Animal Feed Science and Technology, 28 {1990) 325-331 325 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - - Printed in The Netherlands

Nutri t ive Value of Canola Seed for Young Pigs

J. SHAW, S.K. BAIDO0 and F.X. AHERNE

Department o[ Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alb., T6G 2P5 (Canada)

(Received 9 August 1988; accepted for publication 13 July 1989 )

ABSTRACT

Shaw, J., Baidoo, S.K. and Aherne, F.X., 1990. Nutritive value of canola seed for young pigs. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol., 28: 325-331.

Canola seed (CS) (Brassica campestris cv. Tobin), either raw and ground or 'jet-sploded', was given to weanling pigs in isonitrogenous (20% crude protein) diets based on wheat, barley and soya bean meal (SBM). In Experiment I, 160 4-week-old weaned pigs were assigned to seven dietary treatments, a SBM diet and six diets in which 7.5, 15 or 30% ground CS was included in raw or jet-sploded form. In Experiment II, 65 4-week-old pigs were allotted to one of five diets, a SBM diet or diets supplemented with 15 or 30% ground raw or jet-sploded CS. To each of the five diets, the inert marker dysprosium chloride was incorporated for digestibility studies. In Experi- ment I, increasing the dietary levels of raw ground CS from 0 to 15 % of the diet had no significant effect on growth rate, feed intake or feed-to-gain ratio. The inclusion of CS in jet-sploded form significantly (P < 0.05) reduced growth rate. In Experiment II, the SBM control diet was signif- icantly superior (P < 0.05 ) in the digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein and lysine to the other four diets.

INTRODUCTION

Cano la is the n a m e given to ce r t a in var ie t i es of low glucosinolate , low erucic acid rapeseed. C ano l a seed (CS) (Brassica campestris cv. T o b i n ) con t a in s

40% e the r ex t rac t , 22% crude p ro t e i n a n d 20 M J a p p a r e n t digest ible ene rgy per kg dry m a t t e r ( D M ) . Cas te l l (1977) r ep o r t ed t h a t 15% CS in the diet of pigs f rom 23 to 89 kg l iveweight did no t s ign i f icant ly reduce feed in take , g rowth ra te or feed conve r s ion efficiency. In a n o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t , Cas te l l a n d Fa lk (1980) obse rved t h a t 3 -15% CS in the die t of pigs f r o m 25 to 87 kg did no t s ign i f ican t ly a f fec t r a t e of ga in or feed in take , a n d the ef f ic iency of feed util i- za t ion t e n d e d to i m p r o v e w i th t he add i t ion of CS to the diet. Salo (1980) also r epo r t ed no d i f fe rence in the g rowth ra t e or ef f ic iency of feed u t i l iza t ion be- tween pigs fed on die ts s u p p l e m e n t e d wi th 10% ground CS a n d pigs fed on a con t ro l diet. T h e inc lus ion of 30% f r o s t - d a m a g e d CS in the diets of growing

0377-8401/90/$03.50 © 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

326 J. SHAW ETAL.

pigs depressed rates of feed intake and gain, but improved feed conversion efficiency (Bell and Keith, 1986).

Ochetim et al. (1980) concluded that rapeseed with a total glucosinolate content of 4.7-8.5 ~mol g- 1 of fat-free meal requires appropriate processing to destroy the myrosinase. Ground CS either autoclaved (121 o C, 30 s), dry heated (130 ° C, 1 h) or extruded (85 o C, 30 s) was given to early weaned pigs of 6.8 kg liveweight. Autoclaving completely inactivated myrosinase, but extrusion and dry heating were only partially effective in doing so. Increasing the level of autoclaved CS from 0 to 20% of the diet had no significant effect on growth rate, feed intake or feed-to-gain ratio. Froseth and Peters (1981) also reported that during the growing period from 39 to 95 kg liveweight, pigs fed on a diet containing 20% extruded CS grew significantly faster than pigs fed on a diet supplemented with 20% raw CS.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects on pig per- formance of increasing levels of raw or heated ('jet-sploded') CS in the diet of young pigs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experiment I

Diets Seven diets were used, a soya bean meal (SBM) control diet and six diets in

which 7.5, 15 or 30% ground CS was included in raw or jet-sploded form in the diet of pigs weaned at 4 weeks of age. The seeds which were jet-sploded were retained under the jet-sploder for 60-90 s. The terminal temperature of the seeds was estimated to be 260 ° C. All diets were steam pelleted. The composi- tion of the diets is shown in Table 1. Vitamins and minerals were included according to the guidelines of the National Research Council (1979). The same level of lysine was maintained in all diets by dietary supplementation with lysine-HC1. Feed and water were available ad libitum.

Animals A total of 160 Yorkshire X Landrace pigs, weaned at 4 weeks of age with a

mean initial weight of 7.8 kg, were randomly assigned to seven dietary treat- ments (Table 1 ) on the basis of initial weight and sex. The pigs were housed individually in either 1.2 X 1.2 or 1.2 X 0.6-m slatted floor pens. Pig weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly. The environmental temperature was maintained at 25 + 2 o C throughout the 4-week trial.

CANOLA SEED FOR YOUNG PIGS 327

T A B L E 1

Formulat ion and composit ion of canola seed (CS) diets (%)

Level of CS in diet { % )

0 7.5 15 30

_ _ + - + - +

Wheat 23.5 26.0 26.0 22.2 22.2 15.5 15.5 Barley 7.0 8.5 8.5 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 Oat groats 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 14.0 14.0 Soya-bean meal 31.0 23.5 23.5 23.3 23.3 20.5 20.5 Dried whey 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Canola seed (raw ground) - 7.5 - 15.0 - 30.0 Canola seed (jet-sploded) - 7.5 - 15.0 30.0 Canola oil 4.0 - - - Iodized salt 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Ground l imestone 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Calcium phospha te 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Vi tamin-minera l pre-mix 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Chemical analysis {fresh weight basis) Dry mat te r 91.6 86.1 87.4 91.0 91.9 93.7 92.7 Crude protein 20.3 19.8 20.2 20.3 20.1 19.9 20.0 E the r extract 5.9 6.7 6.3 8.1 7.9 13.3 13.0 Lysine 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 Gross energy (MJ kg -~) 17.1 17.1 17.5 17.9 17.8 19.2 18.6

+ =jet-sploded; - = not jet-sploded. 1Supplied per kg of diet: 5000 IU v i tamin A; 500 IU vi tamin D3; 22 IU vi tamin E; 12 mg riboflavin; 45 mg niacin; 25 mg calcium panto thena te ; 30 #g v i tamin B~2; 500 mg choline chloride; 120 mg zinc; 12 mg copper; 150 mg iron; 12 mg manganese; 20 mg biotin, 0.3 mg selenium; 2.5 g lysine.

Experiment H

Digestibility studies Sixty-five crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to one of five diets, a control

SBM diet, or diets supplemented with 15 or 30% ground, raw or jet-sploded CS. In each of the five diets, the inert marker dysprosium chloride (DyC13" 6H20 ), was incorporated at a concentration of 10 mg kg-1 elemental dysprosium. Faecal samples from each pig were collected on Days 7, 8 and 9 of the feeding trial, freeze dried and ground. The three daily samples were pooled by equal weight and mixed thoroughly, and feed and faecal samples were ana- lysed for DM and total Kjeldahl nitrogen using the techniques outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists {1980) and for gross energy of combustion as described by Harris (1970). The dysprosium concentration in feed and faeces was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis

328 J. SHAW ET AL.

(INAA) at the SLOWPOKE reactor, University of Alberta, following the pro- cedure of Kennelly et al. (1980). Digestibility coefficients for DM, crude pro- tein, lysine and energy were determined for each diet.

Statistical analyses

The experiments were performed in three series, each having a control. Analysis of variance of all treatments was performed according to Steel and Torrie (1980). There were no significant differences between identical treat- ments, thus all similar treatments were combined and analyses of variance were computed using procedures for unequal numbers of observations, as out- lined by Bancroft (1968).

RESULTS

Experiment I

The average daily feed intake (ADF) was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced when 30% CS was included in the diet (Table 2 ). Increasing the dietary level of raw ground CS from 0 to 15% of the diet had no significant effect on growth rate. The addition of CS in jet-sploded form significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced growth rate. Feed-to-gain ratios were not affected by the level of CS or jet- sploding the CS.

TABLE 2

The effects of canola seed on pig performance

Control Canola seed (%)

7.5 15 30

Raw Jet- Raw Jet- Raw Jet- ground sploded ground sploded ground sploded

SEM ~

Number of pigs 40 17 17 30 30 13 13 Initial weight (kg) 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 0.1 Final weight (kg) 21.1 20.6 19.8 21.3 20.1 19.5 19.4 0.4 Feed intake (g day-l)2 661a 694a 672a 634a 633a 505b 509b 20.2 Weight gain (g day -1) 474a 454ab 425b 478a 434b 415c 412c 29.6 Feed/gain (g g-~) 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.1

1Standard error of the mean. 2Means in the same row not bearing a common letter are significantly different (P < 0.05 ).

CANOLA SEED FOR YOUNG PIGS

TABLE 3

Digestibility coefficients of canola seed-supplemented diets (%)

329

Control Canola seed {%) Significance SEM (P<0.05)

15 30

Raw Jet - Raw Jet- ground sploded ground sploded

Dry mat te r 76.1 75.3 73.9 68.5 66.4 * 1.2 Energy 80.5 78.1 74.5 70.1 68.2 * 1.5 Prote in 81.8 76.1 72.5 65.5 64.8 * 1.9 Lysine 79.5 76.3 72.4 69.5 68.7 * 1.0

Experiment H

Digestibility coefficients for crude protein, lysine, energy and DM for the five dietary treatments are presented in Table 3. Pigs fed on the SBM control diet had higher ( P < 0.05) DM, energy, crude protein and lysine digestibility coefficients than pigs fed on the other four diets containing CS, either pro- cessed or raw. The energy digestibility coefficients of diets with jet-sploded CS were lower (P < 0.05) than those of ground raw CS.

DISCUSSION

The inclusion of 15% raw ground CS in the diets of 4-week-old pigs had no significant effect on feed intake, growth rate or feed-to-gain ratio. This level of CS is equivalent to 8% canola meal (CM) and 5% canola oil. There is evi- dence that 8% CM in the diet of young pigs will not affect pig performance (McIntosh et al., 1986; Baidoo et al., 1987). The inclusion of CS at a dietary level of 30% caused a marked reduction in feed intake and growth rate which may have been due to the influence of the hydrolytic products of glucosinolates in the CS (Bell, 1984), the palatability of canola (Singham and Lawrence, 1979; Baidoo et al., 1986) and the higher fibre content of canola-supplemented diets (Kennelly et al., 1978).

Processing of CS by jet-sploding did not improve the weight gain of pigs, although feed intake was not affected. It is possible that the dry heating con- ditions used might have been excessive and thus reduced the nutritive value of jet-sploded CS. This observation is consistent with the results of the digesti- bility study, which showed that pigs fed on the jet-sploded diets had lower digestibility coefficients. Nasi et al. (1985) reported that heat treatment of rapeseed meal reduced the digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, and Lawrence (1978) observed that micronization of rapeseed reduced its di-

330 J. SHAW ET AL.

gestibility by pigs. Inclusion of CS at a level of 30% of the diet caused a reduc- tion in the digestibility of protein, energy and lysine. The digestibility of amino acids has been shown to be adversely affected by the presence of crude fibre (Sauer et al., 1980; Clandinin et al., 1981), lignin (Nomani and Stansberry, 1982; Mitaru et al., 1984) and tannins (Clandinin and Heard, 1968).

The overall results of the present study indicate that the jet-sploding process did not improve the nutritive value of CS for young pigs and that CS may be included in raw, ground form at a level of 15% in the diets of 4-week weaned pigs without significantly affecting their performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Financial support for this study was provided by the Canola Council of Can- ada. The assistance of the staff of the University of Alberta Swine Unit, Ed- monton is gratefully acknowledged. We also wish to thank the California Pellet Mill Company, Crawfordville, IN, for jet-sploding the canola seed.

REFERENCES

Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th Edn. A.O.A.C., Washington, DC.

Baidoo, S.K., McIntosh, M.K. and Aherne, F.X., 1986. Selection preference of starter pigs fed canola meal and soyabean meal supplemented diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 1039-1049.

Baidoo, S.K., Mitaru, B.N., Aherne, F.X. and Blair, R., 1987. The nutritive value of canola meal for early-weaned pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 18: 45-53.

Bancroft, T.A., 1968. Topics in Intermediate Statistical Methods. Vol. 1. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.

Bell, J.M., 1984. Nutrients and toxicants in rapeseed meal. A review. J. Anim. Sci., 58: 996-1010. Bell, J.M. and Keith, M.O., 1986. Growth, feed utilization and carcass quality responses of pigs

fed frost-damaged canola seed (low-glucosinolate rapeseed) as affected by grinding, pelleting and ammoniation. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 181-190.

Castell, A.G., 1977. Effects of cultivar on the utilization of ground rapeseed in diets for growing- finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 111-120.

Castell, A.G. and Falk, L., 1980. Effects of dietary canola seed on pig performance and backfat composition. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 795-797.

Clandinin, D.R. and Heard, J., 1968. Tannins in prepress-solvent and solvent processed rapeseed meal. Poult. Sci., 47: 688.

Clandinin, D.R., Robblee, A.R., Slinger, S.J. and Bell, J.M., 1981. Composition of canola meal. In: D.R. Clandinin {Editor), Canola Meal For Livestock and Poultry. Canola Council of Can- ada Publication No. 59, pp. 8-11.

Froseth, J.A. and Peters, D.M., 1981. Feeding rapeseed meal and raw or extruded whole rapeseed to growing-finishing pigs. Washington State University Swine Day Production Report.

Harris, L.E., 1970. Nutrition Research Techniques for Domestic and Wild Animals. Vol. I., Utah State University, Logan, UT.

CANOLA SEED FOR YOUNG PIGS 331

Kennelly, J.J., Aherne, F.X. and Lewis, A.J., 1978. The effects of levels of isolation, or varietal difference in high fiber hull fraction of low glucosinolate rapeseed meals on rat or pig perform- ance. Can. J. Anita. Sci., 58: 743-752.

Kennelly, J.J., Aherne, F.X. and Apps, M.J., 1980. Dysprosium as an inert marker for swine di- gestibility studies. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 60: 441-446.

Lawrence, T.L.J., 1978. Effects of micronization on the digestibility of whole soya beans and rapeseed for the growing pig. Anita. Feed Sci. Technol., 3: 179-189.

McIntosh, M.K., Baidoo, S.K., Aherne, F.X. and Bowland, J.P., 1986. Canola meal as a protein supplement for 6 to 20 kilogram pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 1051-1056.

Mitaru, B.N., Reichert, R.D. and Blair, R.B., 1984. The binding of dietary protein by sorghum tannins in the digestive tract of pigs. J. Nutr., 114: 1787-1796.

Nasi, M., Alaviuhkola, T. and Suomi, K., 1985. Rapeseed meal of low- and high glucosinolate type fed to growing-finishing pigs. J. Agric. Sci. Soc. Finl., 57: 263-269.

National Research Council, 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. No. 2. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Eighth Revised Edition. National Academy of Sciences-National Re- search Council, Washington, DC.

Nomani, M.Z. and Stansberry, S.C., 1982. Effect of dietary fibre fractions on the apparent diges- tibility of nitrogen and protein efficiency ratio in rats on two feeding plans. Nutr. Rep. Int., 26: 695-702.

Ochetim, S., Bell, J.M., Dioge, G.E. and Youngs, C.G., 1980. The feeding value of Tower rapeseed for early weaned pigs. I. Effects of cereal source and added molasses on performance, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 52: 87-96.

Salo, M.L., 1980, Nutritive value of full fat rapeseed for growing pigs. J. Sci. Agric. Soc. Finl., 52: 1-6.

Sauer, W.C., Just, A., Jorgensen, H.H., Fekadu, M. and Eggum, B.O., 1980. The influence of diet composition on the apparent digestibility of crude protein and amino acids at the terminal ileum and overall in pigs. Acta Agric. Scand., 30: 449-459.

Singham, A.D.R. and Lawrence, T.L.J., 1979. Acceptability of nitrogen utilization of Tower ra- peseed by growing pigs. J. Sci. Food Agric., 30: 21-26.

Steel, R.G. and Torrie, J.H., 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 137-269.