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Definitions
• Baselines: territorial seas and maritime zones are measured from baselines. There are several ways of drawing these baselines:
– Low water line: low water (low tide) line along the coast.
– Straight baselines: used when coastline is deeply indented or a fringe of islands exists along the coast.
OFFSHORE ZONESNATIONAL AIR SPACE INTERNATIONAL AIR SPACE
TERRITORIALSEA
CONTIGUOUSZONE
HIGH SEASEEZINTERNALWATERS
BASELINE12NM
24NM
200NM
INTERNALWATERS
BASELINE
INCSEA Agreement
• Ships will observe both the letter and spirit of the international rules of the road.
• Surveillance ships will exercise good seamanship so as not to embarrass or endanger ships under surveillance.
• Ships will utilize special signals for announcing their operational intentions.
• Ships of one party will not simulate attacks, launch objects in the direction of, or illuminate the naviga tion bridges of ships of another party.
• Ships conducting exercises with submarines shall show appropriate signals to warn of submarines in the area.
• When approaching ships of the other party, especial ly when they are engaged in replenishment or flight operations, approach ships should remain well clear.
• Aircraft will use caution when approaching aircraft or ships of the other party.
PIVOT POINT
HEAD WAY, STEADY COURSE & SPEED
AHEAD BELL FROM DIW... LONG STEERING LEVER FROM PROPS/RUDDERS
ASTERN BELL FROM DIW... NO EFFECTIVE STEERING LEVER UNTIL SOME STERN WAY
The Speed Triangle• Vector - Graphic representation of an
object moving in a given direction at a given speed.
• e - The center of the maneuvering board. (Earth)
• er - Vector representing the Reference ship’s course and speed. (Think: reference ship’s vector relative to the earth, i.e. its true vector)
• em - Vector representing the Maneuvering ship’s course and speed. (Think: maneuvering ship’s vector relative to the earth, i.e. its true vector)
• rm - Vector representing the direction and speed of relative motion between both vessels(DRM & SRM). (Think Relative Motion)
e
r
mem
rm
er
Definitions
Command:– the authoritative act of making decisions and
ordering action– includes the authority and responsibility for
effectively using available resources and for planning the employment of, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling military forces for the accomplishment of assigned missions
• Control:– act of monitoring and influencing action required to
accomplish what must be done
Definitions (cont.)• Strategic
– the “big picture”– not just military, but political,
economic, and many other factors considered
• Operational– Connects Strategic and Tactical– Moving tactical units in a
unified manner• Tactical
– the details- right where the action is
• “They won the battle but lost the war”– good tactics, poor strategy
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
Navy and Joint AORs
PACOMEUCOMAFRICOM
2ND FLEET4TH FLEET
SOUTHCOM
NORTHCOM
CENTCOM
5TH FLEET6TH FLEET 7TH FLEET 3RD FLEET
Navy Numbered Fleet Commanders Unified Command Plan
Example
AW C(Air W arfare CDR)
SUW C(Surface Warfare CDR)
USW C(Undersea W arfare CDR)
SCC(Sea Com bat CDR)
STW C(Strike W arfare CDR)
C2W C(C2 W arfare CDR)
CW C(Com posite Warfare CDR)
Fleet Comm ander
• Composite Warfare Commander: In charge of a decentralized command structure which assigns responsibility for the various warfare areas to different individuals. The CWC and the OTC are typically the same person.
DEFENSE IN DEPTHPUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
SURVEILLANCE AREA
Close-in Weapons Range
Threat
High Value Unit
Maximum Sensor Range
Missile Range
Fighter Range
DESTRUCTIONAREA (FEZ)
DESTRUCTIONAREA (MEZ)
DESTRUCTIONAREA (CEZ)
VITAL AREA
Enemy Weapons Range
CIEA (FEZ)
CIEA (MEZ)
CIEA (CEZ)
CIEA (JEZ)
• BGM-109A Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Nuclear (TLAM-A) with a W80 nuclear warhead.• BGM-109C Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Conventional (TLAM-C) with a unitary warhead.• BGM-109D Tomahawk Land Attack Missile - Dispenser (TLAM-D) with submunitions.• RGM/UGM-109B Tomahawk Anti Ship Missile (TASM) - radar guided anti-shipping variant.• RGM/UGM-109E Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM Block IV) - improved version of the TLAM-C.• TERCOM: Terrain Contour Matching - Uses a pre-recorded contour map to match measurements
from a radar altimeter.• DSMAC: Digital Scene-Mapping Area Correlator - Uses photographs to determine position.
FEZ JEZ
MEZ
CEZ
Detect To Engage Sequence1.Detection
A.ESB.Airborne RadarC.Shipboard Radar
2.EntryA.Enter into
NTDS/CDS3.Track
A.Determine and Predict Position
4.IdentificationA.Correlation
w/Other Sensors/shipsB.VIDC.IFFD.Flight Profile
E.ESF.I&W
5.Threat EvaluationA.Does the Air
Contact Pose a threat?B.Hostile Intent?C.ROED.Warning/Weapons
StatusE.Threat Priority
6.Weapons PairingA.Optimum weapon
for threat7.Engagement
A.Employ weapons8.Engagement Assessment
CVW Make Up
• Four Navy Strike Fighter Squadrons (VFA) of F/A-18 Hornets (48)• One Electronic Attack Squadron (VAQ) of EA-6B Prowlers (4)• One Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron (VAW) of
E-2C Hawkeyes (4)• A detachment from a Fleet Logistics Support Squadron (VRC) of
C-2 Greyhounds (2)• One Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (HS) of
SH-60F & HH-60H Seahawks. (4 & 2)• One Helicopter Strike Squadron (HSM) of MH-60R (5)
* Total of ~60-65 Aircraft
• Stealth– Classified missions
• Agility– Anywhere, everywhere
• Endurance– Global operations on nuclear power
• Multi-mission Payload Delivery– Strike, undersea, mine & special warfare
America’s SubmarinesHunters, Killers & Nuclear DeterrenceHunters, Killers & Nuclear Deterrence
Force StructureForce Structure
SSN/SSGN Missions and SSBN
• Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance• Mine Warfare• Power Projection and Strike Warfare• Landing Special Operations Forces• Sea Control• Strategic Deterrence
Joint Special Forces
• US Special Operations Command (SOCOM)– Based at MacDill Air Force Base, Tampa, FL– 60,000 active duty, National Guard, and
reserve personnel across SOCOM and the four service SOFs
• Since 9/11: – manpower has nearly doubled – budget nearly tripled – overseas deployments have quadrupled
Themes of Amphibious Operations• The problem of the tadpole
• The landing itself is rarely the key problem
• The problems of command
• The amphibious invasion is a means to an end, not an end to itself
• The influence of terrain and geography
• The amphibious operation as a form of envelopment
• The inherently chaotic and decentralized nature of landings
• The development of amphibious technology and techniques
• My addition: relevance in today’s world
Types of Amphibious Warfare (DRAW)
• Demonstration– To deceive the enemy
• Amphibious Raid– Swift incursion followed by a
planned withdrawal• Amphibious Assault
– Principle type - We are here to stay
• Amphibious Withdrawal– To disengage forces for
employment elsewhere
Phases of Amphibious Assaults
• PERMA:– Planning– Embarkation– Rehearsal– Movement– Assault
• Real life is usually EMPRA
• Command relations: CATF (USN), CLF
MAGTF• What is it?
– A combination of Marine ground, aviation, and support units
– Task organized for specific missions (tailored in size and capability)
• How does it operate?– Combined Arms– Fire and Maneuver– Joint Operations
• Navy/Marine Team• Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines,
Coast Guard
Types of MAGTFs
• Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF)• Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)• Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)• Special Purpose MAGTF (SP-MAGTF)