Nurturing Centers of Excellence

Experiential LearningDr. T. Ramasami

Secretary, Department of Science and Technology Government of India

Different Models of Seeking Excellence or surpassing

• One model is to surpass others at a particular time– India’s best example

is Sir C V Raman

• Another model is to surpass self with time– Global best

example is Mahathma Gandhi

Nurturing Centers of Excellence: As a Process would need• Identification and selection of centers of excellence• Gathering people for whom excellence is a pursuit

and shared goal• Creation of an ambiance where spirit of excellence

not only prevails but also self-propagates and unleashing of creative potentials

• Removal constraints which inhibit creativity• Ensuring of just right levels of resource flow• Define the value measures and establish a

monitoring system

Nurturing Centers of Excellence in Research: Challenges and caution• Research is a non-linear human activity with

many imponderables• While goals of Research could be defined a

priori, outcome of research is hard to predict• While value measures exist for evaluating

science leading to intellectual products, such measures for societal impact of science are not easy to derive

• While promoting excellence, one tends to maximize what can be measured and immeasurable dimensions of research may remain outside the purview of excellence

India’s Science, Technology and Innovation story

Some Unfolding lessons

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Content for Indian STI sector and its changing context

• Indian science remained mal-nourished for long. Investments into R&D remained low

• Robust economic growth ~8.5+0.5% is providing some surplus for investment

• Developmental choices to people are on the increase– ~400 million enjoy good purchasing power

• Inclusiveness of growth in a rapidly growing economy is a challenge– Faster and Inclusive growth remains the stated policy paradigm. It is a

challenge

• India mainstreams STI sector into the developmental strategy– STI sector needs to respond to the call of people

Research and Development: In Nation Building

Scholarship driven

Competition driven

Innovation

ScienceTechnology

Market driven

Creation of jobs Creation of knowledge

Creation of value

Advanced knowledge

Leadership in usable knowledge

Gainful and useful knowledge

National prosperity

Knowledge Seekers

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Anatomy of Indian Science, Technology and Innovation system

R&D in NGO groups

R&D by MNCs

Industrial R&D systems

Mission mode Non strategic R&D

bodies

Academic/Sector

Focused on education

GovernmentFunding

& developmental agencies

Mission modeStrategic Agencies

Indian STI system

Socio economic Ministries as users of S&T outputs

Some what thinly spread but rooted in all dimensions of STI system

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Varying Excellence modes of Eight-part Indian STI System

• Mission mode Agencies: Focused on self reliance, under transition in the era of techno-globalism for seeking excellence

• Government Agencies: Focused on the balancing in the art of funding and excellence in scholarship focused science, market driven technology and competition linked innovation system

• Academic sector: Challenged by need to expand many fold without dilutions of excellence and loss of focus on research

• Socio economic ministries seeking solutions from science: Challenged by mis-matched rates of scientific development and societal absorption of global solutions for absorbing excellence in society

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Varying Excellence modes of Eight-part Indian STI System

• Mission mode R&D in non strategic sector:Transition from command economy models to dynamic global competition in a weak technology demand status for rooting excellence in industry

• Industrial R&D systems: Lower levels of private sector investment into R&D and challenges of enhancing value addition to raw materials through innovation driven manufacturing

• R&D by MNCs: Taking advantage of low expertise costs for IP generation for global use and competitive excellence

• R&D by NGOs: Sustaining high manpower costs and R&D infrastructure in a largely public funded R&D landscape for collaborative excellence

Actions for Nurturing Excellence and some value measures

Science Advisory Council to PM Made several recommendations

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Doubling Public Investments into R&D

total investment

01000020000300004000050000600007000080000

8thplan

9thplan

10thplan

11thplan

total investment

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

Reqd

Realized

Annual Growth of about 20-25% has been maintained over 11th plan period

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Some Tools of Change designed and implemented since 2006

• Talent Supply Chain management– Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research

(INSPIRE); JC Bose (top-up provisions), Ramanujan, Ramalingaswamy, Ramanna, Wellcome-DBT Fellowships, revitalizing women component and young scientist’s programmes, CSIR initiatives etc. PPP programmes are planned.

• Rejuvenation of University Research– Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence

(PURSE), Consolidation of University Research, Innovation and Excellence (CURIE) for women-only universities, Special packages for some states, Revising of parameters for Fund for Infrastructure Strengthening (FIST)

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Indian Growth Trends: Publications and Patents

Growth Trends of SCI publications 1998-2007: Global Research Report Oct, 2009

Patents Filed (Number)

05000

10000150002000025000300003500040000

2000-012001 -022002 -032003 -042004 -052005 -062006 -072007 -08

Patents Filed(Number)

2006-09 growth rate 12% p.a.

Ranking of India in publications moves from 15th in 2003 to 9th in 2010

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Nurturing Individual Excellence

Some recent examples and value measures

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Several initiatives are being proposed

Indian enrolment into Higher education ramping up with high demand for faculty positions

Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research Science and Innovation Scholarship to more than Million

people

Investment into Demographic Dividend

19.8% of Gross Budgetary Support to Education

20-25% CAGR in public expend into R&D since 2004

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

INSPIRE Internships50,000 per year

Top 1% in class X criterion75000 participated

10,000 ScholarshipsRs 80,000/yrfor 5 years

INSPIRE Awards200,000 per Year; Rs. 5,000 per award

Cover every high school in India0.61 million awards released

1,000 Fellowships1,000 Faculty positions

Age 10-15

Age 16-18

Age 17-22, BSc/MSc levels

7500 based on Top 1% students in class X and XII Board Exams 2500 based on

performance in national level examinations

Age 22-27, PhD levelTop ranker in any science, engineering, medical, agriculture and veterinary related faculty in Indian universities

Age 27-32National level selection based on merit and INSPIRE attachment without break

Assured Career Opportunity in Research

INSPIRE Program: At a Glance

15,000 students enrolled so far

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

JC Bose Fellowships: For promotion of individual excellence

• For high performers in research selected on the basis of recognitions, a new fellowship scheme with topping salaries and research grant is implemented

• ~180 performing scientists receive the fellowship• Performance of 67 scientists reviewed• Outputs are

– Average number of papers per scientist per year : 6.6– Average number of PhDs trained per year per person : 1– Average number of patents field per person/ year :0.33– Average citation per paper :~5.5– Average impact factor aggregate per person/ year : ~18

Output indicators compare favorably with global bench marks

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

A sample study of Stakeholder value of DST: Fast Track Scheme

-40 -20 0 20 40

Poor correspondanceDelay in releasesdelay in processingEase of managingapproval systemTalent supportFreedomStart up grantFund size limitationlack of reviewToo much paper work

83 of the 125 stake holders approached responded with a perceived value of 8.3 out of 10.

Limitations

Strength

Impl

emen

tatio

nFe

atur

e

For improving funding actions

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Rejuvenating Research in University Sector

Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (PURSE)

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

UoHUoD

PunjabBHU

Jadh

avpur

UoPAU

UoMadras

JNU

AMU

UoMumbai

UoCalcutt

a

Annam

alaiUoR

Karnata

ka

Bharat

hidasa

nBha

rathi

UoBurdwan

Guruna

nak

Venka

teswara

MG uni

UoJammu

coch

in

MS Baroda

Shivaji

UoKerala

Utkal

MKUos

mania

Agour

Sagar

Mangalo

rean

dhra

UoKalyani

UoMysore

UoLuck

now

Haryan A

gri

Bangla

orePon

dy

Panjab

Agri

Agri ba

nglaore

TN Agri

Alagap

pa

Sardar

PatelNEHU

Kakatiy

a

UoAllahab

ad

h-index 1996-2006h-index 1998-2008

Performance growth of university sector in h-indices over 1996-2006 to 1998-2008

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Pub in KSERC funds in crores

Evidence based policy building for R&D funding

14 universities had qualified for an award in 2008.

Now 44 have qualified

Share of publications increased from 15 to 31%

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

ACPP

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

JNCASR39

TIFR15IIC

T14NCL1

7IACS23CDRI35UoH

24PoU

16IIS

c1IIT

K7UoP

UNE32GUD42UoD

10SGPIM

S30SINP36NPL4

0UoM

21Nati

onal

JNU31

BARC5IIT

Kgp2

IITMUM8UoR

33IIT

GU28IIT

R13

MANGAL50

AIIMS4

BHU18

ANNAMA19

VENKATE47IITD3

JAD9

UoMUMB44

CMC, VE25

TMC48IIT

M6UoC

22CUSAT41ISI27

AMU20UoA

LL46

IARI34AU12

PGIMER11

UOMY29IG

CAR39

OSMANIA45ISRO26

IVRI37

ANDHRA43PAU49

ACPP

Average Citation per paper as value measure

ACPP profile of 50 institutions with large number of publications reveal 23 universities figure among leaders

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Citation impact gain from international collaborations

02468

101214

UoR33

TIFR15

TMC48

JNCASR

39PoU

16SGPIM

S30CM

C, VE25

IICT14AIIM

S4CDRI35BAR

C5NCL1

7IAR

I34JNU31

UoD10UoH24BHU18GUD42IISc

1NATI

ONALPGIMER1

1JAD9

VENKATE

47IACS

UoPUNE32

IITMUM

8IITK

7IVR

I37IITR

13UoC22

ANNAMA19SINP36AU12

OSMANIA45UoM21IITD

3IITG

U28ANDHRA4

3UOMY29ISRO

26ISI27

CUSAT41

IIT Kgp

2MANGAL5

0UoMUMB44

IGCAR3

9PAU49IITM

6AM

U20UoALL4

6NPL4

0

ACPP ACPPI

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Gain of citation of impact of university research on account of collaboration

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

JAD

UoD AUPoUBHU

ANNAMAAMUUoMUoCUoHUoMY

JNU

UoPUNEUoR

CUSATGUD

ANDHRAUoMUM

OSMANIAUoALL

VENKATEPAU

MANGALOR1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

ACPPI/ACIPP

ACPPIG/ACPP

More than 2 fold increase in citation impact for indo German collaboration

All universities gain from international collaboration

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Net Gainers from International collaboration

02468

101214

UoR33TIFR15TMC48

JNCASR39PoU16

SGPIMS30CMC , V

E25IIC

T14AIIM

S4CDRI35BARC5

NCL17IARI34JNU31UoD10UoH24BHU18GUD42

IISc1

NATIONAL

ACPP ACPPI

In medical area, gain is maximum

Universities gain most

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

DST nurtures some autonomous R&D institutions

Some Excellence indicators

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Outputs indicators of some institutions nurtured by DST

• Aggregated Average number of– Papers in SCI journals per scientist per year ranges : 2.2– Average impact factor per paper : 2.9– Number of PhDs per faculty per year : 0.4– Number of patents per year per faculty : 0.33

• Eminence indicators– Bhatnagar prize winners : >40– Fellows of the academies :67– Scientists with H index > 25 per 100 scientists` :16

• S&T indicators of two high performing institutions– JBCASR: Paper/scientist per year: ~ 7.5; Average citation per paper

over five year cycle; ~ 7.5, Impact factor per paper: 4.5– IACS: Paper/scientist per year: ~ 6; Average citation per paper over

five year cycle; ~ 5.7, Impact factor per paper: 2.9

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Decade of Innovations 2010-20: Stated Plan

• The Government has committed through a presidential address declared that 2010-20 period as a “Decade of Innovations”.

• Designing and developing a National Innovation Ecosystem accorded highest priority

• Policy instruments to stimulate the engagement of the private sector into R& D in public and social good areas including clean energy

• International S&T cooperation is a part of the National strategy of the plan for Decade of Innovations

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Addressing the call for Decade of Innovations: Work in Progress

World is pursuing the Innovation Agenda. Is there a unique opportunity for an Indian model for Designing an innovation landscape?

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Comparisons and Contrasts of Innovation systems

• Most developed countries invest about 2% of GDP into R&D with a share of 0.7:1.3 from public and private sector, respectively. In such economies, competition among the private sector drives the innovation for gaining leadership in the market space. Therefore the process of innovation is the focus of the design in their innovation system for “Quality Innovations” for global competitiveness

• In India, investments into R&D are at about 0.95% of GDP with shares of 0.7: 0.25% from public and private sector, respectively. Under such conditions, public and social goods priorities could drive the purpose of innovations and focus on “Affordable Innovations” for inclusive growth agenda of the country.

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Designing Science, Technology and Innovation ecosystem

• To meet the challenges of faster and more inclusive growth by balancing between Open Source and Competitive innovations

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Four part Approach to Innovations

• New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative: PPP model for global referencing

• Venture fund support system: Technology Development Board equity participation model

• Grass Root Innovation: National Innovation Foundation involving 2,50,000 grass root innovators

• National Innovation Council: For global bench marking and alliances

• Power of Ideas support

Cotton Stripper from grass root innovation

Health care products from formal innovation system

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Some recent and good examples fromIndian innovation system

Nano Car: 2500 US $ car from Tatas for providingan opportunity for middleincome families Hepatitis Vaccines: 40 cents a dose

product giving health care access to large number of people with low purchasing power

Jaipur foot: Affordable

prosthetics @ US $ 28

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Jaipur Foot: A case of disruptive affordable innovation from India

Available, Affordable, Accessible Innovation

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Seeking Solutions from Science: A New Indian Trend

• Supreme Court of India orders that Secretary Science and Technology will solve the water problem of India through R&D solutions and the Government will make available all resources needed.– This is in some sense an expression of trust in R&D-led solutions

for water problems– A Technology Mission on Winning, Augmentation and Renovation

(WAR) for water is mounted and ongoing for demonstrating convergent technology solutions for 26 different types of water challenges in different locations in the country

First StepSelection of water challenges for research

Second StepSelection of ~25 locations with a

population of 10,000

Collection and analysis of data for site selection

Third StepInviting Technology solution providers through

tender

Collection of site specific conditions for technical evaluation

Fourth StepResearch on available technical solutions

Technical evaluation and assessment of global solutions

Fifth StepSelection of solutions for each water challenge

Selection of sire specific solutions based on technical merit and transparent criteria

Sixth StepPilot trials for the best revenue model for

sustainability

Proving the technical viability at 10,000 population scale

Seventh StepScaling successful solutions for 100000

population in the contiguous area

Socio economic impact assessment study and research

Eighth Step Replication of viable solutions in a non-

contiguous area

Research on scalability, site neutrality and replication value

Submission of Final Research Report

Mission Implementation Strategy

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Favorable Contexts for STI Collaboration between among nations in Asia

Science, Technology and Innovation sector has gained entry into the main stream national developmental agendas in some what similar time space for most nations in Asia

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

History of Excellence and New Perspectives in Asian S&T

• Pursuit of Excellence has been a social practice in Asian countries for several centuries prior to industrial revolution– Gun powder from China, Number “0” from India are some examples

• Post industrial revolution and post war era, Japan remained the sole representative of Asia in global S&T space until 1990s– Japan innovated and gained large share of global trade

• Since 1990s Asian thrust into S&T sector has been significant– Asia’s share of S&T outputs indicators, is growing and is reaching values

similar to those of Europe and North Americas. In areas like materials sciences Asia leads

• By 2020, Asia may emerge as a major source of S&T by virtue of demography and engagement– For the new Perspective, collaboration may seem an unexplored area

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Affordable Innovations for Public and Social good under PPP

• Agriculture for food and nutrition security– Water and land saving agriculture; Avoiding food wastes

• Affordable human health care– Extremely low cost solutions to human health care challenges; Diseases

suffered by people with low purchasing power• Technologies for clean energy

– Renewable energy systems; Enhancing energy efficiency in use; high focus on solar energy

• Innovations for sustainable environment– Zero emission in industrial production; Atom and Energy efficient

manufacture• Innovative deployment of technologies for water

security– Technology agnostic approaches for sustainable solutions

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Advantage of collaborative excellence in STI sector

1. World faces threat of climate change and focus on adaptation and mitigation call for new technologies and life style adjustments

Global bad can not be fought by countries through competitive excellence models alone. Collaboration for global good is without choice.

2. With weather extremes and natural disasters challenging the world, new tools and forewarning systems with global collaboration seem necessary

Earth and atmosphere being common, science for global health monitoring and natural disaster mitigation call for collaborative excellence

3. Affordable human health care is a global priority“Not-Reaching the un-reached” is not an option for human health care. STI has to deliver values for affordable health care

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Strategic Alliances and Partnerships: In Innovation Agenda

• Global Technology and Innovation Alliance (GITA) is the planned step forward for building strategic alliances and partnerships where India’s strength in cost optimization while partners strength in quality of innovations could provide a win-win formula

• PAN India initiative based on Pubic-Private-People-Partnership (PPPP) model involving carefully developed strategic alliances for affordable quality innovations under S&T partnerships

27 Nov 11 ASIAHORC

Summary and some lessons

• Nurturing excellence in Asian centers demands culture specific approaches– For surpassing other and surpassing one self with time

• Excellence in Research demands varying modes depending on the nature of enterprises and programme goals– Strategic and non-strategic sectors demand different tools

• Excellence in passion driven science demands autonomy, right-sized funding and right value measures– Individual and institution models may vary

• Asian countries are in the right context of gaining global competitiveness– Collaborative excellence in some areas might be valuable

Challenge Aheadmotivating scientists to

discover solutions

Discovery priority of scientists

Solution priority of people and states

High Solution Low Discovery

Low Solution Low Discovery

High Solution High Discovery

Low Solution High Discovery

Solution priority of people

Thank you