Nutri-Link Part 3 Iodine 23.1.10.ppt - Clinical Education · David Brownstein, M.D. Center for Holistic Medicine 5821 W. Maple Rd. Ste. 192 West Bloomfield, MI 48322 ... Dr. G. Abraham,

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Holistic Medicine for the 21st CenturyHolistic Medicine for the 21st Century

David Brownstein, M.D.David Brownstein, M.D.Center for Holistic MedicineCenter for Holistic Medicine5821 W. Maple Rd. Ste. 1925821 W. Maple Rd. Ste. 192West Bloomfield, MI 48322West Bloomfield, MI 48322248 851 1600248 851 1600248.851.1600248.851.1600www.drbrownstein.comwww.drbrownstein.com

Leo TolstoyLeo Tolstoy

“I“I knowknow thatthat mostmost men,men, includingincluding thosethose atat easeease withwithproblemsproblems ofof thethe greatestgreatest complexity,complexity, cancan seldomseldomacceptaccept eveneven thethe simplestsimplest andand mostmost obviousobvious truthtruth ifif ititwouldwould obligeoblige themthem toto admitadmit toto thethe falsityfalsity ofof conclusionsconclusionstheythey havehave delighteddelighted inin explainingexplaining toto theirtheir colleaguescolleagues..””

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..\..\David Addison book covers\Iodine.mov

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“Don’t Take Iodine!”

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Medical IodophobiaMedical Iodophobia

“Medical“Medical iodophobiaiodophobia is the unwarranted fearis the unwarranted fearMedical Medical iodophobiaiodophobia is the unwarranted fear is the unwarranted fear of using and recommending inorganic, nonof using and recommending inorganic, non--radioactive iodine/iodide within the range radioactive iodine/iodide within the range

known from the collective experience of three known from the collective experience of three generations of clinicians to be the safest and generations of clinicians to be the safest and

most effective amounts for treating symptoms most effective amounts for treating symptoms and signs of iodine/iodide deficiency (12.5and signs of iodine/iodide deficiency (12.5--

50mg/day).”50mg/day).”

Dr. G. Abraham, 2004Dr. G. Abraham, 2004

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IodineIodine

•• I: IntroductionI: Introduction•• I: IntroductionI: Introduction•• II: Iodine and Breast IllnessII: Iodine and Breast Illness•• III: Iodine and Autoimmune DisordersIII: Iodine and Autoimmune Disorders•• IV: Iodine as a Detoxifying AgentIV: Iodine as a Detoxifying Agent

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Edgar CayceEdgar CayceEdgar CayceEdgar Cayce

“There are only four elements in the body:“There are only four elements in the body:There are only four elements in the body: There are only four elements in the body: water, salt, soda and iodine.”water, salt, soda and iodine.”

“If we have adequate amounts of these four elements“If we have adequate amounts of these four elementsIf we have adequate amounts of these four elements If we have adequate amounts of these four elements in balance, the body is fully capable of creating all in balance, the body is fully capable of creating all

other elements in the universe.”other elements in the universe.”

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•• Both benign and malignant thyroid nodulesBoth benign and malignant thyroid nodules

Thyroid Nodules and Iodine Thyroid Nodules and Iodine

•• Both benign and malignant thyroid nodules Both benign and malignant thyroid nodules have significantly less iodine than normal have significantly less iodine than normal thyroid tissuethyroid tissue

Benign thyroid nodules containBenign thyroid nodules contain 56%56% of the iodine content asof the iodine content as

Analyst. March 1995, Vol. 120Analyst. March 1995, Vol. 120

Benign thyroid nodules contain Benign thyroid nodules contain 56%56% of the iodine content as of the iodine content as compared to normal thyroid tissue compared to normal thyroid tissue

Malignant thyroid nodules contain Malignant thyroid nodules contain 3%3% of the iodine content as of the iodine content as compared to normal thyroid tissue compared to normal thyroid tissue

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•• Malignant thyroid nodules have significantlyMalignant thyroid nodules have significantly

Thyroid Nodules and SeleniumThyroid Nodules and Selenium

•• Malignant thyroid nodules have significantly Malignant thyroid nodules have significantly less selenium than benign nodulesless selenium than benign nodules

Malignant thyroid nodules containMalignant thyroid nodules contain 68%68% of the selenium content asof the selenium content as

Analyst. March 1995, Vol. 120Analyst. March 1995, Vol. 120

Malignant thyroid nodules contain Malignant thyroid nodules contain 68%68% of the selenium content as of the selenium content as compared to normal thyroid tissue compared to normal thyroid tissue

Periodic TablePeriodic TablePeriodic TablePeriodic Table

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Periodic TablePeriodic TablePeriodic TablePeriodic Table

History of IodineHistory of IodineHistory of IodineHistory of Iodine

•• First discovered in 1811First discovered in 1811•• First discovered in 1811First discovered in 1811•• Birth of western medicineBirth of western medicine

•• Boussingault (1824) observed that goiter did not Boussingault (1824) observed that goiter did not occur at many silver mining sitesoccur at many silver mining sites

•• The use of iodine for treating goiter was the first The use of iodine for treating goiter was the first time that a single item (iodine) was used to treat a time that a single item (iodine) was used to treat a specific illness (goiter) specific illness (goiter)

1010

Life StageLife Stage RDARDA

Adult MaleAdult Male 150150 g/dg/d

RDA for IodineRDA for Iodine

Adult Male Adult Male 150150μμg/dg/d

Adult FemaleAdult Female 150150μμg/dg/d

PregnancyPregnancy 220220μμg/dg/d

LactationLactation 290290μμg/dg/d

National Health and Nutrition National Health and Nutrition SurveySurveyNational Health and Nutrition National Health and Nutrition SurveySurvey

•• 19711971--2000 NHANES2000 NHANES•• 19711971--2000 NHANES 2000 NHANES showed iodine levels showed iodine levels declined declined 50%50% in the in the United StatesUnited States

10

15

20

25

30

35

NHANES I 1971-4NHANES 2000

ry io

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ls

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µg/d

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19701970 20002000

CDCCDC

1111


•• 19711971--2000 NHANES showed2000 NHANES showed iodine levelsiodine levels•• 19711971--2000 NHANES showed 2000 NHANES showed iodine levels iodine levels declined 50% in the United Statesdeclined 50% in the United States

•• During this time, During this time, increased incidenceincreased incidence of:of:•• TThyroid illnesses (hypo, autoimmune, cancer)hyroid illnesses (hypo, autoimmune, cancer)•• Cancers of the breast, prostate, endometrium and Cancers of the breast, prostate, endometrium and

ovariesovariesovaries ovaries •• All All of the above conditions can be caused by of the above conditions can be caused by

iodine deficiency.iodine deficiency.

National Health and Nutrition National Health and Nutrition SurveySurvey (2)(2)

National Health and Nutrition National Health and Nutrition SurveySurvey (2)(2)

•• The proportion of the U S population withThe proportion of the U S population with•• The proportion of the U.S. population with The proportion of the U.S. population with moderate to severe iodine deficiency (<50ug/L moderate to severe iodine deficiency (<50ug/L in urine) hasin urine) has increased over 400% in the last increased over 400% in the last 20 years20 years•• 2.6%2.6% NHANES I vsNHANES I vs.. 11.7%11.7% NHANES 3.NHANES 3.

NHANES CDCNHANES CDC

1212

NHANES 2000NHANES 2000NHANES 2000NHANES 2000

•• 16 8%16 8% of U S womenof U S women of childbearing age hadof childbearing age had•• 16.8%16.8% of U.S. women of U.S. women of childbearing age had of childbearing age had urinary iodine concentrations <50µg/Lurinary iodine concentrations <50µg/L

Thyroid 15:692Thyroid 15:692--9. 9. 20052005

Severe Iodine Deficiency in U.S. From 1970-2005Severe Iodine Deficiency in U.S. From 1970-2005

•• 1970: 2.6%1970: 2.6% 18.00%1970: 2.6%1970: 2.6%•• 1990: 11.7%1990: 11.7%•• 2005: 16.8%2005: 16.8%•• 2009: ????2009: ????

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

12.00%

14.00%

16.00%

% Population Severely Iodine Deficient

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

1970 1990 2005 2009??

1313

“More than 70% of women with

access to dietary iodine may y

remain at risk for unrecognized

iodine deficiency during

pregnancy.”

FP News. 11.13.08

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (1)


• Three groups of children• Three groups of children• Group 1: Supplemented with KI (200ug/day) at 4-6 weeks

gestational age. • Group 2: Supplemented with KI (200ug/day)at 12-14 weeks

gestational age• Group 3: No iodine supplementation during gestation.

Supplemented with 200ug/day after delivery

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519All children given a neurocognitive evaluation at 18 months of age

All groups supplemented with KI until end of lactation.

1414



Perc

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FT4

at t

erm

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519



Perc

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FT4

at t

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Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519

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Perc

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FT4

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Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519

Mean IQ

IQ

Delayed neurobehavioral performance was observed in 36% of children in group 3 and 25% of children in group 2 and none in group 1. “A delay in 6-10 weeks in

iodine supplementation of hypothyroxinemic mothers at the beginning of gestation increases the risk of neurodevelopmental delay in the progeny.”

Thyroid.Vol. 19. N. 5. 2009. 511-519

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•• 133 pregnant women received 300µg KI during133 pregnant women received 300µg KI during

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (a)

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (a)

•• 133 pregnant women received 300µg KI during 133 pregnant women received 300µg KI during first trimester compared to 61 pregnant women first trimester compared to 61 pregnant women not supplementednot supplemented

•• Thyroid and iodine lab tests on mothers and Thyroid and iodine lab tests on mothers and children as well as neuropsychological tests children as well as neuropsychological tests performed on children performed on children

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (b)

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (b)

Control Group 300µg KI GroupUrinary Iodide ThirdTrimester (µg/L)

87.6 263.0

Urinary Iodide Neonate (µg/L)

103.9 181.4

TSH Third Trimester 2.5 2.0PDI 102.6 108.7

J. Clin. Endocrin. And Metab. Sept. 2009, 94(():3234-3241

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The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (c)

The Importance of Ensuring Optimal Prenatal Iodine Intake (c)

Control Group 300µg KI GroupFT4

First Trimester 10.6Second Trimester 8.8Third Trimester 9.0 7.9

J. Clin. Endocrin. And Metab. Sept. 2009, 94(():3234-3241

Iodine and PreeclampsiaIodine and PreeclampsiaIodine and PreeclampsiaIodine and Preeclampsia

•• 40 severe40 severe preeclampticpreeclamptic womenwomen•• 40 severe 40 severe preeclampticpreeclamptic womenwomen•• 18 healthy pregnant women18 healthy pregnant women•• Urinary IodineUrinary Iodine

•• 4.25ug/L in 4.25ug/L in preeclampticpreeclamptic womenwomen•• 20.89ug/L20.89ug/L in normal pregnant womenin normal pregnant women20.89ug/L 20.89ug/L in normal pregnant womenin normal pregnant women

“…urinary iodine concentration may be a useful marker for “…urinary iodine concentration may be a useful marker for prediagnosingprediagnosing preeclampticpreeclamptic women. Iodine supplementation may women. Iodine supplementation may

also be considered for also be considered for preeclampticpreeclamptic therapy.”therapy.”Biol. Tr. Elem. Res. 2009. Oct. 29 (ahead of pub)Biol. Tr. Elem. Res. 2009. Oct. 29 (ahead of pub)

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Why Iodine?Why Iodine?

•• Iodine deficiency is a worldwide problemIodine deficiency is a worldwide problem•• Iodine deficiency is a worldwide problemIodine deficiency is a worldwide problem•• Mental impairment, reduced intellectual ability, Mental impairment, reduced intellectual ability,

ADDADD, autism, autism•• Goiter Goiter •• InfertilityInfertility•• Increased risk of breast, prostate, endometrial, Increased risk of breast, prostate, endometrial,

ovarian and other cancersovarian and other cancers

Newborn Thyroid GlandNewborn Thyroid GlandNewborn Thyroid GlandNewborn Thyroid Gland

•• Only holds a 24 hour reserve of iodineOnly holds a 24 hour reserve of iodine•• Only holds a 24 hour reserve of iodineOnly holds a 24 hour reserve of iodine•• Fresh sources must be supplied in dietFresh sources must be supplied in diet

BiochimieBiochimie 1999, 81, 5631999, 81, 563--570570J. J. PediatPediat. . EndocrinEndocrin. . MetablMetabl. 2003, 16,521. 2003, 16,521--2828

1919

Breast Milk IodineBreast Milk Iodine

•• 47% of women sampled may be providing47% of women sampled may be providing•• 47% of women sampled may be providing 47% of women sampled may be providing insufficient iodine to meet infants’ requirementsinsufficient iodine to meet infants’ requirements

J. Clin. Endocr. And Metab. 92: 1673-77

Breast Milk and IodineBreast Milk and IodineBreast Milk and IodineBreast Milk and Iodine

•• 13 breast feeding women13 breast feeding women•• 13 breast feeding women13 breast feeding women•• Milk Milk

•• 12/13 (92%) had inadequate iodine in breast 12/13 (92%) had inadequate iodine in breast milkmilk

•• 9/13 (69%) samples high in 9/13 (69%) samples high in perchlorateperchlorate( ) p g( ) p g pp

Env. Sci. and Tech. Vol. 42. No. 21. 2008

“…we were…dismayed to note that while little of the maternal iodine (21%) finds its way to milk, the bulk of the perchlorate intake ends up in milk.”

2020

Milk and IodineMilk and Iodine

•• Between 1965 and 1980 U S milk iodineBetween 1965 and 1980 U S milk iodine•• Between 1965 and 1980, U.S. milk iodine Between 1965 and 1980, U.S. milk iodine content increased by 300content increased by 300--500%500%•• Changes in cattle feedsChanges in cattle feeds

•• 1986, amount of organic iodine 1986, amount of organic iodine ethylenediamineethylenediamine dihydroiodinedihydroiodine (EDDI) in (EDDI) in yy yy ( )( )cattle limited to 10mg/cow/daycattle limited to 10mg/cow/day

J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176:1119-1121

Iodine Content of U.S. Dairy Whole MilkIodine Content of U.S. Dairy Whole Milk

•• 1978: 602µg/L1978: 602µg/L•• 1978: 602µg/L1978: 602µg/L•• 1990: 155µg/L1990: 155µg/L•• Recent Measurements: <100µg/LRecent Measurements: <100µg/L

Environm. Sci. Techn. 2003, 37, 4979-4981Environ. Sci. Techn. 2005, 39, 2011-17J. Dairy Sci. 1990. 73, 3421-3427

2121

Why Iodine?Why Iodine?Why Iodine?Why Iodine?

•• WHO claims iodine deficiency is the world’s WHO claims iodine deficiency is the world’s greatest singlegreatest singleW O c a s od e de c e cy s t e wo d sW O c a s od e de c e cy s t e wo d s g eatest s g eg eatest s g ecause of preventable mental retardationcause of preventable mental retardation

•• WHO estimates that there are WHO estimates that there are 300,000,000 school300,000,000 school--aged aged children worldwide who are iodine deficientchildren worldwide who are iodine deficient

•• 1/3 of the world’s population1/3 of the world’s population live in an iodine deficient arealive in an iodine deficient area•• 129 countries129 countries•• Decreased childhood survival rate in iodine deficient areasDecreased childhood survival rate in iodine deficient areas

•• Neonatal mortality declines over 50% when iodine deficiency is rectifiedNeonatal mortality declines over 50% when iodine deficiency is rectified

•• 72% of world’s population is affected by iodine 72% of world’s population is affected by iodine deficiencydeficiency

WHOWHOJ. J. ClinClin. . EndocrinandEndocrinand MetablMetabl. 2007;92:437. 2007;92:437--442442

Why Iodine?Why Iodine?Why Iodine?Why Iodine?

•• WHO claims iodine deficiency is the world’s WHO claims iodine deficiency is the world’s greatest singlegreatest singleW O c a s od e de c e cy s t e wo d sW O c a s od e de c e cy s t e wo d s g eatest s g eg eatest s g ecause of preventable mental retardationcause of preventable mental retardation

•• WHO estimates that there are WHO estimates that there are 300,000,000 school300,000,000 school--aged aged children worldwide who are iodine deficientchildren worldwide who are iodine deficient

•• Over Over halfhalf of the population of Europe live in areas of iodine of the population of Europe live in areas of iodine deficiencydeficiency

•• 1/3 of the world’s population1/3 of the world’s population live in an iodine deficient arealive in an iodine deficient area•• 129 countries129 countries•• Decreased childhood survival rate in iodine deficient areasDecreased childhood survival rate in iodine deficient areas

•• Neonatal mortality declines over 50% when iodine deficiency is rectifiedNeonatal mortality declines over 50% when iodine deficiency is rectified

•• 72% of world’s population is affected by iodine 72% of world’s population is affected by iodine deficiencydeficiency WHOWHO

J. J. ClinClin. . EndocrinandEndocrinand MetablMetabl. 2007;92:437. 2007;92:437--442442Anderson, M. 2007 Iodine deficiency in Europe: a Anderson, M. 2007 Iodine deficiency in Europe: a continuing public health problem. Geneva: WHO. continuing public health problem. Geneva: WHO. 2007. 2007.

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•• 100 consecutive healthy pregnant Bostonians100 consecutive healthy pregnant Bostonians•• 100 consecutive healthy pregnant Bostonians100 consecutive healthy pregnant Bostonians•• 50% found to be below the RDA 220 50% found to be below the RDA 220 µg/dayµg/day•• 9% below 50 µg/day9% below 50 µg/day

•• WHO recognizes as severe iodine deficiencyWHO recognizes as severe iodine deficiency

Thyroid 2004;14:327Thyroid 2004;14:327--88

Iodine and AutismIodine and Autism

•• As similar to the U S a pattern of iodine declineAs similar to the U S a pattern of iodine decline•• As similar to the U.S., a pattern of iodine decline As similar to the U.S., a pattern of iodine decline in a population and a concomitant increase in in a population and a concomitant increase in autism has been seen in other countriesautism has been seen in other countries•• England, New Zealand, Australia, ItalyEngland, New Zealand, Australia, Italy

BMJ. 2004;328:227Arch. Des. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004. Sep;89(5):F436-9Med. J. Aust. 2003;178(4):159-162Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003;12. Suppl. S15BMJ Letters. 10.13.04. http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/328/7433/226-c

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Iodine and ADDIodine and ADD

• 16 women from iodine deficient area of Italy• 16 women from iodine-deficient area of Italy compared to 7 women from higher iodine area• Pregnancy

• Women from iodine deficient area had:• Reduced T4, decrease of FT4 with elevated TSH in ,

50% of pregnant women

Clin. Endocr. 1995 APrl.;42(4):409Clin. Endocr. 1995 APrl.;42(4):409--1515

“It“It isis hypothesizedhypothesized thatthat thethe imbalanceimbalance ofof maternalmaternal


ItIt isis hypothesizedhypothesized thatthat thethe imbalanceimbalance ofof maternalmaternalthyroidthyroid hormonehormone homeostasishomeostasis duringduring pregnancypregnancy asas aaconsequenceconsequence ofof endemicendemic iodineiodine deficiencydeficiency maymay beberesponsibleresponsible forfor thethe impairedimpaired psychoneurologicalpsychoneurologicaldevelopmentdevelopment observedobserved inin childrenchildren fromfrom thatthat areaarea..AppropriateAppropriate iodineiodine and/orand/or thyroxinethyroxine prophylaxisprophylaxis totopp ppp p yy p p yp p ywomenwomen inin thatthat regionregion maymay preventprevent thetheneurobehavioral,neurobehavioral, cognitivecognitive andand motormotor compromisecompromise ofofthatthat populationpopulation..””

ClinClin. . EndocrEndocr. 1995 APrl.;42(4):409. 1995 APrl.;42(4):409--1515

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• 16 Women living in a iodine-deficient area• 16 Women living in a iodine-deficient area versus 11 women living in an iodine-sufficient area

• 10 years follow-up• ADHD diagnosed in 11/16 in iodine-deficient

area ers s 0/11 in iodine s fficient areaarea versus 0/11 in iodine-sufficient area• IQ lower in iodine-deficient area-- 88 versus IQ

of 99 in iodine-sufficient areaJ. J. ClinClin. . EndocrEndocr. 12/04. 12/04

2525

CRETIN

Iodine Sufficient

2626

Iodine Sufficient

Iodine and Idiopathic Dilated CardiomyopathyIodine and Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

•• 61 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy61 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy•• 61 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy61 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy•• Dilation of cardiomyopathy was significantly Dilation of cardiomyopathy was significantly

correlated with thyroid gland volumecorrelated with thyroid gland volume•• 97% (58/61) showed abnormal thyroid 97% (58/61) showed abnormal thyroid

morphologymorphology----goitergoiterp gyp gy gg

The most common cause of goiter is iodine The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency.deficiency.

Cardiology 88:156Cardiology 88:156--59, 199759, 1997

2727

Cholesterol and IodineCholesterol and Iodine

•• 1918 researchers demonstrated that1918 researchers demonstrated that feedingfeeding•• 1918, researchers demonstrated that 1918, researchers demonstrated that feeding feeding iodine to rabbits could prevent the deposition iodine to rabbits could prevent the deposition of cholesterol in arteries of rabbits that were of cholesterol in arteries of rabbits that were fed cholesterol. fed cholesterol. Trans. Trans. JpnJpn. Path. 8:221. Path. 8:221--4, 1918.4, 1918.

•• These studies were reproduced and similar These studies were reproduced and similar results results reported in the literature four times.reported in the literature four times.

Arch. Exp. Arch. Exp. PatholPathol. . PharmokolPharmokol. 159:265. 159:265--274, 1931274, 1931

Z. Z. GesamteGesamte. Exp. Med. 87: 683. Exp. Med. 87: 683--702, 1933702, 1933

J. Exp. Med. 58: 115J. Exp. Med. 58: 115--25, 193325, 1933

Res. Res. CommunCommun. Chem. . Chem. PatholPathol. . PharmacolPharmacol. 1:169. 1:169--184, 1970184, 1970

CAD: An Underlying Mechanism CAD: An Underlying Mechanism (1)(1)CAD: An Underlying Mechanism CAD: An Underlying Mechanism (1)(1)

•• Researchers looked at the development ofResearchers looked at the development of•• Researchers looked at the development of Researchers looked at the development of atherosclerosis in rabbitsatherosclerosis in rabbits•• Control group: Rabbits fed high cholesterol dietControl group: Rabbits fed high cholesterol diet•• Treatment group: Rabbits fed high cholesterol diet Treatment group: Rabbits fed high cholesterol diet

and treated with:and treated with:•• T4T4•• Desiccated thyroidDesiccated thyroid•• IodineIodine

2828

CAD: An Underlying Mechanism CAD: An Underlying Mechanism (2)(2)CAD: An Underlying Mechanism CAD: An Underlying Mechanism (2)(2)

•• Control rabbitsControl rabbits fed cholesterol developed markedfed cholesterol developed marked•• Control rabbits Control rabbits fed cholesterol developed marked fed cholesterol developed marked aortic atherosclerosisaortic atherosclerosis

•• Rabbits fed cholesterolRabbits fed cholesterol--rich diet and T4 showed rich diet and T4 showed slight slight to moderate aortic atherosclerosisto moderate aortic atherosclerosis

•• Rabbits fed cholesterolRabbits fed cholesterol--rich diet and either desiccated rich diet and either desiccated thyroid or iodine showed anthyroid or iodine showed an absence ofabsence ofthyroid or iodine showed an thyroid or iodine showed an absence of absence of atherosclerotic lesions atherosclerotic lesions

This study showed that iodine has an This study showed that iodine has an independent positive benefit in independent positive benefit in a cholesterola cholesterol--rich diet as well as a synergistic effect with desiccated rich diet as well as a synergistic effect with desiccated

thyroid hormone.thyroid hormone.J. Exp. Med. 58: 115J. Exp. Med. 58: 115--25, 193325, 1933

High Cholesterol Diets Can Exacerbate High Cholesterol Diets Can Exacerbate Iodine DeficiencyIodine DeficiencyHigh Cholesterol Diets Can Exacerbate High Cholesterol Diets Can Exacerbate Iodine DeficiencyIodine Deficiency

•• RatsRats•• RatsRats•• Iodine deficient diet vs. Iodine sufficient dietIodine deficient diet vs. Iodine sufficient diet•• Iodine sufficient diet resulted in a much lower Iodine sufficient diet resulted in a much lower

thyroid weight (43.4 v. 10.3mg).thyroid weight (43.4 v. 10.3mg).

When the rats were fed a high cholesterol diet thyroid weightWhen the rats were fed a high cholesterol diet thyroid weightWhen the rats were fed a high cholesterol diet, thyroid weight When the rats were fed a high cholesterol diet, thyroid weight significantly increased in both groups. The highsignificantly increased in both groups. The high--cholesterol diet was cholesterol diet was

also found to also found to increase the body’s excretion of iodine. increase the body’s excretion of iodine.

Metabolism. 15;714Metabolism. 15;714--9. 19669. 1966

2929

Iodine Deficiency and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Cardiac TissueIodine Deficiency and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Cardiac Tissue

•• Iodine deficiency in rats resulted in subclinicalIodine deficiency in rats resulted in subclinical•• Iodine deficiency in rats resulted in subclinical Iodine deficiency in rats resulted in subclinical hypothyroid picturehypothyroid picture•• Elevated TSH with normal T4 and T3Elevated TSH with normal T4 and T3

Despite normal T3 levels, cardiac tissue was found to be deficient in Despite normal T3 levels, cardiac tissue was found to be deficient in T3. T4 therapy was unable to correct the cardiac deficiency, in the T3. T4 therapy was unable to correct the cardiac deficiency, in the

f i di d fi if i di d fi ipresence of iodine deficiency.presence of iodine deficiency.

ActaActa. . EndocrinEndocrin. (. (CopenCopen). 120;490). 120;490--98.198998.1989

J. J. ClinClin. Invest. 96;2828. Invest. 96;2828--38, 199538, 1995

Iodine and Cholesterol LevelsIodine and Cholesterol LevelsIodine and Cholesterol LevelsIodine and Cholesterol Levels

•• 136 Subjects136 Subjects•• 136 Subjects136 Subjects•• Iodine intake and lipid parametersIodine intake and lipid parameters•• Compared to iodine sufficient, nonCompared to iodine sufficient, non--goiterous goiterous

controls, iodinecontrols, iodine--deficient goiterous subjects:deficient goiterous subjects:

Significantly higher average cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol Significantly higher average cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol levels. levels.

Klin. Pediat. 208:123Klin. Pediat. 208:123--8. 19968. 1996

3030

Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD (1)(1)Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD (1)(1)

•• Keys (1958) published data that countries withKeys (1958) published data that countries with•• Keys (1958) published data that countries with Keys (1958) published data that countries with the highest cholesterol levels had the highest the highest cholesterol levels had the highest rate of cardiovascular diseaserate of cardiovascular disease

•• Finland had the highest rate of CAD mortality Finland had the highest rate of CAD mortality in Europein Europe•• More prevalent in Eastern Finland vs. Western More prevalent in Eastern Finland vs. Western

FinlandFinland

Lancet. 2:175Lancet. 2:175--78. 195878. 1958

WHY?WHY?

Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD (2)Iodine, Cholesterol and CAD (2)

•• Researchers looked at a variety of dietaryResearchers looked at a variety of dietary•• Researchers looked at a variety of dietary Researchers looked at a variety of dietary componentscomponents•• Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids,

vitamins and mineralsvitamins and minerals•• 47 different items studied47 different items studied

I di i k h d h i i l diff bI di i k h d h i i l diff bIodine intake showed the greatest statistical difference between Iodine intake showed the greatest statistical difference between Eastern and Western FinlandEastern and Western Finland

Risk of death from CAD was Risk of death from CAD was 353% higher353% higher in individuals with goiter. in individuals with goiter. There was also a significantly lowered death age in those with goiter. There was also a significantly lowered death age in those with goiter.

Lancet.2:171Lancet.2:171--3. 19583. 1958

3131

Finland and CAD: 1970Finland and CAD: 1970

•• Researchers looked at prevalence ofResearchers looked at prevalence of•• Researchers looked at prevalence of Researchers looked at prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in 21 Finnish cities as it cardiovascular diseases in 21 Finnish cities as it related to trace elements in drinking waterrelated to trace elements in drinking water•• Calcium, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodineCalcium, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine•• Angina, coronary thrombosis, hypertensive Angina, coronary thrombosis, hypertensive

diseases and atherosclerosisdiseases and atherosclerosisThe strongest correlation was iodine. The The strongest correlation was iodine. The

highest intake of iodine associated with the highest intake of iodine associated with the lowest rates of cardiovascular disease.lowest rates of cardiovascular disease.

Ann. Med. Exp. 48: 117Ann. Med. Exp. 48: 117--121. 1970121. 1970

Finland, Mortality and CADFinland, Mortality and CADFinland, Mortality and CADFinland, Mortality and CAD

•• Finland increased iodine intake in itsFinland increased iodine intake in its•• Finland increased iodine intake in its Finland increased iodine intake in its populationpopulation•• Added to dairy feedAdded to dairy feed•• Added to animal saltAdded to animal salt

In the past several decades, cardiovascular mortality has In the past several decades, cardiovascular mortality has decreased decreased by over 50%by over 50% and life expectancy has and life expectancy has increased by 5 yearsincreased by 5 years. Finland . Finland currently has the highest iodine intake of any European country.currently has the highest iodine intake of any European country.

Prev. Med. 29:s124Prev. Med. 29:s124--9. 19999. 1999

End. Exp. 20:35End. Exp. 20:35--47. 198647. 1986

3232

Iodine and Lipid ProfileIodine and Lipid ProfileIodine and Lipid ProfileIodine and Lipid Profile

•• 262 (5262 (5--14 year old) children in Morocco14 year old) children in Morocco(( y )y )•• Iodine deficient areaIodine deficient area•• Elevated TSH (>2.5mU/L)Elevated TSH (>2.5mU/L)•• 400mg iodine (oral iodized oil)400mg iodine (oral iodized oil)•• After 6 months:After 6 months:

•• Decreased TSHDecreased TSH•• Decreased CDecreased C--peptidepeptide•• LDL/HDL fell from 3.3 to 2.4LDL/HDL fell from 3.3 to 2.4

“Correction of iodine associated subclinical hypothyroidism improves the “Correction of iodine associated subclinical hypothyroidism improves the insulin insulin andand lipid profile and may…reduce risk for cardiovascular disease.”lipid profile and may…reduce risk for cardiovascular disease.”

Thyroid. Vol. 19. 2009. Released ahead of publication. Thyroid. Vol. 19. 2009. Released ahead of publication. DOI:10.1089/thy.2009.0001DOI:10.1089/thy.2009.0001

3333

Gaaaaawly!


•• Only 28% of prescription prenatal vitaminsOnly 28% of prescription prenatal vitamins•• Only 28% of prescription prenatal vitamins Only 28% of prescription prenatal vitamins contain iodinecontain iodine

•• Average iodine content of IAverage iodine content of I--prenatal vitamins prenatal vitamins was found to be below the RDA for I (119was found to be below the RDA for I (119µg)µg)

•• Of the prenatal vitamins that do contain Of the prenatal vitamins that do contain O pO piodine, only 15% have more than 150iodine, only 15% have more than 150µg of µg of iodine per daily doseiodine per daily dose

This is a public health disaster that is unparalleled!This is a public health disaster that is unparalleled!

FP News. 11.15.08

3434


• Elevates pH• Alkalinizing agent

• Deficiency causes intellectual deficiency, goiter, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid illness, thyroid cancer and other cancers

• Production of thyroid hormone• T4, T3, T2, T1

• Necessary for the production of all the hormones of the body• Adrenals, ovaries, testicles, etc.

• Iodine also responsible for formation of normal architecture of the glandular tissueglandular tissue• Breast• Thyroid• Ovary• Prostate?

Iodine and Cigarette SmokeIodine and Cigarette Smoke

• Cigarette smoking found to decrease breast• Cigarette smoking found to decrease breast milk iodine• Cyanide metablized to thiocyanate

• Competitive inhibitor of NIS

J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 89:181-7

Mean breast milk iodine was nearly 4x higher in nonsmokers as compared to smokers

3535

IodineIodine

• Trace element found in small amounts in the• Trace element found in small amounts in the human body

• Usually found in seawater and sea organisms• Seaweed

• Soil near ocean can contain larger amounts of iodineiodine

• Plants grown on iodine-containing soil will have adequate iodine levels

• Iodine can also combine with salt• Iodized salt

Iodine: Therapeutic ActionsIodine: Therapeutic Actions

• Alkalinizing agent• Alkalinizing agent• Antibacterial• Anticancer• AntifungalAntiparasitic• Antiparasitic• Antiviral

• Detoxifying agent• Mucolytic agent

3636

“Great Scott! Maybe we

should be using iodine!”

Conditions Treated/Prevented With IodineConditions Treated/Prevented With Iodine

• ADD • Infections• Asthma• Atherosclerosis• Breast Disease• Cancer

• Breast, ovaries, prostate, thyroid• Cerebral Palsy

COPD

• Keloids• Liver Diseases (Enterohepatic

Circulation)• Nephrotic Syndrome• Ovarian Cysts• Parotid Duct Stones

P i ’• COPD• Diabetes• Dupuytren’s Contracture• Excess Mucous Production• Hypertension

• Peyronie’s• Pre-eclampsia• Sebaceous Cysts• Thyroid Disorders

• (hypo, autoimmune and cancer)

3737

Different Forms of IodineDifferent Forms of IodineDifferent Forms of IodineDifferent Forms of Iodine

•• Iodine is not very soluble in waterIodine is not very soluble in water•• Iodine is not very soluble in waterIodine is not very soluble in water•• Dr. Lugol (1829) found that when potassium Dr. Lugol (1829) found that when potassium

iodide added to water increased the solubility iodide added to water increased the solubility of iodineof iodine•• Lugol’s solution: 5% iodine and 10% potassium Lugol’s solution: 5% iodine and 10% potassium g pg p

iodide in distilled wateriodide in distilled water•• 2 drops of Lugol’s solution contains 5mg of iodine 2 drops of Lugol’s solution contains 5mg of iodine

and 7.5mg of iodideand 7.5mg of iodide

Lugol’s SolutionLugol’s SolutionLugol’s SolutionLugol’s Solution

•• Widely available at most apothecariesWidely available at most apothecaries•• Widely available at most apothecariesWidely available at most apothecaries•• Recommended for almost any conditionRecommended for almost any condition

•• InfectionInfection•• Probably the most used medical item before Probably the most used medical item before

patent medicine took holdpatent medicine took holdpatent medicine took holdpatent medicine took hold

3838

SSKISSKI

• Saturated solution of potassium iodide• Saturated solution of potassium iodide• 100g KI/100ml (1g/ml)

• 1 drop = 50mg iodide• Other ingredients: glycerin, ethanol, acetone,

water.

I/KII/KI

3939

4040

Iodine Content of Desiccated ThyroidIodine Content of Desiccated Thyroid

0 17 0 23% I di0.17-0.23% Iodine

1 Grain of Desiccated Thyroid Contains: 0 20% x 60mg = 120µg IContains: 0.20% x 60mg = 120µg I

Martindale’s European Drug IndexMartindale’s European Drug Index

4141

Life StageLife Stage RDARDA

Adult MaleAdult Male 150150 g/dg/d

RDA for IodineRDA for Iodine

Adult Male Adult Male 150150μμg/dg/d

Adult FemaleAdult Female 150150μμg/dg/d

PregnancyPregnancy 220220μμg/dg/d

LactationLactation 290290μμg/dg/d

Iodide and IodineIodide and IodineIodide and IodineIodide and Iodine

•• Iodine is rare elementIodine is rare element•• Iodine is rare elementIodine is rare element•• 6262ndnd in abundance of the elements of the earthin abundance of the elements of the earth

•• Bottom third of elements in terms of abundanceBottom third of elements in terms of abundance

•• Reduced form of iodine is known as iodideReduced form of iodine is known as iodide•• Extra electronExtra electron•• Full complement of electronsFull complement of electrons

4242

Iodine/Iodide Bind to Different Areas of BodyIodine/Iodide Bind to Different Areas of Body

IodineIodine IodideIodide

BreastBreast ThyroidThyroid

ProstateProstate Salivary Salivary Gl dGl dGlandsGlands

StomachStomach SkinSkin

4343

Where is Iodine Found in the Body?Where is Iodine Found in the Body?

•• Every cell in the body contains and utilizes iodineEvery cell in the body contains and utilizes iodineEvery cell in the body contains and utilizes iodineEvery cell in the body contains and utilizes iodine•• WBC’s cannot effectively guard against infection without WBC’s cannot effectively guard against infection without

adequate amounts of iodineadequate amounts of iodine•• Concentrated in the glandular systemConcentrated in the glandular system•• Thyroid gland contains the largest amount of iodine Thyroid gland contains the largest amount of iodine

(50mg adult saturation)(50mg adult saturation)•• Breasts, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas, Breasts, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas,

cerebrospinal fluid, brain, stomach, skin, lacrimal cerebrospinal fluid, brain, stomach, skin, lacrimal glands, etc.glands, etc.

How Much Iodine Stored In The How Much Iodine Stored In The Body?Body?How Much Iodine Stored In The How Much Iodine Stored In The Body?Body?

•• Na/I Symporter transports I across the cellNa/I Symporter transports I across the cell•• Na/I Symporter transports I across the cell Na/I Symporter transports I across the cell membrane, against gradientmembrane, against gradient•• Maximum Maximum ≈600µg/day I in thyroid gland≈600µg/day I in thyroid gland

4444


•• Approximately 1 5Approximately 1 5 2gm stored in body at2gm stored in body at•• Approximately 1.5Approximately 1.5--2gm stored in body at 2gm stored in body at sufficiencysufficiency•• Fat tissue: 700mgFat tissue: 700mg•• Striated tissue: 650mgStriated tissue: 650mg•• Thyroid: 50mgThyroid: 50mg

Every organ and all tissues contain iodineEvery organ and all tissues contain iodine

First U.S. Iodine StudiesFirst U.S. Iodine Studies

•• David MarineDavid Marine•• David MarineDavid Marine•• Looked at iodine results in farm animalsLooked at iodine results in farm animals•• Estimated amount of iodine necessary to treat Estimated amount of iodine necessary to treat

humanshumans•• Akron, OhioAkron, Ohio

•• 56% of school56% of school aged girls had goiteraged girls had goiter•• 56% of school56% of school--aged girls had goiteraged girls had goiter•• Higher incidence at pubertyHigher incidence at puberty•• 600% increase in girls versus boys600% increase in girls versus boys

4545

First U.S. Iodine Studies: D. MarineFirst U.S. Iodine Studies: D. Marine

Two groups of schoolTwo groups of school--aged girlsaged girls

Control GroupControl Group•• 2305 Students2305 Students•• No iodine givenNo iodine given

Treatment GroupTreatment Group•• 2190 Students2190 Students•• 9mg iodine (averaged daily 9mg iodine (averaged daily

dose) for 2.5 yearsdose) for 2.5 years

Over Over 100x RDA for iodine!100x RDA for iodine!

First U.S. Iodine Studies: ResultsFirst U.S. Iodine Studies: Results

Control GroupControl Group Treatment GroupTreatment GroupControl GroupControl Group• 22% goiter

• 495 cases/2305• No Iodine Given

Treatment GroupTreatment Group• 0.2 % incidence of goiter

• 5 cases/2190• 9mg/day Iodine

2000

2500

2000

2500

0

500

1000

1500Students StudiedGoiter

0

500

1000

1500Students StudiedGoiter

4646

Michigan StudiesMichigan StudiesMichigan StudiesMichigan Studies

•• 1900’s goiter was prevalent in large numbers1900’s goiter was prevalent in large numbers•• 1900 s goiter was prevalent in large numbers 1900 s goiter was prevalent in large numbers around Great Lakesaround Great Lakes•• 40% of school aged children had goiter40% of school aged children had goiter

•• 1924 iodized salt introduced to the area1924 iodized salt introduced to the area•• By 1928, goiter decreased 75%By 1928, goiter decreased 75%By 1928, goiter decreased 75%By 1928, goiter decreased 75%•• United States quickly added iodide to salt for United States quickly added iodide to salt for

the rest of the country.the rest of the country.

4747

How Do You Ingest Iodine?How Do You Ingest Iodine?How Do You Ingest Iodine?How Do You Ingest Iodine?

•• Trace element not very common in most foodsTrace element not very common in most foods•• Trace element, not very common in most foodsTrace element, not very common in most foods•• Ocean foodsOcean foods

•• Cod, sea bass, haddock, perchCod, sea bass, haddock, perch•• Sea Vegetables such as seaweedSea Vegetables such as seaweed

•• Can be found in food products if iodine isCan be found in food products if iodine isCan be found in food products if iodine is Can be found in food products if iodine is added to animal feed or the food sourceadded to animal feed or the food source•• SaltSalt

Iodized SaltIodized Salt

• 1831 J G Boussingault proposed iodized salt to• 1831 J.G. Boussingault proposed iodized salt to prevent goiter

• 1920’s iodization of salt implemented in the U.S. to prevent goiter

4848

Iodized SaltIodized SaltIodized SaltIodized Salt

•• Potassium iodidePotassium iodide•• Potassium iodidePotassium iodide•• 7474μμg iodide/gram of saltg iodide/gram of salt

•• Cost effective way to prevent goiterCost effective way to prevent goiter•• Effective tool to decrease the presence of goiterEffective tool to decrease the presence of goiter•• Inadequate to provide the body’s need for iodineInadequate to provide the body’s need for iodineq p yq p y

Iodized Salt: Low BioavailabiltyIodized Salt: Low BioavailabiltyIodized Salt: Low BioavailabiltyIodized Salt: Low Bioavailabilty

•• 2 Groups2 Groups•• 2 Groups2 Groups•• Group 1: Iodized saltGroup 1: Iodized salt•• Group 2: Iodized breadGroup 2: Iodized bread

•• ≈750µg/day iodide in both groups≈750µg/day iodide in both groups

Expected result: 17.2µg/L (Serum)Expected result: 17.2µg/L (Serum)

Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431

4949

Iodized Salt: Low BioavailabilityIodized Salt: Low BioavailabilityIodized Salt: Low BioavailabilityIodized Salt: Low Bioavailability

20

02468

1012141618

Serum Levels (mcg/L)

ExpectedBreadSalt

( g )

Is this because of competitive inhibition by chloride in salt?Is this because of competitive inhibition by chloride in salt?

Only Only 10%10% of iodine in salt is bioavailable of iodine in salt is bioavailable

Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431

Abraham, G. 2004Abraham, G. 2004

So, who would still recommend iodized table salt?So, who would still recommend iodized table salt?

5050


•• 19711971--2000 NHANES2000 NHANES•• 19711971--2000 NHANES 2000 NHANES showed iodine levels showed iodine levels declined declined 50%50% in the in the United StatesUnited States

10

15

20

25

30

35


ry io

dine

leve

ls

ry io

dine

leve

ls µ

g/dl

µg/d

l

0

5

10

Urin

arU

rinar

19701970 20002000

CDCCDC

5151


•• 19711971 2000 NHANES showed2000 NHANES showed iodine levelsiodine levels•• 19711971--2000 NHANES showed 2000 NHANES showed iodine levels iodine levels declined 50% in the United Statesdeclined 50% in the United States

•• During this time, increases in thyroid illnesses, During this time, increases in thyroid illnesses, cancer of the breast, prostate, endometrium cancer of the breast, prostate, endometrium and ovaries elevatedand ovaries elevated•• All All of the above conditions can be caused by iodine of the above conditions can be caused by iodine

deficiency.deficiency.

Center for Holistic MedicineCenter for Holistic Medicine

•• 94 7%94 7% of patients tested had significantly lowof patients tested had significantly low•• 94.7%94.7% of patients tested had significantly low of patients tested had significantly low iodine levelsiodine levels•• First 250 patientsFirst 250 patients

5252

90%100%

FIGURE 1: IODINE EXCRETION IN 24 PATIENTS: 92% DEFICIENT

% Iodine Excreted

30%40%50%60%70%80%

%

0%10%20%30%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4

Patient Number

Iodine Excretion/24 Hours

40

50

d

10

20

30

40

g io

dine

/24

hour

s ex

cret

e

01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Patient Number

Mg

5353

Iodine Deficiency: CHMIodine Deficiency: CHM

• Over 4 000 patients tested• Over 4,000 patients tested

Results: 96.3% have tested low via urine or serum testing.

Why the Soil is Deficient in IodineWhy the Soil is Deficient in Iodine

•• More inland and mountainous areasMore inland and mountainous areaso e a d a d ou ta ous a easo e a d a d ou ta ous a eas•• Midwestern United StatesMidwestern United States

•• Great Lakes BasinGreat Lakes Basin•• Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, WisconsinMichigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin

•• Soil ErosionSoil Erosion•• GlaciersGlaciers•• DeforestationDeforestation•• Poor farming techniquesPoor farming techniques•• Poor farming techniquesPoor farming techniques

•• PollutionPollution•• Pesticides and insecticidesPesticides and insecticides

•• Bromide, fluoride and chlorineBromide, fluoride and chlorine•• National/worldwide problemNational/worldwide problem

5454

Iodine in FoodIodine in FoodIodine in FoodIodine in FoodFood Food μμg/iodine/servingg/iodine/serving

Ready to eat CerealReady to eat Cereal 8787DairyDairy--based desertbased desert 7070FishFish 5757MilkMilk 5656Overall diary productsOverall diary products 4949EggsEggs 2727EggsEggs 2727BreadBread 2727Beans, peas, tuberBeans, peas, tuber 1717MeatMeat 1616PoultryPoultry 1515


•• 19711971--2000 NHANES2000 NHANES•• 19711971--2000 NHANES 2000 NHANES showed iodine levels showed iodine levels declined 50% in the declined 50% in the United StatesUnited States

10

15

20

25

30

35


ry io

dine

leve

ls

ry io

dine

leve

ls µ

g/dl

µg/d

l

Why?Why?0

5

10

Urin

arU

rinar

5555

Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?Why Are People Deficient in Iodine?

•• Stigma of using saltStigma of using salt•• HypertensionHypertension•• <50% of U.S. households use iodized salt<50% of U.S. households use iodized salt

•• Radioactive iodine use in medicineRadioactive iodine use in medicine•• Exacerbate an iodineExacerbate an iodine--deficient statedeficient state

•• Chemical exposures: GoitrogensChemical exposures: Goitrogens•• Bromine, Chlorine and Fluoride (fluorine)Bromine, Chlorine and Fluoride (fluorine)•• DrugsDrugs

•• Fluoride, bromideFluoride, bromideC titi l i hibit i di bi di ll d i di t kC titi l i hibit i di bi di ll d i di t k•• Competitively inhibit iodine binding as well as decrease iodine uptakeCompetitively inhibit iodine binding as well as decrease iodine uptake

•• Declining mineral levelsDeclining mineral levels•• Soil erosion, poor farming techniques, etc.Soil erosion, poor farming techniques, etc.

•• DietDiet..

5656

Soy: Soy: GoitrogenGoitrogenSoy: Soy: GoitrogenGoitrogen

•• Contains compounds that inhibit TPOContains compounds that inhibit TPO•• Contains compounds that inhibit TPOContains compounds that inhibit TPO•• DaidzeinDaidzein and and genesteingenestein•• When low iodine levels present, soy compounds When low iodine levels present, soy compounds

block TPOblock TPO--catalyzed tyrosine iodination by acting catalyzed tyrosine iodination by acting as alternate substrates producing monoas alternate substrates producing mono--, , didi--, and , and triiodoisofla onestriiodoisofla onestriiodoisoflavonestriiodoisoflavones

•• Further worsens iodine deficiencyFurther worsens iodine deficiency•• Can occur with low or intermittent doses of iodineCan occur with low or intermittent doses of iodine

BiochemBiochem. Pharmacology. Vol. 54. 1997 1087. Pharmacology. Vol. 54. 1997 1087--9696

Dietary Reasons for Iodine DeficiencyDietary Reasons for Iodine DeficiencyDietary Reasons for Iodine DeficiencyDietary Reasons for Iodine Deficiency

•• Diets without ocean fish or sea vegetablesDiets without ocean fish or sea vegetablesets w t out ocea s o sea vegetab esets w t out ocea s o sea vegetab es•• Inadequate use of iodized salt including low sodium Inadequate use of iodized salt including low sodium

dietsdiets•• Vegan and vegetarian dietsVegan and vegetarian diets•• Bromine in food and drinkBromine in food and drink

•• Brominated vegetable oilsBrominated vegetable oils•• Some Gatorade products, Mountain Dew and other soft drinksSome Gatorade products, Mountain Dew and other soft drinksSome Gatorade products, Mountain Dew and other soft drinksSome Gatorade products, Mountain Dew and other soft drinks

•• Bakery productsBakery products•• Bread, pasta, cereal, etc. Bread, pasta, cereal, etc.

•• Contain bromineContain bromine

5757

What Happened to Bakery Products?What Happened to Bakery Products?What Happened to Bakery Products?What Happened to Bakery Products?

•• 1960’s iodine was added to bakery products as1960’s iodine was added to bakery products as•• 1960 s iodine was added to bakery products as 1960 s iodine was added to bakery products as a conditioning agenta conditioning agent•• 1 slice of bread contained the RDA for iodine: 1 slice of bread contained the RDA for iodine:

150150µgµg•• In the 1970’s, bromine was substituted for In the 1970’s, bromine was substituted for

iodine due to misinformation about iodineiodine due to misinformation about iodine

What did this substitution do?What did this substitution do?

Bromine for Iodine:Bromine for Iodine: Double Wammy!!Double Wammy!!Bromine for Iodine:Bromine for Iodine: Double Wammy!!Double Wammy!!

1 Worsened an iodine1 Worsened an iodine deficiency problemdeficiency problem1. Worsened an iodine1. Worsened an iodine--deficiency problem deficiency problem already present in the United Statesalready present in the United States

2.2. Competitively inhibited iodine in the body by Competitively inhibited iodine in the body by adding a goitrogen (bromine) to bakery adding a goitrogen (bromine) to bakery productsproducts

This could be the This could be the most asinine act most asinine act (amongst many) in the (amongst many) in the history of the food industry.history of the food industry.

5858

“Stupid is as stupid does.”

BromineBromineBromineBromine•• Toxic substance with no known value in the bodyToxic substance with no known value in the bodyo c substa ce w t o ow va ue t e bodyo c substa ce w t o ow va ue t e body•• Family of halidesFamily of halides

•• Iodine, fluorine, chlorineIodine, fluorine, chlorine•• All halides compete with one anotherAll halides compete with one another

•• AbsorptionAbsorption•• Receptor bindingReceptor binding

•• Bromine interferes with iodine utilization in theBromine interferes with iodine utilization in the•• Bromine interferes with iodine utilization in the Bromine interferes with iodine utilization in the thyroid as well as other areas of the bodythyroid as well as other areas of the body

•• Goitrogen Goitrogen •• Breast, prostate, etc. Breast, prostate, etc.

5959

HalogensHalogensHalogensHalogens

MWMW

•• Fluorine (Fluoride) 19Fluorine (Fluoride) 19•• Chlorine (Chloride) 36Chlorine (Chloride) 36•• Bromine (Bromide) Bromine (Bromide) 8080•• Iodine (Iodide) Iodine (Iodide) 127127

MWMW

•• Astatine (Astatide) 210Astatine (Astatide) 210

6060

Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

HalogensHalogensHalogensHalogens

MWMW

•• Fluorine (Fluoride) 19Fluorine (Fluoride) 19•• Chlorine (Chloride) 36Chlorine (Chloride) 36•• Bromine (Bromide) Bromine (Bromide) 8080•• Iodine (Iodide) Iodine (Iodide) 127127

MWMW

•• Astatine (Astatide) 210Astatine (Astatide) 210

6161

Bromine Bromine

• Animal studies show that bromine intake can• Animal studies show that bromine intake can adversely affect the accumulation of iodine in the thyroid and the skin

• High bromide intake results in iodine being eliminated from the thyroid gland and replaced by brominereplaced by bromine

• Ingestion of bromine has been shown to cause hypothyroidism in animals

When iodine deficiency is present, the toxicity of bromine is When iodine deficiency is present, the toxicity of bromine is accelerated in the body.accelerated in the body.

BromineBromineBromineBromine

•• Antibacterial agent for pools and hot tubsAntibacterial agent for pools and hot tubsAntibacterial agent for pools and hot tubsAntibacterial agent for pools and hot tubs•• Fumigant for agricultureFumigant for agriculture

•• Sprayed on fruit and vegetablesSprayed on fruit and vegetables•• Crops found to contain high bromine levelsCrops found to contain high bromine levels

•• Fumigant for termites and other pestsFumigant for termites and other pests•• 1981: 6.3 million pounds bromide sprayed in 1981: 6.3 million pounds bromide sprayed in

CaliforniaCalifornia•• 1991: 18.7 million pounds bromide sprayed in 1991: 18.7 million pounds bromide sprayed in

CaliforniaCalifornia..

6262

Bromine and Sex HormonesBromine and Sex HormonesBromine and Sex HormonesBromine and Sex Hormones

•• Decrease sex drive and sperm count of miceDecrease sex drive and sperm count of mice•• Decrease sex drive and sperm count of mice Decrease sex drive and sperm count of mice •• Enhances estrogen receptorsEnhances estrogen receptors•• DownDown--regulates progesterone receptorsregulates progesterone receptors•• 33% less male births in women with highest 33% less male births in women with highest

exposure to PBDE’s and PCB’sexposure to PBDE’s and PCB’sexposure to PBDE s and PCB s.exposure to PBDE s and PCB s.

EnvEnv. Health. July, 2008.. Health. July, 2008.

32 Patients Studied pre/post 24 Hour Iodine Loading Test

Mg/24 hours

6363

32 Patients Studied pre/post 24 Hour Iodine Loading Test

Mg/24 hours

Pesticides and BrominePesticides and BrominePesticides and BrominePesticides and Bromine

•• Pesticides contain organic brominePesticides contain organic bromine•• Pesticides contain organic brominePesticides contain organic bromine

The amount of bromine in human breast milk has increased The amount of bromine in human breast milk has increased 10 fold10 foldover the last decade (EPA 2003).over the last decade (EPA 2003).

6464

Case History: 42 y.o. male(1)Case History: 42 y.o. male(1)

Mg/24 hours

Case History: 42 y.o. male(2)Case History: 42 y.o. male(2)

Iodine Loading Test: Bromine Excretion (pre

60

80

100

120

140

an post) after 1 year of 50mg/day iodine

Mg/24 hours

0

20

40

Bromine Pre (8/03) Bromine (2/04) Bromide (10/04)

6565

Iodine TransportIodine TransportIodine TransportIodine Transport

To achie e the ma im m transport of iodine ≈600 g/da across theTo achie e the ma im m transport of iodine ≈600 g/da across the

These numbers are These numbers are impossibleimpossible to reach at the RDA (150µg/day) for to reach at the RDA (150µg/day) for i di !i di !

To achieve the maximum transport of iodine ≈600µg/day across the To achieve the maximum transport of iodine ≈600µg/day across the cell membrane, there must be sufficient iodine in the serum: cell membrane, there must be sufficient iodine in the serum:

≈10≈10--55--1010--66 MM

iodine!iodine!However, 50mg/day iodine/iodide can reach a 10However, 50mg/day iodine/iodide can reach a 10--5 5 M!M!


•• Thyroid:Thyroid: ≈≈50mg/day50mg/day•• Thyroid: Thyroid: ≈≈50mg/day 50mg/day •• Breasts: Minimum of 5mg/day(50kg or 110# woman) Breasts: Minimum of 5mg/day(50kg or 110# woman)

for maintenance of normal breast tissuefor maintenance of normal breast tissue•• Larger woman or woman with larger breasts will have Larger woman or woman with larger breasts will have

increased requirementincreased requirement•• Men have smaller breasts and a lower iodine requirementMen have smaller breasts and a lower iodine requirementqq

•• Other glandular tissue: Minimum of 2mg/dayOther glandular tissue: Minimum of 2mg/day•• Adrenals, thymus, ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary and others.Adrenals, thymus, ovaries, hypothalamus, pituitary and others.

6666

Where is Iodine Found in the Body?Where is Iodine Found in the Body?

•• Every cell in the body contains and utilizes iodineEvery cell in the body contains and utilizes iodine•• Every cell in the body contains and utilizes iodineEvery cell in the body contains and utilizes iodine•• WBC’s cannot effectively guard against infection without WBC’s cannot effectively guard against infection without

adequate amounts of iodineadequate amounts of iodine•• Concentrated in the glandular systemConcentrated in the glandular system

•• Thyroid gland contains the largest amount of iodineThyroid gland contains the largest amount of iodine•• Breasts, ovaries, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas,Breasts, ovaries, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas,Breasts, ovaries, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas, Breasts, ovaries, salivary glands, parotid glands, pancreas,

cerebrospinal fluid, brain, stomach, skin, lacrimal glands, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, stomach, skin, lacrimal glands, etc.etc.

How To Check Iodine LevelsHow To Check Iodine LevelsHow To Check Iodine LevelsHow To Check Iodine Levels

•• Blood levelsBlood levels•• Blood levelsBlood levels•• SalivaSaliva

•• Saliva/serum Saliva/serum •• Skin testingSkin testing

•• Rub iodine on skin and observe for its’ disappearanceRub iodine on skin and observe for its’ disappearance•• Inaccurate measure of body’s iodine statusInaccurate measure of body’s iodine status•• Inaccurate measure of body’s iodine statusInaccurate measure of body’s iodine status•• Approx. 88% of I evaporates from skinApprox. 88% of I evaporates from skin

•• J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 1932;45:85J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 1932;45:85--107107

•• Urinary excretionUrinary excretion•• Accepted measureAccepted measure

•• Iodine loading testIodine loading test

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Iodine Loading TestIodine Loading Test

• Drs Data Lab• Drs Data Lab

Documents

Nutri-Link Part 3 Iodine 23.1.10.ppt - Clinical Education · David Brownstein, M.D. Center for Holistic Medicine 5821 W. Maple Rd. Ste. 192 West Bloomfield, MI 48322 ... Dr. G. Abraham,