This unit covers numerical and algebraic fractions. In A level, solutions often involve fractions and one of the Core modules is non-calculator. This booklet provides a reminder of all the basics and it is best if you don’t use a calculator. You will be tested on this topic before you are allowed to enrol on the course.

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An essential skill in A level is the ability to deal with fractions. In this unit you will do some revision exercises on numerical fractions. Use your GCSE revision guides or perhaps the internet to remind yourself of the rules. In the second part you will be shown how to deal with algebraic fractions. You will learn how to simplify algebraic fractions and how to add and subtract them. In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice exercises so that all this becomes second nature. To help you to achieve this, the unit includes a substantial number of such exercises. However, you should be using alternative resources in order to get more practice. After working through this unit, you should be able to: • perform all four operations on numerical fractions without the use of a calculator • simplify algebraic fractions • add and subtract algebraic fractions

Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4

2. Numerical fractions – a quick review ........................................................................................................ 4

Exercise 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 4

3. Simplifying Algebraic Fractions ................................................................................................................. 9

Example 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 9

Example 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 9

Exercise 2. ............................................................................................................................................... 10

Example 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 12

Exercise 3. ............................................................................................................................................... 12

4. Adding Algebraic Fractions ..................................................................................................................... 14

Example 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 14

Exercise 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 14

5. Answers ................................................................................................................................................... 16

1. Introduction In this unit you will learn how to manipulate numerical and algebraic fractions.

2. Numerical fractions – a quick review

Exercise 1

1. Express each of the following as a fraction in its simplest form. For example

can

be written as

. Remember, no calculators!

a)

e)

b)

f)

c)

g)

d)

h)

2. Calculate:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

3. Evaluate the following, expressing each answer in its simplest form.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

4. Evaluate

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

5. Express the following as mixed fractions. A mixed fraction has a whole number part and a

fractional part. For example,

can be written as the mixed fraction

.

a)

e)

b)

f)

c)

g)

d)

h)

6. Express the following as improper fractions. An improper fraction is ‘top-heavy’.

Its numerator is greater than its denominator. For example, the mixed fraction

can be written as the improper fraction

.

a)

e)

b)

f)

c)

g)

d)

h)

3. Simplifying Algebraic Fractions Algebraic fractions have properties which are the same as those for numerical fractions, the only difference being that the numerator (top) and denominator (bottom) are both algebraic expressions.

Example 1 Simplify each of the following fractions.

a)

b)

Solutions:

a)

Cancel b because it appears in the denominator and the numerator.

b)

Factorise first

Cancel the common factor

Sometimes a little more work is necessary before an algebraic fraction can be simplified.

Example 2

Simplify the algebraic fraction

Solution: In this case the numerator and denominator are quadratic expressions which can be factorised first (you should be really good at this now!)

Cancelling the

Exercise 2. Simplify each of the following algebraic fractions.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

So far, simplification has been achieved by cancelling common factors from the numerator and denominator. Sometimes fractions appear in the numerator and/or denominator. In this case you can multiply the numerator and denominator by an appropriate number to obtain an equivalent, simpler expression.

Example 3 Simplify each of the following fractions.

a)

b)

Solutions:

a)

To remove the fractions we multiply top and bottom by 4

b)

To simplify multiply numerator and denominator by

Exercise 3.

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

4. Adding Algebraic Fractions Addition (and subtraction) of algebraic fractions follows exactly the same rules as for numerical fractions.

Example 4 Write the following sum as a single fraction in its simplest form.

Solution: The least common multiple of the denominators is

Exercise 4

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

5. Answers Exercises 1

1 a)

2 a)

3 a)

4 a) 5 a)

6 a)

1 b)

2 b)

3 b)

4 b) 5 b)

6 b)

1 c) 2 c)

3 c)

4 c)

5 c)

6 c)

1 d)

2 d)

3 d)

4 d)

5 d)

6 d)

1 e) 1 2 e)

3 e)

4 e)

5 e)

6 e)

1 f)

2 f)

3 f)

4 f)

5 f)

6 f)

1 g)

5 g)

6 g)

1 h) 3 5 h)

6 h)

Exercises 2 Exercises 3 Exercises 4

a)

a)

a)

b)

b)

b)

c)

c)

c)

d) d)

d)

e)

e)

e)

f)

f)

f)

g)

h)

i)