH,M³VAKNGEO¦jbVLMPM�Y.KNGw8VLG'|ShV.GEO¦Y8MPO�KG�SUH,I uhMPH�MPV8KKs M RTGEVAKNOGEu�o¤J V1RTKSUGV�RTGONOM�RTKNuhmXpV Y d¨KNs M�jlm jlKNMPH MPV \SUV MWMPOkj�XpV Y

  • Implementation

    d5

    Black-box

    specification of

    behavior of

    controller

    Specification of

    controller design

    based on

    functional

    decomposition

    d1

    d4

    d d32

    Desired

    process

    control

    behavior

    ^¸SU\J ONM 5QiMPH�X�V8KSR�Y8SjlKkXpV RTMÒ�Ó"Ò A ÜBAC���!Þ7ÖI×8�$D]Ý7ÖFE Þ\ß�Ýß�ÜHG â ãdä;å!ßAÞ7ã>æ³ã>ÜcÝ7ÙI��ÖIÞJ�~Þ7Ö=�4ãdÙ*ÙK�5ÛpÖ�ÜIÝ@Þ�Ö�Ø

    ��¬Ù5Ý7ã>æ³Ùq�M�jtI1M�RTS§o¤m*Ks M:LuXER�� G�[ MWs1XPg8ShGEO�GpoKs MnR³GEVAKNONGuUuhMPO:¤S¥ Mi¥U] Ks M�o¤J V1RTKSUGV~è 9 KNGP M�R³GEH,I JLKNM�YAmnKNs M�R³GEVAKNONGuUuhMPO?BJ1jlSUV \ X�jtK¦XpKM�H XERks SUV M#H,GAY8MPud¥ds MGEJ KI J Kkj(Gpo`KNs MRTGV8KONGEuhuUMPO#X�ONM�jlI M RTSE1M YSUKs�OM�jtI1M�RTKKG%jlKkX�KNMRks1X�V \EM�jSUVKNs M(H,GAYAMPuAXEjSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�Sj5OM�RTMPShgiM�Y%X'1GJ K�KNsLMR³J ONOMPV8KBjlKkX�KNMGpoKNs MRTGV8KONGEuhuUM�Y�ILONGARTM�jj�g8SX Ks MRTGEVAKNOGEuUuhM�Y�gXpOSX'LuUM�j8���N¥ £ V�KNs M�µF#v�QM�LXpH,ILuUMi]�KNs MRTGV8KONGEuo¤J V1R³KNSUGVnSj�jlI1M�RTSE M�Y�J1jtShV \�X%H,GAY8MWuiGpoKs M�jtK¦XpKMGpoBX�uUuAGEKs MPO#XpShOkRTO¦X o¤KdShKNs ShV�KNsLMs GijlKX�SUO¦RTOkXPo¤KML¯jXpShOkjlI1XERTM]©Ks MjtKkX�KNM%G�oBKNs M�GEVLa1GiX�OkY�RTGH,I1GEV MPVAKkj�G�oSUK¦j�G'V XpSUO¦RTOkXPo¤K�½Mi¥ \ ¥U]AX�uUKNShH,MPKMPOkj³]EX�SUOkR³OkX o¤KY8SjNRTOMPKNM�j�NT]BRTGAR�8ILSUKY8SjlI uXPm7k]BXpV Y�Ks M,jlKkX�KNM,G�o\EOGEJ V Y8a XEjtM Y O¦XEY X�O�jtK¦XpKNShGEV1j�SUV�KNs MngASR³SUV ShKtm¥£ V8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGV�X'1GEJ K#KNs Sj(jtKkX�KNM�Sj�ONM RTMPSUgiM Y o¤ONGH¨Ks M%jlMPV1jlGEOkj�½Mi¥ \ ¥h]iXpVAKNMPVLV1XEj(XpV Y KNO¦XpV1jlI GV1Y8MPO¦j/XpV Y[RTGH,H�XpV Y j(XpONM jtMPVAKKG Ks MXERTKJ1XpKGEO¦j¤Mi¥ \L¥U]8Ks M�I SUuhGEKW]1XpVAKNMPV V XEjT]1X�V1Y*KOkX�V1jtI1GEV Y8MPOkj�k¥

    s MjtK¦XpKNMH�XERks SUVLMµH,GAYAMPu1Gpo`KNs M�R³GEVAKNONGu o¤J V RTKNShGEVwè 9 Sj>ShKNMPO¦XpKNShgiMPuUm!1V M%KJ V M�Y�Y8JLONSUVL\nONMPaiJ SUOMPH,MPVAKkjjlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV�Y8MWgiMPuUGI H,MPVAK5KG%H,SUH SR¸Ks M�RTJ OONMPVAK¸JLV1Y8MPO¦jtKkX�V1Y8ShV \�GpoKs MONM XpuUaVGONuYI OGARTM�jNjXpV1Y�KNs M,OM�iJ SUOM�Y.RTGEVAKNOGEuhuUMPO!1MPs1XPgASUGEOW¥ws M jtKkX�KNM,H XERks SUV MH,GAY8MPu(Sj M jNjtMWV8KSXpuhuUm XpVX' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV G�o5Ks MI1MPs X gASUGO�GpoèKs M�jtmLjtKMPH:o¤J V RTKNShGEVbèjtShV1RTMShK¸H,GAYAMPujBXpuhu8Ks MONMPuhMPgXpVAK�XjtI1M�RTK¦jGpoKNs M�R³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8K¦j¸GpoKNs MILONGARTM�jjRTGV8KONGu uUGiGI¥(Z�ONONGOkj�SUV�KNsLM�jtKkX�KNM�H�XERks ShV M(H,GAY8MPuAONMPILONM�jlMPV8KH,SjtH�X�KkRks M�j81MPK�MWMPV�KNsLSj�H,GAY8MWuXpV Y Ks M�Y8M�jlSUONM YÈ1MPs X gASUGOnGpoKNs M�RTGV8KONGuuUGiGEI]>ShV1RTuUJ Y8SUV \KNsLM�I OGARTM�jNj³¥%q$M Y8M?1VLMnKNs MSUV8o¤GONH�X�uBRTGEV1R³MPI K�Gpo��ò�õb÷�ö5øRôBþ_ü�ôO��øR÷�ö*þ?ò�XEjµKs MnX�H,GEJLV8K�Gpo#M?èGEOKONM

  • RTGH,I1GEV MPVAKkj�XpV Y.jtKkX�KNMngXpOSX� uUM�j�Gpo#KNs M RTGEVAKNOGEuhuUM�Y�jtmLjtKNMWH.¥%QiI1M�RTSE RPXpuhuUmi]dI ONShgEX�KNM�,gXpOSX� uUM�jONMWuXpKM�Y$GV uUm�KG.KNs M SUH,I uhMPH�MPV8K¦XpKSUGEV.G�o%Ks M�ONM�iJ ShONMPH,MWViKkj%X�V1YH GAY8MPu�G�oKNsLM OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkjH�X'iM�jI1GijjtSªLuUMNz�nX�H�XpKs MPH�X�KNSRWXpu�giMPOSEèRWXpKNShGEVÜGpo gEX�ONShGEJ1j,YAM�jtShONM�Y�I OGEI1MPONKSUM�j�jtJ Rs XEj�RTGEV1jlSjlKNMPV1R³m

  • [ £uXER�8aV1G'[ ShV SUH�X�u[ QiMWH�XpVAKNSRPXpuhuUmnjlSUH,ILuUM[ F(Gs MPONMWV8KW] RTGV1jtSjtKNMWV8KW]1XpV1Y�RTGEV1R³SjtM[ f V XpHC SU\J GEJ1j(J V1Y8MWONuUmASUVL\nuXpVL\EJ1X�\EM:ShKNs�X�o¤GEONH Xpu o¤GJ V1Y X�KNShGEV*o¤GO%X�V1Xpuhm jlSj[ _M�XEYLX' uhMi] ONMPgASUM0X'LuUMi]AXpV Y J jNX'LuUM:Am XpI I uhSRPX�KNShGEV�M�AI MWONKkjX�V1Y[YAMPgiMPuUGI1MPOkj[ ^¸uhM�ASª uhMµV GKkX�KNSUGV1j!½\EO¦XpI sLSRPX�u]8K¦X' JLuXpOW]1jtmAH^1GuUSR�¸KSUM�Y�KNG�KNs M21M�jlK8 XPm KG I OG�g8SY8M%KNsLMI1X�ONKSRTJ uXpOKlmAI M�G�o�ShV8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGEV[ _M�XEYLX' ShuUSUKlm�\EShgiMPV,I OSUGEOSUKlm�GpgiMWO�ONSUK¦X' ShuUShKtm[ f jlMPOV MPM Y j\EShgiMPV,I OSUGEOSUKlm�GpgiMWOI MWOkjtGV1XpuBI OMTo¤MPONMWV1RTM�j[ £ V8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV,M�AI1GijtJLONM

    ^¸SU\J ONMc�(µM�jtSh\EV RTONShKNMPOSX o¤GOKNs M�uXpV \J1Xp\M\2ÓAÔ ]¦ãdÙ�ß�G�ÜíÛpÞ6ß�Ý7ãdÞ6ßA×^��ÖIÞñÝ_D¬ã`�bã��dß���=×dÝ6ßAÖ�ÜbaS×àÜcG�å2×8Gcãq�M SY8MPVAKNSE M�Y[jlMPgiMPOkX�u(RTOSUKNMWONSXnKNs XpK:#MPONMnShH,I1GEOKkXpVAK2ShKNs.ONM jtI1M�RTK�KNG�GJ O�\EGiX�ujXpV1Y$Ks1XpK!#M1MPuUShMPgiMXpI I uhm,SUV�\MPV MPO¦XpuKNG�KNsLSjKlm8I1M�GpojtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV�uX�V \EJ1X�\EMwdjtMPM�^BSU\EJLONMc¨¦¥

    s M_1OkjlKnRTOSUKMPONShGEV]`XEjnY8M�jRTONS31M�Y$SUVrKNs M,ILONMPgASUGJ1j�jlM�RTKNShGEV]�Sj�Ks1XpKnKs M,uX�V \EJ Xp\EM�jlI M RTSëo¤m uXER�51G�W1MPs1XPgASUGO�G�oKs M,jlGpo¤K�X�ONM�GEV uhm.X�V1Y$V GK�ShV1RTuhJ1Y8M�ShV8KMPONV Xpu(Y8M jtSU\V$ShV8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGV¥b£MPaRPX�J1jtM�GpoBKs M�jNXPo¤MPKlm�XpV1Y GKNs MWO>KlmAI1M�j�Gpo5o¤GONH�X�u1XpV XpuUmLjtSjdM�I uX�V V M�YnKNGI MWOto¤GEOH|GEV�KNs M�H,GAY8MWu]SUKXpujtG�s1XEY[KG_1M:1XjtM�Y�GEV�X,jlKkX�KNM�H XERks SUV M XEjµKs M�J V1Y8MPOuUmASUV \�H,GAY8MWu"  KNsLSjSjGAgASUGEJ jtuUm�V GKXnONM�iJ SUOMPH,MPViK�o¤GO�XpuUuuXpV \J1Xp\M�jT¥

    IG�GEKs MPO#RTOSUKNMWONSXXpONM�H,ShV SUH XpuhSUKm�X�V1Y�jtSUH I uUSRTSUKlm¥ SUV ShH�XpuhSUKmSUH,I uhSUM�j5Ks1XpK(Ks M�jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�aKNShGEV jts GJ uYRTGEVAKkX�SUV�GEV uhm�KNs M(SUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEV�V MPM Y8M�Y28mKNs M#Y8MPgiMWuUGEI1MPO¦jXpV1YXpV1X�uUmLjtK¦jT¥I�KNs MWOSjlMi]KNShH,M�Sj2XjtKM�Y[SUV�jlI M RTSëo¤mASUV \ KNs ShV \ij%KNs XpKXpOMnV GEK�J1jlM�Y5¥ X�V8m�GpoKs MnI1GEI JLuXpO�OM�Xpuha½KSUH,MONMPaiJ SUOMPH,MPVAKkj%jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEVruXpVL\EJ1X�\EM�j�ShV1RTuUJ Y8M odXRTSUuhSUKSUM�jµKs1XpK�X�ONM,VLGEK�jtKONSRTKNuhm.V M�RTM�jjNX�ONmi¥[s MI OG uhMPHSUKNs�KNs M[ASUK¦Rs MWV[jlSUV*%�XpI I OGiXRs.SjbKs1XpK%Ks MnjlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV�uX�V \EJ1X�\EMb1M�RTGH,M�jJ VLaV M�R³M�jNjXpONShuUm�RTGH,I uhM�XpV1Y,KNsLM%jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV,ILONGARTM�jjI1M�RTGEH M�j¸J V VLM�RTM�jjNXpOSUuhmnKNM�Y8ShGEJ1j#XpV1Y�KNSUH MPaRTGV1jtJ H SUV \L¥µv�ujtGL] o¤GO%ONM XEY X� SUuhSUKlmi] SUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEV�KNs XpK%SjbG�ouhSUH,ShKNM�Y�s MPuUI XpKX I1X�ONKNSRTJ uXpO�I GSUVAKSUV�KNsLM�jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV�jls GEJLuY|1M,GH,SUKKNM�Y6 Ks M,jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV jts GJ uY$sLMPuUI�KNs M�ONM XEY8MPO�o¤GARTJ1j�GEVs1X�KµSjSUH,I1GEOKkX�V8KW¥

    G�MPV s XpV1RTM#jlSUH,I uhSRTShKlmE]�M(KONSUM Y KG�XPgiGESY�jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV�uX�V \EJ Xp\EMo¤M XpKNJLONM�j5Ks1XpK`RTGEH I uUSRPXpKM�YKNsLM[X�V1Xpuhm jlSj�XpV1YÜKNs M jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV¥ÜXpVL\EJ1X�\EM.o¤M�XpKJ ONM�j�Ks1XpK XpOM.jlMPH�XpVAKNSRPXpuhuUm�jlSUH,I uhM,X�V1YjtKOkX�SU\EsAKto¤GO XpOkY¡KGÜY8M? V M�XpOM[J1jlJ1XpuhuUm XpujtGÜM�XEjlmÜKNG�J1jlM�XpV1Y¡OM�jtJLuUK�SUV¡H GEONM�OM�XEY X� uUM�X�V1YONMWg8ShM�X� uUMjtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV1jT¥

    _bMWuXpKM�Y*KG,KNsLMnH,SUV ShH,X�uUShKm,X�V1Y.jtShH,I uhSRTShKtm�R³ONSUKMPONSXnXpOM�RTGEs MWONMPV1R³mi]5R³GEV1jlSjtKMPV1RTm]5X�V1Y.RTGEVLaRTSjtMPV M jNjT¥ñ�KNs MWO,jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEVÜuX�V \EJ Xp\EM j o¤GEO�ONM�XRTKNShgiM�jtmLjtKMPH�j³]>Mi¥ \ ¥h]QiKkX�KNMPH�X�KNMû �25w']%X�KNuUMWm�yi�d]X�V1Y¡q�X�OkY� MPuUuhGEO[ q yEe'd]SUV RTuUJ1YAM�X$gXpOSUMPKlm�Gpo Y8SUgiMWOkjtM H,GAY8MPujT]

    zz

  • jtGH,M�Gpo�sLSRks[X�ONM�V GKbo¤GONH�X�uUuUm Y8M? V M�Y5¥��J Oµ\GiX�u= XEjKNG jtI1M�RTS§o¤m�XpuhuKNs MONM�iJ SUOM�Y ShV8o¤GEOH�XpaKNShGEV,J jtSUVL\nGEV M%o¤GEOH�XpuhuUmAaYAM?1V M�Y�H GAY8MPuUShV \�uXpV \J1Xp\M!1XEjlM�Y,GEV�GEV M�J V Y8MPONuhm8ShV \jtK¦XpKNMWa½H�XRsLSUV MH,GAY8MWu¥¸q�MXpujtGCXpVAKNM Y GJ OuX�V \EJ Xp\EMKNG�ONMPILONM�jlMPV8K#SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�XjbM�R³GEV GH,SRPX�uUuhmnXEjI1GijjtSªLuUMs ShuUM�jlKNSUuhu5H�X�SUVAKkX�SUV ShV \�OM�XEY X� SUuhSUKlmi¥

    £M�RPX�J1jtM%G�oBGEJ O\GiX�uKNGnI OGpgASYAM�X�jX o¤MPKlm XpV1X�uUmLjtSjG�o�Ks M�jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV]iKs M�uXpVL\EJ1X�\EM�H J jtK1M�J V1XpHC Sh\EJ GJ1jXpV1Y�KNs M�J V Y8MPONuhm8ShV \nH,GAY8MWu5H�J1jtK#s1XPgiM�X H XpKNsLMPH�XpKSRPX�u8o¤GEJLV1Y XpKSUGV¥vKKNsLMjNX�H,M�KNSUH Mi]KNs M,OM�iJ SUOMPH,MPVAKkj%jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEVrH J1jlK! M�OM�XEY X� uUM]�ONMPgASUM� X' uhMi]BXpV1Y�J1jX' uhMi¥ £ VjtGH,M%OM�jtI1M�RTK¦jT]AKNs M�jlM�RTOSUKNMWONSX%H�XPmb1MRTGEV�¡1SRTKSUV \T J KShKSjI1GjNjtS3 uUMKNG�jNX�KNSjo¤m_1GEKs[S§oBKNs MPOM%SjX,jlMPI1XpO¦XpKSUGEV~1MPK�MPMWV[KNsLM�XERTKJ1Xpu(jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV.uXpV \J1Xp\M,X�V1Y[KNsLMnJ V1Y8MPOuUmASUV \no¤GEOH�XpuBH,GAY8MWu¥s M jtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGV�H�J1jlK� M(J V XpHC SU\J GEJ1jBXpV Y�KNO¦XpV1jluX�KkX'LuUMShV8KGH�XpKs MPH�X�KNSRPXpu�V GKkXpKSUGV] J KBSUKV MPM Y V GKShKkjtMWuëoèSUV1R³uUJ1Y8M�X�OkRPX�V M%H�X�KNs MWH�XpKSRPX�uAjtmAH^1GEuj�KNs1X�KXpOMµJLV8odXpH,ShuUSXpO�KG�KNsLM%X�I I uUSRPXpKSUGVM�AI1MPONK¦j X�V1Y�jtG�o¤K� XpOM�Y8MPgiMPuhGEI1MPOkj³¥�q$M jtI1MPVAK,RTGV1jtSY8MPO¦X' uhM[KNShH,M�XpV1Y¡MWV MPON\m Y8MPgiMPuhGEI ShV \�XV GKkXpKSUGV�KNs1X�K^ XEjnONM�XY X' uhM[miMPKnH XpSUVAKkX�SUV M Y$KNs M�J V Y8MPONuhm8ShV \[o¤GEOH�Xpu�jlKkX�KNMPa¤H�XERks ShV M,H,GAY8MWu¥s SjµV GEK¦XpKSUGEV�s1Xjµ\EO¦XpI s SRPXpud]jtmAHC GuUSRE]1XpV1Y[K¦X' JLuXpO XEjtI1M�R³Kkj�Y8MPI1MPV1YASUV \,GVs SRksW XEj81M�jlKo¤GEO jtI1M�RTS§o¤m8ShV \nX�I XpONKSRTJLuXpO(KlmAI MGpo`SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV ^`� w'¥Z£M�RPX�J1jtM%OM�XEYLX' ShuUSUKlm�X�V1Y^ONShKkX� SUuhSUKlmXpOMG�o¤KNMPV�RTGV5¡1SRTKNShV \µ\GiX�ujT]�#MRks GijlMONM XEY X� SUuhSUKlm%SUV RPXEjlM�j=s MWONMXRTGEV5¡ SRTKM�ASjlKNM�Y=sLMXEYLY8M�YSUVAgiM�jlKNH,MPVAK(SUV RTGEV1jlKNOJ1RTKNShV \,Ks M�OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkjjlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV�I1XPm j�G'rSUV[KMPONH jGpo Y8SjRTG�giMPONShV \H,GONM%OM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkjta¤uUM³giM³u MPONOGEO¦jT¥

    s M�jtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV¡uXpV \J1Xp\MXj,Y8MPgiMPuhGEI1M�Ys ShuUM.jlI1M�RTSëo¤mASUVL\~µF#v�Q�o¤GEO�KNs M ^ v%v�](X�V1YM�KNsLMPONMTo¤GONM�ONM�R³MPSUgiM�Y�RTGEVAKNShV8J Xpu�o¤MPM�Y5 XER�WAm�XpSUOlo¤OkX�H,MnH�XpVAJ8odXRTKNJ OMPOkj³]BRTGEH,I1GV MPVAK�jtJ*èRTGV aKNO¦XERTKGEO¦jT] ^Lv%v R³MPONKSEèRPX�KNShGEV�M�8I1MPOKkj³] XpShONuhSUV M�ONMPILONM�jlMPV8K¦XpKSUgiM�j³]iXpV1Y,I ShuUGK>\ONGJ I�ONMPI OM�jtMWV8K¦XpKNShgiM�jY8J OSUV \Y8MWgiMPuUGI H,MPVAK³¥�s Sjo¤MPM�Y51XR/I ONG�gASY8M Y�SUVAgXpuhJ1X' uhMSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEVnX�1GEJ K#KNs MI O¦XERTKSRPX�uUShKtm]o¤M�XjtSªLSUuUShKlmi]BXpV1Y$J jNX'LSUuUShKlm.GpoKNs M,H GAY8MPuUShV \�uX�V \EJ1X�\EM�Y8J OSUV \.ShKkjY8MPgiMPuhGEI H,MWViKP¥ £ K�s MPuUI1M�Y�J1j1GEKs^ShKNs�Y8MPKMPONH SUV ShV \�s1XpK#Y8SYnXpV1Y�Y8SY�V GEK(V MPM Y�KNG!1MSUVnKNsLMuXpVL\EJ1X�\EMXpV1YbSUKs�jNXpKSjo¤m8ShV \GEJLOµuXpV \J1Xp\MnY8M�jlSU\V[R³ONSUKMPONSX8¥

    �V M,GpoKNsLM�XEY8gX�V8K¦Xp\EM j G�o%Ks M o¤MPM�Y�1XER�| XEj�KG.s MPuUIrJ1j�G�giMPO¦RTGEH,MnGJ OnSUV Y8SUgASY8J XpuILONMTo¤aMPOMPV1RTM�j³¥,q�s MPVÜYAMPg8SjtShV \�KNs M jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV�uX�V \EJ Xp\EM]dM�J1jtJ1X�uUuhm$s1XY$GEJLOkjtMWuUgiM�j%SUVrH,SUV1Y.XjKNsLM J1jlMPOP¥�µG�#MPgiMPOP]1GEJLO�odXpH SUuUSXpOSUKlm_SUKs�RTMPOKkXpShV$VLGEKkX�KNShGEV1j³]¸M�jlI M RTSX�uUuUm�H�X�KNs MWH�XpKSRPX�uV GEK¦XpaKNShGEV1jjtJ1Rks.XjµI ONM Y8SRPX�KNM RPXpuRTJ uUJ jT] s SY*KNsLMPSUO�M�X�8VLM�jNjlM�jT¥!µJLO1O¦jtK�X�KNKMPH,I K¦jXpK�Y8MWg8SjtSUVL\ GJ OuX�V \EJ Xp\EM]>Ks MPONM³o¤GEONM]dMPOM odXpShuUJ OM�j?�KNs M�V GKkXpKSUGV XEj�RTuUM XpO�KG.J1j: J KnVLGEKnKNG.GKNs MWOkjT¥ûs Mo¤MPM�Y�1XER�$o¤ONGH X�Y8ShgiMPOkjlM,\EOGEJ I�G�o�J1jlMPOkjns MPuhI M YJ jtM�YnJ V OM�jtKONSR³KNM�Y�s ShMPOkX�OkRks SRWXpuLX'1jlKNOkXRTKNShGEV,ShV GJ O(H,GAY8MPud]EKNsLSUV*ASUV \KNsLSj2GJ uY�XpSY$SUV�J V1Y8MWOkjtK¦XpV1YASUV \�KNs M jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV¥ q�Mno¤GEJ V1Y�KNs1X�K�Ks M�J1jtM,G�o�s1X�Kn%X�ONMPu XpOkyi�BRPX�uUujkR³uUJ1jlKNMPOSUV \Y_½\EOGEJ ILSUV \ jtK¦XpKNM jbShV8KGnjtJLI MWOkjtK¦XpKM�j/#SUV1YAMPM�Y H�XY8M%Ks MjtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGVH,GONMnONM XEY X� uUMi¥W�V�KNs M�GEKs MPOs1XpV1Yè]¸KNsLM,J1jtM�Gpo�s XpKnXpONMWu(RPXpuhuj_kX�1jtKOkXRTKNShGEV]O.X*Klm8I1M�GpoSUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEVs SY8ShV \%Ks1XpK(X�uUuhG'�j(jls G�SUV \%GV uUmKNs M�jlJ I1MPOkjlKkX�KNMTXEj`XpV�MPH,I Klm�jlKkXpKMBX�V1Y sLSY�KNsLMRTGH,I1GEV MPVAK�jtJ%1jtK¦XpKNM jT]5G�o¤KNMPV�s1XEY�XpV.J V1YAM�jtShOkX'LuUM�M?èM�RTKGV.ONM�XY X' ShuUShKtm¥�V M�Gpo#Ks M�I J ONI1GjtM�jGpobjtJ1Rks�X' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV$SjµKNs1X�K�uUG�MPOa½uhMPgiMPuèSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV]5Sd¥ Mi¥h]5jlJ*1jtK¦XpKM�j�XpV1Y.KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV1j³]BRPXpV1M

    zW

  • s SY Y8MPV,o¤ONGH KNsLM�OM�XEYAMPO�XpV1Y�SUV�KNs XpK�XPm,Ks MjtmLjtKMPH SjILONM�jlMPV8KM�Y,SUV�Y8Sh\EM�jlKNSªLuUM�Rks8JLV* j³¥�J O OkjtKH,GAY8MPuhSUV \�X�KNKNMWH,I KkjH X'ASUH,S�¤PM�YnKNsLSjKtmAI1M�G�o(s SUMWOkXpO¦RsLSRPX�uX' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV]5KNsLSUV*ASUV \

    KNsLSj>#GEJ uY X�SY GJ O\GiX�ujGpoBOM�XEYLX' ShuUSUKlm�X�V1Y J V1YAMPOkjlKkXpV Y X' ShuUShKtm¥dµMP\XpKSUgiMONM jtJ uhKkj>#MPONM�SUH H,MTaY8SXpKNMWuUm�X�I I1XpOMPVAKP¥cOM�Y8SRPXpKM�j2½GOµ\J1XpO¦Y8SUV \ RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1j/(o¤GEO�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV1jKNs XpKCkRTOGijNjlM�Y*nuUMPgiMWuj1M�RPX�H,MngiMPONm Y8SE RTJ uhKµKG[J V Y8MPOkjlKkX�V1Y|1M�RPX�J1jtM�KNs MWm.ONMTo¤MPOONM�Y[KG�V GEVAg8SjtS3 uUM�jlKkXpKM�jT¥�F(GEVAKNM�AKP]s SRs�SjgASUKkX�uUuhm%SUH,I1GONKkX�V8KKGµJLV1Y8MPO¦jtKkX�V1Y X� SUuhSUKlmi]�XEjuUGjtKW¥dsAJ1jT]EKs M(SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�s SYASUV \RTGEVLaRTMPILKKNs1X�K%s1XEj�RTGV8KONSªLJ KNM�Y�jtG�H J Rs,KG Ks MnYAM�jtSh\EV]èY8MPgiMPuhGEI H MPV8KW]iXpV Y[H�XpShV8KMPV1XpV RTM%GpouXpO\EMi]RTGH,I uUM0�jtmLjtKMPH�jT]I ONG�giM�YnY8MWKNONShH,MPVAKkX�uiKNG�KNs MJLV1Y8MPO¦jtKkX�V1Y8ShV \�GpoBjlJ1Rks,jlm jlKNMPH�j�>X�iMPm�MWuUMPH,MWV8KSUVÜOM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkj�jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV¥ ^ GO OM�iJ SUOMPH,MPVAKkj�jtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV](KNs M�OM�XEY8MWOWdXpV1Y jtI1M�RTS�1MPO?V MPM Y jµXjµH�J1Rs�RTGV8KM�AK�XpV1Y.jlI M RTSEèRY8MPK¦XpSUu`XEj�I GjNjlSª uhMi¥µq�MnRPX�uUuBKNs SjµR³ONSUKMPONShGEVpNShV8o¤GEOH�XpKSUGVM�AI1GijtJLONMi¥O

    ^ GEO�Ks M,H,GjtK�I1X�ONKP]BGEJ O!1V1X�u�µF#v�Q�jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEVrs1XEj�GEV uhm$K�G�uhMPgiMPuj�GpoX' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV�>X$KGEI�uUMWgiMPuKG�I ONG�gASY8M�X�V�GpgiMWOkXpuhu\EuhG1X�u%g8ShM� XpV1Y¡GV M.uUG�MWOnuUMPgiMPuKG$H GAY8MPu�M�XERksÜH�X'çlGEORTGH,I1GEV MPVAK�SUV�Ks M RTGEVAKNOGEuUuhM�Y�jtmLjtKNMWH.¥ £ VÜX o¤M�|ILuXER³M�jT]`X*KNsLSUOkY�uUMPgiMPuZ M RPXpH,MnVLM�RTM�jjNXpOm$KGXpSY*J V Y8MPOkjlKkX�V1Y8SUVL\,X�V1Y*MPV jtJ OM�KNs XpK�M�XERks�jtJ*èRTGH,I1GEV MPVAK�H,GAY8MPu71KµGV[GV M�I1X�\EMi¥ ^ GO�µF#v�Q£N£ ]AKNs Sj XEjXpuhuKNs1X�K8 XEjV M�RTM jNjNX�ONmi]LXpV1YwM!1MPuUShMPgiM�KNs SjbKGb MKNOJ M%o¤GEOH,GjtKI OGARTM�jNj�RTGV8KONGEujtmLjtKMPH�j³¥�s M�J jtM�G�o(I1X�OkXpuhuUMPu`jtK¦XpKM�H�XRs ShV M�j(ONM�Y8J RTM�jKNs MjtK¦XpKMnM�8ILuUGijlSUGV[I OG uhMPH SUV jtK¦XpKNMWaH�XRs ShV M,H,GAYAMPujnX�V1Y¡M�XERks�R³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8K�Gpo KNs M�I ONGARTM jNj,RTGV8KONGuµuhGiGEIJ1jtJ1X�uUuhmG�o(_%Q �X�V1Y,s G�xSUK Y8SEèMPO¦j o¤OGEHQiK¦XpKNM Rs1X�ONK¦jT¥

    v XEjtSR,jtK¦XpKM,H�XERks ShV M�Sj�RTGH,I1GijtM Y�G�of��ø"÷ø�ò��RTGV V M�RTKM�Y8mµø"úA÷�ö1�0ôªøRôg��ö1�bdjtMPM ^¸SU\J ONM 5k¥h òji0÷�ý�ó$ø(GEO jtKkX�ONKjtK¦XpKM�j�X�ONM jtSU\V SE M�YAm�jtK¦XpKM�j2s GijlM�RTGEVLV M�RTKSUV \�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�s1Xj�V G jtGEJLOkRTMi¥£ V$Ks M�M� X�H,I uhMi]jtK¦XpKMIk|Sj%KNsLM�jtK¦XpONK jtK¦XpKNM¥_OkXpV jtSUKSUGV1j�Y8M�1V M�s G�|KNG[\MPK%o¤ONGH GV M,jlKkX�KNM

    zWc

  • DC

    BA

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM�%v¦£XEjtSR�QiKkX�KNM XERks SUVLMKNG�X�V GEKs MPOW¥ £ V�Ks M,M�LXpH I uUMi]jtKkX�KNM�jml X�V1Yon X�ONM�Y8ShONM�R³KNuUm.OM�XERks1X� uUMno¤ONGH(k�¥�QiKkX�KNMqp SjV GK%Y8ShONM�R³KNuUmnOM�XERks1X� uUMµo¤OGEHrkG¤V G KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV1j�RTGEV VLM�RTKKs M�K�G jtKkX�KNM�j��  s G�#MPgiMPOP]AjlKkXpKMmp SjONM XERks1X' uhMµo¤ONGHrk g8SXnjtK¦XpKNMsnn¥

    QiKkX�KNM�Rks1X�ONKkj�XpOM21V SUKMjtKkX�KNM�H�XRs ShV M�j#XpJ \H,MPVAKNM�Y^ShKNs�s ShMPOkX�OkRks8mi]iI1X�OkX�uUuUMWuUSjlH.]AXpV1Y�H,GAY8aJ uXpONShKlmi¥�vµV SUVAKNONGAYAJ1RTKNShGEV KNG1XjtSR[jtK¦XpKM�Rs XpONK�V GKkXpKSUGVxRPX�V1M*o¤GJ V1Y¡ShVÏ XpOkyi�d¥ _%Q 1GEOONG��jbKs M%V GKNShGEV1jG�o(jlJ I1MPOkjlKkXpKM�jT]1v¬% YAM�RTGEH I GjtShKNSUGV]5LONGiXY RPXjtK�RTGH,H JLV SRPX�KNS§GEV]ijtK¦XpKNMWaRks1XpOK�XpONO¦XPm j³]1XpV1Y�RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1XpuBRTGV V M�R³KNSUgiM jo¤ONGH"QiK¦XpKNM Rs1X�ONK¦jT¥I�KNs MWOo¤M�XpKJ ONM�jG�oQKkXpKM�Rks1XpOKkjT]Mi¥ \ ¥U](s SjtKNGONm XpV Y¡MPgiMPVAKnjtMWuUM�RTKGEO RTGEVLV M�RTKSUgiM�j³]dMPOM*uhMTo¤KnGEJLK,MPSUKs MPOb1M�RPX�J1jtM�KNs MWm#MPONM�J VLaV M�R³M�jNjXpONmrGEOnKNsLM�jtMPH XpVAKNSRWj;#MPONM KNGiGrRTGEH,ILuUSRWXpKNM Y�KG�XpuUuhG�¨o¤GEO�o¤GEOH�Xpu XpV1X�uUmLjtSjT¥$q�M�KNs MWVXEYLY8M�Y�jtGEH M�o¤M�X�KNJ OM�jT]jlJ1Rks�XEjµShV8KMPOtodXRTMnY8M jNRTOSUI KSUGEV j%XpV1Y�Y8ShONM�RTKM�Y�RTGEH H J VLSRPX�KNSUGV_1MPK�MPMWVjtK¦XpKM�H�XRs ShV M�j³] XpV Y.Rs1X�V \EM Y*KNsLMnjtmAVAKkXER³KNSR%V GKkX�KNSUGV.KNG,H X'iM%ShKµM�XjtShMPObo¤GOµGJ O%OMPg8ShM�MWOkj>KGONM XEY�XpV1Y�ONMPgASUM0�KNs MjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV¥�s Mjlm8VAKkXRTKNSRµM�AKNMPV1jlSUGV1jIMPOM%o¤GEJ V1Y,KG^1M�V M�RTM jNjNX�ONm,KGH,GAY8MWuBX ONM�X�uUSjtKNSR%I ONG� uUMPH O¦XpKNsLMPOµKs1XpV.Ks MnjlH�XpuhuM�LXpH,I uhM�j>G�o¤KNMPV�o¤GEJ V Y[SUV[OM�jtM XpOkRks[I XpI1MPOkj³¥q�M�X�ujlG�Rs1X�V \EM Y*jlGEH,M0s1XpK#KNs MjtMWH�XpVAKNSRY8M?1V ShKNShGEV�GpoXWkjlKNMPI]O�S¥ Mi¥U]iKNsLM�jtMPH XpVAKNSRWjG�o(jlKkX�KNMKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV jT¥�s MOM�jtK�G�oKs Sj�jlM�RTKSUGEV: OkjtK#Y8M jNRTOSª1M�j¸Ks Mo¤M�XpKJ ONM j¸SUV�RTGH,H,GVShKNs,QiK¦XpKM�Rs XpONK¦jXpV Y*KNsLMPV�GEJ ORs XpV \M�jXpV1Y�M�AKNMPV1jlSUGV1jT¥

    \2Ó"Ò t�ãZ×`Ýå2Þ7ãdÙ ß�Ür�4Öææ³ÖÜvuß�ÝwDxÝ@×`Ý@ã��!D¬×�Þ*Ý7Ùy{z#|�i�m'oY}~�}�i�oU £ V�QiKkX�KNM�Rks1XpOKkjbX�V1Y._%Q =k]jlKkX�KNM�j%H�XPm_1M�\EONGJ I1M�Y.SUVAKNG�0ý�ÿ7ò�ú��øR÷ø�ò��TjtMWM^¸Sh\EJ OM�e¨¦¥QiJ1Rks,\EOGEJ I ShV \ijOM�Y8J1R³M%KNs MV8J HC1MPO�G�o�KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jI8m�X�uUuhG'ShV \nKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV j>KNG�X�V1Yo¤ONGH KNs M�jlJ I1MPOkjlKkXpKMOkX�KNs MPO`KNs1X�VnONM�iJ SUOSUV \M08I uhSRTShKKNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV1jBKNG�X�V1Y�o¤ONGH¨X�uUuAGpoèKNsLM\EOGEJ I1M�YjtK¦XpKM�jb�0ýK���ø"÷ø�ò���¦¥bs MPOM�XpONMnK�#G_XPmLjµKNG�MPVAKNMPOX�jtJ I1MPO¦jtK¦XpKNM¥n^¸SUO¦jtKW]5KNs MnKOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV.KNG�KNsLMjtJLI MWOkjtK¦XpKM H�XPm,MWV1Y.XpK�KNsLM�jtJ I1MPO¦jtKkX�KNM�Lôj81GEO¦Y8MPOC½KOkXpV jtSUKSUGVk¨SUV�^¸Sh\EJ OMne¨¦¥ £ V.Ks Sj%RWXEjtM]XY8MTodX�J uUK jtKkX�KNMnH�J1jtK�1M,jlI1M�RTSE M�Y®ShKNs ShV.KNs M�jlJ I1MPOkjlKkXpKMi¥ £ V.KNsLMnM� X�H,I uhMi]1jtK¦XpKNM� SjµMPVAKNMWONM�YJ I1GEV�KkX�8ShV \ KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV

  • D

    C

    B

    A

    S

    R

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM�e5#v jtJ I1MPO¦jtK¦XpKNMM�LXpH,I uhMi¥H�XPmW1M�M�ASUKNM Y[SUV.K�GwXPmLjb½KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV jn X�V1YJp SUVr^¸SU\J ONM�e�k¥,v�V1XpuhGE\EGJ1j�KNG�KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jSUVAKNGKNs M�jlJ I1MPOkjlKkXpKMi]EKOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1j�GEJ K�G�oKs M�jtJ I1MPO¦jtK¦XpKNMH X m�GONSU\SUV1X�KNMo¤OGEH¨Ks M�1GEO¦Y8MPO�GOo¤OGEHXpV�SUV VLMPOjlKkXpKMi¥cs MjNXpH M�jtJ I1MPO¦jtK¦XpKNMH�XPm,R³GEVAKkXpShVw GKNs�KtmAI1M�jGpoM�8ShKNShV \�KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jT¥Iq wi��7n*|87oM}7g8 �V MnG�oKNsLMnH,GijlKµShH,I1GEONK¦XpVAKµShV V G�gXpKSUGEV j ShV�QiKkX�KNM�Rks1X�ONKkj�Sj8s1X�K%X�ONMPu RPXpuhuj�KNsLM®ÿ%÷�úA÷óªóªò�ó8��ø"÷ø�ò�Cs SRks RTGEVAKkX�SUV1j�K�#G.GEOnH,GONM�jlKkXpKM[H�XRsLSUV M�j³]BjtMPI1X�OkX�KNM�Yp8mY Xjts M�Yb1GEO¦Y8MPOkj�d^¸SU\J ONM�§�k¥�q�s MPVnKs MI1X�OkXpuhuUMPuLjtK¦XpKM��Sj¸MWV8KMPONM�Yè]6òA÷�þ�GpoKNs M�jlKkXpKMH�XERks ShV M�jk'�lIYnH1X�V1Y

  • S

    D

    C

    B

    A

    ^¸SU\J ONMT§5�sLM�I1X�OkXpuhuUMPujtK¦XpKNM

    Other-Aircraft, i:[1..30]

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM Yv QiKkX�KNM XRsLSUV M�v�ONOkXPm

    z0§

  • (a) State machine withouta conditional connective

    (b) Same state machine usinga conditional connective

    (c) Conditional connective usedto select default state

    A B

    C

    D

    A B

    CC

    D

    A B

    CC

    D

    ee (X)

    e (Y)e (Z)

    (X)

    (Y) (Z)

    (X)

    (Y) (Z)

    e

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM[y� £ V¡Ks M.Y8SXp\OkXpH jT]!NM�.SjnKNs M�KNOSU\E\MPONShV \�MPgiMPVAKnXpV Y �¦;8]!�§!A]X�V1Y Y¨�XpOM[KNsLM\EJ XpOkYASUV \ RTGEV Y8SUKSUGEV jT¥

    RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1jd^¸SU\J ONMyWdX¨Ak¥�s MKNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV�o¤ONGEH Ks MnjlGEJ O¦RTMnjlKkXpKM�KG Ks MnRTGV V M�R³KNSUgiMSjKkX'iMWVXpK�KNsLM[GARPRTJLONONMWV1RTM�GpoKNsLM[MPgiMPVAKP¥µs M XpI I OGEI OSX�KNM.YAM�jtKSUV1X�KNSUGV�jlKkXpKM.Sj�Y8MPKMPONH,ShV M�Y1XEjlM�YGEV\EJ XpOkYASUV \ RTGEV1YASUKNShGEV1j�KNs1X�K[X�ONMrY8M?1VLM�Y¡GEVKNs M.KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV1j o¤ONGH KNs M�RTGV V M�R³KNSUgiM�KNGÜKNsLMY8M�jlKNShV1XpKSUGEVjlKkXpKM�j�^¸Sh\EJ OMy!k¥(QiGEH M�\EJ1X�OkY8ShV \RTGEV1YASUKNShGEV1jH�XPm� M(I uXERTM Y GV�Ks M(KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEVo¤ONGH jlGEJ O¦RTM�jtK¦XpKNM�KG�RTGEV VLM�RTKNShgiMnSëoX�uUuKNsLM�Y8M�jlKNSUV XpKNShGEVÜjlKkX�KNM�jnjls1XpOM*Ks GijlM�RTGEV1YASUKNShGEV1j³¥�^ GOX[R³GEH,I uhMPKNM jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�KNSUGV]¸Ks M�\EJ1X�OkY8ShV \.RTGV1Y8ShKNSUGV1j o¤OGEH Ks M�RTGV V M�RTKSUgiMKNG[Ks M Y8M�jtKSUV1X�KNShGEVjtK¦XpKM�j¸H�J1jtK�1MH�J KJ1XpuhuUm�M� R³uUJ1jlSUgiM(X�V1Y�H�J1jtK5o¤GONH XµK¦XpJ KGEuUG\EmU i wAz?¥(QiGEH MPKNShH,MPjèXµjlKkX�KNMRks1XpV \MnSjV GEKY8M jtSUOM�Y5¥^ GO%KNsLM�jtM RPXEjlM�jT]X,KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV.uUM�XY j o¤OGEH)KNs M�RTGV1Y8ShKNSUGV1Xpu`RTGV V M�RTKSUgiM1XR/�KNG�KNs M�jlGEJ O¦RTM�jtK¦XpKNM]�KNsAJ1j�M�AI uhSRTShKNuUm�jlI M RTSëo¤mASUV \�KNs M RTSUO¦RTJ H�jlKkXpV RTM�jbo¤GO�Rs1X�V \EShV \.jlKkX�KNM÷�ö*üµo¤GEO�ONMPH XpSUVLSUV \SUV�XnjtK¦XpKNM¥

    v KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEVÜH J jtK:1MP\SUV XpV Y

  • �m�iKU}�i�h`��npnz=g��~�}�g8 _%Q ShV1RTuUJ Y8M�jnKNs M�X'LSUuUShKlm�KNG�H GAY8MPuKNsLM®1MPs X gASUGO,Gpo�XpuUuRTGV8KONGEu`uUGiGEIrRTGH,I1GEV MPVAKkj!½VLGEK�çlJ1jtKKNs M�RTGV8KONGuUuUMWO? XpV1Y.KNs M RTGEH H J VLSRPX�KNSUGV_1MPK�MPMWV.KNs MPH ¥�s8mLjtSRPXpuhuUm Y8SjlKNShV1RTK�RTGH,I1GEV MPVAKkj#XpOM�H,GAY8MWuUM�Y,XjµjlMPI1X�OkXpKM_dRTGEH,H�J V SRTX�KNShV \5`jtK¦XpKM�H�XRs ShV M�j³¥£ONGXEY RWXEjtK�R³GEH,H�J V SRTX�KNSUGV]XjnY8M?1V M Y$SUV¡QKkXpKM�Rks1XpOKkjT]BSjXpVÜSUV1X�I I OGEI OSXpKM�X' jtKNO¦XERTKSUGV o¤GORTGH,H JLV SR³XpKSUGEV[1MPK�MPMPV.ILs8mLjtSRPXpuhuUm.YASjtKSUV1R³K�RTGEH I GV MPVAKkj:¤Mi¥ \L¥U]K�G�XpShOkRTO¦X o¤K�k¥ £ VAKNMPO¦RTGEH I GaV MPVAK�RTGH,H�J V ShRPXpKSUGVG�o(SUVAKNMPOV1Xpu�LONGiXY8aRPXjtK�RTGH,H JLV SR³XpKSUGEV XpOM�Y8MPVLGEKNM YUAm,Ks SR�b1GEOkYAMPOkj�XpOGEJ V1Y�X�RTGEH I GV MPVAK#jtKkX�KNM�H�XRs ShV MTjtMWM^¸Sh\EJ OMw¨ï iSUVAKNMPOV1XpuhuUm2 OGiXY RPXEjlK(MPgiMPVAKkj6SUKs SUV X%RTGH,I1GEV MPVAK`jtKkX�KNMH�XRsLSUV M(RWXpV V GK#RTONGjNj¸Ks SR�1GEO¦Y8MPOkj³¥©=i�g¤}�oU _ Q $SUV1R³uUJ1Y8M jK�#GnKlm8I1M�jGpo(MWgiMPV8K¦jª> SUVAKNMPOV1XpuèXpV Y*M�AKNMPOV1Xpud¥ £ VAKNMPOV1XpuMWgiMPV8K¦jX�ONMRTGH,H JLV SR³XpKM�YWSUKs SUV X.jtShV \EuhM�RTGH,I1GEV MPVAKnjlKkX�KNM�H�XERks ShV M J jtSUVL\.KNs M.QiK¦XpKNM Rs1X�ONKT ONGXEY RPXjtKH,M�Rks1X�V SjlH.]TSd¥ Mi¥h]PKNs MPmRPX�V V GKR³ONGijj¸KNsLMKNs SR/21GOkY8MPO¦j(XpONGJ V1YnKNs M RTGEH I GV MPVAK�jlKkX�KNMH�XRs ShV M�j³¥sAJ1jT]¬µF#v�Q Y8GiM�j�V GEK,VLM�RTM�jjNXpOSUuhmAV G�"X�1GEJ K XpVAm¡MPgiMPVAKkjnSUV�Ks M�XpuhKNShH,MPKNMWOnGEO,ShV�GEKNsLMPOXpShOkRTO¦X o¤K#J V uUM jNjX�V�M�8KMPONV Xpu1H,M�jjNXp\Mµs XEjI1MPMPV�jlMPVAKI1MPK�MPMWV Ks M�jtMK�#GnRTGH,I1GEV MWV8K¦jT¥ £ V8KMPONV XpuMPgiMPVAKkj(X�ONM�J1jtM Y GEV uhm o¤GOGEV M�giMPOm�jtI1M�RTS�èRµI JLONI1GijlM�(_ Q $jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV1j#XpOM�ILJ ONM2LuXER�� G�jtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV1jGpo1Ks M(H�XpKs MPH�X�KNSRPXpu�½ShV I J K�PGJ KNI JLK?5o¤J V RTKNShGEV�KNG21M RTGEH,ILJ KNM�Y�8m%Ks MjlGpo¤K�X�ONM� SUVAKNMWONV1X�uMPgiMPVAKkjX�ONMJ1jtM�Y�KNG�GEO¦Y8MPO�KNs MMPgXpuUJ XpKNShGEV�Gpo#Ks1XpKo¤J V1RTKSUGV¥I£XjtSRPXpuhuUm,Ks MPm�jlMPONgiM�KNsLMjNX�H,M%I JLONI1GijlMnXEjI1X�ONMPVAKNs M jtM�jShV[X�uU\M� OkX�SR%M�iJ1XpKSUGV1jT¥

    Zd8KMPONV1X�uMPgiMWV8K¦jT]GEV�Ks M,GKNs MPO�s1X�V1Y5]�OMPI ONM jtMPVAK�ONM�X�uRTGH,H JLV SR³XpKSUGEVû½H,M jNjNX�\EM,I XEjNjlSUV \�1MPK�MPMWV~µF#v�Q�XpV Y$KNs M�GEKs MPORTGH,I1GEV MPVAKkjbdjtMPV1jlGEO¦jT](XER³KNJ1X�KNGEO¦jT]BMPKkR'�G�o�KNs M jtmLjtKMPH.¥Cs MPmXpOM�ONM�iJ SUOM�YnGEV uhm^1M�RPX�J1jtM!#M%SUV1R³uUJ1Y8M�SUV GEJ OH,GAYAMPu5Ks M%M�AKNMPOV1XpuèSUVAKNMPOlodXERTM�KNGnKs M�jlm jlKNMPHĽShVKNsLSj(RPXEjlMi]�µF#v�Q%�X�V1YnKNs MXEjjtJ H,M Y: MWs1XPg8ShGEO(GpoKNs MGKNs MPO#RTGH,I1GEV MWV8K¦j¸GpoKNs MI OGARTM�jjRTGV8KONGEuuUGiGI½Ks MXpuUKSUH,MWKNMPO¦jT]�GEKNsLMPOX�SUOkR³OkX o¤KW]iI SUuhGEKkj³]iMPKkRE¥�k¥Zs MµuXpV \J1Xp\M�Y8GiM�jVLGEK(I ONGs SªLSUKKs M�J1jtM�GpoM�AKNMPOV1XpuMWgiMPV8K¦jXjbKONSU\\EMPOSUV \nMWgiMPV8K¦jGEV�KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV1j�  s G�MPgiMPOW]8ShV*Ks MbµF#v�Q ££ jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV]M�AKNMPOV1XpuèMPgiMPVAKKONSU\\EMPO¦jXpOM�ONM jtKNOSRTKM�Y KG�jtmLjtKNMWH RTGEH I GV MPVAKShV8KMPOtodXRTM�Y8M? V SUKSUGEV jT¥f0g¤}�i�mM«�~e�i*wi1¬Zg#g}7g=oU s M,ShV8KMPOtodXRTM�Y8M�jRTONShI KNShGEV�Sj�X�V�SUH I GONK¦XpVAK�I XpONKnG�oXpVAm$OM�iJ SUOMPaH,MPVAKkjjlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV�uX�V \EJ1X�\EMi¥_ Q ShV1RTuhJ1Y8M�jX�V.SUVAKNMPOlodXERTMY8M�jRTONShI KNShGEV,o¤GEOM�XERks.jlMPI1XpO¦XpKMPuUmH,GAY8MWuUM�YÜjtmLjtKMPH R³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8KW]Is SRs Y8M�jNR³ONSª1M�j�Xpuhu%M�AKNMPOV1XpuRTGH,H JLV ShRPXpKSUGEV�o¤GEO,Ks1XpK�RTGH,aI1GEV MWV8KW¥ �J O JLV1Y8MPOuUmASUV \.H,GAYAMPuSj RTGH,H�J V SR³XpKSUV \�jlKkXpKM[H�XRsLSUV M�j�[QAZ�% MPgiMPVAKkj�ShV

  • XpV Y¡I ONG�gASY8M�V G�J1jlMTo¤J u�SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV](GEV uhm

  • Input-Variable : TypeInput-Variable : TypeInput-Variable : Type

    Input:

    Output:Output-Variable : TypeOutput-Variable : TypeOutput-Variable : Type

    C

    Component-Name

    ^¸SU\J ONMw�QiKkX�KNM XRsLSUV M2ShKNs�v%jjtGARTSXpKNM Y X�ONSX� uUM j

  • Z(XERks�KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV�Sj5SYAMPV8KSE1M YAmµShKkjjlGEJ O¦RTM#XpV1Y�Y8M�jlKNShV1XpKSUGEVjlKkXpKM�jd QiKkX�KNMPalQ ²_) QiKkX�KNMPad ¦¥OkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jjlI uUShKIAm�X�RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1XpuRTGEV VLM�RTKNShgiM�XpOM�Y8M?1VLM�Y ShV K�#G�I1X�ONKkj³¥IsLM1O¦jtK#I1XpOKGpoBKNsLMY8M? V SUKSUGEV Sj>SY8MPVAKNS�1M�Yb8m�KNs M RTGEV VLM�RTKNShgiM%YAM�jtKSUV1X�KNSUGV]5sLSUuUMKNs M�jlM�RTGV1Y,I1XpOKSj>SY8MPVAKNS�1M�Yb8mKNsLM,RTGV V M�R³KNSUgiM jtGJ OkRTM]> QiK¦XpKM ²!) R³ GO R³ ²$) QKkXpKM ¦¥ £ o jlMPgiMPOkX�u�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV j�s1XPgiMnKNsLMjNX�H,MnYAM?1V ShKNSUGV¤S¥ M¥U] KNsLM�jNXpH M�uhGARPXpKSUGV]KNONSh\E\MPOP]èRTGEV Y8SUKSUGEV]XpV1Y[GJ KNILJ KXERTKSUGEVk]1KNs MPV.Ks MPmH�XPm:1MY8M? V M�YnKNGE\MPKNsLMPOP¥QiGH,MPKSUH,M�jBX�jlSUV \uUM%KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV�Y8M? V SUKSUGEV XpI I uhSUM�j�KG�XpuUu1KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jSUVAKNGX%I1X�ONKNSRTJ uXpO#jtK¦XpKNM¥�s M%jlI1M�RTSX�uèjtmAH^1GEuµ´H¶¥·[H X mT1MµJ1jlM�Y,Xj>Xjts GONKs1XpV1Yno¤GEOX�uUu1jlGEJ O¦RTMjtK¦XpKM�jT¥

    ^ GEO�M� X�H,I uhMi]EKNsLM o¤GuUuhG'ShV \nKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�SY8MWV8KSEèRPX�KNShGEV¸%354C�}�lD54c¹kC1º¼» µGONKNs ²_) Z(XEjlK

    QiGJ KNs ²$) Z>XjtKq�M�jtK ²!) Z(XEjlK

    H,Sh\EsAKI1M�ONM�OSUKNKMPV,J1jlSUV \%¸%354C�}�lD54c¹kC1º¼» 5=½¿¾J²_) Z(XEjlK

    s MóÀ�'þ�÷øRôg��ö¢ MPuYÜGpo�Ks M[KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV�Y8M? V SUKSUGEV jts G��j^sLMPONM�SUV KNs M jtK¦XpKNM�H�XERks ShV M,KNsLMKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEVH�XPm1M.o¤GEJ V Y5¥»s M�uUGARWXpKNShGEVSj,\EShgiMPVXEj�X�s SUMPO¦XpO¦Rs SRPXpu�I1X�KNs]%J1jlSUV \ KNs MñÁjtmAHC Gu5KG,jlMPI1XpO¦XpKM�Ks M_ Q �jtK¦XpKNM�uX'1MPuj³¥(^ GEO�M� X�H,I uhMi]iXnKNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV�XpK�KNs M�uhGARPXpKSUGEV

    Â�$�~K}7g�q �Ks MPO vµSUO¦RTOkXPo¤KÁb O¦XER�iM�Y�Á £ VAKNOJ1Y8MPO QiK¦XpKNJ j jtadeEs1XjµSUK¦j%jtGJ OkRTM�X�V1Y.Y8M�jlKNShV1XpKSUGEV�jlKkX�KNM�jµShV £ VAKNONJ Y8MPO QiKkX�KNJ1j:o¤GEJ V Y�GV.I1Xp\M�eE¨�s SRs�Sj�RTGEVLaKkX�SUV M Y�SUVKNs M#s SUMWOkXpO¦RsAmµo¤GONH,M�Y2AmbµKs MPO vµSUO¦RTOkXPo¤K�X�V1YbOkXER�iM�Y5¥\s MuUGARPX�KNShGEVnSUVKNs M#M�LXpH,I uhMRPX�V®1MKNOkXRTM�Y,SUV�^¸Sh\EJ OM�jEeA]1EyA]5X�V1Y[w8¥

    O¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV j>X�ONM#KkX'iMWVnJ I1GEV�KNs M#GARPRTJ OONMPV1R³MGpoèKs M!ø"ú�ôÃMÃ5ò/ú;òY��ò�ö5ø¤]©ILONG�g8SY8M�Y�Ks1XpK�Ks M\J1XpO¦Y8aSUVL\�R³GEV1Y8ShKNShGEVnSj�KONJ Mi¥ £ V8KMPONV1X�uUuhm�\MPV MPO¦XpKM�Y MWgiMPV8K¦j H X m!1M�MPSUKs MPO�ShV8KMPONV1X�u8GO(M�8KMPONV Xpu MPgiMWV8K¦jT]S¥ Mi¥¸Ks MPm�X�ONM%MPShKNs MWO>LONGiXY RPXjtK�SUKs SUV KNs M�R³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8K#jlKkXpKM%H�XRs ShV MGEO XpOM%M�AI uUSRTSUKuUmjtMPVAKKGXpVLGEKNsLMPO%R³GEH,I1GEVLMPV8KW¥

    s Mµþ���ö*ü�ôªøRôg��ö$Y8M�1V M�j^s XpK,H�J1jtKb1M�KNONJLMW1MTo¤GEOM.KNs M�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEVRPX�V1M.KkX�iMPV�X�V1Y¡SjjtI1M�R³SE1M�Y,J1jlSUV \�v¬%_ K¦X' uhM�jT]1YAM�jNRTOSª1M�Y_1MPuUG��¥Ä�ý�øEÿý�ø�÷�þ?øRôg��ö1�SY8MPVAKNS§o¤m MPgiMWV8K¦j>KNs XpKXpONM�\MPV MPO¦XpKNM YUsLMPV�KNs M�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�SjK¦X'iMPV¥

    s M,OM�jtK�Gpo KNs M�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV Y8M?1V ShKNShGEV�Sjµo¤GEOM�8ILuXpV XpKNShGEVrXpV1YrY8GARTJ H,MWV8K¦XpKNShGEV.GV uUmi¥Ps Mü5ò��0þ�ú�ô ÿ7øRôg��ö�SUV1R³uUJ1Y8M j>X�V8m�Z�V \uUSjts,uXpV \J1Xp\M�YAM�jNRTOSUI KSUGV G�oBKNs M�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV�YAM?1V ShKNSUGV Ks1XpK#H�XPm1M�XpILI ONGI ONSXpKNM�KG[SUV RTuUJ1YAM,X�V1Y�KNs MÅÆÄ®Ç80*È2òjiÉ,Sj�X[OMTo¤MPONMWV1RTMnKNG�KNs M I1jtMPJ Y8GARTGAY8M~YAM�jtSh\EVjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV6�Ks1XpKnShH,I uUMWH,MTVAKkj�KNs Sj�KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV¥µs M�uX�KNKNMWO�I OGpgASYAM�j�KNO¦XERTM�X� SUuhSUKlm�XpV YXjJ1jlM�Y$SUV�KNsLM ShV1Y8MPI1MPV1YAMPV8K�giMPOSEèRWXpKNShGEV.I1MPOlo¤GEONH M�Y�GV�GEJLObµF#v�Q�jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV¥�vµV$GI KNShGEV1X�uÊ8��õbõ^ò�ö5øg�#jtM RTKNShGEV RPXpV_1M%J jtM�Y KG�I OG�g8SY8MµM08KOkX%M�AI uX�V1XpKGEONm�SUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEV¥`^ GEOM0 X�H,I uUM]'#MjtGH,MPKSUH,M�jBJ1jtM�Y�SUK#KNG�M�8ILuXpShV_sAm�X I XpONKSRTJLuXpO�YAM�RTSjlSUGV_XjbH�XY8Mi¥

    Az

  • Ë Þ7×IܬÙ�ß�Ý6ßAÖÜsÌ�Ù{ÍeÎ tQiGJ OkR³MnjtK¦XpKM ²!) �M�jtKSUV1X�KNSUGV$QiK¦XpKMÏ$Ð1ûPúiøYÑOÐ�Ò$ÓíF�����lý:���!�lý���������Aÿ½þ��þ����C�5�Nþ����S����AÿdþE��������*N$MÔ ùMÑÖÕ�ÕK×iù�Ø®Ùe×KÒAøÓ Fdü�ý�����D�������lý����������Aÿ1�³ÿd�lýEþhÿ����A���Aÿ½þ��þ����^���2�������e����7N$MÚФҵÛ_ѧøYÑOÐ�Ò$Ó F�Ü����þ������0,�������A�pþ����T��'���pþ&�þ&�'�P�'�b�lý������A���Aÿdþ&�þ&�'�7N$M

    Ý'ÞLøYß!ÞLø�õnûPøYÑÖФÒ{ÓÅF�Ü����þ������0,�����������c�'��þ����7N$Mà'×i÷³û�ùMÑjß1øYÑOÐ�Ò$ÓFÜ����þ������?,{áa����,¯þëÿýU��³ÿ���þ����þ����C��(��lý���������Aÿ½þ��þ����nþ��(B���� T����A���tþ����!�����'�Eþ����� !����ÿ>����ÿ"��(B�R�������à��³ÿ½þ����*MÚФëqëI×KÒ8ø³÷Ó]FÜ����þ������?,4��� ! !����ÿ�N$M

    ^¸SU\J ONM�zW5c O¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV�Y8M? V SUKSUGEV¥Iqçì�ísî k4~eï�ði�oU �J O!1OkjlKnX�KNKNMWH,I K%KGONSUKM Ks M RTGEV1YASUKNShGEV1j%o¤GEOKNs M�jlKkX�KNM,KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jJ1jlM�Y*I JLONM�ILONM�Y8SRPXpKMRPXpuRTJ uUJ j2^¸Sh\EJ OM zz'¦]XEjKNs Sj XEj8s XpK�M�s XEY[jlMPMPV�SUV�I ONMWg8ShGEJ1j�jtK¦XpKNMWaRks1XpOKM� X�H,I uhM�j4 £8^`y�§8]PXpOkyi�AXpV1Y%ShK�XEj5V XpKNJLOkXpuAKNGJ jT¥>�J OM08KMPONV1X�uEOMPg8ShM�MWOkjT]³s G�MPgiMWOP]Y8SY�V GK21V1Y$ShK%V1XpKJ OkX�uGO�OMPgASUM� X' uhM�XpV1Y.KNGuY$KG*J j�KNG�RTGH,M�JLISUKs�jlGEH,MPKs SUVL\,MPujlMi¥ £ VodXER³KP]�Mo¤GEJ V Y KNs1X�KI#Mµs1XY,Y8S��RTJLuUKlm�ShV^OSUKNShV \XpV1Y�ONM�XY8SUV \RTGH,I uhM��I OM�Y8SRPXpKM�RPXpuRTJ uUJ jM08aI OM�jNjlSUGEV j>GEJLOkjtMWuUgiM�j�MPgiMPV�KNsLGEJ \s_M2#MPONModXpH SUuUSXpO`XpV1Y RTGEH o¤GONK¦X' uhM8ShKNs�KNs M%VLGEKkX�KNShGEV� �s SUuhMY8MPgiMWuUGEILSUV \�X�V GEKs MPOnV GKkX�KNSUGV]=#M o¤GJ V1Y$uhGE\SRPX�u>MWONONGOkj�SUV�GEJ O!1OkjlKnXpKKNMPH I K�XpK jtI1M�RTS§o¤m8ShV \�XI1X�ONK�Gpo`µF#v�Q,Ks1XpK�#MPONM�V GK�XpKXpuUuG�8gASUGJ1jSUV�Ks M�GEONSh\EShV1Xpu5o¤GONH.¥

    �J O#jtM�RTGV1Y�XpKNKMPH,I K`ONMPI uXERTM Y�uUGE\SRPX�u I s O¦XEjlM�j>ShKNs ZVL\EuUSjts�I s O¦XEjtM jXpV Y X�uUSjlK�Gpo Z�V \EuhSjtsLaKNGa½uhGE\SR%H�XpILI SUV \jT¥`vµuUKs GEJ \s�KNs SjSjjlJ I1MPO� RTSX�uUuUm�H,GONM�ONM�XY X' uhMi]*M�o¤GEJ V1Y,Ks1XpK�X�V V GEK¦XpKSUV \KNsLMµuhGE\ESRShKNs Z�V \EuhSjts Y8SY V GKI OG�g8SY8M�XpV�X�I I OM�RTSX� uUM�XY8gXpVAKkX�\EM%ShV KMPONH�jBGpoKs M�J V1Y8MPOuUmASUV \RTGH,I uUM08ShKtmGpo`KNs M�uhGE\ESRPXpuM08I OM�jNjlSUGV1jT¥

    s M�V GEK¦XpKSUGEVp#M^1V1X�uUuUmrRks GijlM,SjnX[K¦X' J uXpOnOMPI ONM jtMPVAKkX�KNSUGV$G�o�YASjrçlJLV1RTKNShgiM VLGEONH Xpu>o¤GONH¬%^>(KNs XpK�M�RPX�uUuBv2_ K¦X' uhM�jT¥

    ñòó

    ôöõZ`AI OM�jNjlSUGEVLaNz Z`AI OM�jNjlSUGEVLa ^ ÷Z`AI OM�jNjlSUGEVLac ÷

    s MnodXpONa¤uUM³o¤K�RTGEuhJ H,V.G�oKNsLM,v2_:K¦X' uhM uhSjlKkjµKs M uhGE\SRPX�u�I s O¦XEjtM j? ¸M XERks$G�oKNsLMnGEKNsLMPORTGuUJ H,V j Sj¸X�RTGVçlJ V1RTKSUGVnGpoèKNs GjtMI sLOkXEjlM�j(XpV1YnR³GEVAKkXpShV1j¸Ks MuUG\ESRWXpuAgEX�uUJ M j¸GpoèKNsLMM�8ILONM�jjtSUGV1jT¥

  • ONJ MPaRBXpJ alF#XpI I1M�Y�øSù �ú�N'û ShH,MPaR GatFcèvýüp�KNs MPOatF#X�I1X'LSUuUShKlm�þ�ù N�?Nfÿ� µF#v�QiaR¸v _µv��I�KNs MPOa _µF8þù N �� � µGEa £ V8KMPV8KüpI#GEa�bo¤aRs OMPM��$ù �N�� � üµ�µG�V atQMPI1XpO¦XpKSUGEV øSù ��� ½uhG�ar1OHW v�uUKNaRs OM�jts GuYüf I alQiMPI1X�OkXpKSUGV øSù ú�N ½uUG�aB1ONH[ vµuhKNaRs ONM�jls GEuY����F(J ONOMPV8Ka MPOKNSRPXpuhatQiMWI1XpO¦XpKNShGEV ø ù ��N� zPeEno¤KHü £ V sLSª ShKNaR£SXEjlM�Y8alF(uUShHb øSù ��½uhG'aB1OHW � µG�V atQMPI1XpO¦XpKSUGEV øSù ��� ½uhG�ar1OHW�ü�V aROkXER�iM�Y8advµuhK ø ù T���� �KNsLMPONaR O¦XER�iM�Y8advµuUK øSù T�T�� £ V sLSª ShKNaR£SXEjlM�Y8alF(uUShHb øSù ��½uhG'aB1OHW µG�V alQiMPI XpOkX�KNShGEV ø ù ��� ½uUG�aB1ONH[�ü�V aROkXER�iM�Y8advµuhK ø ù T�� � �KNsLMPONaR O¦XER�iM�Y8advµuUK øSù T�T���

    ^¸Sh\EJ OMnzEz�IOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV$F(GV1Y8SUKSUGVWONShKNKMPV,SUV[�ONM Y8SRPX�KNMRPX�uRTJ uhJ1j

    ñòó

    ôöõµKs MPOatF#X�I1X' ShuUShKtmKþù N?�N � µF#v�QiaRBv�_�v ÷ ÷ ÷ ^ ^ ^µKs MPOa _µF8þ�ù N �� � �GEa £ VAKNMWV8K ÷ ÷ ÷IGEa�o¤a"sLONMPM��$ù �N�� ÷ ÷ ÷ OJ MPaR¸X�J atF#X�I I1M�Y ø ù �ú�N �ShH,MPaR GatFcèv ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^µG�V atQMPI1XpO¦XpKSUGEV øSù ��� ½uhG�ar1OHW v�uUKNaRs OM�jts GuY ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷f I alQiMPI1X�OkXpKSUGV øSù ú�N ½uUG�aB1ONH[ vµuhKNaRs ONM�jls GEuY ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷£ VLs Sª ShKNaR£SXjtM�Y8alF(uUShHb ø ù � ��½uhG�ar1OHW � µG�V alQiMPI1X�OkXpKSUGV øSù �� ¤uUG�ar ONHW ÷ ^ ÷ ^8VLa"OkXR/iM�YAavµuhK ø ù T���� �Ks MPONaROkXER�iM�Y8advµuhK ø ù TT ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷8VLa"OkXR/iM�YAavµuhK ø ù T�� � �Ks MPONaROkXER�iM�Y8advµuhK ø ù TT ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ F(J ONOMPV8Ka MPOKNSRPXpuhatQiMWI1XpO¦XpKNShGEV ø ù ��N� zPeE�o¤K ÷ ÷

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM�zP5cs Mv2%!_ KkX� uUM

    c

  • £ oèGEV MG�o5Ks M�RTGuUJ H,V j Sj¸KNOJ Mi]EKs MPVnKNsLMKkX� uUMMWgEX�uUJ1X�KNM�jBKNG�KNOJ Mi¥�v RTGEuhJ H,VMPgXpuUJ XpKNM j¸KNG%KONJ MS§oXpuhu GpoBShKkj¸MWuUMPH,MWV8K¦jXpONM�KNOJ Mi¥Z GH�X'iM XpuUuLKNs M�jlMµOMPuX�KNShGEV1jls SUI1j(RTuhM�XpOMPOP]�M�I sAm jlSRPX�uUuhm�jlMPI1X�OkXpKM�YKNsLM�RTGEuhJ H,V1j³]EKNs ModX�ONa¤uUMTo¤K#RTGuUJ H VnX%uUShKNKNuhMH,GONM#KNs1X�V Ks MµGKNs MWOkjT¥Zs Mv2%�%_ÜKkX� uUM�j(Y8G�V GKMPuhSUH,ShV1XpKMKNs M�V MPM Y o¤GEOM�ASjlKNMPVAKNSXpuèXpV Y JLV SUgiMPO¦jNX�u�iJ1XpVAKNS�1MPOkj� 8s G�#MPgiMPOP]iKs MPSUO�jRTGEI1M�Sj(uUShH,SUKM�YKNG X,Y8SjBçlJ V1RTKKNMPOH GO%KNG KNs MnMPVAKNShONM�KkX� uUM] H�X�8ShV \�SUK�H J1Rks�M�XEjlSUMPO�KNG I1XpO¦jtM�KNs MM�8ILONM�jjtSUGV1jT¥q�M�X�ujlG,Y8SjNRTG�giMPOM�Y Ks1XpK�GEH,SjNjlSUGEV jI M RPXpH,M XpI I1X�ONMPVAK�s MPV XpI ILuUSRWXpKNShGEV�M�AI1MPONK¦jIMPOM o¤GOkRTM YKNG RTGV1jtSY8MPOKNsLM�M08I uhSRTShK!kY8GV$L K�RPX�ONM�jA®�÷E(Ks1XpKXpI I1M�X�ONM�Y�SUV�KNsLM�K¦X' uhM�jT¥

    s MX'1G�giM�K¦X' uhM�SjM�iJ SUgXpuhMPVAK>KGZdAI ONM jNjtShGEV az`ü �ÜZdAI ONM�jjtShGEV ad¨�� ZdAI ONM jNjtShGEV az`ü Zd8I OM�jNjlSUGV ac�

    s Mv¬%_$K¦X' uhM�o¤GEOBKNs M#I ONM�YASRPX�KNM#RPXpuRTJ uhJ1j5M�AI ONM�jjtShGEV�SUV^¸Sh\EJ OMµzzSjjls G�VnSUV^¸Sh\EJ OMzPA¥

    QiGEH MMPg8SY8MPV1R³M>G�oKs MONM�XY X'LSUuUShKlmnXpV Y OMPg8ShM�X� SUuhSUKlm�GpoKs M�v2%!_¡KkX� uUM�jBSj¸Ks1XpK(MPOONGEO¦jMH�XEYAM�ShV�GEJ O8 OkjtK�ONMWI ONM�jlMPVAKkXpKSUGV[GpoKNs M jtmLjtKNMWH»MPOMbiJ SR�AuUm Y8SjRTG�giMPONM�YC8m�KNsLM�X�I I uhSRPX�aKNShGEV�M�AI MWONKkjX o¤KNMWO�GV uUm X,giMPONm�H,SUV ShH,X�u�½KMPV.H,SUVAJ KMKJ KNGONSXpu�GV$GJ O�V GKkX�KNSUGV¥C£MPuUG� KNsLMv2%!_�KkX'LuUM�j³]'#M>uXpKMPO�XY Y8M�YXpV ZVL\EuUSjtsnuXpV \J1Xp\MY8M�jRTONShI KNShGEVGpo1Ks M\J1XpO¦Y8SUV \RTGV1Y8SUKSUGV1jGEV�M�XERks,KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV¥¯°~e�m7o�~%g=h��$z4g�U}7g4oU v%j=#M8OGEKMKNs M¬µF#v�QONM�iJ SUOMPH,MPViK¦jT]�#M�Y8SjRTG�giMPONM�Y�KNs1X�KjlGEH,MGpo KNs M v2%!_¨KkX� uUM�j21M�RPX�H,MngiMPOm.RTGH,I uUSRPXpKM�Y5¥vµujlG ]`jtGEH MnGpoKs M�uUGE\SRnSj%ONMWI M XpKNM Y�ShVjtMWgiMPOkX�u KkX� uUM�j³¥¸q�M%jlGEuhgiM�Y:1GEKNs I ONG� uUMPH jaAm�J1jlSUV \H�XER³ONGij³]s SRs�X�ONM�çlJ1jtK(uX�1MPuUM�Ynv¬%_KkX� uUM jT¥_sLM�jtM�H�XER³ONGij³]5o¤GEO�Ks MnH,GjtK�I1XpOKP]`RTGEOONM�jlI GV1Y$KG[Klm8ILSRPX�u(X'1jlKNO¦XERTKSUGEV j�J1jlM�YAm.KNsLMXpILI uUSRPXpKSUGEV�M�AI1MPONK¦jSUV�Y8M�jRTONS3 SUVL\nKNs MTµF#v�Q ONM�iJ SUOMPH,MPViK¦j(XpV1Y�KNs MPOMTo¤GEOMXEY Y,KNG�KNsLM�JLV1Y8MPOajtK¦XpV1YLX' ShuUSUKlm,G�o#KNs MjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV¥q�MnYASY5]1s G�MPgiMWOP]8KONm�KNG�J1jlM�KNsLMPH jtI XpONShV \Euhm�SUV[GOkY8MWOµV GKKNG�I OG�g8SY8MKGiG�H XpVAm�uhMPgiMPuj5GpoShV1Y8ShONM�RTKSUGV�SUVnKs MjlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV¥dG�ShV1RTOM�XEjlMI¡1M�ASª ShuUSUKlmi]³H�XER³ONGijH�XPmW1M,I XpOkX�H,MPKMPONS3¤PM�Y5¥ vµujlG ]�OkX�KNs MWO�KNs XpV�ShV1RTuUJ Y8SUV \�RTGH,I uhM�[H�X�KNs MWH�XpKSRPX�u o¤J V RTKNShGEV1jY8SUaONM RTKNuhm�SUV�KNsLMµKOkXpV jtSUKSUGV,KkX� uUM�j³]AjtJ1Rks o¤JLV1RTKNShGEV1j#XpOM%jlI M RTSE1M Y jlMPI1XpO¦XpKMPuUm�X�V1Y ONM³o¤MPONMPV RTM�Y�SUV�KNsLMKkX� uUM jT¥kIm~*g4oMg}�g��mz=o0i5oU �V M(GpoLKNs M XEY8gXpVAKkX�\EM�jGpoQiKkX�KNM�Rks1XpOKkj5G�giMPOGKNs MPOBjlKkX�KNM(H�XERks ShV M�H,GAY8MWujSjKs MnX� SUuhSUKlm�KNGnONM Y8J1RTMXnuXpO\EMV8J HC1MPO(Gpo#jlKkX�KNM�jKNG X R³GEV1RTMWI KNJ1X�uUuhm H�X�V1Xp\M�X'LuUM�V8JLH^1MPOc8mJ1jlSUV \jtJ I1MPO¦jtK¦XpKNM j¸X�V1Y�I1X�OkX�uUuUMWuAjtKkX�KNM�j�v¬%µadY8M�RTGH,I1GijtShKNShGEV6¦¥5q$M�iMPILK� GKNsGpo1Ks M�jtM�o¤M�X�KNJ OM�jT] J Kw#M*o¤GEJLV1Y ShK,s MPuhI8o¤J u%KG�SUVAKNOGAY8J1RTM.H GEONM RTGEV jtKNOJ1RTK¦j KGÜONM�Y8J RTM.RTuhJ KNKMPOP¥ ^ GEO,M0 X�H,I uUM]H�X�V8m�I1XpOKkj�Gpo�Ks MwµF#v�Q H,GAY8MPu(X�ONM o¤JLuUuUmAaGEO�X�uUH,GjtK%o¤J uhuUmAa½ShV8KMPOkRTGV V M�R³KNM�Y5]1S¥ Mi¥U]Ks MPONM�SjXKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�o¤ONGH M�XERks�jtK¦XpKNMKNG�V M�X�ONuUm MPgiMPONm�GEKs MPOGV Mi¥Qis G�SUV \�M�XRs�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�M�AI uUSRTSUKuUmnSjRTGV8o¤J1jtShV \nX�V1Y�RPXpV,H X'iMKs M�\EOkX�I s SRPXpuèY8SXp\EO¦XpH J V OM�XEY X� uUMTjlMPM^¸SU\J ONM�zWcEvï ©Ks M�KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV J1jC^¸Sh\EJ OM[zWc£8I ONG�gASY8M�j%Ks M�jNX�H,MnSUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEV¥�v|KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEVrH J1jlK21M�Y8M? V M�Y[o¤GEO�M XERksjtGJ OkR³MPajlKkX�KNM Y8M�jtKSUV1X�KNShGEV adjtK¦XpKNM�I1X�SUOGEV�Ks M,KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEVû J1jT]4s MPOM�X[jlGEJ O¦RTM�jtK¦XpKM,Sj�X[jlKkX�KNMSUKs�X KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�KNG KNs Mb J j�X�V1Y.X�Y8M�jlKNSUV XpKNShGEV�jlKkXpKMnSj%X�jlKkXpKMbSUKs�X KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV.o¤ONGH"KNsLM J1j³¥

  • A

    B

    C

    D

    A B

    C D

    BA

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM�zPc5Tm7o�oHî_i�«�i�m'i�g��g��¥~%g=hf�h4i�g¤}g¬di�m�k=�|�i5oU vµV GKNs MPOBI OG uhMPH XpONGjtM�ShKNsbONShKNShV \µKOkX�V1jtShaKNShGEV�SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�GEV,Ks M%X�ONOG'�j�1MPK�MPMPV�jlKkX�KNM�j³¥�s Sj(Sj=1V Mo¤GEO#ONMPuXpKNShgiMPuUmjlSUH,I uhMKOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jXpV Y�OMPuX�KNSUgiMWuUm jtSUH I uUMjtK¦XpKM�Rs XpONK¦jT¥Z�giMPV.H�XpOA8ShV \�KNs M�X�ONONG��j2SUKs�X,jtsLGEONK�K¦Xp\�KNs1X�K�SY8MPVAKNSha1M�jKNsLM�KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV�uUGE\SR�MPujlM�s MPOM2Xj o¤GJ V1Y*KG,R³GEH,I uhSRPX�KNM�KNs M�\OkXpILs SRPj�XpV Y*H�X�iM%SUKH,GONMY8S��RTJLuUK�KGnRTGH,I ONMWs MPV1Ybs MPV,Ks MjtKkX�KNM�Rks1X�ONKI XEj#RTGEH,ILuUM�è¥�QiJ1Rks K¦Xp\ijX�ONM�jlm8HC1GEuhSRV GESjtM�� KNsLM%SUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEVnSj(V GEK jNX�uUSUMWV8KW]©MWgiMPVbs MPV,J jtSUVL\njtJLI I1GijtM Y8uUm,H V MPH,GV SR�KkX�\ij³]1XpV1Y Ks M%OM�jtJ uhKNaSUVL\,RTuhJ KNKMPOSjbH GEONMs1XpOH o¤J uKNs XpV[sLMPuUI8o¤JLu¥ f V uhM�jNjKs MnR³GEH,I uhMPKNM�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV RTGEV Y8SUKSUGEV RPXpVw1MONShKNKMPV$GVÜKNs M XpOONG� 1MPK�#MPMPVrjtKkX�KNM�jC½V GK�I1GijjtS3 uUM o¤GOnX�V8mAKNs ShV \WLJ K�Ks M,KNOSUgASX�u�M�LXpH,I uhM�jo¤GEJLV1Y*ShV,KNM�AK1GiG� j�k]èjtJ1Rks,KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�KkX�\ijI ONG�gASY8M%VLGnJ1jtMTo¤JLuSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV,KNGnKs M�J1jtMWOM� R³MPI KKNG�H�X�KkRks[Ks M�XpOONG�GShKNsrX*jlMPI1X�OkXpKM,jlI1M�RTSE RPXpKSUGEV.G�oKs M�RTGEV Y8SUKSUGEV�MPujtM�s MWONM�ShV.KNs M Y8GARTJLaH,MPVAKP¥4s MJ1jtM�Gpo`XnjlI1M�RTSX�u5K¦Xp\�o¤GEOKs Sj(I J OI GjtM�H,MPOMPuUmSUV1R³ONM�XjtM�j(KNs M%VAJ HC1MPO(GpoBV1X�H,M�jX�V1YjtmAV GV8mAH�j>Ks1XpK�KNsLM�J jtMPOH�J1jtK#ONMPH MPHb1MPOP¥

    q$M GEI KM�Y$SUV jtKNM XEY5]`XpK:1O¦jtKP]BKNG�I J KnI1X�\EM,OMTo¤MPONMWV1RTM�jµGVÜKNs M XpOONG� ShV1Y8SRPXpKSUV \ws MPOM,KNsLMKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV uUGE\SR�RTGEJLuY^1Mo¤GEJ V1Y,ShV Ks M%YAGARTJ H,MPVAK�jlSUV1RTM�KNsLSjdXj>ONM XpuUuhmnKNs M�SUVAo¤GEONH XpKNShGEV�KNs1X�KKNsLM�J1jlMPOµVLMPM�Y8M�Y7�  uX�KNMPO�MH,G�giM�Y Ks SjSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNShGEV�J V1Y8MWOµM�XRs�Y8SXp\OkXpH)SUV�GEOkYAMPOµKG OM�Y8J1R³MRTuhJ KNKMPO�XpV1Y�H�X'iM�Ks MY8SX�\EOkX�H�jH,GEOM�OM�XEYLX' uhMi¥�s Sjbs1XY*V G M?èM�RTKGEV.Ks M�M�XEjlM:ShKNsWsLSRksKNsLM.I1Xp\M$VAJ HC MWOnSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV�RTGJ uYñ1M.G K¦XpShV M�Y5¥¥�Xp\SUV \ÜKs ONGJ \EsxKs M�Y8GARTJLH,MPVAKbs MPVONM XEY8ShV \�KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV�Y8M?1VLSUKNShGEV1j(SUV�GEO¦Y8MPOKG�gASUM� KNs M RTGEOONM�jlI GV1Y8ShV \�jtK¦XpKNM Rs1X�ONKcXEj(H,SUVLSUH�Sª¤PMWYAm,SUV1R³uUJ1Y8ShV \�o¤GEuY8a¤GEJ K%I Xp\EM jbG�o(KNs M\EO¦XpI s SRPXpuI XpONKGpo(Ks MjtKkX�KNM�Rks1X�ONKkjgASjtS3 uUM�o¤ONGEH)X�V8m�s MPOMSUV�Ks MY8GARTJ H,MWV8KW¥

    F(ONGjNjµOMTo¤MPONMWV1RTSUVL\:XjbJ jtM�Y,uUS31MPOkX�uUuUm�MPujtM�s MWONM%ShV*Ks M�uX�V \EJ1X�\EM�Xj#MPuUud¥dµGnH�X�KNKMPOs G�RTGV1RTSjlMKNs M�V GKkXpKSUGV1XpujtKlm8uhMi]EOM�©JLSUONMWH,MPVAKkjjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV1j¸o¤GEO(uXpON\M%jlm jlKNMPH j�jtI1X�V,H�X�V8mI1Xp\M�jX�V1Y�jtGEH MPKNShH,M�j5giGEuhJ H,M�j�X�V1Y J1jlJ1XpuhuUm RTGEVAKkX�SUV�ONMTo¤MPOMPV1RTM j¸KNG�GEKs MPO(I1X�ONKkj�G�oBKNs M�jlI M RTSEèRWXpKNShGEV¥q�M�XpVAKNM Y�KNG�ONM�YAJ1RTMONM Y8J V1Y X�V1RTmTs SUuhMjtKSUuhu H�X'ASUVL\µM�XjtShuUmXERPR³M�jNjlSª uhM�XpuUuLSUV8o¤GONH�X�KNSUGV�Ks1XpK(SjV MPM Y8M�Y KGnJ V1Y8MPO¦jtK¦XpV1Y�GEOONMWg8ShM��M�XERks,I1X�ONK�Gpo`KNs MY8GAR³J H,MPVAKP¥B5Sª1MPO¦XpuJ1jlM�Gpo`I1Xp\M�ONM³o¤MPONMPV RTM�jXEj�jtJ%1jNRTOSUI K¦jGEV�V1XpH,M jY8M? V M�Y,MPujlM�s MPOM2XjµXnI O¦XERTKSRPX�uRTGH,I ONGH,SjlMi¥

    e

  • vµV GKNs MPO`I ONG� uUMPH Sj s G�ÜKNGSY8MPVAKNS§o¤m%KNsLMKlm8I1M�jGpoèSY8MPVAKNSE MPOkj5Ks1XpK#XpOMJ1jlM�Y�SUVKNs M jtI1M�RTS�èRPX�aKNShGEV¥QGEuUJLKNSUGV1j>Ks1XpKs X giM�1MPMPV,J jtM�Y ShV Ks M%I1XjtKShV1RTuUJ Y8M%jlJ ONOGEJ V Y8SUV \nKs M�V1XpH,M�SUKs�jtI1M�R³SXpujtmAHC Guj#XEjSUV�KNs M vµaljtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGVp �MPV1yE�GOµJ1jlSUV \ jtI1M�R³SXpu5o¤GV8K¦jT¥c£GEKs*G�o(KNsLM�jtMjtGuUJ KSUGV1js1XPgiM�Y8O¦X��1XER� j�SUV�KMPONH j G�o%OM�XEYLX' ShuUSUKlm�X�V1Y�uUM�X�ONV1X� SUuhSUKlmi¥ws M�_%Q �XpI ILONGiXRs Sj�KNG[J jtMjtJ%1jNRTOSUI K¦jT¥�Z(XERks[SY8MPVAKNSE MPOShV[KNsLMnjtI1M�R³SEèRPX�KNShGEV[SjµjlJ*1jRTONShI KNM�Y_ShKNs.X jtSUVL\EuUM�uhMPKNKMPO�Y8MPV GKNShV \SUK¦j�Klm8I1M >��*o¤GEOngXpOSX'LuUMi]��,o¤GEO�jtK¦XpKMi]�� o¤GOnH�XERTOG ]�

  • [ 1354&6 7 *k¥ £ o(XnKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�SjKkX�iMPV]1XnV M�xMPgiMWV8K#H�XPm^1M�\MPV MPO¦XpKM�Y5¥�s M jtMPKGpo#MPgiMWV8K¦jb\MPV MPO¦XpKNM YWs MPV.KNsLMnKNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV1jµShV�X�jtMPK%G�o#KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV1j�G XpOMnKkX'iMWV[SjY8M?1V M YW8mAD!IH8!I?J#¨éK!2P*9G2k¥cs M jtKkX�KNMP½GEORTGV51\EJLOkXpKSUGV6GpoKNs MH,GAY8MPuSjµY8MWV GEKM�Y®Amnn] M¥ \ ¥h] KNs MSUV ShKNSXpuRTGV51\EJLOkXpKSUGV[SUV ^¸SU\J ONMnz0§ Sj>Ks MjtMPK�Lk' nNMi¥Z O¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV js GjtMjtGJ OkR³M�jlKkX�KNM�jX�ONM�H,MPHb1MPO¦jGpo>X�I1XpOKNSR³J uX�O�RTGEV5 \EJ O¦XpKNShGEVn XpONMjXpSY�KNGC1M_ú�ò�óªòY�0÷�ö5ø¸KGInn¥

    £ V�KNsLMjtMWKGpoèKNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV1jBY8MPVLGEKNM YAmO?F!J%P!E�Q#QH�é�nTk]³X:½I1GjNjtS3 uUm�MPH I Klm� jtJ*1jlMPK`XpONM#KNOSU\E\MPONM YAm*Ks M�MPgiMPVAKkjShVR>1] S¥ M¥U] KNsLM�KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV1jµKs1XpK�R³GEJ uY I1GjNjtS3 uUm[1M�KkX�iMPV[\SUgiMPV�X�RTGEV�1\EJ O¦XpKSUGEVn XpV Y[XnjtMWKGpo(MPgiMWV8K¦j�>,X�ONMY8M?1VLM�Y_8m

    ?F!J%S!I�Q#)H7é?�n:&Twé�?J'UACAD!I?F!2P*9>*KV£ V Ks Sj#jtMPKW]iGEV uhm,X%o¤M�¡KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jX�ONM�RTGH,I1X�KNSªLuUMi]�S¥ Mi¥U]iRWXpV_1M%K¦X'iMPV�KNG\EMPKs MPOP¥`^ GEOM0 X�H,I uUM]KNsLMnKNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV�uX'1MPuhM�YR#*ShV�^¸SU\J ONM�zT�SjµV GEKRTGV1jtSjtKMPV8K¬SUKNs�KNsLMnKNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV�uX'1MPuhM�YXW�jlSUV1R³MGEVLuUm�GEV MGpo#KNsLMPH RPX�V MKkX�iMPV¥�5MPK�KNs M jtMPK�Y�ZJH[�@'\�

  • a

    b

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM z³*c O¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV jX X�V1Y®�XpOM�ShV1RTGEV jtSjlKNMPVAK

    d!m$�i5h�z=m�i QiKNMWI atF(GV1jtKONJ1R³KNSUGV�Se ~*m F¦1RTGV51\EJLOkXpKSUGV] £ 1jtMPKGpo¤MPgiMWV8K¦j/� ï�i)��VgG �gf  h ±#ði ji Z�V�R%]5F�] £ h#V GEV Y8MPKNMWONH,ShV SjlKNSRWXpuUuhm�I SR/ XnKNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV�KlkñZ�V�R%]5F�] £ ²Ï8 XpV Y*XY Y*ShKKNGP  FÏ � µM�AKTF(GEV�1\*lF�]$8� 5LnF#XpuR³J uX�KNM�KNs M�V M0xRTGV51\J OkX�KNSUGV�Mi�g=h

    ^BSU\EJLONMnzWe5QiKNMPI RTGEV jtKNOJ1RTKSUGEV�ShV�QKkXpKM�Rks1XpOKkjSj�M�AI1X�V1Y8M�Y�KG�ShV1RTuhJ1Y8M�é ¥�£GKNsCéT#X�V1Y¯é XpOM%R³GEV1jlSjtKMPVAKdSUKs^é ? ]AjlG�MPShKNs MPOBGEVLM%RPX�V^1M�I SR�iM�YXpV Y[XEYLY8M�Y,KNGmG�¥

    £ Vn\EMPV MWOkXpud]pKs M�jtMWK�GpoèKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV j¸KNs1X�K(RPX�Vb M�XY Y8M�Y�KGlGÜRPXpVb1M�Y8M�1V M�Y:ShKNsnX�V MWV1X' uhSUV \o¤J V1R³KNSUGV�

    ^OH49G� ncK>@ � ?F!@%P!I�)#QH�é��n:&TY�ZJH[�@'\� � LJ`5Mi¥[µGEKM s MWONM,Ks1XpK Y8J M,KG[KNsLM V GV1Y8MPKMPONH SUV SjtKNSRV1X�KNJ OMGpoKs M�jtKMPI�RTGV1jtKONJ1RTKSUGVW¤S¥ M¥U]PKNsLM�jtMPuhM�RTKNShGEVGpoKs MKNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEVnKG�I J K�ShVCmASUMPuY8SUVL\�Y8SEèMPOMPVAK�ONM�jlJ uUK¦jX�ONM�SUuUuhJ1jtKOkX�KNM�Y�ShV,KNs M�KkX� uUM¥ds M�1MPs1XPg8ShGEO Y8M?1V M Y ShVRTGV1jtKONJ1RTKSUGV�z�SUVBX'LuUM,z�Sj�RTGJ V8KMPONShV8KJ SUKSUgiMjtShV1RTM�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKNShGEV[éTW]�sLSRks[jls GEJLuYGAg8ShGEJ1jluUm%1M�KNONSh\E\MPONM�Y_Am,KNsLM�ShV I J KMWgiMPV8Kt`]8SjVLGEK�KkX'iMWV¥

    s MjlMPH�X�V8KSRPj1Gpoè_%Q Sj¸jluUSU\s8KuUmY8SEèMPOMPVAKBXpV1Y�MPV8o¤GEO¦RTM�jBXbH GEONM`ONSU\GEOGEJ1j�RWXpJ1jXpuAGEOkYAMPONShV \Gpo KNs M(KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV j K¦X'iMPV!SUKs SUVX�jtKMPI¥4s MMWV1X' uhSUV \o¤JLV1RTKNShGEV�SUV�Ks M#_ Q jtKNMWI�R³GEV1jlKNONJ RTKNShGEV

    y

  • A

    B

    C

    D

    Et2 : x/y

    t6 : y/z

    t3 : y/z

    t1 : x/y t4 : x/z t5 : x/z

    ^¸Sh\EJ OM z0§5#v¨QiKkX�KNM�Rks1XpOK�XpV1Y�_ Q �M�LXpH I uUM

    �7g=o }

  • d!m$�i5h�z=m�i QiKNMWI atF(GV1jtKONJ1R³KNSUGV ad_ Q dPe ~*m FÏ1RTGV51\EJLOkXpKSUGV]e ~*mn£ 1jtMPKGpo¤MPgiMPVAKkj�� ï�i)��Vgm'iK|4i�~�}

    �jf  h ±#ði ji Z�V�R%]5F�] £ h�V GEV Y8MPKNMWONH,ShV SjlKNSRWXpuUuhm�I SR/ X�KNO¦XpV1jlSUKSUGEV�KlkñZ�V�R%]5F�] £ ²Ï8#X�V1Y[XY Y*ShKKNGCG F � µM�AKTF(GV51\%tF�]$8� 5LnF#XpuRTJ uXpKNM�Ks M�V M�RTGEV5 \EJ O¦XpKNShGEVqM£ � \MPV MPO¦XpKNM Y6"8¬ 5L F#X�uRTJLuXpKM�KNs M�SUVAKNMWONV1X�u5MPgiMPVAKkj(\EMPVLMPOkX�KNM�Y_Am,KNs M�KOkXpV jtSUKSUGV1jShV[ X�V1Y*J1jlM�KNs MPH KNG RTGEVAKNShV8J MKNs MRTGV1jtKONJ1RTKSUGV*G�o(KNsLM�jlKNMPIMz=g�}ð �jf  i�g=h

    ^¸Sh\EJ OMnzpYbQiKMPI�RTGEV jtKNOJ1RTKSUGEV�SUV�_%Q Y8GiM�jV GK%RTGV1jtSY8MPOKs M�KNOkX�V1jtShKNShGEV1jKNOSU\E\MPONM YUAm,Ks M�GEJ KI J K�MPgiMPVAKkj>G�o(KNsLM�KOkX�V1jtShKNSUGV1jSUV�G KG1M�MPV1X'LuUM�Y5] Sd¥ Mi¥h]

    ^OH49G� ncK>@ � ?F!@%P!I�)#QH�é��n:&TY�ZJH[�@'\�OM�XpuhSª¤PShV \%Ks1XpK(KNsLM�jtI1M�RTS�èRPXpKSUGV Sj¸SUV1R³GEV1jlSjtKMPVAKdSUKs^s1X�KSj�SUVAKNMPV1YAM�Y5¥q$M�o¤MWuUK�KNs1X�K%ONMPgASUM0X'LSUuUShKlmi]8ShV[KNsLSj%RPXjtMi]7Xj%H,GEOM�ShH,I1GEOKkXpVAK�KNs1X�V.KNs M�X� SUuhSUKlmKNGno¤GEO¦RTM%KMPONH,ShV1XpKSUGV¥

    c

  • �z!}

  • ±³²´ ÀwÁ½cd´: ͹´:ÎI�: O>½ À®ÊqO�YXNI�&tQR|B@ F¡DJF]¢F£�¤)E¥CI

  • ®Æ@s�&R¤)¿£�¨

  • ¥$@±�¨B@¯ 

  • ¨

  • ¨B£¦FR�&O$±®¦$¡&D¤rÁr¨²]³E@R ¦s

  • @Ƥä¨

  • F±@§& ¨B³E£¦$±�¦F 

  • a £�¡&¯&±®¦$¡&®¨²&J£lÈS¢¨²®&¦$¡&

  • ¦F±�¨

  • ¹sE¹|¯DE±K£&¦Jºr�&c©0ªÄ¦F±®»Q¨

  • Î ¬9)�±®¦Q¤)¡D³+®¨

  • TCAS

    Performance Monitor

    Surveillance

    CAS

    PressureAltimeter

    Mode Selector

    RadioAltimeter

    A/C Discretes

    Display-Unit

    Mode-S TransponderTransmitterReceiverReceiverReceiver

    Intruder

    Own-Aircraft

    Ground-Station

    Air Data Comp.

    ʶ¨²F¡&±�_êFÕp(©�¦F¹m§¦$&EQ�©�¦F¹s¹|¡&&¨Ì³E@�¨

  • Failed-Self-Test

    Not-Sending-Output

    Sending-Zeroes

    Sending-Max-Value

    Stuck-On-Single-Value

    Sending-Random-Values

    Operating-Normally

    Malfunctioning-Undetected

    Radio Altimeter

    ʶ¨²F¡&±�OêQÎ9(0ª

  • Ãl�Coe��!46Z29)��� �¡�¢�£w¤�¥w'£w9)¡¦52§)¨H©«ª¬2¨H©J�ªD5m®¯° �©`±p±w27²³ewªw¨�¯´¯µ+¶�µ+·J¸Dµ2¹º�)£w¤8»½¼¾»½¿'»`¼�À+�Áe)¿'�ÂÃ�m�Ä�Ä5¢�£wp¹�Å�źeÆ,+Á,OǺÇÈ6�ªÊÉ,©`¨H©J�ªD ËÌÍ Î=ÏÐ�Ñ +Ái ÑÓÒ   Ô+Á,ÖÕØ×HÙ Ô  ÚB§H§©`±�ªxÛ=pªw¨�Ü�§�ÝHZÞ9)���ß�¡º�à2£w9��¼�¢4¼�»`�£�áâÅ�ź�ãDäåß¡g�à2£w9�m�Ä�Ä5¢�£w9H9�+ÁeægçJè¾éºê�Õìë |¢4£wí�� »îO+Á,ïÕØ×HÙ+Á, »î Ð�Ñ +Á, ÑðÒñ5¨Hòz¨5ÚB�¨H©`�ªi�ó�£2¦52§H��©ôò�¨H©J�ªDÅ�îm¢�¤�)£w¤8»½¼¾»½¿'»`¼�ÀBÂ`)¿��Âií��ÄõÄ7¢�£wõ»Ã¤O¡gHí��»½¿'H5î�¡º�Äö�÷O£B¼º¡�¢�£w¤�¥w'£w9)¡HÆ9¼ºø2)£ù¤�)¼ß¡g�à2£w9�m�Ä�Ä5¢�£w9H9�+Á�4îi¼ºø26¢4¥2¥2¡º�¥2¡�»Ã¢�¼ºTú'¡º�à2£wB¤�¼�¢4¼�»`�£B¥w¢�¡�¢ÂÂ`�Âm¤�¼�¢�¼º�ûü#ñ�ý�þõ9ÿ���+Á í��Ä�Ä7¢�£w ¥2¡º2í�H¤º¤C»`£2úZ¹�¥�û����� Ð ×�Ç

    榬

  • Ãl�Coe��!4�k®6¦52§)¨H©«ª¬2¨H©J�ªD�ZÞ9)��� �¡�¢�£w¤�¥p�£w9)¡° �©`±p±w27²³ewªw¨���-Hí��»`¿�H9�ÅC£+¼g¡ºàw9)¡º�Å�£2¼g)£+¼º��z¿�)£9¼ ç��

    ��È6�ªÊÉ,©`¨H©J�ªD ¼º¡ºà2ÚB§H§©`±�ªxÛ=pªw¨�Ü�§�ÝH���O Õ��D£wí�29)��-®T��ç����¹��D)¡º¼�»Ãí)¢Â`��-® mæºç���¾ê�Æ

    ��¡�»��)�£9¼�¢Â`��-®TmægçÃè�� Ç®��-® Õ��D£wí�29)�®���® � ç������ ¹ºD»`Ä��2��-® ægç���� Æ��H¤ºí�)£w9��-®�ægç����ºèÇ

    ñ5¨Hòz¨5ÚB�¨H©`�ªi! eµ#"%$�¹ºm9�¡�'»`£w¢�¼�»`�£2�&¥2¢�¼g�¹����Æp®��-®6ÇgǦ52§H��©ôò�¨H©J�ªD  �ø9»J¤�¤�)£w2¤O¢õí�+�¡�'»½£w¢4¼�»`�£�à2¥e2¢�¼º6ÄõH¤º¤º¢�ú�T¼g0�÷O£B¼g¡�¢�£w¤�¥p�£w9)¡Hûü#ñ�ý�þõ9ÿ���'�(�-#)Á%&� -Å�)ó *�-2�®Tß�� �+�,)T-�-2�Å�óTß ¹�¥�û��4��O×�×�Ç�ûÈ6�Û Û=wªp¨H§��®��-Å8ó Ò �'ÙB¤�¥wHíg»/.wH¤T¼gø26î��¡ºÄ5¢�¼4î|¼ºø2�í�9�¡�'»`£w¢�¼�»`�£�à2¥e2¢�¼º�Ä�H¤º¤g¢�ú��ûTÅC¼6í��£+¼�¢»`£w¤¢�2'»`¼�»`�£w¢Â0.w�ÂÃ2¤)Æe¤�àwíºø�¢'¤O¤�)£w¤C»`¼�»`¿'»½¼�À5Â`)¿��Â�Æe¼ºøw¢�¼O¢�¡gT£2�¼¤�¥pHíg»1.wH »`£�¼gø2T¥w¤�)àw9Þí�29�û

    榬

  • 2436587%9;:=@?BABC%DEDGFIHKJGDEDML%?ON%DQPSRUTQVXW=Y[ZEZ%?#\%]^_7E`a`U3@b%74ced%f[5g3Eh#9 /�ʶ¼®Î$ÎoÈ\ªjiki²¼�lnm[ikiporqUs6i

  • CFully-Operational

    Own-Aircraft

    Other-Aircraft, i:[1..30]

    Mode-S-Ground-Station, i:[1..15]

    Standby

    Power-Off

    Power-On

    Inputs:

    TCAS-Operational-Status : {Operational, Not-Operational }

    CAS

    Î+�ÊO@�q_ê9*p(�l(Oi�ikÏ�kQÐjÑ#Q @m[%qy#É6�~�qU¤

    &IÒ

  • Altitude-Climb-Inhib-Active : {True, False}Config-Climb-Inhibit : {True,False}

    Increase-Climb-Inhibit-Discrete : {True,False}

    Own-Alt-Rate : Integer

    Alt-Layer

    Increase-Climb-Inhibit

    Climb-Inhibit

    Descend-RA : EnumeratedClimb-RA : Enumerated

    Combined-Control-Out : Enumerated

    Aircraft-Altitude-Limit : IntegerStandby-Discrete-Input : {True, False}

    Advisory-Status (expanded in section)

    1

    2

    4

    5

    6

    7

    3

    Effective-SL

    Own-Aircraft

    Radio-Altimeter-Status : {Valid, Not-Valid}

    Barometric-Altimeter-Status : {Fine, Coarse}Own-Mode-S-Address : IntegerOwn-Air-Status : {Airborne, On-Ground}

    Traffic-Display-Permitted : {True,False}

    Own-Alt-Barometric : Integer

    Own-Alt-Radio : Integer

    Mode-Selector : {TA/RA, Standby, TA-Only, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}Prox-Traffic-Display : {True,False}

    Input:

    2

    4

    5

    6

    7

    Auto-SL

    1 Layer-1

    Layer-2

    Layer-3

    Layer-4

    Increase-Descend-Inhibit

    Descend-Inhibit

    Inhibited

    Not-Inhibited

    Not-Inhibited

    Inhibited

    Not-Inhibited

    Inhibited

    C

    Not-Inhibited

    Inhibited

    Vertical-Control-Out : Enumerated

    Sound-Aural-Alarm : {True,False}

    Output:

    Aural-Alarm-Inhibit : {True,False}Own-Goal-Alt-Rate : IntegerVertcal-RAC : EnumeratedHorizontal-RAC : Enumerated

    Î+�ÊO@�qOêQÓp(�Ô¢Õ�@ТkmŨ�~

    &IÖ

  • Altitude-Lost

    Track-Dropped

    Clear-of-Conflict

    Vertical-Control

    Increase

    Other

    Crossing

    Maintain

    Reversal

    C

    VSL2000

    VSL1000

    VSL500

    VSL0

    Climb-VSL

    No-Climb-VSL

    C

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    No

    RA

    Advisory-Status

    No-RA

    Composite-RA

    No-Descend-VSL

    Descend-VSL

    Negative

    VSL0

    VSL500

    VSL1000

    VSL2000

    Descend

    Climb

    Positive

    Combined-Control

    Corrective-Climb

    Preventive

    No-Advisory

    Corrective-Descend

    Corrective-Climb

    Corrective-Descend

    Î+�ÊO@�qlêX×Þ(Ð�GÑEÏ�O�É�~m~�%

    *QØ

  • Output:

    Advisory-Code : {Other,PA,TA,RA}

    Display-Arrow-Out : {Up,Down}Other-Relative-Alt-Out : IntegerOther-Range-Out : IntegerOther-Bearing-Out : IntegerOther-Bearing-OK-Out : {True,False}Other-Alt-Reporting-Out : {True,False}

    Threat-Not-Tracked

    Not-Tracked

    Tracked

    (Expanded next page.)

    Not-Attempting-RM

    Waiting-For-Reply

    Waiting-To-Coordinate

    Input:

    Other-Aircraft [i]

    Other-Alt : IntegerOther-Mode-S-Address : Integer

    Other-Capability : {Non-TCAS,TCAS-TA,TCAS-TA/RA}Other-Sensitivity-Level : {Not-Known, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

    Other-Transponder-Equippage : {ATCRBS,Mode-S}Other-Alt-Reporting : {True,False}Surveillance-ID : IntegerOther-Range : IntegerRange-Report-Time-Stamp : TimeOther-Range-Valid : {True,False}Other-Alt-Valid : {True,False}Other-Bearing : IntegerOther-Bearing-Valid : {True,False}TA-In-Sens-Level-2 : {True,False}Other-VRC : { None, Dont-Descend, Dont-Climb }Other-HRC : { None, Dont-Turn-Left, Dont-Turn-Right }

    Track-Status RM-Send-Status

    Î+�ÊO@�qyÙQÒp(�Ô¢~Ú@qU¢Ð¢kmŨ�~¢Ô¢Ñ#qUÑGkqUÕ

    *GÛ

  • C

    New Established

    Other-TrafficProximate-TrafficPotential-Threat

    PT-Timer

    PT-Condition-Passed

    CCrossing

    Non-Crossing Own-CrossInt-Cross

    Failed

    Passed

    Range-Test

    Not-Waiting-To-Send

    Waiting-To-Send Individual-Evaluated

    Individual-Not-Evaluated

    Display-Arrow No-Arrow

    Up

    Down

    Traffic-Display-Status Threat-Sync

    On-Ground Airborne

    Other-Air-Status

    1 2 30

    Level-WaitNo

    CLostYes

    Climb

    TA/RA-

    C

    Sense

    Advisory

    DelayRA

    VSL-2000fpm

    C

    VSL-1000fpm

    VSL-500fpm

    Positive

    Descend

    Nominal-1500fpm

    Increase-2500fpm

    VSL-0fpm

    Negative Negative

    VSL-0fpm

    Increase-2500fpm

    Nominal-1500fpm

    Positive

    VSL-500fpm

    VSL-1000fpm

    C

    VSL-2000fpm

    Not-Selected Not-SelectedStrength-Strength-

    Threat

    Reversal

    Reversed

    Not-Reversed

    Status

    Altitude-Reporting

    Intruder-Status

    Tracked

    Î+kÊQ@q¸ÙQÖEÜnÝ�mOÞ#q[

    ß Ù

  • à'áãâåäãæ¢ç èêéGë�ì=íOî#ïñðjò¢ìî#ónî[ôò�ò¢í#ì=õEõ

    ö÷eø#ùGú[û÷%ü(ýþÔ¢ÿÚ������¡Ð����������ÿ�����������p÷����[ø��ý�� �!�Ñ�����"�"#�%$&��'�(�)*�%ý,+-$Gÿ��/.0���1�2�)*�GøOú3�5476*ù6ü98&�%ýÛ;:�:�:=@? ÙBACD�[ù@üE�9F�ù!�[û ú((ýÛ;

  • ä æ'âåäãæjç }õ5~�E�î[ôBí#í#ðT8îIèjéö÷eø#ùGú[û÷%ü(ýO¢ÿ�������eM����������ÿ����������D�5Jú[ûü�ùEú[û�÷%ü,ýw��a][l!"a��nQ��W$!�kÿ'�(�)*�%ý,$Q�!qc�/��ÿm�3ZP�2�)*�GøOú3�5476*ù6ü98&�%ý3K�X0�eM����mX3u,g&�lTg!wWX%ui$D�[ù@üE�9F�ù!�[û ú((ý,KOL3M'=�[ûG8&8��Q�#ý,w��a][l!"a��nQ��MW����X3ui�exb0�3"��&�[ÿ��3ZQ��xb���$Gÿ�a��[ m¡¢ ù!FG���ý £@�3"��!� ¤*X\$&Z5��ÿ���X\$

    KWX0�eM����mX%u wW�a]_l�"a��n5�eM��m��X3u û�ü¥Jú[ùEú3�cKWX0�eM����mX%uWl wW�a]_l�"a��n5�eM��m��X3u û�ü¥Jú[ùEú3�cWlwWX%ui$ wW�a]_l�"a��n5�eM��m��X3u û�ü¥Jú[ùEú3�cwWX%ui$

    Iü+û ú3JOý,K,L3Mö÷%ù!4(ýo¦%L3]=�GX0�~¤@M,�&:y{zo|��}6c��S[�5�3�Gü+ø��%ý~M��i§D�5Jaø��ûG)eú[û÷%ü(ý~!��X\q¨M(Ý9MW�_�GÝiwW�Ý�¤@MO�©+�+�L�¦/M«ª!:¬Q:�¦\:�¦ h ÜO®M«b����ÿm�a��3"p�3���mX%u¯]_&�3"�" v ��l!"#�0��^Zÿ�Xwÿ���O��qcqo�3Z5�a�[ÿ��i�m��.0GÿiX%�-ÿ���þÿm���°D,]_nQq v X\"p���'ÿm!�,b����ÿm�a��3"p][l&���3Z±X3�'ÿm!�,��$Gÿ��m�&Z5���i�#]=�3B�s�%"ÿ�XoX0�i.\���3�[ÿ����¢ÿ�s�%$ ß0h\h �Gl!q²ui��ÿ�ÿ�!�N�3����X3u«l&X\��$Gÿ���$�.�!lc�GX0��"���q v ��$!.�ÿm��^°©,�%$&ZtZ5X3ui$±�GX\�Z5�3]m���$&ZQ��$!.ÿm��^°©0:´³¸÷&U7U�Güú^JOý

    ���.0�����N5¦QÜ`W�@ÿml!�@ÿib\�%�m�a� v "��NZ5��&$��kÿ���X0$

    ß ª

  • µc¶&·=¸¹�º[»pºm¼`¸o½3¹¾!¿ Ý=!�m�3�ÿ ?pÀ ¢ÿ�!�/���¡ÝÁ��^°©ÂTÃ&Ä�Å�ÆHÇÈÃ&ÉTÊ�Ë*Ì[Í�ÎÏ[ÐaÑÓÒ�ÏmÔ�ÏmÕ�ÖaÌi×ÙØ&Ï�Õ3Ô[Ú%ÎHÛ׫ÜGÝ0Ì[Ï[ÞQÛ0ÎÏ[Ð�ß3Ì�Õ�Ì[ÞQà �È����máâxã Ç�ä5äQå ãNæÓç åQÉQÆ3Ê=ÑÓÒ�Ï[Ð�ß3ÌmÕ�Ì[ÞQà-ÐGèTé/Õ/êëÞQÕ^Ì[ÎHÛ0ÐGèTé3ÎÝ0Ì ì�ë�á�íîWÃ�ÉsïpÇ�ÆHÇÈÃ&ÉTÊ

    ðñò

    ócôÑ*ê�Ì[ÐGõÎöQ÷3Ï[Ì-ÒëÝ�ø �������m� ÇaÉúùjÆÅ�Æåüû!÷0à�Ì Ø Ø Ø ýþ9ÎHÕ�Ï�Ò�Ý�ø3Ðaÿ�Õ�êÒ�Û�� ����í[  � ý Ø ýË*Ì[Í�ÎÏ[ÐGõ*Õ^Ý�ø3ÎÐaÿ�Õ�êÒ�Û�� ���[¡� �� Ø�Ï[Þ�Î ý � Ø ý�TÏ[÷�0Ò�NÕ�Ì[ÎÐGØ�ÏmÕ�üÔ�Ð�9÷3ÝQÛ%Ò�Ì�Ò�÷3Ý � ��m¡[á ý ý � ý�p÷3Ì[ÎÝ0Ì�Ò�Õ�ê�ÐGØxÍ�Ï[ÎHÕ�Ì_Ð��÷3ÝQÛ%Ò�Ì�Ò�÷3Ý�� ��m¡�> ý ý � ýË*Ì[Í�ÎÏ[ÐaÑÓÒ�Ï[Ð�ß3ÌmÕ�Ì[ÞQà �������m� ÇìÉúùÆÅ�ÆåcË*Ý�Ð��=Ï[÷3Þ�ÝQÛ ý ý ý Ø

    ����Æ�����Æ��Ä�ÆHÇ�Ã�ÉÊ�ÜGÝ0Ì[Ï[ÞQÛ0ÎÏ_Ð�ß3ÌmÕ�Ì[ÞQà�ÐGèÁé/Õ�ê�ÞQÕ�Ì_ÎHÛ0ÐGèTé3ÎÝ0Ì a��má-í��å�ùHÄ ã Ç��&ÆHÇÈÃ&ÉTÊîWÃ������tÉ&ù��� "!û!÷\à�Ì=Õ�ê�Ì�Ò�Ì[ÞQÛ0ÎWÏ[Îö5÷3Ï[Ì�Ò�Ý�øÕ�ÝQÛ�Î�Ò�Ì[Í�ÎÏ=Ì[Í�Î$#QÎHÕ�Ï-ÒëÝ�ø�÷3Ï*Ï�Õ�Ý�ø3Î=Ò�Ý�ö�Þ�Ìmà=Õ�Ï[Î=Ò�Ý\é�Õ�êÒ�Û�%îWÃ������tÉ'& û!÷0à�Ì*Õ�ê�Ì�Ò�Ì[ÞQÛ0ÎWÏ[Îö5÷3Ï[Ì�Ò�Ý�øNÕ^ÝQÛ�#Q÷3Ì[ÍÏ�Õ�Ý�ø3ÎiÕ�ÝQÛ�#QÎHÕ�Ï-ÒëÝ�ø�Õ�Ï[Îié/Õ/ê´Ò�Û�()#�Þ�Ì*Ý�Î�Ò�Ì[Í�ÎÏ*Ì[Í�Îiö�Ï_÷��0Ò�ÐNÕ�Ì[ÎiÝ�÷%Ï*öQ÷3Ì_ÎÝ\Ì�Ò�Õ�ê&Ì[Í�Ï_ÎHÕ�Ì@Ô_ê�Õ3à[àdÒ+*�ÔÕ�Ì-Òë÷%Ý©Ô�Ï-ÒëÌ_ÎÏ�Ò�Õ,Õ�Ï[ÎWà[Õ^Ì�Ò�à,*QÎHÛ�%îWÃ������tÉ.- ÑÓÒ�ÏmÔ�ÏmÕ�ÖaÌxÒ�à*÷%Ýø3Ï[÷3Þ�ÝQÛ�%/0�214365Oå�7"8Oß3ÎHÔ�Ì�Ò�÷3Ý:9;%=%TØ*õxÑ �?� Ü@ ÑBAÓÿ@Ü_ß�Ë@õDC4%

    9��.0�!�m��\¬EÜnÝÁ��%$&][�kÿm��X0$tZ5�H&$!�kÿm��X\$

    ßQß

  • E FHGJILKãç Mwð'éGì�NéQ� î>Ogë�í#ìÁ�é#îQPMðRNþòWéQðRNSUTWV ¸,º[»pºm¼`¸ü¿

    ðñò

    órô¢ÿm!�����eM������[�#ÿ�[ÿ��&] �È�����m� ûü}Jú[ùEú^�cM���� v X0��$�� X ÝY�XOÿ��/$Eÿm�a�%"��Ý=����3�[ÿ��e��3$!.0���¡ÝT�3]�ÿ � ��m¡[Z Ý Ý¢ÿm!�����eM�"�ÿ��e`��l&X\�ÿ���$!. � ���[¡�>]\ ÝT����� ÝWui$!�¡ÝT��0Þ��3Z5�eM�"�ÿ[^ ��[>_íJ_ ¦ ßOß0h\h ��ÿa`+bdcfegdhfiDjdk XY�XOÿ��/$Eÿm�a�%"��Ý=����3�[ÿ��eM�"kÿm�ÝT�3]�ÿ � ��m¡� X Ý

    D�5Jaø��ûG)eú[û÷%ü(ý ÝÁX v �HX0$&][�aZ5���m�3Zc�mlBn�o[p�qro�s�t�u+vfw�xzy{p"t�oGgÿm!�,��$Gÿ����sZ5���=qo�&]ÿi]��[ÿ��#]-�Gn*ÿm!�l&XOÿm��$Eÿm�a�3"eÿ�!�m�3�ÿi��%$!.\���m�kÿ��/���a�Q:x+d�-ÿ�!�,��$Gÿ��m�&Z5���@�a]i�3"kÿ���ÿ��&ZQ�O�m��l&X0��ÿ���$�.!g!�kÿiqo�&]ÿi�%"#]_Xo]m�ÿ��#]-�Gnÿ���Ol&XQÿ���$Gÿ��#�%"eÿ�����3�[ÿW�%"kÿm�kÿm�&Z5�N�����ÿ����m�a�Q:x+d�'ÿm!�,��$Gÿ��m�&Z5���@�a]=$!XQÿ~�3"kÿ���ÿ��&ZQ�~����l&X\�ÿ���$!.!g@ÿm!��$t�kÿ=�#]�X\$&]_�#Z5�����^Z±��l&XQÿ���$Gÿ��#�%"eÿ�����3�[ÿ�X\$!"�nc����X3ui$ �%"�ÿ���ÿ��&Z5�,�#] v �/"�X3u{¦ ßOß\h0h ��ÿ `+bdcfegdhdiDjfk :y{zo|��}6c��S}| Ýi�Mxx+�¤ M~wi£,+��!W~:1ÝÁ��^°© �0Z5bQ�a][X0�mn ZQ�Uÿ��3ÿ���X\$Tg!W�%$�.0� !��ÿ l!�mXQ��3]m]_��$�.!:

    9��.0�!�m�N0EÜ@V �0H��XoZ5��s$!�kÿm��X0$

    ß;

  • äMáG¢æRdK*á�ç ì0íOéQap îQ ì0õGðÓ[jéQðRNjîQPMðR ~ì� ì�Né?H}T »~¶p¸¨»Q T ¿ R4?BSUTWV ¸,º[»pºm¼`¸ü¿

    £*���ÿm�a��3"��e`�^]_X0"��@ÿ���X0$!�[¤*X0qrl!"���qo��$#ÿ \ h ûaS{¢ÿ�!���m��MW���H��^��ÿm�È�����m�� �eü�÷Kúwû�üJú[ùGú3�¦Ý=����3�[ÿ¦ ûaS{¢ÿ�!���m��MW���H��^��ÿm�È�����m�� �eû�ü¥Jú[