Unit 2 Lecture 4 Topic: Introduction to Organic Chemistry and
Nutrition Covers: Chapter 3, pages 52 54 Chapter 49, page 977
Slide 3
All compounds can be classified in two broad categories:
ORGANIC and INORGANIC compounds. Organic Compounds Molecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen The chemistry of carbon is
considered to be The chemistry of life. In organic compounds,
carbon atom is usually bonded to another carbon, hydrogen or oxygen
Carbon is the backbone of organic compounds
Slide 4
Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds in all directions Can
form many different shaped molecules straight chain, branched
chain, rings, etc NOTE: Bond represented by a line connecting
Carbon to another element
Slide 5
LARGE CARBON MOLECULES MONOMER - a single organic molecule
Example: Glucose (blood sugar) POLYMER - two or more monomers
together Example: Sucrose MACROMOLECULE - large organic molecule,
made up of many polymers Examples: Glycogen, Starch
Slide 6
Six Basic Food Ingredients All of the foods in the would
contain at least one of six basic ingredients, also known as
nutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals,
water Four of these nutrients are organic compounds Carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, vitamins Two of these nutrients are inorganic
compounds Minerals, water These do not contain carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Slide 7
End of Lecture 4
Slide 8
Unit 4 Lecture 5 Topics: Carbohydrates and Lipids (Fats)
Covers: Chapter 3, page 55 56 and 58 59 Chapter 49, page 977
979
Slide 9
Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Function:
Gives the body a quick energy source Easy for the body to break
down carbs and convert into ATP MONOSACCHARIDE MONOMER of
carbohydrate, aka Simple Sugar EXAMPLES: Glucose (blood sugar)
Fructose (found in fruits, sweetest) Galactose (found in milk)
Slide 10
Isomers Molecules with same chemical formula but different
structure
POLYSACCHARIDE Many Monosaccharides combine to form a
POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES: Glycogen - many molecules of glucose How
animals store glucose, good source of energy Stored in our liver
and muscles Starch - many molecules of glucose How plants store
glucose Cellulose - a form of starch, makes up the rigid cell wall
We cannot digest cellulose, but it does stimulate smooth muscle
contractions within the digestive system
Slide 13
Lipids Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Large molecules,
long carbon tail Function: Used to build cell membranes, protect
organs and provide insulation Gives the body an energy storage
Lipids don't dissolve in water (NONPOLAR) Carbs that aren't
converted into ATP will be stored as lipids
Slide 14
Lipids are necessary to all living organisms Types of Lipids 1.
Saturated Fats Can increase levels of bad cholesterol and blood
cholesterol (bad) and decreases levels of good cholesterol
Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temp EXAMPLES:
Butter, Animal fat, Lard, Shortening
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Types of Lipids 2. Unsaturated Fats Can decrease levels of bad
cholesterol and blood cholesterol Can increase levels of good
cholesterol Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room
temp. EXAMPLES: Olive oil, Plant seeds and fruits
Slide 16
Some Types of Lipids: 3. Phospholipid Make up the cell membrane
4. Wax Forms a waterproof, protective coating Examples: ear wax,
bees' wax, surface of plants
Slide 17
End of Lecture 5
Slide 18
Unit 4 Lecture 6 Topics: Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
Covers: Chapter 3, pages 56 57 Chapter 49, pages 977 982
Slide 19
Proteins Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Functions/Types of Proteins: Major source of structural material in
the body Make up skin and muscles of animals Help body to grow and
repair damaged tissue Some types of proteins: hormones, insulin,
antibodies, enzymes, hair, skin pigment
Slide 20
Proteins Proteins are macromolecules Made up of monomers known
as AMINO ACIDS 20 different kinds of amino acids Every amino acid
has the same basic structure EXCEPT for one part, known as the "R
group Each amino acid has a different R group Our body can't
produce all 20 amino acids, although we need all 20 to function We
get these 8 (or 10 for children) essential amino acids from our
diet
Slide 21
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ENZYMES ENZYMES are proteins with a special job Name of enzyme
usually ends in ase (Ex: Sucrase) CATALYST - speed up the reactions
in the body by lowering the activation energy Enzyme reactions
depend on the physical fit between the enzyme and the
substrate
Slide 23
ENZYMES Enzyme and substrate have a specific form to allow them
to fit together (like a lock and key) After the reaction is
complete, the enzymes original shape returns This allows enzymes to
be used numerous times
Slide 24
Proteins Proteins are very large molecules made up of a long
chain of amino acids Order and type of amino acids is different for
each type of protein This gives each type of protein a different
shape If the protein changes its form, it changes the function
EXAMPLES: Egg whites, Enzymes The form of proteins can change
because of temperature, amino acid sequence, incorrect folding
Slide 25
VITAMINS Organic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living
organisms Function: work as coenzymes Def: molecule that helps
enzymes to be more efficient Can be used many times, just like
enzymes This is why we only need a small amount of daily vitamins
Our body can't make most vitamins Need to get vitamins from another
source (food, supplements) Vitamins can be water or fat soluble If
intake too many vitamins: Water soluble - released in urine Fat
soluble - build up in body, can be fatal
Slide 26
MINERALS Inorganic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living
organisms Function: Provide necessary material needed for cells to
function properly Our body can't make minerals Need to get minerals
from another source (food, supplements)
Slide 27
WATER Inorganic molecule, nutrient, necessary to maintain life
Over half of your body weight is from water! Function: Regulate
body temperature Dissolves substances (salts, sugars, wastes)
Transportation of substances through cells and whole body Need to
intake as much water (or more) than we lose during the day If
losing too much water, cells wont be able to function Known as
Dehydration