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Research in Agriculture
Objectives
o Explain how the science of agriculture helped develop civilization;
o Identify and define the various areas of science and agriscience; and
o Discuss advancements made through agriscience.
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
What was the first science?› Agriculture!› Science is knowledge obtained through a
systematic study of naturally occurring phenomena The first systematic study by humans was
obtaining food, shelter, and clothing
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
How has the science of agriculture helped develop society?› Time was a large factor in developing
society How was food obtained in the
beginning of human history?› Hunter/Gatherer› People moved with the food
Did they have time to build a home?
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago› Where?› Fertile crescent
People began growing their own food
What did that do to their ‘time’?› No wandering› Build a more permanent shelter› Build villages and communities
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
Science grew as humans worked to develop better ways to produce food› Trial and error
If they can produce food more efficiently how does that affect their time?› Surplus food was traded› Building, engineering, literature, and art
skills could be developed
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
Science further grew as farming implements needed to be invented and improved
Tools made growing and raising food more efficient› Time?› More of it was spent inventing tools and
making life easier
Development of Civilization with Agriculture
It is believed that writing and counting developed from agriculture› Surplus, storage bins, trade, sale, and
eventually taxation› Containers had to be marked to indicate:
Ownership, contents, and the amount This made the way for written
language to be developed
Famous People in Agriscience John Deere
› Improved the plow be making it out of steel
Eli Whitney› Invented the cotton gin
Cyrus McCormick› Invented the first mechanical reaper
George Washington Carver› Great Agriculture researcher and educator
Norman Borlaug› Extensive research on wheat and credited
with saving millions of lives
Science and Agriscience
Two broad areas› Basic Research
Why or how processes occur in plants and animals
› Applied Research uses discoveries made in basic research to
help in practical ways
Four Major Areas of Science
Mathematics Physical Science Life Science Social Science
Most areas overlap
Math
Arithmetic› Study of numbers and methods of
calculating Geometry
› Practical area of math› Mathematical relationships (lines,
angles, etc.)
Math
Several other areas› logic, algebra, calculus,
probability, statistics
Physical Science
Earth Science› Study of the environment in which plants
and animals grow Geology
› Study of earth’s composition, structure, history (soil science is a big part of this)
Physical Science
Meteorology› study of earth’s atmosphere
Other areas include: hydrology, oceanography, astronomy
Life Science
Botany› study of plants
Zoology› study of animals
Social Science
Deals with human society, sometimes called behavioral science
Includes anthropology, psychology, sociology, education
Chemistry
Study of the makeup of material (matter)› Matter is anything that takes up spaces
or has mass
Physics
Study of the physical nature of objects› heat, light, electricity, mechanics
Agriscience made up of several areas of
science many of these areas overlap
Animal Science
Poultry Science
Aquaculture Environmenta
l Science
Agriscience Agronomy Horticulture Forestry Entomology Mechanical
Technology
Agronomy
Study of plants and how they relate to soil
Purpose:› Improve crop production and
conserve natural resources
Horticulture
Growing crops for food, comfort, beauty› Ornamental Horticulture› Olericulture› Pomology
Forestry
Growing and using forests
Entomology
Part of Zoology Study of insects
and related small animals
Animal Science
Production of animals for food
Poultry Science
Raising chickens and other related fowl
Aquaculture
Water Farming
Environmental Science
Wisely using and protecting the things around us
Mechanical Technology Use of machines and equipment
to do work
Your Agriscience Fair Project
You will begin this year by completing a Research/experiment SAE
This is the beginning of your SAE project
First step is to think of a problem that you would like to test or know the answer› You do need to keep it within certain
parameters
Categories
Animal Systems (AS) The study of animal systems, including
life processes, health, nutrition, genetics, management and processing, through the study of small animals, aquaculture, livestock, dairy, horses and/or poultry.
Categories
Examples:› Compare nutrient levels on animal growth› Research new disease control mechanisms› Effects of estrous synchronization on
ovulation› Compare effects of thawing temperatures
on livestock semen› Effects of growth hormone on meat/milk
production
Categories
Environmental Services/Natural Resource Systems (ENR)
The study of systems, instruments and technology used in waste management; the study of the management of soil, water, wildlife, forests and air as natural resources and their influence on the environment.
Categories
Examples:› Effect of agricultural chemicals on water
quality› Effects of cropping practices on wildlife
populations› Compare water movements through
different soil types
Categories
Food Products and Processing Systems (FPP)
The study of product development, quality assurance, food safety, production, sales and service, regulation and compliance and food service within the food science industry.
Categories
Examples:› Effects of packaging techniques on food
spoilage rates› Resistance of organic fruits to common
diseases› Determining chemical energy stored in
foods› Control of molds on bakery products
Categories
Plant Systems (PS) The study of plant life cycles,
classifications, functions, structures, reproduction, media and nutrients, as well as growth and cultural practices, through the study of crops, turf grass, trees and shrubs and/or ornamental plants.
Categories
Examples:› Determine rates of transpiration in plants› Effects of heavy metals such as cadmium
on edible plants› Compare GMO and conventional seed/plant
growth under various conditions› Effects of lunar climate and soil condition
on plant growth› Compare plant growth of hydroponics and
conventional methods
Categories
Power, Structural and Technical Systems (PST)
The study of agricultural equipment, power systems, alternative fuel sources and precision technology, as well as woodworking, metalworking, welding and project planning for agricultural structures.
Categories
Examples:› Develop alternate energy source engines› Create minimum energy use structures› Compare properties of various alternative
insulation products› Investigation of light/wind/water energy
sources
Categories
Social Systems (SS) The study of human behavior and the
interaction of individuals in and to society, including agricultural education, agribusiness economic, agricultural communication, agricultural leadership and other social science applications in agriculture, food and natural resources.
Categories
Examples:› Investigate perceptions of community
members towards alternative agricultural practices
› Determine the impact of local/state/national safety programs upon accident rates in agricultural/natural resource occupations
› Comparison of profitability of various agricultural/natural resource practices
Categories
Examples:› Investigate the impact of significant
historical figures on a local community› Determine the economical effects of
local/state/national legislation impacting agricultural/natural resources
What else?
You can do this individually You can also do this with a partner
› Your partner does not have to be in this class
› They can be in any other Ag class.
Advancements through Agriscience
Discoveries have been made throughout our history to improve our lives› Lets list at least 3 of the recent ones
Advancements through Agriscience
Genetically engineered plants We have been doing this for as long as
agriculture has been around through selective breeding
Tomato Calgene developed a tomato that resists rot
Corn BT corn
Round-Up Ready Many including: corn, sugar beets, cotton, alfalfa,
canola, soybeans and others
Advancements through Agriscience
Animal Prosthetics› Giving animals a second chance for
survival
Advancements through Agriscience
Animal Cloning› Dolly – the first cloned sheep
Lived 1996 – 2003› Why Clone?
Medical Purpose Researchers learn about human disease from
studying animals models (such as mice)
Reviving Endangered or Extinct Species Well-preserved DNA
Reproducing a Deceased Pet Lots of money – may not have same personality
Advancements through Agriscience
Bovine somatotropin (bST)› Hormone that increases milk production› Completely safe to consumers
Advancements through Agriscience
Alternative Fuels› Ethanol
Henry Ford’s Model T ran off of ethanol What is used to produce ethanol?
Corn
Will that affect our food supply?
Advancements through Agriscience
Pest control› Synthetic controls for fire ants in the south
Higher ratio of nonproductive drone ants to worker ants
› Synthetic controls for fruit tree insects Pheromones released will attract the male
insects so they never find a female
