NVSS Cause of Death Data

8/8/2019 NVSS Cause of Death Data

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Volume56,Number10 April24,2008Deaths:FinalData for2005byHsiang-ChingKung,Ph.D.;DonnaL.Hoyert,Ph.D.;JiaquanXu,M.D.;andSherryL.Murphy,B.S.;DivisionofVitalStatistics

AbstractObjectivesThisreportpresentsfinal2005dataonU.S.deaths,

deathrates,lifeexpectancy,infantandmaternalmortality,andtrendsby selected characteristics such as age, sex, Hispanic origin, race,marital status, educational attainment, injury at work, state ofresidence,andcauseofdeath.

MethodsThis report presents descriptive tabulations of informationreportedondeathcertificates,whicharecompletedbyfuneraldirectors,attendingphysicians,medicalexaminers,andcoroners.Theoriginal records are filed in the state registration offices. Statisticalinformation is compiled into a national database through the VitalStatisticsCooperativeProgramoftheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsNationalCenterforHealthStatistics(NCHS).CausesofdeathareprocessedinaccordancewiththeInternationalClassificationofDiseases,TenthRevision(ICD10).

ResultsIn2005,atotalof2,448,017deathswerereportedintheUnited States. The age-adjusted death rate was 798.8 deaths per100,000standardpopulation,representingadecreaseof0.2percentfromthe2004rateandarecordlowhistoricalfigure.Lifeexpectancyatbirthremainedthesameasthatin200477.8years.Age-specificdeathratesdecreased for theagegroup6574yearsbut increasedfortheagegroups1524years,2534years,and4554years.The15 leadingcausesofdeath in2005 remained thesameas in2004.Heart disease and cancer continued to be the leading and secondleadingcausesofdeath,togetheraccountingforalmostone-halfofalldeaths.Theinfantmortalityratein2005was6.87deathsper1,000livebirths.

ConclusionsGenerally,mortalitypatterns in2005,suchas theage-adjusted death rate declining to a record historical low, wereconsistentwithlong-termtrends.Lifeexpectancyin2005remainedthesameas that in2004.Keywords:deathscmortality ccauseofdeath c lifeexpectancycvitalstatisticsc ICD10

HighlightsMortalityexperience in2005+ In2005,atotalof2,448,017residentdeathswereregistered in

theUnited

States.

+ Theage-adjusteddeathrate,whichtakestheagingofthepopu

lationintoaccount,was798.8deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopulation.

+ Lifeexpectancyatbirthwas77.8years.+ The15 leadingcausesofdeath in2005were the following:

Diseasesofheart(heartdisease)Malignantneoplasms (cancer)Cerebrovasculardiseases(stroke)Chronic lower respiratorydiseasesAccidents (unintentional injuries)Diabetesmellitus(diabetes)Alzheimersdisease

AcknowledgmentsThisreportwasprepared in theDivisionofVitalStatisticsunder thegeneraldirection of Charles J. Rothwell, Director, Division of Vital Statistics, andRobertN.Anderson,Chief,MortalityStatisticsBranch(MSB).ElizabethAriasofMSBprovidedcontentrelated to lifeexpectancy.RobertN.AndersonandSherry Murphy of MSB and David W. Justice of the Data Acquisition andEvaluation Branch (DAEB) contributed to the Technical Notes. DavidJohnson,JalehMousavi,JordanSacks,ManjuSharma,AnnieLiu,CandaceCosgrove, and Bonita Gross of the Systems, Programming, and StatisticalResources Branch (SPSRB) provided computer programming support andproduced statistical tables under the general direction of Nicholas F. Pace,Chief, SPSRB. Thomas D. Dunn of SPSRB managed population data andprovidedcontentreview.StevenJ.SteimelandDavidP.JohnsonofSPSRBprepared the mortality file.StaffofMSBprovided content and table review.RegistrationMethods staff andstaffof DAEB providedconsultation to statevital statistics offices regarding collection of the death certificate data onwhichthisreport isbased.ThisreportwaseditedbyDemariusV.MillerandMegan M. Cox of CDC/CCHIS/NCHM/Division of Creative Services, Writer-Editor Services Branch; typeset by Jacqueline M. Davis, CDC/CCHIS/NCHM/Division of Creative Services; and graphics produced by Tommy C.Seibert,Jr.,CDC/CCHIS/NCHM/DivisionofCreativeServices.

Persons with disabilities experiencing problems accessing PDF files shouldcontact CDC/INFO through e-mail [email protected] or call 1.800.311.3435.


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2 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008InfluenzaandpneumoniaNephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (kidneydisease)SepticemiaIntentionalself-harm(suicide)Chronic liverdiseaseandcirrhosisEssential (primary) hypertension and hypertensive renaldisease

(hypertension)

ParkinsonsdiseaseAssault (homicide)

+ In2005,theinfantmortalityratewas6.87infantdeathsper1,000livebirths.

+ The10 leadingcausesof infantdeathwere the following:Congenitalmalformations,deformations,andchromosomalabnormalities (congenitalmalformations)Disordersrelatingtoshortgestationandlowbirthweight,notelsewhereclassified (lowbirthweight)Sudden infantdeathsyndrome (SIDS)Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy(maternalcomplications)Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord, andmembranes (cordandplacentalcomplications)Accidents (unintentional injuries)RespiratorydistressofnewbornBacterialsepsisofnewbornNeonatalhemorrhageNecrotizingenterocolitisofnewborn

Trends+ Theage-adjusteddeathrate in2005wasarecord low.+ Lifeexpectancywas77.8years, thesameasthat in2004.Life

expectanciesremainedunchangedforthetotalpopulationandforthewhitepopulation,whereaslifeexpectancyfortheblackpopulationincreasedby0.1year.Lifeexpectancyforwhitemales,whitefemales,andblackmalesremainedat2004levels,whereas lifeexpectancy forblack females increasedby0.2year.

+ Amongthe15leadingcausesofdeath,age-adjusteddeathratesdecreasedsignificantlyfrom2004to2005forthetopthreeleadingcausesheart disease, cancer, and strokeas long-termdecreasing trends for these causes continued. Significantincreasesoccurred forchronic lowerrespiratorydiseases,unintentionalinjuries,Alzheimersdisease,influenzaandpneumonia,hypertension,Parkinsonsdisease,andhomicide.

+Differences

in

mortality

between

men

and

women

continued

to

narrowastheage-adjusteddeathrateformenwas40.4percentgreaterthanthatforwomen(down from40.7percentgreater in2004), whereas the difference between male and female lifeexpectancyremainedat5.2yearsmore for females in2005.

+ Differencesinmortalitybetweentheblackandwhitepopulationspersisted.Theage-adjusteddeathratewas1.3timesgreater,theinfant mortality rate was 2.4 times greater, and the maternalmortalityratewas3.3timesgreaterfortheblackpopulationthanforthewhitepopulation.Lifeexpectancyforthewhitepopulationexceeded that for theblackpopulationby5.1years.

+ The postneonatal mortality rate increased 3.1percent between2004and2005andcontributed to theobserved,butnotstatisticallysignificant, increase in the infantmortalityrate.

IntroductionThis report presents detailed 2005 data on deaths and death

rates according to a number of social, demographic, and medicalcharacteristics.Thesedataprovide informationonmortalitypatternsamongresidentsoftheUnitedStatesbysuchvariablesasage,sex,Hispanicorigin,race,maritalstatus,educationalattainment, injuryatwork, state of residence, and cause of death. Information on thesemortality patterns is important for understanding changes in thehealthandwell-beingoftheU.S.population(1).Preliminarydatafor2005werepresentedintheHealthE-StatsDeaths:PreliminaryDatafor 2005 using a 99percent (demographic file) sample of U.S.deaths weighted to independent control totals (2). Findings of thepreliminary data for 2005 were also summarized in QuickStats inOctober 2007 (3,4). The findings in this report, based on the finalmortalityfile,aregenerallyconsistentwiththosebasedonpreliminarydata; the final mortality file incorporates some modifications to thepreliminary file as described in the Technical Notes. Separatecompanionreportswillpresentadditionaldetailsonleadingcausesofdeath, injury-relateddeaths,andlifeexpectancyintheUnitedStates(57).

MortalitydatainthisreportcanbeusedtomonitorandevaluatethehealthstatusoftheUnitedStatesintermsofcurrentmortalitylevelsandlong-termmortalitytrends,aswellasidentifysegmentsoftheU.S.populationatgreaterriskofdeathfromspecificdiseasesandinjuries.Differencesindeathratesamongvariousdemographicsubpopulations,including racial and ethnic groups, may reflect subpopulation differencesinfactorssuchassocioeconomicstatus,accesstomedicalcare,andtheprevalenceofspecificriskfactorsofaparticularsubpopulation.

MethodsData in this report are based on information from all resident

deathcertificates filed in the50statesand theDistrictofColumbia.Morethan99percentofdeathsoccurringinthiscountryarebelievedto be registered (8). Tables showing data by state also provideinformation for Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, AmericanSamoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands(Northern Marianas). Cause-of-death statistics presented in thisreportareclassifiedinaccordancewiththeICD10(9).(Adiscussionof the cause-of-death classification is provided in the TechnicalNotes.)

Mortalitydataonspecificdemographicandmedicalcharacteristicsexcepteducationalattainmentcoverall50statesand theDistrictofColumbia. Educational attainment data are provided for 31 states.Detailsonreportingareasforeducationalattainmentareprovided inthe TechnicalNotes.

Measuresofmortalityinthisreportincludethenumberofdeaths;crude, age-specific, and age-adjusted death rates; infant, neonatal,postneonatal,andmaternalmortalityrates; lifeexpectancy;and rateratios.Changes indeathrates from2004to2005anddifferences indeathratesacrossdemographicgroupsin2005aretestedforstatisticalsignificance.Unlessotherwisespecified,reporteddifferencesaresta


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3NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008tisticallysignificant.Additionalinformationonthesestatisticalmethods,randomvariationandrelativestandarderror,thecomputationofderivedstatistics and rates, population denominators, and the definition ofterms ispresented in the TechnicalNotes.

Thepopulationsusedtocalculatedeathratesfor20002005andtheintercensalperiod19911999showninthisreportwereproducedunderacollaborativearrangementwiththeU.S.CensusBureauandare consistent with the 2000 census. Reflecting the new guidelinesissuedin1997bytheOfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB),the2000censusincludedanoptionforpersonstoreportmorethanoneraceasappropriateforthemselvesandhouseholdmembers(10);seeTechnical Notes.The 1997 OMB guidelines also provided for thereportingofAsianpersonsseparatelyfromNativeHawaiiansorOtherPacificIslanders(NHOPI).UnderthepriorOMBstandards(issuedin1977),data for thosewhowereAsianorPacific Islander (API)werecollectedasasinglegroup(11).Mostdeathcertificatescurrentlycollectonlyoneraceforthedecedentinthesamecategoriesasspecifiedinthe1977OMBguidelines(thatis,deathcertificatedatadonotreportAsians separately from NHOPI). Death certificate data by race (thesource of the numerators fordeath rates) are thuscurrently incompatible with the population data collected in the 2000 census andpostcensal estimates (the denominators for the rates). To producedeathratesbyracefor20002005andrevisedintercensalratesforthe19911999period,thereportedpopulationdataformultiple-racepersonshadtobe bridgedbacktosingle-racecategories.Inaddition,the2000censuscountsweremodifiedtobeconsistentwiththe1977OMBracecategoriesthatis,toreportthedataforAsianpersonsandNHOPIasacombinedcategory,API,andtoreflectageasofthecensusreference date (12). The procedures used to produce the bridgedpopulationsaredescribedinseparatepublications(13,14).Thebridgedpopulationdata isanticipatedtobeusedoverthenextfewyearsforcomputing population-based rates by race. Beginning with deathsoccurringin2003,somestatesallowedformultiple-racereportingonthedeathcertificate.Multiple-race data for these states arebridged

backtosingle-racecategories;seeTechnicalNotes.Onceallstatesarecollectingdataonraceaccordingtothe1997OMBguidelines,theuseof thebridgedracealgorithm isexpected tobediscontinued.

Readers should keep inmind that the population data used tocompiledeathratesbyraceshowninthisreportarebasedonspecialestimationprocedures.Theyarenottruecounts.Thisisthecaseevenforthe2000populations.Theestimationproceduresusedtodevelopthesepopulationscontainsomeerror.Smallerpopulationgroupsareaffectedmuchmorethanlargerpopulations(13).Overthenextseveralyears, additional information will be incorporated in the estimationprocedures, possibly resulting in further revisions of the populationestimates;see TechnicalNotes.

Datapresented inthisreportandothermortalitytabulationsareavailableontheNCHSwebsiteathttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/deaths.htm.AvailabilityofmortalitymicrodataisdescribedintheTechnicalNotesof thisreport.ResultsandDiscussionDeathsanddeathrates

In2005,atotalof2,448,017residentdeathswereregistered inthe United States, which is 50,402 more than in 2004. The crudedeath rate for 2005, 825.9 deaths per 100,000 population, was1.2percent more than the 2004 rate (816.5 deaths per 100,000population) (Tables1andA).

The age-adjusted death rate in 2005 was 798.8 deaths per100,000U.S.standardpopulation,arecordlowvaluethatwas0.2percent lower than the 2004 rate of 800.8 deaths per 100,000 U.S.standard population (Tables1 andA).Age-adjusted death rates areconstructsthatshowwhatthelevelofmortalitywouldbeifnochangesoccurred intheagecompositionofthepopulationfromyear toyear.(Foradiscussionofage-adjusteddeathrates,seeTechnicalNotes.)Thus, the age-adjusted death rates are better indicators than

TableA.Percentagechange indeathratesandage-adjusteddeathratesbetween2004and2005,byage,race,andsex:UnitedStates[Basedondeath ratesonanannualbasisper100,000populationandage-adjustedratesper100,000U.S.standardpopulation;see TechnicalNotes]

All races1 White BlackBoth Both Both

Age sexes Male Female sexes Male Female sexes Male FemalePercentchange

AllagesCrude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.5

Ageadjusted

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.1

1.1

1.3

1.1

Under1year2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.3 0.3 2.1 1.6 2.6 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 3.1 8.1 0.0 5.1 6.1 6.7 3.9 10.3514years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.2 4.5 1.5 1.3 3.8 8.11524years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 2.7 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.1 2.7 4.7 4.72534years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.8 0.9 2.8 3.0 2.1 0.1 0.8 2.23544years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.2 0.4 2.34554years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.8 1.8 1.4 1.1 2.0 0.1 0.7 0.85564years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 1.1 0.3 2.26574years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.8 1.9 1.97584years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.785yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 1.9 4.4 0.81Includesracesother thanwhiteandblack.2Death rates for Under1year(basedonpopulationestimates)differ from infantmortality rates (basedon livebirths).

Click here for spreadsheet version
ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableA.xls


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4 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008unadjusted (crude)death rates forexaminingchanges in the riskofdeathoveraperiodoftimewhentheagedistributionofthepopulationis changing.Also, age-adjusted death rates are better indicators ofrelative risk when comparing mortality across geographic areas orbetweensexorracesubgroupsof thepopulation thathavedifferentagecompositions;seeTechnicalNotes.Since1980,theage-adjusteddeathratehasdecreasedeveryyearexceptin1983,1985,1988,1993,and1999.ThesewereyearsinwhichinfluenzaoutbreakscontributedtoincreasedmortalityintheUnitedStates(1518).Between1980and2005,theage-adjusteddeathratedeclined23.1percent(Figure1andTable1).

RaceIn 2005, age-adjusted death rates for the major racegroups(Table1)were the following:+ Whitepopulation,785.3deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopu

lation+ Blackpopulation,1,016.5+ American IndianorAlaskaNative (AIAN)population,663.4+ AsianorPacific Islander (API)population,440.2

Rates for theAIAN andAPI populations should be interpretedwith caution because of reporting problems with respect to correctidentification of race on both the death certificate and in populationcensuses and surveys.The net effect of the reporting problems forthe AIAN rate is approximately 30percent understated and for theAPIrate isapproximately7percentunderstated(19).

In2005,theage-adjusteddeathratefortheblackpopulationwas1.3timesthatforthewhitepopulation(TableB);that is,theaverageriskofdeathfortheblackpopulationwasabout30percenthigherthanthatforthewhitepopulation.Theratioshowntoonedecimalplacehasremainedconstantsince1997(Table1).Between1960and1982,ratesfor the blackand white populations declinedbysimilarpercentages(22.6percent for theblackpopulationand26.5percent for thewhitepopulation).From1982to1988,ratesdiverged(20),increasing5.2percentfortheblackpopulationanddecreasing1.7percentforthewhitepopulation.Thedisparityinage-adjusteddeathratesbetweentheblackand white populations reached itswidestpoint in 1989. Since then,rates for the black and white populations have tended toward convergence.Deathratesdeclinedby10.6percentfortheblackpopulation

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1970 1980 1990

Crude

Age adjusted

196000

2000 2005

NOTE: Crude death rates on an annual basis per 100,000 population; age-adjustedrates per 100,000 U.S. standard population; see Technical Notes.SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

Rate

per100,00

0

population

Figure1.Crudeandage-adjusteddeathrates:UnitedStates,19602005

andby7.0percentforthewhitepopulationbetween1989and1997,and theyhavedeclinedby10.8percentfortheblackpopulationandby8.2percent for thewhitepopulationsince1997.

Between2004and2005,decreasesinage-adjusteddeathrateswereobservedforwhitemalesandforbothblackmalesandfemales.Inorderofrelativemagnitudeofdecrease,thereductionsfrom2004were1.3percent forblackmales,1.1percent forblackfemales,and0.4percent forwhitemales(TablesAand1).

Age-adjusteddeathrateshavegenerallydeclinedbetween1980and 2005 for white males and females. However, increases wereobservedforbothwhitemalesandwhitefemalesin1983,1985,1988,and1993. Inaddition,theage-adjusteddeathrate forwhitefemalesincreasedin1995and1999.Forblackmales,age-adjusteddeathratestendedtodecreaseexceptforaperiodofincreasebetween1983and1988; rates for black females decreased between 1980 and 2005,althoughwithconsiderablevariabilityindirectionofchangefromyeartoyear (Table1).

HispanicoriginProblemsofraceandHispanic-originclassificationaffectHispanicdeath ratesand thecomparisonof rates for theHispanic and the non-Hispanic population; see Technical Notes.MortalityforHispanicsissomewhatunderstatedbecauseofnetunder-reportingofHispanicoriginonthedeathcertificate.Hispanicoriginonthedeathcertificateisunderreportedbyanestimated5percent(19);see TechnicalNotes.Theage-adjusteddeathratefor theHispanicpopulation in2005didnotchangesignificantlyfromtherate in2004(TablesCand2).Theage-adjusteddeathrateforthetotalnon-Hispanicpopulationdecreasedby0.2percentrelativetotheratein2004.Therate for the non-Hispanic white population also decreased, but notsignificantly.Theage-adjusteddeath rate for thenon-Hispanicblackpopulationdeclined1.0percent from therate in thepreviousyear.

AmongHispanicmales,theage-adjusteddeathrateincreasedby1.4percent between 2004 and 2005. The age-adjusted death ratedeclined0.4percentfornon-Hispanicwhitemalesand1.3percentfornon-Hispanicblackmales.Rates forHispanic femaleswerenotsignificantlydifferent.The rate fornon-Hispanicblack femalesdeclined1.0percent, whereas the non-Hispanic white female age-adjusteddeath rateremainedstatisticallyunchanged (TablesCand2).

In2005,theage-adjusteddeathrate(Table2)was27.3percentlower for theHispanicpopulation than the rate for thenon-Hispanicpopulation. Similarly, the age-adjusted death rate for the Hispanicpopulationwas25.8percentlowerthantherateforthenon-Hispanicwhitepopulationandconsiderably lower(42.9percent) than therateforthenon-Hispanicblackpopulation.ThelargedifferencesinmortalitybetweentheHispanicandnon-Hispanicpopulationsarepartlyafunctionof theHispanicpopulations lowerage-specificdeathrates,particularlyatolderages(Table4).PartofthedifferenceisalsoattributabletounderreportingofHispanicoriginonthedeathcertificate.Inaddition,there are various hypotheses that have been proposed to explainHispanics favorablemortalityoutcomes.Themostprevalenthypotheses include the healthy migrant effect, which argues that Hispanicimmigrantsareselectedfortheirgoodhealthandrobustness;and,thesalmonbiaseffect,whichpositsthatU.S.residentsofHispanicoriginmayreturn to theircountryoforigin todieorwhen ill (21,22).

Within theHispanicpopulation, theage-adjusteddeath rate formaleswas1.5timestherateforfemales(Table2).Thecorrespondingmale-femaleratioswere1.4forthenon-Hispanicwhitepopulationand1.5 for thenon-Hispanicblackpopulation.

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5NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008TableB.Percentageof totaldeaths,deathrates,andage-adjusteddeathrates for2005,percentagechange inage-adjusteddeathrates from2004 to2005,andratioofage-adjusteddeathratesbyraceandsex in2005, for the15leadingcausesofdeath for the totalpopulation:UnitedStates[Death ratesonanannualbasisareper100,000population:age-adjusted ratesareper100,000U.S.standardpopulation.Theasterisks (*)preceding thecause-of-deathcodes indicate that theyarenotpartof the InternationalClassificationofDiseases,TenthRevision (ICD10);see TechnicalNotes]

Age-adjusteddeath ratePercent

2005 change RatioPercent crude 2004 Male Black Hispanic2of total death to to to tonon

Rank1 Causeofdeath (basedon ICD10,1992) Number deaths rate 2005 2005 female white Hispanicwhite... Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,448,017 100.0 825.9 798.8 0.2 1.4 1.3 0.71 Diseasesofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (I00I09,I11,I13,I20I51) 652,091 26.6 220.0 211.1 2.7 1.5 1.3 0.72 Malignantneoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C00C97) 559,312 22.8 188.7 183.8 1.1 1.4 1.2 0.73 Cerebrovasculardiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (I60I69) 143,579 5.9 48.4 46.6 6.8 1.0 1.5 0.84 Chronic lowerrespiratorydiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (J40J47) 130,933 5.3 44.2 43.2 5.1 1.3 0.7 0.45 Accidents (unintentional injuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (V01X59,Y85Y86) 117,809 4.8 39.7 39.1 3.7 2.2 1.0 0.86 Diabetesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (E10E14) 75,119 3.1 25.3 24.6 0.4 1.3 2.1 1.67 Alzheimersdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G30) 71,599 2.9 24.2 22.9 5.0 0.7 0.8 0.68 Influenzaandpneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (J10J18) 63,001 2.6 21.3 20.3 2.5 1.3 1.1 0.89 Nephritis,nephroticsyndromeandnephrosis . . . . . . . . (N00N07,N17N19,N25N27) 43,901 1.8 14.8 14.3 0.7 1.4 2.3 0.9

10 Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A40A41) 34,136 1.4 11.5 11.2 0.0 1.2 2.2 0.811 Intentionalself-harm(suicide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*U03,X60X84,Y87.0) 32,637 1.3 11.0 10.9 0.0 4.1 0.4 0.412 Chronic liverdiseaseandcirrhosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (K70,K73K74) 27,530 1.1 9.3 9.0 0.0 2.1 0.8 1.613 Essential (primary)hypertensionandhypertensiverenaldisease . . . . . . . . . . (I10,I12) 24,902 1.0 8.4 8.0 3.9 1.0 2.6 1.014 Parkinsonsdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (G20G21) 19,544 0.8 6.6 6.4 4.9 2.2 0.4 0.615 Assault (homicide) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (*U01*U02,X85Y09,Y87.1) 18,124 0.7 6.1 6.1 3.4 3.8 5.7 2.8... Allothercauses (residual). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433,800 17.7 146.4 ... ... ... ... ...

... Categorynotapplicable.1Rankbasedonnumberofdeaths.See TechnicalNotes.2Data forHispanicoriginshouldbe interpretedwithcautionbecauseof inconsistenciesbetweenreportingHispanicoriginondeathcertificatesandoncensusesandsurveys.

TableC.Percentagechange indeathratesandage-adjusteddeathratesbetween2004and2005,byage,Hispanicorigin,racefornon-Hispanicpopulation,andsex:UnitedStates[RaceandHispanicoriginarereportedseparatelyon thedeathcertificate.PersonsofHispanicoriginmaybeofany race.Data forHispanicpersonsarenot tabulatedseparatelybyrace.Data fornon-Hispanicpersonsare tabulatedby race.Data forHispanicoriginshouldbe interpretedwithcautionbecauseof inconsistenciesbetweenreporting

Hispanic

origin

on

death

certificates

and

on

censuses

and

surveys;

see

Technical

Notes]

Allorigins1 Hispanic Non-Hispanic2 Non-Hispanicwhite Non-Hispanicblack

Both Both Both Both BothAge sexes Male Female sexes Male Female sexes Male Female sexes Male Female sexes Male Female

PercentchangeAllages

Crude. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.2 1.1 3.7 4.1 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 Age-adjusted . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 1.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.3 1.0Under1year3 . . . . . . . . 1.1 1.1 1.0 4.6 5.3 3.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.8 2.1 1.7 2.514years . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 3.1 8.1 5.9 9.9 0.8 3.6 1.2 10.0 2.2 3.1 9.0 6.6 3.8 9.9514years . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.1 2.8 4.9 8.4 0.0 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.9 2.8 0.8 1.6 3.3 8.31524years. . . . . . . . . . 1.6 2.7 2.1 6.1 4.4 15.1 0.7 2.4 4.2 0.5 1.0 4.7 2.7 4.9 4.92534years. . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.8 0.9 4.7 5.8 0.5 2.1 2.5 1.2 2.6 2.4 3.0 0.3 0.7 2.63544years. . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.7 1.1 0.4 2.14554years. . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.8 1.8 1.4 0.1 3.9 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.0 0.1 0.5 0.95564years. . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.2 1.3 1.1 0.2 3.4 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.9 -0.2 2.06574years. . . . . . . . . . 1.3 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.8 0.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.87584years. . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.7 0.0 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.685yearsandover. . . . . . 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.5 2.1 2.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.9 4.6 0.71Figures fororiginnotstatedare included inAlloriginsbutnotdistributedamongspecifiedorigins.2Includesracesother thanwhiteandblack.3Death rates for Under1year(basedonpopulationestimates)differ from infantmortalityrates(basedon livebirths).

Theage-adjusteddeathratesin2005forselectedHispanicsub- + Mexicanpopulation,582.2groups (Table5), inorderofrelativemagnitude,were the following: + Cubanpopulation,531.3+ PuertoRicanpopulation,822.5deathsper100,000U.S.standard

population+ CentralandSouthAmerican,416.3


ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableC.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableB.xls


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6 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008The difference between the age-adjusted rate of the Puerto

Rican and other Hispanic subgroup populations (listed above) andthedifferencebetweentheMexicanandCentralandSouthAmericanpopulations are statistically significant. The difference between theage-adjusted ratesof theCubanpopulationand theMexicanor theCentral and SouthAmerican populations are not statistically significant; however, this is a function of the large statistical variation inage-specific death rates for some of the Hispanic subgroups,reflecting their relativelysmallpopulationsizes.Deathratesbyageandsex

Theonlystatisticallysignificantdrop inage-specificdeathratesbetween 2004 and 2005 occurred among those aged 6574 years(1.3percent) (TableA and Figure2). Between 2004 and 2005, anincreaseinage-specificdeathrateswasobservedfortheagegroups1524years,2534years,and4554years.

Thedeathrates formalesdeclinedbetween2004and2005foragegroups6574years,7584years,and85yearsandover.Therewereincreasesinage-specificdeathratesamongmalesinagegroups1524

years

and

2534

years

in

2005.

The

largest

statistically

significantdecreaseformalesoccurredamongthoseaged6574years

(1.2percent),andthelargeststatisticallysignificantincreaseformalesoccurredamongthoseaged2534years(2.8percent).Forfemales,deathratesdeclinedfortheagegroups14years,5564years,and6574 years. The largest drop in the age-specific rates for females

occurred among those aged 14 years (8.1percent), and the onlystatistically significant increase for females occurred for those aged4554years (1.8percent).

RaceAge-specificdeathratesdeclinedforwhitemalesforthefollowingagegroupsin2005:6574years,7584years,and85yearsand over. The largest decrease was for those aged 6574 years(1.2percent).Ratesforwhitemalesincreasedforagegroups2534years(3.0percent)and4554years(1.1percent).Ratesfortheblackmalepopulation in2005decreasedforagegroups6574yearsand85yearsandover.Thelargeststatisticallysignificantdecreaseforblackmales was noted for those in the 85 years and over age group(4.4percent).Theonlystatisticallysignificantincreaseforblackmaleswasforthoseaged1524years(4.7percent).Forwhitefemales,thedeathratedecreasedin2005foragegroups5564yearsand6574years.Thelargestdecreaseforwhitefemaleswasobservedforthoseaged6574years(1.3percent),whereastheonlystatisticallysignificant increase was for those aged 4554 years (2.0percent). Age-specificratesforblackfemalesdecreasedforagegroups5564yearsand6574years.Thelargestdecreaseforblackfemaleswasobservedforthoseaged5564years(2.2percent),buttherewerenosignificantincreases inage-specificdeathratesbetween2004and2005.HispanicoriginFortheHispanic-originpopulation,between2004and2005(TableC),theage-specificdeathrateincreasedforthreeagegroups: under 1 year (4.6percent), 1524 years (6.1percent), and2534 years (4.7percent). There were no significant decreases in

Male

19901970

Rate

per100,0

00

population

14 years

Female

19801960

1524 years

20,000

100

10,000

30,000

10

1,000

40,000

20,000

100

10,000

30,000

10

1,000

40,000

7584 years

Under 1 year1

5564 years

4554 years

3544 years

2534 years

6574 years

85 years and over

19901970 19801960

7584 years

4554 years

2534 years

2000

6574 years

2000

514 years

514 years

Under 1 year1

5564 years

1524 years

14 years

3544 years

1955 19552005 2005

85 years and over

1Death rates for Under 1 year (based on population estimates) differ from infant mortality rates (based on live births); see Figure 6 for infant mortality rates and Technical Notesfor further discussion of the difference.SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

Figure2.Deathratesbyageandsex:UnitedStates,19552005

ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure2.ppt


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7NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008age-specificdeathratesforHispanicsbetween2004and2005.RatesforHispanicmalesincreasedforthesamethreeagegroups:under1year (5.3percent), 1524 years (4.4percent), and 2534 years(5.8percent). For Hispanic females, the only significant change inage-specific rates from 2004 to 2005 was for the age group 1524years,withan increaseof15.1percent.

Expectationof lifeatbirthandatspecifiedagesLifeexpectancyatbirthrepresentstheaveragenumberofyears

that a group of infants would live if the infants were to experiencethroughout life the age-specific death rates present in the year ofbirth.The life tablemethodologyused tocalculate the lifeexpectancies shown in this report was revisedbeginning with the 1997datayear; see Technical Notes. The revised methodology providesvalues similar to themethod used before1997 but is more comparable with decennial life table methods, provides more accurateestimates,andprovidesmoreagedetail. In2005, lifeexpectancyatbirth for the U.S. population was 77.8 years, the same as in 2004(Tables68).The trend inU.S. lifeexpectancysince1900 isoneofgradual

improvement.

In2005,lifeexpectancywas80.4yearsforfemalesand75.2years

formales.Bothexpectanciesarethesameasthosein2004.From1900tothelate1970s,thesexgapinlifeexpectancywidenedfrom2.0yearsto7.8years(Figure3;datapriorto1975arenotshown).Sinceitspeakinthe1970s,thesexgaphasbeennarrowing(Figure3).Thedifferencein lifeexpectancybetween thesexeswas5.2years in2005.

Between2004and2005, lifeexpectancy increased0.1year fortheblackpopulationtoarecordhighof73.2years.Lifeexpectancyforthewhitepopulationremainedthesameasthatin200478.3years.Thedifference in lifeexpectancybetweenthewhiteandblackpopulationsin2005was5.1years,whichwasa0.1-yeardecreasefromthe2004 gap between the two races and was the smallest gap everrecorded.Thewhite-blackgaphasbeennarrowinggradually fromapeakof7.1years in1989 to thecurrent record low (Figure3).This

Differenceinlifee

xpectancyatbirthinyears

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

White-black life expectancy

00

Female-male life expectancy

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

Figure3.Difference in lifeexpectancybetweenmalesand femalesandbetween theblackandwhitepopulations:UnitedStates,19752005

resumedalong-termdeclineinthewhite-blackdifferenceinlifeexpectancythatwasinterruptedintheperiodfrom1982to1989,whenthegapwidened.

Amongthefourmajorrace-sexgroups(Tables7,8,andFigure4),white femalescontinued tohave thehighest lifeexpectancyatbirth(80.8years),followedbyblackfemales(76.5years),whitemales(75.7years), and black males (69.5 years). Life expectancies remainedunchangedfrom2004forwhitemales,whitefemales,andblackmales.Between2004and2005,theonlygain inlifeexpectancyamongthefourrace-sexgroupswasforblackfemales(0.2year).Lifeexpectancyfor black males declined every year from 1984 to 1989 and thenresumedthelong-termtrendofincreasefrom1990to1992andfrom1994to2004(Table8).Forwhitefemales, lifeexpectancy increasedmost years from 1970 to 1998. In 1999, life expectancy for whitefemalesfellbelow1998srecordhighlevel,butin2000,lifeexpectancyforthispopulationbegantoriseoncemore.Lifeexpectancyforblackfemalesincreasedbetween1988and1992,1993and1994,and1995and1998.In1999,lifeexpectancyforblackfemalesdeclinedasitdidforwhite females,only tobegin toclimbagain in2000.

Life tables shown in this report may be used to compare lifeexpectanciesatselectedagesfrombirthto100years.Forexample,apersonwhohasreached65yearsofagewill livetoanolderage,onaverage,thanapersonwhohasreached50years.Onthebasisofmortalityexperiencedin2005,apersonaged50yearscouldexpecttoliveanaverageof30.9moreyearsforatotalof80.9years.Apersonaged65yearscouldexpecttoliveanaverageof18.7moreyearsforatotalof83.7years,andapersonaged85yearscouldexpecttoliveanaverageof6.8moreyearsforatotalof91.8years(Tables6and7).Leadingcausesofdeath

The15leadingcausesofdeathin2005accountedfor82.3percentofalldeathsintheUnitedStates(TableB).Causesofdeatharerankedaccording to thenumberof deaths. For rankingprocedures,see TechnicalNotes.Inrankorder, the15 leadingcauses in2005were 1) Diseases of heart (heart disease), 2) Malignant neoplasms(cancer), 3) Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), 4) Chronic lower

60

65

70

75

80

85

Years

1970 1975 1980

White male

1985 1990

Black male

Black female

199500

White female

2000 2005

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality

Figure4.Lifeexpectancybyraceandsex:UnitedStates,19702005


ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure4.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure3.ppt


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8 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008respiratorydiseases,5)Accidents(unintentionalinjuries),6)Diabetesmellitus (diabetes), 7) Alzheimers disease, 8) Influenza and pneumonia, 9) Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (kidneydisease), 10) Septicemia, 11) Intentional self-harm (suicide), 12)Chronicliverdiseaseandcirrhosis,13)Essential(primary)hypertensionandhypertensive renaldisease (hypertension),14)Parkinsonsdisease,and15)Assault(homicide).The15leadingcausesofdeathin2005 retained thesamerankingas in2004.

Theagepatternofmortalitycanvarygreatlybycauseofdeath,and as a result, changes in crude death rates over time can besignificantlyinfluencedbythechangingcompositionofthepopulation.Incontrast,age-adjusteddeathrateseliminate the influenceofsuchshifts in thepopulationagestructure.Therefore,age-adjusteddeathrates are better indicators than crude rates for showing changes inmortalityover timeandamongcausesofdeath.Consequently,age-adjusteddeathratesareusedtodepict trends for leadingcausesofdeath (Figure5).

Between 2004 and 2005, the number of deaths increased by2.1percent (50,402moredeaths).However, theage-adjusteddeathrateforallcausesintheUnitedStatescontinuedtodecline,decreasing0.2percentfrom2004to2005.Thisreductionintheriskofdyinghasbeendrivenmostlybynetdecreases in the leadingcausesofdeathincludingheartdisease,cancer,andstroke.

Among the15 leadingcausesofdeath,theage-adjusteddeathrate declined significantly for 3 of the 15 leading causes of death(TableB).Long-termdecreasingtrendsforheartdisease,cancer,andstroke (the three leading causes of death) continued in 2005, withdecreasesrelativeto2004of2.7percent(heartdisease),1.1percent(cancer),and6.8percent(stroke).Exceptforarelativelysmallincreasein1993,mortalityfromheartdisease,theleadingcauseofdeath,hassteadilydeclinedsince1980(Figure5).Theage-adjusteddeathrateforcancer,thesecond leadingcauseofdeath,hasshownagradualbut consistent downward trend since 1993 (Figure5). The rate forstroke,thethirdleadingcauseofdeath,declined6.8percentbetween2004 and 2005.At least part of this decline (perhaps as much asone-third)isduetochangesincodingrules.Thechangeincodingruleswas implemented toeliminateconflicting instructionsonselectinganunderlyingcause.Theresultofthechangeisthatitshiftssomerecordsfromstrokedeaths toMulti-infarctdeaths;see TechnicalNotesformoredetail.Strokehasgenerallydeclinedsince1958,withoneexception: an increase of 2.6percent between the years 1992 and 1995(Figure5).

The age-adjusted death rates for the following seven leadingcausesofdeathincreasedsignificantlybetween2004and2005:chroniclower respiratory diseases (5.1percent), unintentional injuries (3.7percent), Alzheimers disease (5.0percent), influenza and pneumonia (2.5

1,000.0

1.0

19801970

100.0

10.0

19751960 19901985 19951965

0.1

Rateper100,0

00U.S.standard

popula

tion

ICD7 ICD8 ICD9

Nephritis, nephrotic syndromeand nephrosis1

Malignant neoplasms1

Accidents (unintentional injuries)1

Cerebrovascular diseases1

Diseases of heart1

1Circled numbers indicate ranking of conditions as leading causes of death in 2005.NOTES: Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 U.S. standard population, see Technical Notes. ICD is International Classification of Diseases.SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

2

3

5

7

1

Alzheimers disease1

13

1958 2000

ICD10

Hypertension1

Parkinsons disease1

9

14

2005

Figure5.Age-adjusteddeathrates forselected leadingcausesofdeath:UnitedStates,19582005

ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure5.ppt


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9NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008percent), hypertension (3.9percent), Parkinsons disease (4.9percent), and homicide (3.4percent). The death rate for unintentionalinjuriesgenerallydeclinedbyaboutone-half froma40-yearhigh in1966(67.6deathsper100,000standardpopulation)toalowof33.2in1992.From thenon, theratehas tended to increasegradually tocurrent levels (Figure5). Similarly, the age-adjusted death rate forhypertension declined sharply in 1978 to a low of 3.2 deaths per100,000standardpopulation.Afteraperiodoflittlevariationduringthe1980s, theratestartedagradualbutconstant rise tocurrent levels.

Incontrasttothepatternforunintentionalinjuriesandhypertension,themortalitytrendforAlzheimersdiseaseisoneofrapidincrease(Figure5). From 1979 to 1998, the rate for Alzheimers diseaseincreaseddramaticallybecauseofimprovementsindiagnosis,awareness of the condition within the medical community, and other unidentified factors (23). The transition from ICD9 to ICD10 broughtsubstantialchangestothecodingandselectionrulesforthiscondition,whichcreatedamajordisruptioninthetimeseriestrendforAlzheimersdisease between 1998 and 1999 (Figure5). The large increasebetween1998and1999isatleastpartlyduetotheICDtransition(24).Evaluatingtheobservedchangeposesaproblembecausethecomparability ratio (representing the net effect of the new revision oncause-of-deathstatistics)forAlzheimersdiseasemaybeunderstated(2427). The age-adjusted death rate for Parkinsons diseaseincreasedby4.9percentfrom2004 to2005andhasgenerallybeenincreasing foralmost threedecades(28).

Althoughmortalityfromhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)diseasehasnotbeenonthelistof15leadingcausesofdeathsince1997(29),itisstillconsideredamajorpublichealthproblem.In2005,atotalof12,543personsdiedfromHIVdisease(Table10).Theage-adjusteddeath rate (4.2 deaths per 100,000 standard population; Table16)declinedforthe10thconsecutiveyear,decreasing6.7percentbetween2004and2005, the largestdecreasesince1999.Theage-adjusteddeathrateforthiscausereacheditshighestpointof16.3deathsper100,000standardpopulation in1995anddeclinedbyanaverageof12.7percent every year since then (30), and the rate of decline inmortality for this cause of death has slowed from an average of33.0percentperyear (19951998) toanaverageof3.3percentperyear (19982005).

Changesinmortalitylevelsbyageandcauseofdeathhaveanimportanteffectonchangesinlifeexpectancy.Lifeexpectancyatbirthforallraces,males,and femalesdidnotchangebetween2004and2005,remainingat77.8years(allraces),75.2years(males),and80.4years(females)(Table8).Despitereductionsinheartdisease,cancer,andstroke,lifeexpectancydidnotchangeforthepopulationasawholeorformalesandfemalesbecauseofoffsetting increasesinmortalityfromchroniclowerrespiratorydiseases,unintentionalinjuries,Alzheimers disease, influenza and pneumonia, and homicide (data notshown).(Fordiscussionofcontributionstothechange in lifeexpectancy,see TechnicalNotes.)

Therelativeriskofdeathinonepopulationgroupcomparedwithanothercanbeexpressedasa ratio.Ratiosbasedonage-adjusteddeathratesshowthatmaleshavehigherratesthanfemalesfor12ofthe15 leadingcausesofdeath(TableB),withrates formalesbeingatleasttwotimesthoseforfemalesfor5leadingcauses.Thelargestratio(4.1)wasforsuicide.Otherlargeratioswereevidentforhomicide(3.8), Parkinsons disease (2.2), unintentional injuries (2.2), chronicliverdiseaseandcirrhosis(2.1),heartdisease(1.5),andcancer(1.4).

Thedifferenceinlifeexpectancybetweenmalesandfemalesdidnotchangebetween2004and2005,remainingat5.2yearshigherforfemales.Thelackofchangeinthedifferencebetweenmaleandfemalelifeexpectancieswasanoutcomeofoffsettingimprovementsinmortalityfromspecificcausesofdeathforbothsexes.Forexample,malesexperiencedgreaterimprovementsthanfemalesinmortalityfromheartdisease,influenzaandpneumonia,chroniclowerrespiratorydiseases,andHIVdisease,whereasfemalesexperiencedgreaterimprovementsinmortalityfromcancer,diabetes,unintentionalinjuries,andhomicide(datanotshown).

Theage-adjusteddeathratesfortheblackpopulationwereatleast1.3timesthoseforthewhitepopulationfor7ofthe15leadingcausesof death (TableB). The largest ratio was for homicide (5.7). Othercausesforwhichtheratiowashighincludedhypertension(2.6),kidneydisease(2.3),septicemia(2.2),diabetes(2.1),stroke(1.5),andheartdisease(1.3).Forfiveoftheleadingcauses,age-adjusteddeathrateswerelowerfortheblackpopulationthanthoseforthewhitepopulation.The smallest black-to-white ratios were for suicide and Parkinsonsdisease(0.4each);thatis,theriskofdyingfromsuicideorParkinsonsdisease for thewhitepopulation ismore thandoubletherisk for theblackpopulation.Otherconditionswithalowblack-to-whiteratiowerechroniclowerrespiratorydiseases(0.7),Alzheimersdisease(0.8),andchronic liverdiseaseandcirrhosis (0.8).

The difference in life expectancy between the black and whitepopulationsnarrowed from5.2years greater life expectancy for thewhitepopulation in2004 to5.1years in2005.Thenarrowing in theblack-whitelifeexpectancygapwasprimarilyduetogreaterimprovementsinmortalityfortheblackpopulationthanforthewhitepopulation.Inparticular, theblackpopulationgainedgroundon thewhitepopulation because of improvements in death rates for heart disease,cancer,diabetes,HIVdisease,andinfluenzaandpneumonia(datanotshown).

Age-adjusteddeathrateswerelowerfortheHispanicpopulationfor11ofthe15 leadingcausesofdeathrelativetothenon-Hispanicwhite population (TableB).Thesmallest ratiowas for chronic lowerrespiratorydiseasesandsuicide(0.4each).Othercausesforwhichtheratiowasconsiderablysmallerincludedheartdiseaseandcancer(0.7each),AlzheimersdiseaseandParkinsonsdisease (0.6each),andstroke,unintentionalinjuries,influenzaandpneumonia,andsepticemia(0.8each).Age-adjusteddeathratesfortheHispanicpopulationweregreater thanthosefor thenon-Hispanicwhitepopulation for3of the15leadingcausesofdeath.Thelargestratiowasforhomicide(2.8),followedbychronicliverdiseaseandcirrhosis(1.6)anddiabetes(1.6).

LeadingcausesofdeathforthetotalpopulationandforspecificsubpopulationsareexaminedinmoredetailinaseparateNationalVitalStatisticsReportonleadingcausesbyage,race,Hispanicorigin,andsex(6).Cataclysmicstorms

Mortality due to cataclysmic storms increased substantiallybetween 2004 and 2005. In 2005, 874 deaths were reportedcompared with 63 deaths in 2004. In 2005, the age-adjusted deathrate was 0.3 deaths per 100,000 standard population (data notshown).This increaselargelyreflectsthosedeathsdirectlyattributedto Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, as well as Hurricane Rita in


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10 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008September and a tornado in Indiana in November. (For moreinformation about deaths due to cataclysmic storms see TechnicalNotes.)Injurymortalitybymechanismand intent

In 2005, a total of 173,753 deaths were classified as injuryrelated(Table18).InjurydataarepresentedusingtheexternalcauseofinjurymortalitymatrixforICD10.Thematrixwasjointlyconceivedby the International Collaborative Effort on Injury Statistics and theInjury Control and Emergency Health Services section of theAmerican Public Health Association (31,32). The two essentialdimensions of the ICD codes for injuries form the basis for thisframework: themechanismof the injuryand themanneror intentofthe injury. The mechanism involves the circumstances of the injury(e.g.,fall,motorvehicleaccident,poisoning).Themannerorintentoftheinjuryinvolveswhethertheinjurywasinflictedpurposefullyornot(insomecases, intentcannotbedetermined)and,when intentional,whethertheinjurywasself-inflicted(suicide)orinflicteduponanotherperson(assault).Inthelistof113selectedcausesofdeath,thefocusis

on

manner

or

intent,

with

subcategories

showing

selected

mechanisms. The matrix has two distinct advantages for the analysis of

injury mortality data. First, it contains a comprehensive list ofmechanisms,andsecond,datacanbedisplayedbymechanismwithsubcategories of intent (as in Table18) or vice versa. Four majormechanisms of injury in 2005motor-vehicle traffic, poisoning,firearm,and fallaccounted for73.4percentofall injurydeaths.

MotorvehicletrafficIn2005,motorvehicletraffic-relatedinjuriesresulted in 43,667 deaths, accounting for 25.1percent of all injurydeaths(Table18).Theslightdecreaseintheage-adjusteddeathrateformotorvehicle traffic-related injuriesfrom2004(33) to2005(14.7deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopulationto14.6)wasnotstatisticallysignificant.

PoisoningIn 2005, 32,691 deaths occurred as the result ofpoisonings,accountingfor18.8percentofallinjurydeaths(Table18).Themajorityofpoisoningdeathswereeitherunintentional(72.2percent) or suicides (17.6percent). However, a substantial proportion(9.9percent)ofpoisoningswasofundeterminedintent.From2004to2005,theage-adjusteddeathrateforpoisoningincreasedby6.8percentfrom10.3deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopulationto11.0.UnintentionalpoisoningdeathratesintheUnitedStateshaveincreasedeachyear from1999 to2005 (dataprior to2005arenotshown).

FirearmIn2005,30,694personsdiedfromfirearminjuriesintheUnitedStates(Tables1820),accountingfor17.7percentofallinjurydeathsin2005.Firearmsuicideandhomicide,thetwomajorcomponent causes, accounted for 55.4percent (suicide) and 40.2percent(homicide)ofallfirearminjurydeathsin2005.From2004to2005,theage-adjusteddeath rate for firearm injuries increasedby2.0percentfrom 10.0 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population to 10.2(Tables1820). In 2005, males had a firearm-related age-adjusteddeath rate that was 6.8 times the rate for females, and the blackpopulationhadaratethatwas2.2timestherateforthewhitepopulation.Thenon-Hispanicwhitepopulationhadaratethatwas1.2timesthe rate for the Hispanic population, and the non-Hispanic blackpopulation had a rate that was 2.6 times the rate for the Hispanicpopulation(Tables19and20).

FallsIn 2005, 20,426 persons died as the result of falls,accounting for 11.8percent of all injury deaths (Table18). The

overwhelmingmajority(96.2percent)offall-relateddeathswereunintentional.From2004(33)to2005,theage-adjusteddeathrateforfallsincreasedby1.5percentfrom6.5deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopulation to 6.6; however, this was not a statistically significantdifference.

Moredetailedinformationoninjurydeaths,includingdatabyage,race,Hispanicorigin,sex,andstatearepresentedinaseparatereport(7).Thisseparatereportalsopresentsdatadescribing thenatureofinjurysustainedand typeofpoison.Drug-inducedmortality

In2005,a totalof33,541personsdiedofdrug-inducedcausesintheUnitedStates(Tables21and22).Thecategory drug-inducedcausesincludesnotonlydeathsfromdependentandnondependentuseofeither legalor illegaldrugs,butalso includespoisoning frommedically prescribed and other drugs. The category excludes unintentional injuries, homicides, and other causes indirectly related todrug use.Also excluded are newborn deaths due to mothers druguse. (For a list of drug-induced causes, see Technical Notes.) In2005,theage-adjusteddeathratefordrug-inducedcausesformaleswas1.8 times the rate for females.Theage-adjusteddeath rate forthewhitepopulationwas1.1 times the rate for theblackpopulation(Table21). The rate for the non-Hispanic white population was 1.9times the rate of the Hispanic population, and the rate for thenon-Hispanicblackpopulationwas1.7timestherateoftheHispanicpopulation (Table22). Between 2004 and 2005, the age-adjusteddeath rate fordrug-inducedcauses increased8.7percent from10.4deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population to 11.3 deaths per100,000 U.S. standard population. Between 2004 and 2005, theage-adjusted death rate for drug-induced causes among the majorethnic-race-sex groups increased by 8.6percent for white males,7.4percent forwhite females,10.5percent forblackmales,9.1percent for black females, and 12.4percent for Hispanic males. ForHispanicfemales,theage-adjusteddeathrateincreased2.9percent,but thiswasnotstatisticallysignificant.Alcohol-inducedmortality

In 2005, a total of 21,634 persons died of alcohol-inducedcauses in the United States (Tables23 and 24). The categoryalcohol-induced causes includes not only deaths from dependentand nondependent use of alcohol but also accidental poisoning byalcohol.Thecategoryexcludesunintentional injuries,homicides,andothercausesindirectlyrelatedtoalcoholuseaswellasdeathsduetofetal alcohol syndrome. (For a list of alcohol-induced causes, seeTechnicalNotes.)In2005,theage-adjusteddeathrateforalcohol-inducedcausesformaleswas3.2timestherateforfemales,andtherate for the Hispanic population was 1.3 times the rate for thenon-Hispanicwhitepopulation(Tables23and24).Between2004and2005,theage-adjusteddeathrateforalcohol-inducedcausesforthetotal population remained unchanged statistically (7.0 per 100,000U.S.standardpopulation).Amongthemajorrace-sexgroups,theratesignificantly changed for black males, and among the major raceethnic-sex groups, the rate decreased significantly for black males(7.3percent) and non-Hispanic black males (7.2percent), whileincreasingsignificantly forHispanicmales(7.3percent).


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NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008 11Maritalstatus

Forthoseaged15yearsandover,thenumberofdeathsin2005was 929,991 for persons who were married; 908,645 for thosewidowed; 300,290 for those divorced; and 257,695 for those nevermarried(Table25);see TechnicalNotes.Thosewhonevermarriedhad the highest age-adjusted death rate, followed by widowedpersons, then divorced persons, and then married persons. Thenever-married group had an age-adjusted death rate 63.2percenthigherthantheevermarriedand2.2times therate for thecurrentlymarried. Age-adjusted death rates for widowed persons were93.8percent higher than those for persons currently married at thetimeofdeath.Divorcedpersonshadarate92.8percenthigher thanthose forpersonsmarriedat the timeofdeath.

For all age groups 15 years and over, death rates for marriedpersonsweremuch lower than rates fornever-marriedpersons.Forthoseaged1524years,divorcedpersonshadthehighestdeathrate,whereas, for those aged 2534 years, widowed persons had thehighestdeathrate.Forthoseaged3544years,4554years,5564years,and75yearsandover,thosewhonevermarriedhadthehighestdeathrates.For thoseaged6574years,divorcedpersonshad thehighestdeath rate.

For each marital status group in 2005, males had higher age-adjusteddeathratesthanfemales,rangingfrom30.6percentgreaterforthenever-marriedto76.7percentgreaterforthosemarriedatthetimeofdeath.Educationalattainment

Age-specificandage-adjusteddeathratesareshownbyeducational attainment for age groups in the range of 2564 years(Table26). In the 31 reporting states, a total of 148,051 decedentsaged2564yearshad completed12yearsof education,comparedwith103,913whohadcompleted13yearsormoreand73,090whohadcompletedfewerthan12years.Forthetotalpopulation,andformalesand femalesseparately,mortality is inverselyassociatedwitheducationalattainment; that is, theaverage riskofdeathdecreasesmarkedly with increasing educational attainment. The age-adjusteddeathrate for thosewith less than12yearsofeducationwas650.4deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population36.2percent higherthan the rateof477.6deathsper100,000U.S.standardpopulationforthosewith12yearsofeducationand3.2timestherateforthosewith13yearsofeducationormore.

Rates are shown only for those aged 2564 years becausepersonsunderage25maynothavecompletedtheireducation.Ratesarenotshown for thoseaged65yearsandoverbecauseofmisreporting

of

educational

attainment

on

the

death

certificate;

see

TechnicalNotes.Dataoneducationalattainmentmustbeinterpretedwith

cautionbecauseofmisreportingonthedeathcertificateandbiasesthatresultfromdifferencesbetweentheclassificationofeducationalattainmenton thedeathcertificateand incensussurveys;see TechnicalNotes.Injuryatwork

Forpersonsaged15yearsandover,deathsdue to injuriesatwork accounted for a total of 5,113 deaths reported on the deathcertificates(Table27).Rateswerelowestforagegroups1524yearsand 65 years and over. The risk of work-related death was much

greater for males than for females; the age-adjusted death rate formales was 4.1 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population comparedwith0.4forfemales,resultinginamortalityratioofabout10to1. The age-adjusted rate for the white population (2.3) was slightlyhigherthantheratefortheblackpopulation(2.0).Themale-to-femaleratio was 10.5 for the white population and 10.0 for the blackpopulation.

The number of deaths due to injury at work decreased by 44deathsbetween2004to2005.Theage-adjusteddeathrateof injuryatworkforthepopulationaged15yearsandoverdecreased4.5percent between 2004 and 2005 (Table28). For specific sex and racegroups, the age-adjusted death rate decreased for white males(4.5percent)andincreasedforwhitefemales(33.3percent),butitdidnotchangesignificantlyforblackmalesandwasunchangedforblackfemales.Stateofresidence

Mortality patterns vary considerably by state (Table29). Thestate with the highest age-adjusted death rate in 2005 was Mississippi

(1,026.9

deaths

per

100,000

standard

population),

with

arate

28.6percent above the national average. The state with the lowestage-adjusted death rate was Hawaii (609.0 deaths per 100,000standard population), with a rate 23.8percent below the nationalaverage.

Variationsinmortalitybystateareassociatedwithdifferencesinsocioeconomicstatus,race,andethniccompositionaswellasdifferences inrisk forspecificcausesofdeath(34).Infantmortality

In2005,a totalof28,440deathsoccurred forchildrenunder1year(TableD)504moredeathsoverthenumber in2004.In2005,the infant mortality rate was 6.87 deaths per 1,000 live births, theneonatalmortality rate (deaths to infantsaged027daysper1,000live births) was 4.54 deaths, and the postneonatal mortality rate(deaths to infants aged 28 days1 year per 1,000 live births) was2.34deaths(seeTechnicalNotesforinformationonalternativedatasources) (Table30 and Figure6). The changes in the infant andneonatalmortalityratesbetween2004and2005werenotstatisticallysignificant; however, the postneonatal mortality rate increased3.1percent from 2.27 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2004 to 2.34deaths in 2005 for all races combined. Rates also increasedsignificantly for male postneonates for all races combined (4.0percent)andwhitepostneonates(3.7percent).

The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2005 accounted for68.1percentofallinfantdeathsintheUnitedStates(TableE).Inrankorder,the10leadingcauseswere1)Congenitalmalformations,deformationsandchromosomalabnormalities(congenitalmalformations);2)Disordersrelatedtoshortgestationandlowbirthweight,notelsewhereclassified(lowbirthweight);3)Suddeninfantdeathsyndrome(SIDS);4)Newbornaffectedbymaternalcomplicationsofpregnancy(maternalcomplications);5)Newbornaffectedbycomplicationsofplacenta,cordandmembranes(cordandplacentalcomplications);6)Accidents(unintentional injuries); 7) Respiratory distress of newborn; 8) Bacterialsepsis of newborn; 9) Neonatal hemorrhage; and 10) Necrotizingenterocolitisofnewborn.The10leadingcausesremainednearlythesameasthosein2004withthefollowingexceptions:in2005,cordand


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12 NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008TableD.Numberof infant,neonatal,andpostneonataldeathsandmortalityrates,bysex:UnitedStates,20042005[Ratesare infant(under1year),neonatal(under28days),andpostneonatal(28days11months)deathsper1,000 livebirths inspecifiedgroup]

2005 2004Percentchange1

Infantageandsex Number Rate Number Rate from2004 to2005Infant

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,440 6.87 27,936 6.79 1.2Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,018 7.56 15,718 7.47 1.2Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,422 6.15 12,218 6.09 1.0

NeonatalTotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,770 4.54 18,593 4.52 0.4

Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,444 4.93 10,390 4.94 -0.2Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,326 4.12 8,203 4.09 0.7

PostneonatalTotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,670 2.34 9,343 2.27 3.1

Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,574 2.63 5,328 2.53 4.0Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,096 2.03 4,015 2.00 1.5

1Percentagechangebasedonacomparisonof the2005and2004mortalityrates.

placentalcomplicationsandunintentionalinjuriesexchangedpositionswitheachotherrelativetotheirpositionsin2004(33),andnecrotizingenterocolitisofnewbornreplaceddiseasesofthecirculatorysystemasthe10th leadingcauseofdeathamong infants.

Changesinratesbycauseofdeathamongthe10leadingcauseswerestatisticallysignificantforonecondition,necrotizingenterocolitisof newborn, which increased 23.4percent between 2004 and 2005(TableE).Thisrelatively large increase isduetoachange incodingrulesthatresultsinnecrotizingenterocolitisofnewbornbeingselectedastheunderlyingcausemoreoftenthanwaspreviouslythecase;seeTechnicalNotes.

Theratioofthemale-to-femaleinfantmortalityrates(1.2)andtheblack-to-whiteinfantmortalityrates(2.4)werethesamein2005astheywerein2004.Racecitedonthedeathcertificateisconsideredtoberelativelyaccurateforwhiteandblackinfants(19).However,forotherracegroups, racemaybemisreportedon thedeathcertificate (35);consequently,thereaderisdirectedtotheforthcomingreportusingdata

0

10

20

30

40

50

Deathsper1,0

00

live

births

1940 1970 1980 1990

Neonatal

Postneonatal

1950 1960 2000

Infant

2005

NOTE: Rates are infant (under 1 year), neonatal (under 28 days), and postneonatal(28 days11 months) deaths per 1,000 live births in specified group.SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality.

Figure6. Infant,neonatal,andpostneonatalmortalityrates:UnitedState,19402005

fromthelinkedfileoflivebirthsandinfantdeathsforbettermeasuresofraceand infantmortality (36).(See TechnicalNotes.)

Hispanic infantmortalityIn2005, the infantmortality ratewas5.81deathsper1,000livebirthsforHispanicinfantsand5.71deathsper1,000 livebirthsfornon-Hispanicwhite infants(datanotshown).AmongHispanicsubgroups,theinfantmortalityratewas7.66deathsper1,000livebirthsforPuertoRican,5.92forMexican,3.80forCuban,and3.00forCentralandSouthAmerican infants.Increasesbetween2004and2005forCentralandSouthAmericaninfantslargelyreflectimprovementsinidentification;seeTechnicalNotes.NoneoftheotherHispanic infant mortality rates changed by a statistically significantamountfrom2004to2005.InfantmortalityratesbyspecifiedHispanicoriginandracefornon-Hispanicoriginaresomewhatunderstatedandarebettermeasuredusingdatafromthe linkedfileof livebirthsandinfantdeaths(35);see TechnicalNotes.Maternalmortality

In 2005, a total of 623 women were reported to have died ofmaternal causes (Tables33 and 34). As in previous years, thenumberofmaternaldeathsdoesnot includealldeathsoccurring topregnant women but only those deaths reported on the deathcertificate thatwereassigned tocauses related tooraggravatedbypregnancy or pregnancy management (ICD10 codes A34,O00O95,andO98O99).Furthermore,thenumberexcludesdeathsoccurringmore than42daysafter the terminationofpregnancyanddeaths of pregnant women due to external causes (unintentionalinjuries,homicides,andsuicides)(9).Anincreasingnumberofstatesare adopting a separate item on the death certificate indicatingpregnancy status of the decedent to improve measurement; seeTechnical Notes. The number of areas with such an item hasincreased from 16 states in 1996 to 31 states and the District ofColumbia in2005.

Thematernalmortalityratefor2005was15.1deathsper100,000livebirths.Blackwomenhaveasubstantiallyhigherriskofmaternaldeaththanwhitewomen.Thematernalmortalityrateforblackwomenwas36.5deathsper100,000livebirths,roughly3.3timestherateforwhitewomen (11.1deathsper100,000 livebirths).


ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/figure6.pptftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableD.xls


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NationalVitalStatisticsReports,Volume56,Number10,April24,2008 13TableE.Numberof infantdeaths,percentageof total infantdeaths,and infantmortalityrates for2005,andpercentagechange in infantmortalityratesfrom2004 to2005 for the10 leadingcausesof infantdeath in2005:UnitedStates[Ratesare infantdeathsper100,000 livebirths]

Percentchange2Percentof from2004

Rank1 Causeofdeath (basedon ICD10,1992) Number totaldeaths Rate to2005... Allcauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,440 100.0 687.2 1.21 Congenitalmalformations,deformationsandchromosomalabnormalities . . . . . (Q00Q99) 5,552 19.5 134.2 1.82 Disorders related toshortgestationand lowbirthweight,notelsewhereclassified . . (P07) 4,714 16.6 113.9 0.93 Sudden infantdeathsyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (R95) 2,230 7.8 53.9 1.34 Newbornaffectedbymaternalcomplicationsofpregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P01) 1,776 6.2 42.9 2.95 Newbornaffectedbycomplicationsofplacenta,cordandmembranes . . . . . . . . . (P02) 1,110 3.9 26.8 5.96 Accidents (unintentional injuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (V01X59) 1,083 3.8 26.2 2.37 Respiratorydistressofnewborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P22) 860 3.0 20.8 2.38 Bacterialsepsisofnewborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P36) 834 2.9 20.2 0.59 Neonatalhemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P50P52,P54) 665 2.3 16.1 7.3

10 Necrotizingenterocolitisofnewborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P77) 546 1.9 13.2 23.4... Allothercauses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (residual) 9,070 31.9 219.2 ...

...Categorynotapplicable.1Rankbasedonnumberofdeaths;see TechnicalNotes.2Percentagechangebasedonacomparisonof the2005 infantmortalityratewith the2004 infantmortality rate.NOTE: ICD is InternationalClassificationofDiseases.

HispanicmaternalmortalityThematernalmortalityrateforHispanicwomenwas9.6deathsper100,000livebirths.Thenon-Hispanicwhitematernalmortalityratewas11.7deathsper100,000livebirthsin2005.ThedifferencebetweentheHispanicandnon-Hispanicwhiterateswasnotstatisticallysignificant.AswithotherstatisticsinvolvingHispanicorigin, theseshouldbe interpretedwithcautionbecauseofinconsistenciesbetweenreportingHispanicoriginondeathcertificatesandoncensusesandsurveys;see TechnicalNotes.

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ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlsftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Publications/NVSR/56_10/tableE.xlshttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/prelimdeaths05/prelimdeaths05.htmhttp://www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NVSS Cause of Death Data