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Animal Feed Science and Technology, 13 (1985) 191-202 191Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands
NlYfRIENT CONTENT OF HYDROPONICALLY SPROUTED BARLEY
D.J. PEER and S. LEESON
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, OntarioOntario NIG 2Wl (Canada)
(Received 7 November 1983; accepted for publication 25 April 1985)
I
ABSTRACf ,~ :
Peer, D.J. and Leeson, S., 1985. Nutrient content of hydroponically sprouted barley. ~Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.,13: 191-202. "
-j
Barley grain was sprouted hydroponically in the light at 21°C for 1-7 days. Samples Ii I
were freeze-dried, ground through a 1-mm screen and analyzed for proximate nutrients, "Jiamino acids, minerals and fatty acids. During sprouting, weights of dry matter (DM), ~,~starch (NFE) and gross energy decreased markedly (P < 0.05). A smaller reduction in ,!'protein weight also occurred. Weights of ash and fat increased slightly and fibre increasedmarkedly with increased sprouting time. Among the amino acids, weights of cystine,~lutamic acid and proline decreased, whilst aspartic acid and alanine increased. There wasI slight gain in Cu, Na and Zn due to the mineral content of the water source. The fattyIcid concentration showed a significant (P < 0.05) positive relationship with i'lowthJeriod. '~ ~
These results indicate that the younger the sprout, the greater its nutrient weight. "rhus, it would appear that Day 1 sprouts are nutritionally superior to Day 4 sprouts ~'vhich are currently being fed to livestock. It would also appear that field-sprouted grain, J'vhich is analogous to Day 1 sprouts in terms of gross physical appearance, would have a t,Ilinimalloss of nutrients.
~TRODUCfION
Early work on the nutritive value of sprouted grain proved contradictorys some investigators found improvements in livestock performance ,~lcCandlish and Struthers, 1939; and Paterson, 1938; Tinsley, 1938, both asted by Leitch, 1939), while others observed no effect (Reading, 1925;ostock, 1937; Fishwick, 1937; Schmidt et al., 1937; all as cited by Leitch,339). ~Th~mas and Reddy (1962) investigated the benefit of giving sprouted oats ,
I daIrY cows. The hydroponic systems used in their experiments were more ~odern than the early systems, in that these units were now insulated,
Iternally illuminated, thermostatically controlled and electrically powered,ith the growing cycle reduced from 10 to 7 days. However, these modern-
Iitions did not seem to improve the finished product, as Thomas and Reddy :
fi7 -8401/85/$03.30 @ 1985 Elsevier Science Publiah",.c R v
192
(1962) found no improvements in milk production or milk quality whencows were fed on such sprouted grains.
A new hydroponic unit now available utilizes a 4-day growth cycle inorder to maximize the capacity of the machine. Also, a nutrient solution is .4
no longer added to the 'water owing to the expense involved compared to the j, small improvement in nutrient content of the sprouts (Trubey et al., 1969).
With the advent of this new hydroponic system there has been renewed,interest in the nutritional value of sprouted barley. The nutrient composition ~of barley sprouted in the dark for malting purposes has been well doc- ,umented. However, there has been limited research on the nutrient com.position of light-sprouted barley.
Results from hydroponic culture may also have an application relative tofield-sprouted grain caused by wet weather conditions at harvest. Someworkers have found no difference in performance of livestock fed onsprouted and non-sprouted grain (Bull and Peterson, 1969; Farlin et al.,1971; Rowland et al., 1978) while Falen and Peterson (1969) reported anincrease in the metabolizable energy (ME) of Gaines wheat when the dietcontained a combination of sprouted and non-sprouted grain. Grain sproutedfor 1 or 2 days hydroponically may thus be comparable to grain sprouted inthe field.
Owing to the scarcity of information on the nutrient content of sproutedgrains, experiments were conducted to assess the nutrient profile of barleysprouted for 1-7 days in a controlled hydroponic system. Although it isknown that vitamin concentration changes during sprouting, no attempt wasmade to assay vitamins.
MATERIALS AND METHODS .;
~Hydroponic unit j
~j
The hydroponic sprouting chamber employed is a highly-insulated, :thermostatically-controlled and electrically-powered unit, measuring 3.0 X .]1.2 X 2.4 m. Four banks of double fluorescent tubes give an illumination of j
590 lux. Grain was sprayed with water for 15 min every 4 h and the temper-ature maintained at 21°C. A nutrient solution was not added to the spraywater.
Grain preparation
I
Feed grade barley (2.5 kg) was pre-wetted with an equal volume of waterIand then distributed on to 91.5 X 30.5-cm white plastic trays in the hydro-
ponic unit. Growth period was from 1 to 7 days. Samples were collectedeach day, freeze-dried, ground through a 1-mm mesh screen and stored in :tightly sealed glass jars at room temperature. Three samples of dry barley Iwere prepared similarly to serve as controls. All nutrient analyses wereconducted on the dry, ground samples. 1
i
193 ::
..,.c,..' :..
Nutrient analysis :f
..,Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ash and mineral ;i
concentrations of sprouted and non-sprouted barley were determined by the !:;
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C.) (1975) methods. ."
itrogen-free extract was calculated by subtracting the summation of DM, !::CP, CF, fat and ash from 100. Total lipids were extracted using a chlo- ,i;
rofo~:methanol mixtur~ as described by Ku~sis et al. (1980). Triglyceride ~~
fractIon was. extracted USIng the method descrIbed ?y A.O.A.C. (1975) and [II
its fatty acId components were separated as outlined by DeMan (1968). ~!:
Cystine and methionine were determine~ by the performic acid procedure jjreported by Hirs (1967). The remaining amino acids were analyzed according ;,to the instruction manual for the Beckman Amino Acid Analyzer, Model " ', 119B (1975). Gross energy was determined by adiabatic bomb calorimetry it:
(Parr Instrument Co., Illinois). :,!Dry-matter loss (DML) was determined by sprouting 3 trays of 1 kg barley "t
seed and freeze-drying the entire contents of the trays. Three, I-kg samples :..of dry grain were freeze-dried and their average dry-matter weight served as a
lcontrol. The DML was assumed to be the difference between the DM weight i
of the control and test samples.
Statistical analysis
A completely randomized design with three replications of eight treatmentsof growing period was employed. The relationship between growth period of0-7 days and nutrient content was analyzed using orthogonal polynomials(Steel and Torrie, 1980). Where applicable, the resulting regression equation .
was also determined. The 5% level of probability was assumed to be the
maximum value for significance. All data from the analyses are expressed on
a dry-matter basis, unless otherwise stipulated. Day 0 equates to unsprouted
barley.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1 'Germination of the barley varied between 60 and 65%. Reading (1935) ",
and Paterson (1938), both as cited by Leitch (1939), reported similar ~
germination rates with commercial-grade corn. Seed-grade grain has a much :
higher germinating capacity, but the cost is prohibitive.Fresh weight increased from 1.72 times the original seed weight, after ::
sprouting for 1 day, to 5.7 fold after 7 days. This increase is due to the large;uptake of water experienced during germination. After 1 day of sprouting, !the white tip of the radicle is visible. By 3 days, the radicle has branched and .
the blade inside the sheath has turned green. After 4 days, a green blade has
protruded above the sheath and the roots of the kernels have formed a ;:
definite mat with other kernels. From 1 to 7 days, the main visible change is "the increase in root length and thickness. '[
1,
194
Proximate analysis
There was an increase in concentrations of crude fibre, ash, total lipid~and protein by 61, 26, 25 and 17%, respectively, and a 15% decrease innitrogen-free extract (NFE) of Day 7 sprouts as compared to unsproutedbarley. Similar results were obtained by McCandlish and Struthers (1939),Thomas and Reddy (1962), Hillier and Perry (1969) and Trubey et al.(1969).
The above changes in nutrient profile are misleading, since they onlyi describe the alterations in the proportion of nutrients during barley growth.[. .r A change in weight of anyone nutrient leads to proportional changes In
others. Analysis of the relationship between length of growth cycle andnutrient weights showed different results. As shown in Table I, major de.creases in weights of DM, gross energy (GE) and NFE occur after sproutingbarley for 3 days. After 7 days, only 82%, 75% and 66% of DM, GE and
Istarch remains.Starch is catabolized to soluble sugars for use in respiration and cell-wall
synthesis (James, 1940). If the seedlings are grown without light or at tooIowa light intensity, photosynthesis is non-existent or minimal (Hillier andPerry, 1969; Bidwell, 1974) and the seedling must rely on its starch and fatreserves to meet its energy demand. The light intensity inside the hydro-ponic unit was too low for appreciable photosynthesis and, therefore, theamount of protein also occurred. After 6 days, protein weight had decreasedstarch accounts for 53-67% of the dry weight of barley seed (Kent.Jonesand Amos, 1967), any decrease in the amount of starch would cause acorresponding decrease in DM.
Besides the major reductions already mentioned, a smaller reduction inamount of protein also occurred. After 6 days, protein weight had decreasedby 7.3%. McCandlish and Struthers (1939) and Thomas and Reddy (1962)reported similar decreases in sprouted maize and oats, respectively, when thegrain was sprouted for 10 and 6 days, respectively. Leaching of nitrogenoussubstances (Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber, 1975) could explain the decreaseof protein. It is not known why the amount of protein should appear toincrease after 7 days (Table I).
Fibre in sprouted barley increased markedly with time. Since fibre is amajor constituent of cell walls (Bonner and Varner, 1965; Bidwell, 1974).increased fibre content is probably related to the number and size of cell Iwalls as the plant grows (James, 1940; Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber,1975). I
Carbohydrates for fibre synthesis are provided by the catabolism of starch(James, 1940) and deamination of amino acids (Folkes and Yemm, 1958).
There was a significant increase in the weights of ash and total lipids with j
.\, time. The change in the weight of ash will be discussed later, along with,: mineral composition. The increase in the weight of total lipids could be due
to the increase in structural lipids associated with plant growth (Bidwell.1974). Ching (1972, as cited by Tluczkiewicz and Ber~ndt, 1977) reported
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an increase in phospholipid content when grains germinate. Carbohydratesfrom starch degradation can be used as precursors for fatty-acid synthesis(Mayer and Poljakoff-Mayber, 1975).
Amino acid analysis
Concentrations of aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, threonine, glycine, andr-amino-butyric acid increased in a linear fashion, while concentrations ofproline and glutamic acid decreased linearly with increased sprouting time.Concentrations of the other amino acids analyzed did not change accordingto a relationship with time. Similar changes were obtained by Folkes andYemm (1958), Smith (1972), Dalby and Tsai (1976) and Alexander (1982).
As mentioned previously, the change in proportions of amino acids is notrepresentative of the true change in the weights of amino acids. Once dry.matter loss is considered, aspartic acid and alanine were the only amino acidsto really increase in weight with increasing sprouting time and correspond-ingly, glutamic acid, proline, arginine and cystine weights diminished(Table II). Weights of the remaining amino acids varied among sprout ages,although there was no consistent trend with germination period (Table II).
Changes observed here in amino acid weight reflect processes of seeddevelopment when barley is germinated without an exogenous source ofnitrogen; protein stored in the endosperm is catabolized to amino acids,some of which provide nitrogen for amino-acid synthesis in the embryo andcarbon skeletons for respiration and cell-wall synthesis (Folkes and Yemm,1958). Glutamic acid and proline provide 90% of the nitrogen available foramino acid synthesis (Folkes and Yemm, 1958).
Mineral analysis
Concentrations of Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn increased linearly with increasedsprouting time. Concentrations of K and Fe varied among the differentsprout ages, but were not related to growth period. Ca concentration did notchange during sprouting. Table III indicates the absolute changes in mineralweights which occur when 1 kg of barley is sprouted for 0-7 days. Weightsof Cu, Mg, Na and Zn increased, while the weight of P decreased linearlywith germination period. Weights of Fe, K and Mn varied with sprout age,but did not yield a significant relationship with germination period(Table III). Sprouting did not affect absolute Ca content.
The increase in Cu and Zn could be the result of leaching from the galvan-ized racks and brass nozzles within the sprouting unit. The water source wasrelatively high in Na (118.2 mg 1-1), which explains the increase in weightof Na of the sprouts. The decrease in P is probably due to the leaching of
phosphorus compounds (Cook, 1962).
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Fatty acid analysis ~; ¥
,I: '~Fatty acids, expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acid content of :. ~:j
the triglyceride fraction of fat, are recorded in Table IV. The changes in !c 1:S
concentrations of linoleic, linolenic and stearic acids showed a significant , :'(p < 0.05) linear relationship with sprouting time. Palmitic acid concen-tration did not change during sprouting and oleic acid concentration varied 'i, ~!'among sprout ages without yielding a significant relationship with sprouting ~ ~ I
.. ,period (Table IV). .} ;.1 I
Table V summarizes nutrient weights after sprouting 1 kg of barley seed I ::~.~dry matter. These data indicate that numerous changes occur in nutrient I "-;.~profile of barley during sprouting, with most of these changes following a I ~;;,. ;~:
specific relationship with sprouting time. For example, weights of dry :matter (DM), starch (NFE) and energy decreased linearly during the 7 days h
of sprouting, whilst crude fibre (CF) increased quadratically. Weight of crude !I;
protein decreased during 6 days of sprouting, but appeared to increase after (,
7 days. '1
:f
TABLE V ~"
Nutrient weights after sprouting 1 kg barley dry matter (g) !!
Day DM Ash CF CP Lysine NFE U~d : ';
Mean S.E. Mean S.E. Mean S.E. Mean S.E. Mean S.E. Mean S.E. Mean S.E. i.
) 1000 % 0.0 27.9 % 1.28 ~4..1 % 4..8~ 1271:2.2 3.87 1: 0.470 7~7 % 6.6 33.5 1: 0.~2 ':1 974 % 13.2 28.2 % 1.33 ~4..9 % 1.06 124. % 2.0 3.89 1: 0.3~2 7331: 10.6 29.5 j: 2.98 ;~ 9701:3.8 27.2%0.6258.11:0.87 1271:2.4 2.7~1:0.387 731j:3.0 28.11:0.27 '
, 932 j: 2.7 28.11:0.27 54..41:0.~8 1281:1.0 3.76%0.161688%3.5 27.81:0.30 ..1'I 878%22.1 27.8%0.30 6~.1.J:1.73 1181:3.3 4.11j:0.168 6371:16.0 27.1j:1.84. I:i 862 % 23.7 27.2.J: 1.84. 84..4. % 3.~8 12012.4 3.811:0.327 592116.0 30.~ 1 0.81 j'i 844.13.7 30.~:t0.81 92.012.6411910.8 3.91j:0.162 ~66:t2.0 30.610.59 ;'"
r 817:t 12.0 30.6 1 0.~9 116.0 % 3.06 12611.2 4.41 :t 0.097 5011 10.1 32.3 :t 0.67 ~ . ~. j ;"".j,
:~
Because these changes in nutrients are related to time, the younger the .,1prout, the greater its nutrient weight. Thus, it would appear that Day 1 ,;'.
,prouts are nutritionally superior to Day 4 sprouts, which are currently being :'iven to livestock by producers using such hydroponic sprouting systems. It 1;")
,ould also appear that field -sprouted grain, which is analogous to Day 1 ~: {!"
pro~ts in terms of.gross physical appearance, would h~ve a minim~ loss of I:~:: ~;utrlents. The feedmg value of these Day 1-7 sprouts IS reported m a sub-
.J ;;' t ~quent publication (Peer and Leeson, 1985). #~1:
~:i ::CKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 - ..
i~ .;;
This work was sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and ; ~ood. ~;
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202
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