Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Nutrient Management for Vegetable Crops: Putting Together a Plan
Liz Maynard, Wenjing Guan, Petrus Langenhoven
January 11, 2017 Indiana Horticultural Congress1
$$FertilizerCost
15-50%preharvest
variablecosts3– 10%
GrossReturns
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6/25 7/5 7/15 7/25
FoliarBlackRotSymptoms(%)
Date
Fig. 2. Black rot at EcoHio and LIFE Farms. a. Soil amendment effects.
FTNSVDVM
a.
soil minerals
soil organic matter
––
–
––
–
– –
–
H+H+H+
H+
H+
H+
–Ca++
Ca++Ca++
K+
K+
NH4+ NO3-
H2PO42-
K+
SO4- Fe Mg2+
Ca2+
cation exchange sites
soil solution
Inputs:Fertilizers•OrganicMatter
NitrogenFixation
Losses:Leaching•PlantRemovalErosion•Denitrification E.Maynard
PurdueUniv.
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
PuttingTogetheraPlanSoil
– Type– Health– Mineralnutrients
Croprotationplans– Previouscashandcovercrop– Intendedcrop– Futurecoverandcashcrops
Environmentalconcerns
IndianaFertilizerApplicationRuleandLicensingwww.oisc.purdue.edu/pesticide/fert_app_cert_rule.html inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Crop
N(lb
./100
0sq.ft.)
Bean
s, sn
ap0.9
Peas
0.9As
parag
us, e
stabli
shed
1.1Ra
dish
1.1Sw
eet p
otato
1.4Cu
cumb
er, sl
icers
1.8Pu
mpkin
1.8Sq
uash
, hard
1.8Sq
uash
, sum
mer
1.8Zu
cchin
i1.8
Turni
p2.1
Musk
melon
2.3W
aterm
elon
2.3Be
ets, re
d2.3
Gree
ns, le
afy
2.3Ru
tabag
a2.3
Swiss
chard
2.3Le
ttuce
, leaf
2.3Ca
rrots,
fresh
mark
et 2.3
Parsl
ey2.3
Parsn
ip2.3
Pepp
er, be
ll2.3
Eggp
lant
2.8To
mato,
fresh
mark
et 2.8
Swee
t corn
2.8Ca
bbag
e, Ch
inese
2.8Pa
k cho
i2.8
Garlic
2.8
Onion
, gree
n3.0
Broc
coli
3.2Br
usse
ls sp
routs
3.2Ca
bbag
e, fre
sh m
arket
3.2Ca
uliflo
wer
3.2Ko
hlrab
i3.2
Lettu
ce, h
ead
3.2Le
ttuce
, roma
ine
3.2Ma
rket g
arden
3.2
Celer
iac3.4
Leek
3.4Sp
inach
3.9Po
tato
4.1On
ion, d
ry bu
lb 4.4
Celer
y, fre
sh m
arket
4.6
01
23
45
Beans,snap
Peas
Asparag
us,esta
blished
Radis
h
Sweetp
otato
Cucumb
er,slicers
Pump
kin
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Zucchin
i
Turnip
Muskm
elon
Wate
rmelo
n
Beets
,red
Greens,le
afy
Rutab
aga
Swissch
ard
Lettu
ce,le
af
Carro
ts,freshm
arket
Parsley
Parsn
ip
Pepp
er,bell
Eggplan
t
Toma
to,fr
eshm
arket
Sweetcorn
Cabb
age,Ch
inese
Pakc
hoi
Garlic
Onion
,green
Broccoli
Brusselssprouts
Cabb
age,fre
shm
arket
Cauliflo
wer
Kohlr
abi
Lettu
ce,head
Lettu
ce,ro
maine
Mark
etgarden
Celer
iac Leek
Spina
ch
Potat
o
Onion
,dry
bulb
Celer
y,fre
shm
arket
N(Lb
/100
0sq.ft.)
100lb./A
140lb./A
200lb./ANitrogenRecommendationsforVegetableCrops
Adaptedfro
mW
arncke
etal.20
04
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
YieldResponsetoFertilizerRate:NandTomatoes
Source:Maynard,unpublisheddata.FundedbyMAFPA.
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer
7
PreviousCrop NitrogenCreditlb/AN
Alfalfa,established 40+%stand
Clover,established 40+0.5%stand
Wheat +Legume 30+0.5%stand
Soybeans 30
Warncke
etal.20
04
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer
8
CoverCrops• Needtoknowdryweightofcovercrop/AandpercentNManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPS
www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition
SoilOrganicMatter
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Phosphorus(P)
9
Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P*(ppm)
Phosphorus Application
< 35 Build-up
35 - 80 Maintenance
> 80 None needed*Bray-KurtzP1extraction.
P2O5RemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Watermelo
n
Rhubarb
Radish
Tomato,freshmarket
Tomato,processing
Broccoli
Cucumber,slicers
Pumpkin
Swisschard
Turnip
Pepper,ba
nana
Pepper,be
ll
Pepper,ho
t
Cabbage,freshmarket
Eggplant
Zucchin
i
Carrots,freshm
arket
Celery,freshmarket
Greens,leafy
Lettuce,leaf
Muskm
elon
Beets,red
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Beans,snap
Sweetpotato
Cauliflowe
r
Onion
,drybu
lb
Onion
,green
Potato
Spina
ch
Garlic
Marketgarden
Sweetcorn
Brusselssprouts
Parsn
ip
Asparagus,established
Peas
P2O5Removed(lb/ton) Lb./100lb.0.25
Adaptedfro
mW
arncke
etal.20
04
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Potassium(K)
11
Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K(ppm)
Potassium Application
Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g)
4 16<85 <115 Build-up
85-135 115-165 Maintenance
>135 >165 None needed
K2ORemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Watermelo
n
Cucumber,slicers
Turnip
Onion
,drybu
lb
Onion
,green
Eggplant
Radish
Pepper,ba
nana
Pepper,be
ll
Pepper,ho
t
Garlic
Marketgarden
Sweetcorn
Greens,leafy
Zucchin
i
Squash,hard
Squash,sum
mer
Cauliflowe
r
Pumpkin
Cabbage,freshmarket
Carrots,freshm
arket
Rhubarb
Tomato,freshmarket
Tomato,processing
Beets,red
Lettuce,leaf
Parsn
ip
Swisschard
Brusselssprouts
Asparagus,established
Peas
Broccoli
Muskm
elon
Beans,snap
Celery,freshmarket
Spina
ch
Potato
Sweetpotato
K2ORemoved(lb/ton)
Lb./100lb.0.70
Adaptedfro
mW
arncke
etal.20
04
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins
13
SoilTextureSiltloamOM2.4%pH6.1P(ppm,BrayP1)45K (ppm)115CEC(meq/100g)16
Previouscrop:soybeansFollowingcrop:covercrop(?),thenfieldcorn
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins
14
Nitrogen:–Preplant:50– Sidedress:30-40
Total:80-90lb./A
Sidedressing Nnotneededifsoilorganicmatterisgreaterthan3%andfollowingalegume
MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.104
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins
15
Phosphorus–0to150lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:36lb./AP2O5
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25
Recommended Lb. P2O5/A
25 118 136
45 - 80 18 36
90 0 0
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins
16
Potassium–0to200lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:170lb./AK2O
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25CEC-> 4 16 4 16
Recommended Lb. K2O/A
40 156 237 224 300
115 102 102 170 170
135 0 102 0 170
165 0 0 0 0
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins.Option1.
17
Preplant:– 36lb./ANfrom80lb.urea(45-0-0)– 14lb./ANand– 36lb.P2O5from78lb.DAPbanded2x2– 170lb./AK2Ofrom283lb.KCl (0-0-60)
Sidedress:– 30lb./ANfrom10gallons28%UAN
Urea:45-0-0(N-P2O5-K2O)36lb./Adividedby0.45=80lb./ADAP:18-46-014lb./Adividedby0.18=78lb./A36lb./Adividedby0.46=78lb./AKCl:0-0-60170lb./Adividedby0.60=283lb./AUAN:28-0-0,10.65lb./gal30lb./Adividedby0.28=107lb.AUAN107lb./10.65lb./gal=10gal
Formulas:1.Lbs.nutrientperAdividedby%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal,e.g.10%=0.10)=Lbs.fertilizerperA
2.Lbs.fertilizerperAtimes%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal)=Lbs.nutrientperA
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins:Examplecostofnutrients
18
Nutrient SourceLb/A UAN Urea A N A S SuperP DAP KCl
NPre 50 $34 $33 $39 $62NSD 30 $20 $20 $23 $37
P2O5Pre 36 $28 $25K2OPre 170 $84
NPre/DAP 36 $25 $24 $28 $45PricesforMar.2013fromAgriculturalPrices,NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService,USDA.Table7.http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1002
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Calculatingcostofnutrients
19
Nutrient Source
UAN Urea A N A S DAPPrice ($) 410 592 544 522 640Unit(lb) 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000%N 30 45 35 21 18
$/lb.N $.68 $.66 $.78 $1.24 $1.78Lb./A 50 50 50 50 50$/A $34 $33 $39 $62 $89
(Price-$/Unit-lb)__________________________________________________
(%N/100)=
Price-$/lb.N
$/lb.NXLb./A=$/A
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Pumpkins- MonitoringandAdjusting
20
InSeason–Pre-sidedress soilnitratetest1weekbeforesidedress– Leafsamplesfortissueanalysis:5weeksafterseeding,orpriortosidedressing
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes
21
SoilTextureSandyloamOM1.8%pH6.8P(ppm,BrayP1)54K (ppm)115CEC(meq/100g)6.0
Previouscrop:ColecropsFollowingcrop:winterrye,thenmelons
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes
22
Nitrogen:–Preplant:30–Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80
Total:100-120lb./A
Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%
MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes
23
Nitrogen:–Preplant:30–Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80
Total:100-120lb./A
Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%
MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes
24
Phosphorus–0to240lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:24lb./AP2O5
Warncke etal.2004
Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30
Lb. P2O5/A
25 116 124
45 - 80 16 24
90 0 0
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes
25
Potassium–0to300lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest
Forthisexample:210lb./AK2O
Warncke etal.2004
Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30CEC-> 4 12 4 12
Lb. K2O/A
40 194 244 264 300
115 140 140 210 210
135 0 140 0 210
165 0 0 0 0
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
AcresorLinearBedFeet?
26
Acres175ft.X90ft.=15,750ft2
15,750ft2/43,560ft2/A=0.36A
LinearBedFeet(LBF)Bedson5-ftcenters175ft.X18beds=3,150LBF
90ft.
175ft.
90ft.17
5ft.
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. 27
BedSpacing LBF/A
Fertilizer Rate (lb/A)
30 60 90 120 150 180 210(ft.) FertilizerRate(lb./LBF)3 14,520 0.0021 0.0041 0.0062 0.0083 0.0103 0.0124 0.0145
4 10,890 0.0028 0.0055 0.0083 0.0110 0.0138 0.0165 0.0193
5 8,712 0.0034 0.0069 0.0103 0.0138 0.0172 0.0207 0.0241
6 7,260 0.0041 0.0083 0.0124 0.0165 0.0207 0.0248 0.0289
8 5,445 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0220 0.0275 0.0331 0.0386
FertilizerRatesperLinearBedFoot
Seepp.16-17of2017ID-56
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes– Option2.1000LBF
28
Nitrogen:– Preplant:3.4lb Nfrom7.6lb.urea.Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.
– Transplantstarter:0.27lb.Nfrom30fl.oz.10-34-0– Fertigate:8.0lb.N
• 5.0lb.NfromCalciumnitrate,32.4lb.–3.2lb.CNperweekfor10weeks
• 3.0lb.NfromPotassiumnitrate,21.2lb.–2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks
Total:11.7lb./1000LBFCost:$2.27+$16.77+$15.58=$34.62(doesnotincludestarter)
CalculationsforstarterfertilizerRecommendedrateis48fl.oz.10-34-0in50gal.solution,use8oz.perplant.1.Howmuch10-34-0isneeded?Assume500plantsX8fl.oz.solutionperplant=31gal.ofsolutionneededfor1000LBFFor31gal.ofsolution,use31/48=30fl.oz.10-34-0.
2.HowmuchNandP2O5isinthesolution?1gallon10-34-0weighs11.65lb.30fl.oz.of10-34-0weighs(30/128)X11.65=2.7lb.10-34-0is10%Nbyweightand34%P2O5
2.7lb X0.10=0.27lb.N2.7lb.X0.34=0.93lb.P2O5
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes– Option2.,cont.1000LBF
29
Phosphorus:– Starter:0.93lb.P2O5 from30fl.oz.10-34-0
Total:0.93lb./1000LBFCost:$0.61Potassium:
– Preplant:9.75lb K2Ofrom16.3lb.potassiumchloride(0-0-60).Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.
– Fertigate:9.75lb K2Ofrom21.2lb.potassiumnitrate• 2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks
Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCost:$4.84+$15.58(alreadyincludedinNcost)
N-P-KTotalcost:$40.07
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes- MonitoringandAdjusting
30
InSeason– Leafsamplesfortissueanalysis:
• Firstflower*• Earlyfruitset*• Firstripefruit• Duringharvestperiod
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes– Option3.1000LBF
31
Nitrogen:–Preplant:
• 4.4lb.Nfromhairyvetch/ryecovercrop,killedearlyMay• 3.4lb.Nfrom48.6lb.13-0-0organicfertilizer(assume7%available)0.8lb.Nfrom4bushels(140lb)compost3-2-2(assume0.6%available)
– Sidedress:2.9lb.Nifneeded• from41lb.13-0-0
Total:11.5lb./1000LBFCostfor13-0-0:$58
Ifsoilishighinorganicmatterandthereisahistoryofaddingorganicsoilamendments,13-0-0maynotbeneeded
Pricesfor13-0-0frompricepaidin2013forbaggedproduct.
NationalOrganicProgramregulateswhichsoilamendmentspermittedinorganicproduction.OMRI.org
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Tomatoes– Option3.,cont.1000LBF
32
Phosphorus:–Preplant:2.8lb.from4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)
Total:2.8lb./1000LBFCost:??Potassium:
–Preplant:• 2.8lb K2Ofrom4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)• 16.7lb K2Ofrom33lb.potassiumsulfate(0-0-52)
Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCostforpotassiumsulfate:$15- $40
CostofbaggedNandK2O:$73- $98
Plus:covercropseed,compost
PricesforKSfromwholesalesupplierwebsiteandpricequotein2014.
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
EfficientFertilizerUseClosetotimeofcropuse
-whenlossislikely-sideortop-dressing,splitapplication,fertigation
InrootzoneofcropKeepirrigationwaterintherootzoneApplybasedoncropneed
WeedmanagementDiseaseandinsectmanagement
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
CoverCropsandNutrientManagement
34
NutrientscavengingatendofcropseasonNutrientuptakefromdeeperinsoilNitrogenfixationOrganicmatterproductionImprovebiologicalactivity
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
Recordkeeping
35
SoiltestresultsLime:typeandtons/AFertilizers:
– Type,analysis,lbs./A– Applicationmethod
Othersoilamendments– Type,nutrientcontent,lbs./A
TissuetestresultsCovercrops:
– Species,seedingrates,plantandterminationdates,terminationmethod
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
ResourcesMidwestVegetableProductionGuidefor2017(ID-56)mwveguide.org/PurdueEducationStoreedustore.purdue.edu SoilSamplingforP,K,andLimeAY-281-WNutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan(E2934)msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/nutrient_recommendations_for_vegetable_crops_in_michigan_e2934ManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPSwww.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-EditionUsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-croppingIndianaNutrientManagement/SoilHealthhttps://inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
AdditionalReferencesHandbookofPlantNutrition.EditedbyAllenV.Barker,DavidJ.Pilbeam.Taylor&FrancisGroup. 2007.PhosphorusFertilizersin PennStateAgronomyGuide2015-2016.PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciencesextension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2/sec28b
Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.
LizMaynard219-548-3674emaynard@purdue.eduClinicalEngagementAssistantProfessorandVegetableExtensionSpecialistDept.ofHorticultureandLandscapeArchitecturePurdueUniversityPOBox1759Valparaiso,IN46384
38