NUTRITION AND METABOLISM

NUTRIENTS

MACRONUTRIENTS

MICRONUTRIENTS

METABOLISM

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

EATING

NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED HOMEOSTASIS TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION TOO MANY = OBESITY INFLUENCED BY

SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS,

HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN HYPOTHALAMUS

INSULIN EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE OF

NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING) LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES NEUROPEPTIDE Y

CARBOHYDRATES

? MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY

MINERALS AND VITAMINS CELLULOSE: FIBER MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE,

GLUCOSE + EXCESS = ? GLUCONEOGENESIS ? TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =? + LACTOSE DURING LACTATION

CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENTS

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =? 125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT

CONSUMED AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY

LIPIDS

= ? USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES TRIGLYCERIDES =

LIPID SOURCES

SATURATED UNSATURATED MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE

HEALTHIEST SATURATED: HEART DISEASE CHOLESTEROL

LIPID USE

FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS FATTY ACIDS

AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION ACETYL COENZYME A

OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES ACETYL COENZYME A

ACETYL COENZYME A IN? GLYCEROL GLUCOSE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND HORMONES

LIPID REQUIREMENTS

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR LESS

TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

PROTEINS

MONOMERS: ? ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES

NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ?

DEAMINATED AA ACETYL COENZYME A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE

FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE BUILDING

PROTEIN SOURCES

LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

20 AMINO ACIDS NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED USED

FOR ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND

GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT GROWTH INCOMPLETE PROTEINS

NITROGEN BALANCE

PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ? POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?

PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN

NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS INTAKE; .8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY

WEIGHT 60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE

PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

TISSUE WASTING LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER

COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ? FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL

EDEMA

ENERGY EXPENDITURES

IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES

TOO MUCH = OBESITY

CALORIES

ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES *AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE

TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS

FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE = 1000X MORE

AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES

HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY? SAME AS IN US ?

CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G FATS: 9.5 C/G

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

SAME FOR ALL? WHY?

FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, GROWTH,

BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED TO KEEP ORGANS GOING

AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ? 1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY

WEIGHT BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE,

ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY

BMR = SAME ALL DAY ? WHY ? BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY

EXPENDITURE NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY

TEMPERATURE ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH

ENERGY BALANCE

USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE 500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1

POUND /WEEK

DESIRABLE WEIGHT

BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT

VITAMINS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM, WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE ENOUGH OF

PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ? FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS? WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS?

FAT SOLUBLE

DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE: STORED CAN BE TOXIC STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING? A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS

FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DESTORY TISSUES

D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN)

E: ANTIOXIDANT; K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E.

COLI; FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING PROTEIN

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING C AND B VITAMINS B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL

COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION;

MINERALS

INORGANIC PLANTS PICK MINERALS HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN 4% OF BODY WEIGHT MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF

MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH) IN ORGANIC MOLECULES SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS)

STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE

HOMEOSTASIS INTAKE = EXCRETION PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ? CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION,

DISEASE, TRAUMA

MAJOR MINERALS

75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS CALCIUM FOR ? NOT A LOT OF SOURCES DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN

TOXICITY PHOSPHRUS FOR ? USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE

IS A DISEASE POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM,

CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM

TRACE ELEMENTS

MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL LESS THAN .005% MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE,

COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM, CHROMIUM

IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT OTHER SOURCES

IODINE: MAIN SOURCE?

HEALTHY EATING

ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE

RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED AT EVERY 5 YEARS why?

RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS

FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE, GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH, GOALS

FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER PROCESSED FOOD

MALNUTRITION

UNDERNUTRITION OVERNUTRITION PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN

ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE

STARVATION

50-70 DAYS MARASMUS

LACK OF NUTRIENTSKWASHIORKOR

PROTEIN STARVATIONANOREXIA NERVOSA

SELF IMPOSED STARVATIONBULIMIA

BINGE AND PURGE

LIFE SPAN CHANGES

DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET NUTRIENTS

BMR CHANGES RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES@ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISESOFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND POVERTY WITH AGESOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO SHOW UP