NUMBER 2 3 5 7 9 10 11 - aclweb.org · Published by the Center for Applied Linguistics for the Associa- tion for Computational Linguistics. ... before the development of three generations

American Journal of Computational Linguistics M i c r o f i c h e 6

Published by the Center fo r Applied Linguistics for the Associa- tion for Computational Linguistics. E D I T O R : D a v i d G. Hays. EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Brian Phillips. SECRETARY: Jacquin Brendle. MANAGING EDITOR: A. Hood Roberts. ASSISTANT: Nancy Jokovich. EDITORIAL ADDRESS : Twin Willows, Nanakah , New York 14075. BUSINESS ADDRESS: 1611 North Kent St., Arlington VA 22209

NEWSLETTER OF THE A S S O C I A T I O N FOR COMPUTATIONAL L I N G U I S T I C S

VOLUME 11 - NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 1974

C O N T E N T S

P E R S O N A L N O T E S , I 8 , I I 8 I # I I , I I I I 8 I I # 2 COMPUTATIDNAL SEMANTICS T U T O R I A L AT LUGANO I N MARCH I a a 3 A R T I F I C I A L INTELL IGENCE: DIRECTORY BEING COMPILED I a I I I 4 LETTERS: LOGOS DEVELDPMENT CORPORATION ON MT SYSTEM I a I I 5 SOLAR PROJECT D I S T R I B U T E S MATERIALS I I I 7 NAS/NRC STUDIES INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION PROGRAMS I I a I I 8 N F A I S MEETING, OVERLAP STUDY, INDEXER T R A I N I N G KIT I , I I 9 ON-LINE TERMINAL SEARCHING COURSE AT PRATT I N JANUARY , a I 10 EDUCATIONAL DATA SYSTEMS ASSOCIATION CONVENTION , I I I 11 P U B L I C A T I O N PROBLENS: JOURNAL PRICES R I S I N G i 1 a 1 8 8 11 ~ R D P I S A SUMMER SCHOOL: REPORT OF COURSES, LECTURES 8 1 8 8 12 SUMMER SCHOOL A r STUTTGART: REPORT OF LECTURES I I I a I 14 INFORMATICS AND PHIL~LOGY CONFERENCE: REPORT I rn , I I I , 18 ARIOSTO CONCORQANCE I N PROGRESS a I I a 8 I I 8 I 8 8 18 TEXT DATA: ROUNDTABLE ON ANALYTIC PROCEDURES HELD I I a 8 I 19 SIGLASH n I I r I n m r m m n r I a n m a I I a r I I I I 20 P O L I T I C A ' L SCIENCE CONCEPTS TO B E COLLECTED AND ANALYZED a a 20 RELIABLE SOFTWARE CONFERENCE, LOS ANGELES, A P R I L I I I I . 2 1 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS CONFERENCE, NEW YORK, JANUkRY I a I I I I 21 NSF: EXCEPPTS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTORY a a I I , , 22 MICROFICHE EQUIPMENT: BACKGROUND LNFORMATION FOR BUYERS a a 25 ARTIFICIAL .INTELLIGENCE IN POLAND: BIBLIOGRAPHY I . a I I rn 26 A R A S M E E T I N G : JANUARY . 8 8 a 1 8 , m , 1 , 8 , , , 39 CURRENTBIBL IOGRAPHY 1 1 1 1 a 1 s 1 a 8 8 8 8 8 8 a 8 40 C o p y r i g h t , 2 9 7 d by the A s s o c i ~ t l o n f o r ComputationaJ ~ i n g u i s t i cs


E R S O N A L N O T E S

CARROLL, JOHN B, To Psychometric Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514. Formerly Educational Testing Service

COLLINS, ALLAN M~ Guggenheim Fellowship for work on a semantic theory and its implications for education.

DAVIS, RUTH, ~ditorial in Science (11 Oct 74): Impermanent balance between man and computer. How the man-machine division of labor, not to say power, will end is not yet settled, but we may transcent ourselves and achieve a new mastery of our "personal environment".

FURUGORI, T E I J 1 8 Department of Information and Computer Science, Cleveland State University, Ohio 44115. Ph. D. 1974*, State University of New York, Buffalo.

KAY, MARTIN^ To Xerox Palo Alto Reseatch Center; home address 935 Peninsula Way, Menlo Park, California 94025. Formerly University of California, Irvine.

KEENAN, EDWARD^ To Department of Linguistics, University of .California, Los Angeles 90024, Formerly Kings College, Cambridge.

MOSKOVICH, WOLF, To Hebrew University, Jerusalem; home address 202 maon Beit Giora, Kiriat Yuval, Jerusalem, Israel. Formerly chief, inf~rmation retrieval laboratory, Moscow Institute of Patent Information.

SEDELOW, S A L L Y YEATES and WALTER Am, JRD Both to the Division of Computer Research, NSF; home address 1415 31st St., Washington, 20007. O n leave from University of Kansas, Lawrence.

DATE : MARCH 17 THROUGH 22,1975 PLACE : LUGANO, SWITZERLAND

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS DEALS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF NATURAL L ANGUAGE COMPREHENSION SUFFICIENTLY DETAILED TO BE IMPLEMENTED AS COMPUTER PROGRAMS. AS SUCH 9

IT IS A FIELD WHERE COMWTER SCIENCE, LINGUISTICS, PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY MEET ON COMMON GROUND.

FURTHER INFORMATION FROM :

INSTITUTE FOR SEMANTIC

AND COGNITIVE STUDIES

VILLA HELENEUM

CH-6976 CASTAGNOLA

SWITZERLAND


4

D I R E C T O R Y O F W O R K E R S I N

A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E

~onald E m Walker, stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025.i~ compiling for the National Institute of Education a directory of A 1 researchers interested in modeling or otherwise explaining language prpcesses.

A n y o n e w h o s h o u l d b e listed a n d h a s n o t r e c e i v e d a f o r m f r o m D r . W a l k e r c a n submit t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n :

Name, Institution, Mailing Address, Telephone

Statement of major research interests in the area of artificial intelligence and language processing (200 .words or less) . List of most important publications and reports in this area

Keywords to characterize personal interests:

S y s tern b u i l d i n g Q u e s t i o n a n s w e r i n g S p e e c h u n d e r s t a n d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n W o r l d m o d e l i n g B e l i e f m o d e l i n g P l a n n i n g D e c i s i o n m a k i n g Pro toco l a n a l y s i s D i s c o u r s e a n a l y s i s N a r r a t i v e a n a l y s i s

C o n v e r s a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s P r o b l e m s o l v i n g I n f e r e n c e L o g i c D e d u c t i o n T n d u c t i o n S y n t a x S e m a n t i c s P r a g m a t i c s L a n g u a g e a c q u i s i t i o n

( R e s p o n d e n t s a r e i n v i t e d t o a d d t o this l i s t . )

American Journal

L E T T E R S

Linguistics Microf iche 6

-_____ A - _ - - -___ _. __ ---- __ ___-__ -__ - _______- T h e F i n i t e ' S t r i n g p u b L i s h e s l e t t e r s o f reasonable l e n g t h o n t o p i c s r e l e v a n t t o c o m p u t a t i o n a l l i n g u i s t i c s . O n occasion l e t t e r s a r e r e v i e w e d b y r e f e r e e s p r i o r t o p u b l i c a t i o n .

Logos Development Corp. P.O. Box 6 2 N e w Hampton, N.Y. 1 0 9 5 8

D r . Yorick Wilks ' comments r e g a r d i n g t h e Logos Machine T r a n s l a t i o n - System, pub l i shed i n Nov. -Dec. 1973- he ~ i n i t e S t r i n g ( V o l . 1 0 , Nos. 9-10. c o n t a i n b l a t a n t u n t r u t h s t h a t shou ld be c o r r e c t e d . I n sum, he s tates t h a t t h e Logos System h a s en joyed such s u c c e s s because Logos h a s t a k e n t h e o p t i o n of t r a n s l a t i n g ..." such t r i v i a l m a t e r i a l t h a t t h e problems o f n a t u r a l language p r o c e s s i n g s imply do n o t a r i se , o r a t l e a s t a r ise o n l y i n a t r i v i a l form. I I

It i s d i f f i c u l t t o imagine t h e sou rce of such mi s in fo rma t ion because no th ing has been p u b l i s h e d o r p u b l i c l y r e v e a l e d . a b o u t t h e s y s t e m ' s l i n g u i s t i c approach s i n c e t h e Company's i n f a n c y i n e a r l y 1970, b e f o r e t h e development of t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s o f Logos machine sys tems , a t an e x p e n d i t u r e o f two and a h a l f m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . For t h e record, the Logos System does n o t p r e d i c a t e i t s success on t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f c o n s t r a i n e d Engl i sh . Even i n i ts ea r l i e s t days t h e system handled standard l i n g u i s t i c o p e r a t i o n s as a c t i v e - p a s s i v e and ve rb-process noun t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and l i m i t e d pronomial a n t e - cedence r e c o g n i t i o n .

A s e a r l y as m i d 1971, when t h e Logos I1 English-Vietnamese sys tem was still i n mid-development, no less a c r i t i c of MT than Wallace S i n a i k o acknowledged i n an I n s t i t u t e f o r Defense A n a l y s i s s t u d y (Paper P-761, August 1971) t h a t (pa 3 3 ) " t r a n s l a t i o n by computer, o r machine t r a n s l a t i o n (MT) i s s u r p r i s i n g l y good from a r e s e a r c h and development p o i n t o f view. I t i s encourag ing , w e bel ieve, t h a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of ' technology pe rmi t s f a i r l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d t ech - n i c a l Eng l i sh t o be p roces sed by YT; r e s u l t i n g t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o Vietnamese can be read and understood by n a t i v e r e a d e r s o f that l anguage . " O r a g a i n , speaking of tes t s showing t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t of human t r a n s l a t i o n , p o s t - e d i t e d MT, and uned i t ed MT b y . t h e Logos System, (p . 2 2 ) mPerformance under a l l l anguage c o n d i t i o n s w a s s u r p r i s i n g l y s i m i l a r and n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e tes ts on Chap te r s 1 and 3 . Thi s s u g g e s t s t h a t some material might be l e f t uned i t ed , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f it i s n o t t o o t e c h n i c a l , I I

M r . S i n a i k o ' s views w e r e based on t h e Logos System's performance i n t r a n s l a t i n g t h e A i r F o r c e ' s ~ n s t r u m e n t ~ l ~ i n ~ ~ a n u a l , which w a s

hardLy written in constrained English. The English-Russian System, reported on in the March-April TFS (Vol. 10, Nos. 3-4) translated

7 texts (to the satisfaction of Sovlet officials) that were taken from foundry specifications destined for the Soviet Union's Kama River Project.

The Logos I11 English-F.rench System has been under contract to translate IBM computer manuals experimentally, with success. On the strength of its performance, Logos subsequently received a contract from the UN to install its English-French System for pilot translation experimentation. The system is now about to undergo optimization for use in bi-lingual Canada.

If Dr. Wilks feels MT systems should address language other than as it is encountered in the real world of Kama engineering specs, UN treatises, and AF training manuals, then, of course, there can be no argument with his views.

Concerning linguistics and the Logos System, the Company attributes the strength of its technology to the system's grammar and ulti- -

mately to-the linguistic principles on which it is based. This grammar has been developed inductively through the processing of 5 million words (and over 100 concordances) of scientific, engineering, legal and eco~omic/political texts, and through contrastive studies of English with Vietnamese, Chinese, Russian, French, Span- ish and German.

The grammar makes use of transformational Sechniques for normaliz- ing (a La Selig [sic] harris) various constructions for semantic transformation purposes. Other than this, the grammar is a phrase- structure grammar with a high degree of development in word class sub-classifications. These sub-classifications (somewhat along the lines suggested by Chomsky in Aspects) are semanto-syntactic groupings, that is, semantic groupings in terms of syntactic behavior and effect. For example, over 100 semanto-syntactic subclassifica- tions have been recognized and applied to verbs, representing, in effect, a systematic mapping of the intersection of syntax and semantics in English verbs.

Logos has refrained from publishing any accounts of its grammar in the interest of protecting a proprietary aspect of the Company's business. But in all fairness to ourselves, Prof. Wilks' unaccount- able misrepresentations could not remain unanswered.

Bernard E. Scott President

P.S. Friends of Logos Development Corporation will be pleased to know that the Company is about to solve its recent financial difficulties through foreign commercial and governmental development con- tracts of outside o in genera

heal f the 1 has been

-

ropo for too

rtions. recogni much ma

Logos regrets that it has had to go tion and support ~f a technology that ligned in the U. S . , of ten unjustly,

as the present case bears witness.

American Journal of Cumputational Linguistics

S 0 L A R PROJECT

DISTRIBUTES FIRST MATERIALS

Tim D i l l e r , John Olney, and Nathan Ucuzoglu have collected words in use by Speech Understanding Research projects, and begun constructing semantic analyses which will be available via ARPANET.

The files in October 1974 contained analyses of 150 words, combining material extracted from .published sources with critical annotations by SOLAR analysts.

Another file contains definitions and comments for descriptive constants used in the semantic analyses.

A third file contains summary analyses, based a search of philosophical literature, of such notions as abstract object, cause, event, intentional action, object, physical object, process.

A bibliography is in preparation.

For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , c o n t a c t D i l l e r a t System Development Corp. Santa Monica, C a l i f o r n i a

American Journal of Computational Linguistics

Can the United States obtain a better return on the money it

puts into international organizations? The National Science

Foundation has asked the National Academy of sciences - National Research Council to form a camittee to examine programs for

making information accessible.

The Committee met June 24-25 in Washington and adopted a

program :

Examine international nong~vernmental information

organizations from the US viewpoint

Analyze UNISIST programs

Consider ICSU's information programs

Disseminate information about such programs to

US participants in them

Consider the needs of developing countries

The committee is also to,oversee NAS membership in ICSU/AB and FID.

Organizing niembers are Scott Adams, chairman, Isaac L. Auerbach,

Dale B. Baker, Milton Harris, ~utherford D. Rogers, Vladimir

Slamecka, Kenneth W. Thomson; staff officer is Judith A. Werdel.

Additional members are Joshua Smith, A. Hood qoberts, and

Donald E. Walker,

American Journal of Computational Linguistics Microf iche 6

3401 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

1975 M E E T I M G : INFORMATION INTERFACES Hospitality House Arlington, Virginia March 4 - 5

THE FOUR SESSIONS AND THEIR CHAIRMEN:

Bibliographic Control J e r r o l d Orne, U n i v e r s i t y of North Carolina

User Aspects Lee G. Burchinal, O f f i c e of S c i e n c e Information S e r v i c e , N S F

Repackaging of Abstracts Burton A d k i n s o n

Document Access

PROGRAM CHAIRMAN:

G e r a l d S o p h a r , ~ a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l L i b r a r y

Ben H. W e i l , Exxon Research a n d Eng ineer ing Company

OVERLAP STUDY The federation will examine lists of journals covered by 13

major science abstracting and indexing services in the U.S., and a statistical sample of articles from the journals. Support is provided by NSF.

INDEXING K I T FOR UNESCO A pilot kit for training courses in indexing will be edited

by Everett H. Brenner, American Petroleum I n s t i t u t e , w i th the help of Stella Keenan, University of Loughborough, England.

The kit will contain a glossary of terms, introduction to indexing, outline paper on vocabulary development, procedure for development and evaluation of an index, descript ive review of indexing systems, historical review of evaluation and t e s t i n g , d e s c r i p t i o n of current developments, and annota ted bibliography.

American Journal of Computational Linguistics Microfiche 6

O N - L I N E T E R M I N A L S E A R C H I N G F O R R E F E R E N C E L I B R A R I A N S

c o n f e r e n c e : Graduate School o f Libra ry and Information Science P r a t t Institute Brooklyn , New Ybrk 11205

C o n t a c t :

D a t e :

P r o g r a m :

Lecturers :

T r a i n i n g :

D r . P a t r i c i a B r e i v i k , (212 ' ) 636-3702

January 20-22, 1975

A day of lectures followed by two days of t r a i n i n g i n the use of t e r m i n a l s .

Evere t t Brenner, manager. Central A b s t r a c t i n g and Indexing Service, American Petroleum I n s t i t u t e . H e has l e c t u r e d a t P r a t t for n i n e y e a r s and a t t h e City u n i v e r s i t y of New York, G r a d u a t e D i v i s i o n .

Martha E m Williams, d i r e c t o r , I n f o r m a t i o n Ret r ieva l L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s , Urbana. For 15 years she was manager of information science, 1 . I . T . Research I n s t i t u t e , Chicago.

S m a l l groups w i t h expert gu idance . Searches i n Chemical Abstracts u s i n g a n a t u r a l l anguage format; ERIC u s i n g a c o n t r o l l e d v o c a b u l a r y with a t h e s a u r u s ; New York T i m e s I n f o r m a t i o n Bank,

11 American Journal of Computational Linguistics Microfiche 6

1975 A N N U A L C O N V E N T I O N ASSOCIAT ION FOR EDUCATIONAL DATA SYSTENS

Theme DISCOVERY: NEW WORLDS OF EDUCATIONAL DATA SYSTEMS

D a t e April 28 - May 2, 1975

Place Virginia Beach, Virginia

S c o p e New educat ional applications of computers; research and development in eds, computer use in instruction, educational administration and research

Information Duff Green 111, Program Chairman University Sciences Forum 1700 K Stree t , ~orfhwest Washington 20006

PUBLICATION PROBLEMS

Science, the AAAS weekly, is suffering financial pains, according t o Philip H. Abelson, Editor (22 N w 74). The cost of paper, printing, and postage are up; advertising is down; and libraries-with their own problems--are beginning to drop expen- sive s u b s c r i p t i o n s . Abelson's editorial was triggered by a Con- ference on the Economics of Biomedical Publications held in October at the National Library of Medicine; there the American Chemical Society announced a 35% increase to institutional sub- scribers for 1975.

The AJCL format wou1.d help.

American Journal of Computation4 Linguistics M i c r o f i c h e 6

12

R E P O R T

C . N . ~ . C . E . & IBM Pisa

August 12 - September 6 1974

DIRECTOR; Antonio Zampoli

At tendance was limited to about 200 persons

COURSES

M Gross: Les fondements de l a grammaire generative t r a n s - f o r m a t i o n n e l l e ; Problemes de l a l o c a l i s a t i o n d u s e n s une g r a m m a i r e e t dans un l e x i q u e f o r m a l i s e s .

S . R. Petrick: I n t r o d u c t i o n t o LISP Programming language .

A. Zampolli: I n t r o d u c t i o n t o Logic, I .

E . Bach:

C, Fillmore:

B o H a l l Partee:

M. Kay:

J. Lyons:

T. Winograd:

W. Woods:

F. Kiefer:

C. Mueller:

Semant ics i n g e n e r a t i v e g r a m m a r .

Seman t i c s .

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o L o g i c , I I ; Log ic and s e m a n t i c s .

Au tomat ic morphologi caJ , s y n t a c t i c , a n d s e m a n t i c a n a l y s i s

S p e c i a l s p a t i o - t e m p o r a l e x p r e s s i o n s , c a u s a l i t y , mood and m o d a l i t y

Curren t t o p i c s i n ,computat ional s e m a n t i c s .

A d v a n c e d problems i n s y n t a x and seman t i c s f o r intelligent machines

T e x t t h e o r y .

Egements d e s t a t i s t i q u e l i n g u i s t i q u e .

REPORT ON THE ~ R D INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL

COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL LINGUISTICS I n I I t Continued

LECTURES

J. A l l e n

R. Martin

R. Simmons

E. Coseriu

D. Hays

A . Melby

B. Vauquois

P a Sgall

P. Irnbs

F a Marcos Marin

E. Hajicova

Y. Wilks

Automat ic morphological a n a l y s i s o f E n g l i s h ; Transformational G r a m m a r T e s t e r

La notion d e p r e s u p p o s i t i o n ; ~ 6 g a t i o n l o g i q u e et n e g a t i o n l i n g u i s t i q u e

Genera t ion o f language and p i c t u r e s from a seman- t i c data base

La sgmantiqtze f o n c t i o n e l l e

C o g n i t i v e S t r u c t u r e s

J u n c t i o n G r a m m a r and Machine A s s i s t e d T r a n s l a t i o r

I n f o r m a t i c System of Computat ional Linguistics

T o p i c , Focus i n g e n e r a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n

L r organisation d m a n t i q u e i n t e r n e d e s mots pol y s g m i q u e s

B i l i n g u i s m e e t ense ignement

Negat ion and P r e s u p p o s i t i o n

A p r e f e r e n t i a l , pattern s e e k i n g , s e m a n t i c s f o r n a t u r a l language i d f e r e n c e

American Journal of Computational Linguistics M i c r o f i che 6'

R E P O R T

INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SEMINAR

CONCEPTS OF AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF I'IATURAL LANGUAGES

Institut fur Informatik

Stuttgart-

August 13-17, 1974

Director: HANS-JOCHEN SCHNEIDER

A t t e n d a n c e w a s l i m i t e d t o about 5 0 p e r s o n s .

V. S. CHE'RNIAVSKY (Technion Haifa, Israel) reviewed work in

Russia and discusses the PUSTO-NEPUSTO (empty-notempty). informa-

tion retrieval system. Documents and requests are represented

by vectors of descriptors chosen currently from a list of around

3500, arranged in about 1,000 trees. The system is operational

with a file of hundreds of thousands of documents; s ta t i s t i . ca1

analyses of its effectiveness have been made. The use of the

system is less automatic than many western systems due to the

lack of software and hardware in the USSR.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dobranov, L S., D. G. Lakhuti, and G. A. Lesskis. One approach

to the development of an automated IRS with a grammar (State-

ment of the problem and general principles for its solution).

N a u c h n o - T e k n i c h e s k a y a I n f o r m a t s i y a , Series 2 , No. 6, 17-19,

1973.

Federov, E. B. An algorithm for constructing paradigmatic r,ela-

tions in descriptor IRSs (An experiment) . N a u c h n o - T e k n i ches-

kaya I n f o r m a t s i y a , Series 2 , N o . 10, 2 4 - 2 7 , 1 9 3 3 .

STUTTGART S E M I W R

Lakhuti. D m G. and V. S. Cherniavsky. Problem of retrieval

systems evaluation. Part 3 . E f f e c t of ambiguity of t h e ~ e l e -

vant output on the significance of formal evaluations.

N a u c h n o - T e k n i c h e s k a y a ~ n f o r f i a t s i y a , Series 2 . No. 11, 10-15,

1971.

B. PHILLIPS (State University of New York, Buffalo) presented a

model of cognitive knowledge developed by David G. Hays and a

group of students. The model specifies a f e w types of nodes and

a set of 20 o r so arc labels; processes on networks are defined

by reference to these node types and arc labels. Processes are

classified as path tracing operations, which can be realized by

d finite-state automaton, and pattern-matching operations, which

require more powerful computation. T. FURUGORI has used the

m o d e l to build a robot planner for car driving. M. WHITE is

analyzing the abstract terminology of a New England commune.

B. PHILLTPS is developing a theory of discourse coherence.

R. REESE has considered the model far representation of plots in

fiction. W. BENZON is applying the model to poetry at several

levels of analysis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hays, D. G . Elechanisms of l a n g u a g e . Manuscript, 1 9 7 4 .

Hays, Do G. Types of processes on cognitive networks. Proceed-

i n g s of the 1 9 7 3 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e on C o m p u t a t i o n a l

Linguistics. Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki, Florence, 1974.

Furugori, T. A memory m o d e l and s i m u l a t i o n of memory processes

for d r i v i n g a car. Doctoral dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, 1974.

White, M. Cognit ive networks and the Age of Aquarius: Mapping

the teLeologica1 beliefs of a millenarian community. In press.

Phillips, B. Discourse coherence. P r o c e e d i n g s of the 1979

International Conference on C o m p u t a t i o n a l Linguistics. Casa

E d i t r i c e Leo S. Olschki, Florence, 1974.

Phillips, B. Topic analysis. In preparation.

STUTTGART SEMINAR 16

G. SALTON (Cornell University) discussed the SMART informstion

retrieval system, in particular the problem of choosing terms to

form a set of descriptors. A document is represented by a point

in an n-dimensional descriptor space. A good term to use as a descriptor maximizes document separation. Middle frequency terms

can be used directly as descriptors. The problems are with high

and low frequency terms. The solution is to combine high fre-

quency terms into phrases, and ts construct thesauri for low

frequency terms.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Salton, G. A t h e o r y of i n d e x i n g . Technical Report T R 74-203.

Department of Computer Science, Corre11 University, Ithaca.

L. SIKLOSSY (University of Texas, Austin) discussed the LAWALY

robot planning system. This generates a specialized set of pro-

cedures for each axiomatized world. This approach bridges the

generality-power gap between planners for very general and for

very specific worlds. Extensions of the LAWALY system were also

presented: DISPROVER shows that impossible tasks in a world cor-

respond to disprovable tasks in the model,. Models for worlds in

which a robot is not omnipotent, i.e. a world containing other

robots or containing processes over which the robot has no con-

trol also extend the system.

Siklossy, L., and J. Dreussi. An efficient robot planner which

generates its own procedures. In P r o c e e d i n g s of the Third

I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o i n t Con ference on A r t i f i c i a l InteLligence,

1 9 7 3 .

S i k l o s s y , L, and J. Roach. Model verification and improvement

using DISPROVER. Technical Report TR-26, Department of Com-

puter Science, University of Texas, Austin, July 1973.

~endrix, G. ~odelling simultaneous actions in a robot environ-

ment. Department of Computer Science, University of Texas,

Austin, no date.

STUTTGART SEMINAR

R. SIMMONS (Ulnivers i ty of Texas, Austin) reviewed major work in

the USA. He presented his system for drawing-pictures on a

videoscreen of a clown and a pole, following input sentences

given i n n a t u r a l language. The a i m of the project is to con-

struct a 'toy1 which childreh can use to learn to coryelate sen-

tence structure and meaning by seeing visual representations of

the content of their sentences. A transition-network parser pro-

duces statements in a LOGO-type procedural language that draw the p i c t u r e s .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Walker. D. E m Automated language processing. In Annual Review

of information Science and T e c h n o l o g y , 8, edi ted by C. A .

Cuadra. American S o c i e t y for Information Science, 1973.

Hendrix, G: G., C. W. Thompson, and J. Slocum. Language pro;

cessing via c a n o n i c a l verbs and semantic models. Technical

Report NL 16, Department of Computer Sciences and CAI Labork-

tory, University Of Texas, Austin, June 1973.


18

I N F O R M A T I C S A N D P H I L O L O G Y

The conference, organized by the Institut de Recherche d'Informatique et dlAutomatique, dealt with analysis of vocabulary and grammatical structure, problenls of criticism and interpretation, deciphering unknown languages, preparation of diction- aries, and linguistic description.

Cha.irman of the conference was Professor Marichal, head of History and Philology at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. The progrm committee consisted of I?. harpin in, M. Cross, A. Lentin, and M. Nivat.

Information about the praoeedings can be obtained trom IRIA, Qomaine de Voluceau, 78150 Rocquencourt.

A R I O S T O C O N C O R D A N C E

1974 is the 500th anniversary of the birth of Ludovico Ariosto. A concordance comparing three drafts of Orlando Furioso (1516, 1521, 1532) is being prepared by two specialists from the University of Pavia undes the direction of Cesare Segre.

Computations will be performed at C.N.U.C.E., Pisa, by Antonio Zampolli. The concordance is to be completed in 1975; plans were reported by Zampolli and Segre at a commemorative sym- p0sium in Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, October 12-16.

American Journal of Computational Linguistics Micro f i che 6

19

ROUND TABLE ON

ANALYTIC PROCEDURES AND VALIDATION METHODS IN THE STUDY OF TEXT DATA Aix-en-Provence, December 11-13, 1974

Application of new methods of textual analysis has not yielded results of demonstrably higher quality. Many projects set out to treat the entire problem of discourse, literature, etc. Often no distinction is made between the formulation of hypotheses and the demonstration of their validity. The round table was planned to consider two general areas.

1. The study of certain classes of texts with a view to determin- i n g the linguistic characteristics of these classes by understanding their syntactic, stylistic, lexicosemantic, and logical aspects.

2. The study of text data vis-a-vis the utilization of information techniques (man-machine communication in natural language, simulation of reasoning, etc.) and the points of view of fields such as linguistics, logic, information theory, etc.

3. The study of text data as data particularly appropriate, to diverse human disciplines, including psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, anthrapoLogy, etc.

Information about the round table can be obtained from Groupe de ~ebherche Informatique et Linguistique, 7, Boulevard Paul dlQlonne 13103 -Aiz-en-Provence, France

The second sponsor o$ the meeting was the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique through its Unite de Recherche Analyse Documentaire et Calcul en Archeologie, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier 13274 Marseille Cedex 2


20

S I G L A S H : SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP ON

LANGUAGE ANALYSIS AND. STUDIES IN THE HUMANITIES OF THE

SIGLASH publishes a Newsletter five times a year.

Membership is $4.00 for ACM membe+s, $2.00 for ACM student

members, $6.00 for persons not members of ACM, and $ll,OC for

institutions.

Officers 1973 - 1975 are Chairman Michael Lesk, Bell Laboratories

Vice Chairman Stephen Waite, Dartmouth College

Secretary Robert Wachal, University of Iowa

Treasurer Dolores Burton, Boston University

Editor Karen Mullen, University of Iowa

CONCEPT COLLECT I ON I N POLITICAL SCIENCE

George J. Graham, Vanderbilt University, is designing a file for computer processing at the Information Utilization Laboratory, Pittsburgh.

Each entry is expected to include quotations and sources, formal statements where applicable, some indication of the type of theory and level of abstraction to which the concept is relevant and information qbout indicators and operational measures.

His project is part of a program of conceptual and termin- ological analysis within t h e International Political Science Association and the International Studies Association.


21

R E L I A B L E S O F T W A R E

S p o n s o r s IEEE Computer Society and its Reliability Group

ACM SIGPLAN, SIGMETRICS ~ a k i o n a l Bureau of Standards

Date: April 22-24, 1975

P l a c e : International Hotel, Los Anqeles

General C h a i r m e n :

M. L. Shooman Polytechnic Inst i t -ute of New Y o r k 3 3 3 Jay Street Brooklyn 11021

R. T. Yeh University of Texas Austin 78712

P r o g r a m Chairman:

Barry W. Boehm TRW Systems Group O n e Space Park, E1/5017 kedondo Beach, C a l i f o r n i a 90279

CONFERENCE :

DEVELOPMENTAL PSY CHOLI NGU I ST I CS AND COMMUNICATION DISORDERS

Sponsor New York Academy of Science

Date & P l a c e January 24-25, 1975 Delmonico Hotel, New York

S c o p e Philosophy, psychology, linguistics, anthropology

I n f o r m a t i o n Conference D e p a r t m e n t , NYAS 2 E a s t - 63rd Street New Y o r k 10021 T e l : (212) 838-0230


22 N A T I O N A L S C I E N C E F O U N D A T I O N

EXCERPTS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTORY

Director: H. Guyford Stever Assistant D i r e c t o r f o r National and In te rna t iona l , P r o g r a m s : Thomas B. Owen ... Office of Science I n f o r m a t i o n Service... Assistant Director for R e s e a r c h : Edward C, Creutz ... Division of C o m p u t e r Research,

D i v i s i o n of Social Sciences.. . OFFICE OF SCIENCE INFORMATION SERVICE

1900 Penn s y l v a n i a Avenue, N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 20550

Head Lee G. B u r c h i n a l Senior S t a f f Associate Andrew A . Aines Staff Associate Robert S. Cutler Sta-f f Associate Eugene Pronko

National ~nformation Program

Director H a r o l d E . B a m f o r d , Jr. 6 3 2 - 5 8 0 0

User Support Program

A c t i n g . Director

R e s e a r c h Program

Director

Joel D. G o l d h a r

E d w a r d C. Weiss

DIVISION O F COMPUTER RESEARCH 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, D . C . 2 0 5 5 0

Head 3ohn R. P a s t a

Computer Science and ~ngineering Section

He ad Kent K. Curtis

Theoretical C o m p u t e r Science Program

D i r e c t o r Val G. Tareski

Sof tware and Programming Systems P r o g r a m

D i r e c t o r Thomas A . K e e n a n

Computer Systems Design Program

D i r e c t o r J o h n R. L e h m a n n

C o m p u t e r Applicatiohs in Research s e c t i o n

Head D. Don Aufenkamp 6 3 2 - 5 7 4 3

Networking f o r Science Program

Direc tor W a l t e r A. Sedelow, J r , 6 3 2 - 5 7 4 3

Techniques and S y s t e m s P r o g r a m

Direc tor Sally Y e a t e s Sedelow 6.32-5743

Software Quality Research Program

Computer Impac t on Society S e c t i o n

Ac t ing H e a d F r e d W e i n g a r t e n

Computer Impact on the I n d i v i d u a l P r o g r a m

Di rec to r M. G r a n g e r Morgan

Computer Impact on Organizations P r o g r a m

DIVISION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 1800 G Street, N.W., W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20550

Division D i r e c t o r Y o w a r d H. N i n e s

Anthropology Program

Director Associate

~conomics Program

Direc tor Associate

Iwao I s h i n o M a r y Greene

J a m e s H. B l a c k m a n N a n c y C . Wilson

Geography P r o g r a ~

History and Philosophy of Science Program

Consultant ~ s s o c i a t e

Dudley S h a p e r e R o n a r d O v e r m a n n

Law and 5oc ia l Science Program

Direc tor W a l t e r Probert

Political Science P r o g r a m

D i r sctor Associate

Sociology Program

G . R. B o y n t o n 6-12-4348 B e r t h a W. Rubinstein 632-4289

D i r e c t o r D o n a l d R . P l o c h Assistant Program Director Garry W. W a l l a c e

Social Psychology P r o q r a m

Di rec to r Associate

Special Projects Program

R o l a n d W. R a d l o f f N a n c y G. Allinson

Director M u r r a y Aborn Staff Associake (~inguistics) AIL an E . Be1 1

S c i e n c e P o l i c y R e s e a r c h Program

American Journal of Computational Linguistic* Micro f iche 6

INFORMAT ION FOR BUYERS

OF MICROFICHE READERS

National Microfilm Association 8728 C o l e s v i l l e Road Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

~ n t r o d u c t i o n t o Microqraphics. A 2 8 - p a g e i l l u s t F a t e d p r i m e r . C h a p t e r s on m i c r o f i l m f o r m a t s , r o l l m i c r o f i l m , u n i ti zed m i c r o f o r m s , d u p l i c a t i n g m i c r o f o r m s , u s i n g m i c r o f o r m s a n d m i c r o f o r m s y s t e m s . $ 1 . 0 0

H o w t o Select a Microform Reader o r R e a d e r - P r i n t e r . A 2 0 - p a g e i l l u s t r a t e d g u i d e . D e - s c r i p t i o n o f f e a t u r e s a v a i l a b l e , $ 2 . O O

G l o s s a r y of Micrographics. A 7 2 - p a g e d o c u m e n t c o n t a i n i n g d e f i n i - t i o n s o f over 1 , 0 0 0 terms i n c l u d i n g t r a d e m a r k s a n d t r a d e n a m e s . $ 5 . 0 0

A Microform Handbook. D a l e G a d d y , A m e r i c a n J s s o c i a t i o n of J u n i o r a n d C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e s . This 128-page p u b l i c a t i o n covers the s e l e c t i o n , a c q u i s i t i o n and u s e of b o t h s o f t w a r e a n d h a r d w a r e . 8 5 . 0 0

A l l f o u r p u b l i c a t i o n s ordered t o g e t h e r , $ 1 0 . 0 0

THESE PUBLICATIONS

DO NOT RECOMMEND S P E C I F I C MACHINES


26

A R T I F I C I A L I N T E L L I G E N C E I N P O L A N D

A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

J a n u s z S t a n i s l a w Bien I n s t y t u t M a s z y n M a t e m a t y c z n y c h U n i w e r s y t e t u W a x z a w s k i e g o P a l a c K u l t u r y i N a u k i p . 837

[Although t h i s b i b l i o g r a p h y , compiled i n December 1 9 7 2 , l a c k s Cur r en t e n t r i e s , it probably Lists numerous c o n t r i b u t i o n s unknown t o most r e a d e r s . ]

Apres jan , J u r i j D. D e f i n i o w a n i e z n a c z e n l e k s y k a l n y c h j a k o z a g a d - n i e n i e s e m a n t y k i t e o r e t y c z n e j . ( D e f i n i n g l e x i c a l m e a n i n g a s a p r o b l e m o f t h e o r e t i c a l l i n g u i s t i c s . ) I n P o l i s h , t r a n s l a t e d from Russ ian by J. Faryno. I n W i e r z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s r o w n i k , p p 3 9 - 5 7 ,

Apres j an , J u r i j D. ; M e 1 ' cuk , I g o r A . ; i o l k o v s k i j , Aleksandr K . P r o b a objasniajacokombinatorycznego s Z o w n i k a j e z y k a r o s y j s k i e g o ( A t t e m p t o f R u s s i a n explanatory-combinatorical d i c t i o n a r y . ) In P o l i s h , t r a n s l a t e d from Russian by J. Faryno. In W i e r z b i c k a A . f e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s z o w n i k , p p 7 9 - 9 3 .

Banczerowski, J anusz ; KoJwzan,Wiktor. P o p y t k i k i b e r n e t i c e s k o j i n t e r - p r e t a c i i z n a k a . ( A t t e m p t of c y b e r n e t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s i g n ) I n Russian. B i u l e t y n F o n o g r a f i c z n y , V o l X I , 1 9 7 1 .

Banczerowski, Janusz ; Kolwzan,Wiktor. F u n k c i o n i r o w a n e i n f o r m a c i o n n o j m o d e l i j a z y k a . ( F u n c t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n m o d e l o f l a n g u a g e .) In Russiall . B i u l e t y n F o n o g r a f i c z n y V o l X I , 1 9 7 1 .

Banczerowski, J anusz ; Kaniuka Wladyslaw; Koxwzan, Wiktor. R o l a p o - j e c i a k l a s y w m o d e l u j e z y k a . ( R o l e o f t h e n o t i o n o f c l a s s i n a l a n g u a g e m o d e l . ) I n P o l i s h . B i u l e t y n F o n o g r a f i c z n y , V o l X I 1 9 7 1 .

Beller t , Irena. A S e m a n t i c A p p r o a c h t o Grammar C o n s t r u c t i o n . I n : T o Honor Roman J a k o b s o n . M o u t o n 1 9 6 7 .

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POLAND

Bellert, Irena. O n .the Use o f L i n g u i s t i c s Q u a n t i f y i n g O p e r a t o r s i n t h e L o g i c o - S e m a n t i c S t r u c t u r e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f U t t e r a n c e s . I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on C o m p u t a t i o n a l L i n g u i s t i c s , 1 9 6 9 , P r e p r i n t N o . 2 8 .

Bellert, Irena. On C e r t a i n S y n t a c t i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f t he E n g l i s h C o n ~ f e c t i v e s , A n d , a n d B u t . B i u l e t y n F o n o g r a f i c z n y , V o l X . 1 9 6 9

Bellert, Irena. N i e k f o r e p o d s t a w y m o d a l n e w i n t e r p r e t a c j i s e m a n t y - c z n e j w y p o w i e d z e n . ( S o m e p r o p o s i t i o n a l a t t i t r u d e s i n s e m a n t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f u t t e r a n c e s . In Polish. Ses ja N a u k o w a M i e d z y n a r o d o w e j K o m i s j i Budowy J e z y k o w s l o w i a n s k i c h . O s s o l i n e u m 1 9 7 1 , p p 1 5 5 - 1 6 9 .

B e l l e r t , Irena.. A r g u m e n t s a n d P r e d i c a t e s i n t h e L o g i c o - S e m a n t i c S t r u c t u r e o f U t t e r a n c e s . K i e f e r F. ( e d . ) . S t u d i e s i n S y n t a x a n d S e m a f i t d cs. Dordrecht : D . R e i d e l 1 9 6 9 , p p 3 4 - 5 4 .

Bellert, Irena: S e t s of I m p l i c a t i o n s as t h e I n t e r p r e t a t i v e Compon- ent o f a ~ i a m m a r . K i e f e r , F . , R u w e t ! N. ( e d s . ) G e n e r a t i v e Gram- m a r i n E u r o p e . D o r d r e c h t , D. R e i d e l .

Bellert, Irena. On L o g i c o - S e m a n t i c A n a l y s i s af U t t e r a n c e s . O s s o l i n e u m , 1 9 7 2 .

Bellert, Irena; Saloni, Zygmunt. 0 o p i s i e s e m a n t y c z n y m h a s e , Z c z a s - o w n i k o w y c h . ( O n s e m a n t i c d e s c r i p t i c n of verbal e n t r i e s . ) In Polish, W i e r z b i c k a A. (ed) S e m a n t y k a i s l o w n i k , p p 223-236.

Bellert, Irena; Zawadowski, WacYaw. P r e l i m i n a r y A t t e m p t a t O u t l i n i n g a S y s t e m of L i n g u i s t i c s S i g n s i n T e r m s o f t h e T h e o r y o f C a t e - g o r i e s . S i g n , L a n g u a g e , C u 1 t u r e . M o u t . o n , p p 232-243.

Bien, Janusz Stanislaw. A l g o r y t r n k a n i i r g a c j i p o l s l - i e j - p r o g r a m y n a m a s z y n e GIER. (The a l g o r i t h m o f P o l i s f i c o n j u g a t i o n , p r o - g r a m s f o r t h e G I E R c o m p u t e r . ) I n Polish. Master T h e s i s , Dept. o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d H e c h a n i c s , U n i w e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 6 9 .

Bien, Janusz Stanislaw. A l g o r y t m i z a c j a f l e k s j i p o l s k i e j - p r o b l e m y i p e r s p e k t y w y . ( A l g o r i t h m i c a p p r o a c h t o P o l i s h i n f l e c t i o n . P r o b l e m s a n d p e r s p e c t i v e s .) In P o l i s h , summary in English and Russian. M a s z y n y M a t e m a t y c z n e , rok V n r 5 , m a j 1 9 6 9 , p p 1 5 - 1 8 .

Bien, Janusz Stanislaw. Aq A l p h a b e t i c C o d e f o r t h e I n f l e x i o n a l A n a l y s i s 0.f P o l i s h T e x t s . Summary i n Polish and Russian. A l g o r y t m y , V o J . VIII, No. 2 4 , 1 9 7 1 , p p 5 - 2 5 .

Bien, Janusz Stanislaw. 0 d w o c h p o j e c i a c h p o z y t e c z n y c h p r z y a u t o - m a t y c z n y m p r z c t w a r z a n i u t e k s t o w . ( L e x a n d l e x e m e . T w o n o t i o n s u s e f u l f o r a u t o m a t i c t e x t processing.) I n Polish, summary in


English. 2 p o l s k i c h s t u d i o w s l a k r i s . t y c z n y c h . ~ e r i a 4 . Jezy- k o z n a w s t w o . W a r s z a w a 1 9 7 2 , p p 3 1 1 - 3 1 5 ,

Bien, Janusz Staniszaw. z a z o i e n i a p o l s k i e g e s y s t e m u k o n w e r s a c y j - n e g o MARYSIA. ( O u t l i n e o f P o l i s h c o n v e r s a . t i o n a 1 s y , s t e m M A R Y S I A ) . I n Polish. Z a s t o s o w a n i e m a s z y n m a t e m a t y c z n y c h do b a d a n n a d j e z y k i e m n a t u r a 1 n y . m

Bien J a n u s z Stanislaw. S y s t e m k o n w e r s a c y j n y MARYSIA. ( M A R Y S I A c o n v e t s a t i o n a l system.) In polish. S e m i n a r h u m O p r o g r a m o w a n i a M a s z y n i S y s t e m o w C y f r o w y c h , P r a c e CO PAN ( C o m p u t a t i o n a l C e n t r e P o l i s h A c a d e m y o f Scien'ces R e , p o r t s )

Boguslawski, Andrzej. S e m a n t y c z n e p o j e c i e l i c z e b n i k a i j e g o m o r f o - l o g i a w j e z y k u r o s y j s k i m ( S e m a n t i c n o t i o n o f n u m e r a l a n d i t s m o r p h o l o g y i n R u s s i a n . ) I n Polish, summary in English. O s s o l i n e u m 1 9 6 6 .

Boguslawski, Andrzej. 0 w y r g z e n i a c h o z n a c z a j a c y c h z m i a n e . (011 e x p r e s s i o n s d e n o t i n g c h a n g e . ) I n Polish. W i e r z b i c k a A. ( e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s f o w n i k , p p 1 4 7 - 1 4 9 .

~oguslawski, Andrze j . K v o p r o s u o s e m a n t i c e s k o j s to ronw g l a g o l q y h v i d o v . (On p r o b l e m o f s e m a f i t i c a s p e c t s o f v e r b a l mods . . ) I n Russian. Z p o l s k i c h s t u d i o w s l a w i s t y c z n y c h . S e r i a 4 . J e z y k o - n a w s t w o . W a r s z a w a : P W N 1 9 7 2 , p p 2 2 7 - 2 3 2 .

Bole, Leonard. Z u r R e d u z i e r u n g von A l p h a b e t s - u n d P r o d u k t i o n s - m e n g e n i n K o n t e x t f r e i e n P h r : a s e n s t r u k t u r g r a m m a t i k e n . ( O n r e d u c - t i o n o f a l p h a b e t a n d p r o d u c t i o n s e t s i n c o n t e x t , - f r e e p h r a s e s t r u c t u r e g r a m m a r s . I n German. B i u l e t y n F o n o g r a f i c z n y , X I , 1 9 7 1 , p p 1 1 5 - 1 2 0 .

Bolc, Leonard. Die L o s u n g does S a c k g a s s e n p s o b l e m s b e i d e r M a s c h i n - e l l e n A n a l y s e N a t u r l i c h e r S p r a c h e n ( A s o l u t i o n of t h e b l i n d - a l l e y p r o b l e m i n the a u t o m a t i c a n a l y s i s o f n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e s . ) In German, B i u l e t y n . F o n o g r a f i c z n y , XI, 1 9 7 1 , p p 1 2 1 - 1 2 6 .

Bolc, Leonard. E i n Model1 z u r a u t o m a t i s c b e n K l a s s i f i k a t i o n v o n S i g n a l e n m i t m w e n d u n g a u f d i e a u t o m a t i s c h e S p r a c h e r k e n n u n g . ( A m o d e l f o r a u t o m a h i c . c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s i g n a l s a p p l i e d t o a u t o m a t i - c s p e e c h r e c o g n i t i o n . ) I n German. I n f o r m a t i o n s - u n d E n e p g i e t e c h n i k , L e i p z i g 2 r 1 9 7 2 ; p p 1 - 4 .

Chmielak, Anna. U k i e r u n k o w a n e losowo g e n e r o w a n i e z d a n w g r a m a t y - k a c b b e a k o n t e k s t o w y c h . ( D i r e c t e d r a n d o m g e n e r a t i o n of sen t e n - cmes i n c o n t e x t - f r e e g r a m m a r s . ) In Polish. M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p t . o f at he ma tics and M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t v o f W a r s a w , 1 9 7 1 .


Czyzo, E2nanue.l. K o m p u t e r y w t e o r i i g r u p . Proces w y b i e r a n i a d l a sJbw d o d a t n i c h . ( C o m p u t e r s i n g r o u p t h e o r y . C o l l e c t i n g pro- c e s s for- positive words.) In Polish. S p r a w o z d a n i a I M M i Z O N UW hr 2 4 . W a r s z a w a , 1970,

C a z o , -nuel. Komputery w t e o r i i g r u p . S y s t e m p r z e t w a r z a n i a s,Zaw. ( C o p p u t e r s in group t h e o p y : w o r d processing system.) In ~oli&, summary i n English. S p ~ a w o z d a n i a I M M i ? O N UW nr 2 9 . W A r s z a w a , 1971.

Czyzc, manuel. K o m p u t e r y w teorii g r u p . A l g o r y t m w y b i e r a n i a . (Computers i n g r o u p t h e o r y . C o l l e c t i n g a l g o r i t h m . ) I n Polish, summary i n E ~ z g l i s h . sprawozdania I M M i ZON U W nr 3 1 . W a ~ s z a w a , 1 5 7 2 .

C z y z o , Ernanuel. A n A t t e m p t of M e c h a n i z a t i o n of Hall C o l l e c t i n g P r q c e s s . Summary in Polish and Russian. A l g o r y t m y , V o l . I X , N o . 1 5 , 1 9 . 7 2 , p p 5 - 1 7 .

Dabrowski, Jerzy. A l g o r y t r n g e n e r o w a n i a gramatyk r e g u l a r n y c h . ( A l g ~ r i t h m s for g e n e r a t i n g # r e g u l a r g r a m m a r s . ) I n Polish. Master t h e s i s , D e p t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y 02 W a r s a w , 1 9 72.

D a b r o w s k i , MirosJ'aw. S k r o t o w e p r z e d s t a w i e n i e zbioru i n f o r m a c j i . ( A b b r e v i a t e d d e n o t a t i o n o f t h e information s e t . ) I n Polish, summary i n E n g l i s h and Russian. P r a c e CO PAN ( C o m p u t a t i o n a l Centre P o l i s h , Academy of Sciences R e p o r t s ) z . 3 7 , h l a r s z a w a , 1 9 7 1 , p p . 1 2 .

D a b r o w s k i , M i r o s l a w . M o d e l m a t e m a t y c z n y systemu w y s z u k i w a n i a d o & - u m e n t o w . ( M a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l of d o c u m e n t r e t r i e v a l system. ) In P o l i s h , summary i n E n g l i s h and R u s s i a n . P r a c e C O PAN (Computational ~ b n t r e Polish A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s R e p o r t s ) z . 5 5 , Warszawa 1 9 7 1 , p p 21.

Decowski, M. M e t o d a p r o j e k t o w a n i a k l a s y f i k a t o r a w y r y w a j a c e g o z e s t a w y cech l o k a l n y c h o b r a z o w . ( M e t h o d o f d e s i g n i n g c l a s s i - fier f o r d e t e c t i n g l o c a l p r o p e r t i e s of p i c t u r e . ) In Polish. Prace V K r a j o w e j K o n f e r e n c j i A u t o m a t y k i , G d a n s k , 1 9 7 1 .

Decowski, M . ; Decowski, 2.; G a w r o n s k a , R.; Mierzejewska, J.; Borejko, Z . C y f r o w y m o d e l n e u r o n u o s t e r o w a n y c h p a r a n e t r a c h . (Digital m o d e l o f n e u r o n w i t h c o n t r o l l e d p a r a m e t e r s . ) In Polish. P r a c e I n s t y t u t u C y b e r n e t y k i S t o s o w a n e j P A N .

Dobosiewicz, WJ!odzimierz. Zastosowanie przeksztaJcenia Laplace a o b l i c z a n e g o metoda p r z e k s z t a J c a n i a w y r a z e n . ( A p p l i c a t i o n s o f Laplace's t r a n s f o r m a t i o n evaluated b y formula m a n i p u l a t i o n . ) - In Polish. Master thesis, D e p t . of Mathema t i c s and M e c h a n i c s , University of W a r s a w , 1 9 7 2 .


Dobrzynska, Teresa. 0 seman tyczne j r e p r e z e n t a c j l n i e k t o r y c k w y r a - zen m e t a f o r y c z n y c h . (Oil. s e m a n t i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f some meta- p h o r i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s . ) I n Polish. W i e r z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) Semantyka i sYownik , p p 191-208.

DuPewicz, R. Pro jek towanie s i e c i d o w y d z i e l a n i a cech l o k a l n y c h o b r a z u . (Des ign ing o f ne tworks f o r d e t e c t i n g l o c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p i c t u r e . ) In Polish. Prace I V Krdjowej K o n f e r e n c j i Au tomatyk i . Krakow, 1 9 6 7 z. 9.

Dulewicz, R. W y d z i e l a n i e z obrazu cech l o k a l n y c h t y p u skrzyzowan. ( D e t e c t i o n o f c r o s s - l i k e l a c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p i c t u r e . ) I n P o l i s h . Ptace I n s t y t u t u Automatyki PAN z . 5 f , Warszawa 1967.

~ulewicz, R. Model l ing t h e d e t e c t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i v e areas b y means of m u l t i - l a y e r n e t s . W i s s e n s c h a f t l , Z t . K a r l Marx Uniw. B d . 1 7 , 1968. Mathem.-Naturwiss. H . 3 .

Dulewicz, A., and Dulewicz R. WykorzyS tanie f i l t r o k do kompen- s a c j i uszkodzen obrazow w b i o l o g i c z n y c h i t e c h n i c z n y c h ukzadach rozpozna j a c y c h . ( A p p l i c a t i o n o f f i l t e r s f o r compensat ion o f p i c t u r e damages i n b i o l o g i c a l and t e c h n i c a l r ecogn i t i a n s y s terns. ) I n Polish. Prace V Krajowej K o n f e r e n c j i Au tomatyk ip Gdansk 1971.

Ehrenfeucht A.; Orrowska E. mechanical, proof procedure for ppopo- s i t i o n a l c a l c u l u s . B u l l e t i n de 1 'Academic Po lona i se des S c i e n c e s , ~ e r i e des S c i e n c e s Mathemat iques , As t ronomiques , e t P h y s i q u e s , v o l . X V , No. 1 , 1 9 6 7 , p p 2 5 - 3 0 .

Faryno, J e r z y . S t r u k t u r a gzeboka wyJadnik8 , j e s l i . . , t o . . ( D e e p s t r u c t u r e o f t h e e x p o n e n t , . . i f . . , t h e n . . ) In PolTsh. Wierzb icka A . , Semantyka i s,Zownik, pp 165-178.

Franjasz Maria. Badanie s t r u k t u r y srownikowej i n f o r m a c j i czasowni- kowe j d l a p o t r z e b s ystemu konwersacy jnego. ( I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r e o f Doroszewski ' s d i c t i o n a r y c o n j u g a t i o n a l i n f o r - ma t ion f o r u s i n g it i n a c o n v e r s a t i o n a l s y s t e m . ) I n Po-l ish. Master t h e s i s . Dept. o f Mathematics and Mechanics, U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1971.

Grodzki, Zenon. Wprowadzenie f l e k s j i l i c - zebnikow p o l s k i c h n a EMC G I E R . ( I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f P o l i s h numeral i n f l e x i o n on t h e G I E R computer . ) In Polish. Master t h e s i s , Dept . of Mathematics and Mechanics , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1970.

Grodzki Zenon. z problemow masynowego prze twarzan ia t e k s t o w po l - s k i c h . F l e k s j a l i c z e b n i k o w . (Towards a u t o m a t i c p r o c e s s i n g of P o l i s h t e x t s . Numerical i n f l e x i o n . ) I n Polish. Poradnik Jezykowy, n r 1 , r. 1972.

LRTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN POLAND

;awr6nski, Ryszard. s iec i w a r s t w o w e w z a s t o s o w a n i u d o m o d e l o w a n i a p e r c e p c j i w z r b k o w e j . ( S t b t i a l ne twork a p p l i e d f o r m o d e l l i n g v i s u a l p e r c e p t i o n . 1 In Polish. P r a c e IV K r a j o w e j K o n f e r e n c j i A u t o m a t y k i , ~ r a k o ( w , 1 9 6 7 .

~ a w r 6 n s k i , Rysard. P r o p e r t i e s of s t r a t i a l n e u r o n - l i k e n e t s . A c k a B i o l o g i a E x p e r i m e n t a l i s , 1 9 6 9 , p p 3 1 9 - 3 3 4 .

~awrgnski, R e and Konorski, J. T e c h n i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e a r r a n g e - m e n t s i n v o l v e d i n m o d e l l i n g . . A n a t t e m p t a t m o d e l l i n g o f t h e c e n t r a l a l i m e n t a r y s y s t e m i n h i g h e r a n i m a l s . A z t a N e u f o b i o - l o g i a e ~ x p e r i m e n t a l i s , 1 9 7 0 , p p 3 3 3 - 3 4 6 .

~awrSnski, R. and Konorski, J. s o m e t h e o r i c a l p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d m o d e l l i n g o f t h e s i m p l e n e u r a l s t r u c t u r e s . A n a t t e m p t a t m o d e l l i n g o f t h e c e n t r a l a l i m e n t a r y s y s t e m s i n h i g h e r a n i m a l s . A c t a N e u r o b i o l o g i a e E x p e r i m e n t a l i s , 1 9 7 0 , p p 3 4 7 - 3 7 0 .

~ a w r b n s k i , ~yszard. S r a v n e n i e n g k o t o r y h s v o j s t v s i m e t r i c n y h s l o v i s - t y h s e t e j s p r j a m y m i i o b r o t n y m i l o k a l n y m i s v j a z j a m i . ( C o m - p a r i s o n o f some p r o p e r t i e s o f s y m e t r i c a l s t r a t i a l n e t w o r k s w i t h l o c a l f eed f o r w a r d a n d f e e d b a c k . In Russian. Modeli ne j r o n n y c h s t r u k t u r . Moskwa: N a u k a 1 9 7 0 .

# Gawronski, Ryszard. s i e c i w a r s t w o w e a Z o z o n e z e l e m e n t & n e w r o p o d o b -

nych w z a s t o g o w a n i u d o w s t e p h e g o p r z e t w a r z a n i a d a n y c h . ( S t r a t i a l nets compost2d of n e u r o n - l i k e e l e m e n t s a p p l i e d i n p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e of d a t a p r o c e s s i n g . ) In Polish. P r a c e I n s t y t u t u C y b e r - netyki S t o s o w a n e j 2 . 3 , 4 . 1 9 7 2 , p p 113.

Iordanskaja, Lidia. ~ r 6 b a l e k s y k o g r a f i c z n e g o o p i s u z n a c z e ; g r u p y r o s y j s k i c h sJ8w o z n a c z a j a c y c h u c z u c i a . ( A t t e m p t o f l e x i c o g r a p h - ical d e s c r i p t i o n o f a g r o u p o f R u s s i a n w o r d s c o n c e r n i n g f e e l i n g s . I n Polish, translated from Russian by J. Faryno. w i e ~ z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s z o w n i k , p p 1 0 5 - 1 2 3 .

Jachimska, Urszula. K o n w e r s a c y j n y p r o g r a m a u t o m a t y c z n e g o d o w o d z e n i a t w i e r d z e n w r a c h u n k u z d a n i p r e d y k a t 6 w . ( I n t e r a c t i v e p r o g r a m for a u t o m a t i c p r o v i n g o f t h e o r e m s of p r o p o s i t i o n a l a n d p r e d i c a t e c a l c u l i .) In Polish. M a s t e r t h e s i ' s , D e p t . o f M a f h e m a t i c s and M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 7 2 .

Janus, Elzbieta. Aneks ( A n n e x t o t h e p a p e r : A p r e S j a n , M e l ' c u k , Z o J k o w s k i : P r o b a objasniajaco-kombinatorycznego s J o w n i k a j e z y k a r o s y j s k i e g o , ! I n Polish. W i e r z b i c k a A . , S e m a n t y k a i s z o w n i k , p p 94-103.


J a n u s , E l b i e t a . 0 ,Yacznozci s z o w a , , g o r a c o , , . (on v a l e n c y o f . . . w a r m . . .) In p o l i s h . W i e r z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s Iownik p p 1 3 3 - 1 4 6 .

Karolak, Stan i s l aw . 0 z n a c z e n i a c h c z a s o w n i k b w o d i m i e n n y c h . ( O n m e a n i n g o f verbs derived f r d m n o u n s .) In Polish. W i e r z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) S e m a n t y k a i s l o w n i k , p p 2 0 9 - 2 2 1 .

Karwan, Zofia. U p r . a s z c z a n i e m a s t y n T u r i n g a . ( S i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f T u r i n g m a c h i n e s . ) In Polish. M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p t . o f M a t h e - m a t i c s a n d M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 7 2 .

Konca, Pawex. W y k o r z y s t a n i e j e z y k a LOGOL d o a n a l i z y s y n t a k t y c z n e j . ( A p p l i c a t i o n o f the L O G O L l a n g u a g e t o s y n t a c t i c a l a n a l y s i s .) I n P o l i s h . M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of M a t h e m a t i c s a n d Mech- a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 6 9 .

Konorski, J . and ~ a w r g n s k i , J. P h y s i o l o g i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o - n o f the a l i m e n t a 3 y system. A n a t t e m p t a t m o d e / l i n g o f t h e c e n t r a l a l i m e n t a r y s y s t e m i n h i g h e r a n i m a l s . A C t a N e u r o b i o l o g i a e E x - p e r i m e n - t a l i s , 1 9 7 Q , p p 3 1 3 - 3 3 1 .

Konorski , J . , and ~ a w r g n s k i , Re E x p e r i m e n t s on c l a s s i c a l c o n d i - t i o n i n g . A n A t t e m p t a t m o d e l l i n g o f t h e c e n t r a l a l i m e n t a r y s y s t e m s i n h i g h e r a n i m a l s . A c t a N e u r o b i o l o g i a e E x p e r i m e n t a l i s , 1 9 7 0 , p p 3 9 7 - 4 1 4 .

~ r 6 1 , Waczaw. T r a n s f o r r n a c j a n o t ' a c j i s , Z o w n i k o w e j na z m o d y f i k o w a n a n d a c j e T o k a r s k i e g o - p r o g r a m n a m a s z y n e G I E I ? . ( T r a n s l a t i o n f r o m t h e D o r o s z e w s k i d i c t i o n a r y i n f l e x i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e m o d i f i e d ~ o k a r s k i * s n o t a t i o n . ) In P o l i s h . M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w 1 9 7 0 .

Kucharska, Anna. P r o b l e m k o m i w o j a z e r a . ( T r a v e l l i n g s a l e s m a n p r o b l e m . ) I n Polish. M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d M e c h a n i c s , Un iver s i t y of W a r s a w , 1 9 7 1 .

Kuroczycki, Tadeusz. R o z w i a z y w a n i e z a g a d n i e n i a C a u c h y e g o z a pornoca s y s t e m u V a n d e R i e t a . ( S o l v i n g o f t h e C a u c h y p r o b l e m u s i n g t h ~ V a n d e R i e t ' s s y s t e m . ) In P o l i s h . Master t h e s i s , Dep t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d M e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y of W a r s a w , 1 9 7 1 .

1 ~ u g n i e r z , Jacek. S e l e k c j a a u t o m a t o w m e t o d a d o b o r u n a t u r a l n e g o .

( S e l e c t i o n of a u t o m a t a b y t 5 e s u r v i v a l of t h e f i t t e s t . ) I n P o l i s h . M a s t e r t h e s i s , D e p t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s and M e c h a n i o s , U n i v e r s i t y of W a r s a w , 1 9 6 9 .


Kwiecinski, Lech. D i e d e u t s c h s g p r . a c h i g e V a r i a n t e d e s K o n v e r s a t i o n s s y s t e m s - M A R Y S I A . ( T h e G e r m a n l a n g u a g e v e r s i o n o f t h e MARYSIA c o n v e r s a t i o n a l s y s t e m . ) In German. M a s t e r T h e s i s , D e p t . o f F o r e i g n P h i l o l ~ g i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of W a r s a w ; 1 9 7 2 .

Lewi zki, Andrzej ; Masrowski, W)!adys;Yaw; Sambor , Jadwiga; Woronczak, Jerzy. S J o w n i c t w o w s p o , Z c z e s n e j p u b l i c y s t y k i p o l s k i e j . L i s t y f r e k w e n c y j n e . ( V o c a b u l a r y o f c u y r e n t P o l i s h j o u r n a l i s m , f r e q u e n c y l i s t s . ) In Polish. w a r s z a w a , 1 9 7 2 .

tukaszewicz, Witold. A n a l i z a f l e k s y j n a - i d e n t y f i k a c j a c z a s o w n i k 6 w . ( R e c o g n i t i o n a n d i n f l e x i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f verbs . ) In Polish. M a s t e r thesis , D e p t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d Mechanics, U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 7 0 .

Zukaszewicz, Witold and Szpakowicz , Stanisxaw. S t a n p r a c n a d s y q - t e m e m M A R Y S I A . ( M A R Y S I A s y s t e m p r o g r e s s r e p o r t . ) In Polish. Z a s t o s o w a n i e m a s z y n m a t e m a t y c z n y c h d o b a d a ; n a d j e z y k i e m n a t u r - a l n ym.

Macukow, B. and ~awrohski, R. B a d a n i e s t a b i l n o g c i , Z a 6 c u c h o w y c h s t r u k t u r n e u ~ o n o w y c h . ( S t a b i l i t y e x a n i i n a t i o n o f c h a i n n e u r o n s t r u c t u r e s . ] In Polish. P r a c e I n s t y t u t u C y b e r n g t y k i S t o s o - w a n e j P A N .

Madey, Jan. S y m u l a c j a w n i o s k o w a n i a s y n t a k t y c z n e g o na m a s z y n i e e y f r o w e j i j e j z a s t o s o w a n i e w p r o c e s i e k o n s t r u o w a n i a j e z y k a f o r m a l n e g o . ( C o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n o f g r a m m a t i c a l i n f e r e n c e a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n i n d e s i g n i n g a f o r m a l l a n g u a g e . ) I n Polish. P h . D . T h e s i s , D e p t . o f M a t h e m a t i c s a n d ~ e c h a n i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W a r s a w , 1 9 7 2 .

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0 I Zaron, Z o f i a . , , K u p i E , , , -, , s p r e e d d c , , , , , z a r o b i c , , , , , u k r a s c , , ( n i e k t o r e srowa z elementem , ,mieE, , ) [ T O buy,, , , , t o s e l l , , , , t o e a r n , , , , , t o s t e a l , , (sdmg words w i t h t h e s e m a n t i c com- ponent , , t o h a v e , , ) ] I n Po3ish . W i e r z b i c k a A . ( e d . ) Semantyka i s r o w n i k , p p 179-190.

Zelman, Henryk. i n t e r p r e t e r L I S P 1.5 ( L I S P 1.5 I n ~ e r p r e t e r f o r t h e G I E R computer . ) I n Polish. Mqster t h e s f 6 , Dept. o f Mathematnics and Mechanics , U n i v e r s i t y of Warsaw.

z i e n ~ b i h s k a Hanna. Wprowadzenie jezyka~LOGOL na maszyne G I E R . ( I m p l e m e n t a t i o n of LOGOL on t h e G I E R computer . ) In Pol ish . Master t h e s i s ; Dept , o f Mathematics a n d P h y s i c s , u n i v e r s i t y o f Warsaw.

d ZymsJowski W . Z m n i e j s z e n i e w r a z l i k o s c i na usakodzenia w s i e c i a c h

/ z ~ o g o n ~ c h z elementzw neuropodobnych p r z e z zas tasowanie s p r z e z n zwrotnych i elementow k o r e k c y j n y c h . (Diminu t ion o f damage sen- s i b i l i t y i n n e u 4 9 n - l i k e network b y feedback and c o r r e c t i o n e l e m e n t s . ) I n Polish. Prace I n s t y t u t u Automatyki PAN z . 51 Warszawa 1 9 6 7 .

Zmysrowski , W . ~ i e k t d r e zagadnien ia wrqe l iwogci s i e c i neuropodobnych o s t r u k t u r a c h warstwowych na u s z k o d z e n i e i ch elemerl tow. (Some problems concern ing damage s e n s i b i 1 9 t y o f we-uron- l ike s t x a t i c a l n e t w o r k s . ) In Polish. Ph. D. T h e s i s , I h s t i t u t e o f Appl ied C y b e r n e t i c s , P o l i s h Academy o f S c i e n c e s , 1 9 f l .

American Journal of Com~utational Linguistics Microfiche 6

SCIENCE AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE

E x e r p t s from t h e p r o g r a m announcement

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INDIVIQUAL PRIVACY Monday morning, January 27, 1975

W. M. Carlson, LBM Corporation, arranger

Problems of science, technology, economics, and law. The danger of antiscientific r e a c t i o n s .

A l a n F. W e s t i n , a n d others t o be announced.

URBAN INFORMATION SYSTEMS Tuesday afternoon, January 28, 1975

Vivian S. S e s s i o n s , CUNY Gradus te Center, arranger

Interaction between representatives of computer-based informa- t i o n systems. and thosewho face real urbafi problems.

~ e n n e t h A . Gibson, D. G e o f f r e y X a y w a r d , Joyce A . H e a l y , Elmer L . S t r u e n i n g , John C. B e r e s f o r d , Joseph G. Coyne, J o s h u a I. Smith

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN ME$clORY Wednesday morning and a f t e r n o o n , J a n u a r y 29, 1 9 7 5

Charles N. Cofer, Pennsylvania State University, arranger

Meaning and word recognition, modeling of shor t - te rm memory, perception and cognition, a s s o c i a t i v e mechanisms, l anguage processing, and retrieval from long-term memory.

D a v i d E. Meyer, R o g e r W. S c h v a n e v e l d t , Kevin G i l m a r t . i n , A13en Newell, Herbert A . S i m o n , D o n a l d A . N o r m a n , Walter K i n t s c h , T e r r y W i n o g r a d , W i l l i a m K . Estes, R o g e r C . S c h a n k , John R . Anderson, R i c h a r d C . A t k i n s o n .

American Journal of Computational Linguistics Micro f i che 6

C U R R E N T B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Both t h e s e l e c t i o n of m a t e r i a l f o r t h i s i s s u e and t h e choice of

s u b j e c t c a t e g o r i e s are t e n t a t i v e . The op in ions of r e a d e r s w i l l

i n f l u e n c e bo th i n t h e f u t u r e .

Completeness of coverage, e s p e c i a l l y f o r r e p o r t s c i r c u l a t e d

p r i v a t e l y , depends on t h e coopera t ion of a u t h o r s . Summaries o r

a r t i c l e s t o be summarized should be sent t o t h e e d i t o r i a l o f f i c e ,

Twin Willows) Wanakah, New Yo-rk 14075.

Many summaries are a u t h o r s ' abstracts, sometimes edi ted f o r

c l a r i t y , b r e v i t y , o r completeness. Where p o s s i b l e , an informa-

t i v e summary i s provided.

The L i n g u i s t i c Documentation Cent re of t h e Un ive r s i t y of Ottawa

p rov ides a s u b s t a n t i a l number of entries; AJCL g r a t e f u l l y ac-

knowledges t h e a s s i s t a n c e of Br ian H a r r i s and R. Laskowski.

See t h e f o l l o w i n g frame f o r a list of s u b j e c t headings w i t h

f r a m e numbers.

SUBJECT HEADINGS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . General 42

Exper imenta l phonetics . . . . . . 51 Speech recogni t ion . . . . . . . . 5 2

. . . . . . . . . Speech synthesis 59

. . . . . . . . . . . . Text i n p u t 60

. . . . . . . . . . . . Orthography 61

Lexicography . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3

Grammar . . m . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4

Parsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Semantics 6 9

Comprehension . . . . . . . . . 7 0

Inference . . . . . . . . . . . - 7 4

Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Documentation . . . . . . . . . . 79

Translation . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Programming . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Robot i, cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

L i t e r a t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . .

Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2

Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3

Genera l

C O M P U T A T I O N A L A N D M A T H E M A T I C A L

L I N G U I S T I C S

P r o c e e d i n g s of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Con fe rence on C o m p u t a t i b n a 2 L i n g u i s t i c s , P l s a , A u g u s t 2 7 - S e p t e m b e r 1 , 1 9 7 3

Antonio Zhmpolli, Editor C.N.U.C.E8.

C a s a E d i t r i c e Leo S . Olschki Florence

1 9 7 4

CONTENTS

V O L U M E 1:

V O L U M E 2:

Study of formal p r p p e r t l e s

Testing and simulation

Piscovery procedures

Lexicology

Text corpus editing

Semantical calculus

7 PqPer s

3 papers

9 papers

10 papers

6 papers

23 papers

Quantitative description of language systems 13 papers

Grammatical analysis

Meaning extraction

20 p a p e r s

1 2 papers

Translation 6 papers

Text comparison 4 papers

Each v o l u m e about 7 0 0 pages 2 0 , 0 0 0 l i r e p e r v o l u m e

General

P R I N C I P L E S O F C O N S T R U C T I N G

L I N G U I S T I C M O D E L S

P. N. Denisov

JANUA LINGUARUM SERIES MINOR

M o u t o n T h e H a g u e . P a r i s

1 9 7 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface by 0. S. A x m a h o v a . . . . . - . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . .

P r e f a c e t o the E n g l i s h e d i t i o n

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . L i s t of A b b r e v i a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. L i n g u i s t i c Model ling B e f o r e the I n c e p t i o n of C y b e r n e t i c s

a n d E l e c t r o n i c Computing M a c h i n e s . . . . . . . . . . 1.1. International ~ u x i l i a r y L a n g u a g e . . . . . . . . 2 . 2 . Philosophical L a n g u a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 3 . C l a s s i f i c a t o r y L a n g u a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , . 4 . Leibnitz' 'Characteristics U n i v e r s a l i s t . . - . . 1.5. Formalised Language . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 6 .. L a n g u a g e s for C o s m i c Intercourse . . . . . . . .

2 . L i n g u i s t i c M o d e l l i n g i n t h e Modern W o r l d . . . . - . . 2 . 1 . E l e c t r o n i c C o m p u t i n g M a c h i n e s , T b e i S t r u c t u r e

a n d P r i n c i p a l A p p l i c a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . .

General

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

2 .2 . A 1 y o r i t h m

2 . 3 . M a c h i n e L a n g u a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 4 . A l q o r i t h m i c L a n g u a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 5 . I n f o r m a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e s . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 6 . L o g i c o - Z n f o r m a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e s . . . . . . . . . 2 . 7 . M e d i a t o r - L a n g u a g e s o f Machine T r a n s l a t i o n . . . .

3 . P r i n c i p l e g of ~ o d e l l i n g i n L i n g u i s t i c s . . . . . . . . 3 . 1 . M o d e l l i n g a n d S e m i o t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 . M o d e l l i n g and L i n g u i s t i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 3 . P r i h c i p l e s of L a n g u a g e M o d e l l i n g . . . . . . . . 3 . 4 . G e n e r a l T h e o r y o f M e a n i n g ; M e a n i n g a n d T r a n 9 -

l a t i o n . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 5 . Units o f M e a n i n g ; S e m a n t i c F a c t o r s ; V a r i e t i e s

of M e a n i n g ; L e x i c a l a h d Grammat ica l Meanings; Semantics and a Language; P i c t u r e of the Worlci (Sprachli ches We1 t b i l d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General

F U N C T I O N A L G E N E R A T I V E G R A M M A R

I N P R A G U E

Prague ~uthors' Group

E d i t e d by Wolfgang K l e i n and Arnim v. Stechow

Linguistik und Kommunikationswissenchaft 2

Scriptor Verlag GmbH D r o n b e r g / T a u n u s

1 9 7 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

F u n c t i o n a l G e n e r a t i v e Grammar i n P r a g u e . I n t r o d u c t i o n Wolfgang X l e i n and Arnim v. Stechow . . -. . . . . . . . VI I

P a r t I. General Framework

A F u n c t i o n a l G e n e r a t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n ( B a c k q r o u n d a n d F r a m e w o r k ) - Petr Sgall and Eva ~ajiEova . . . . . . 1

G e n e r a t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , and Translation - P e t r Sqall . . . . 53

on One Type o f D e p e n d e n c y Grammars - Alla Goralcikova . . . 64

On O n e S y s t e m of S e t s o f L a n g u a g e s Close t o C o n t e x t - F r e e L a n g u a g e s - Mart in ~ l $ t e k . . . . . . . . . . 8 2

T o w a r d s a F o r m a l A c c o u n t of t h e Semantics of Noun P h r a s e s - Pave1 Krizek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

O n G r a m m a t i c a l Synonymy i n Generative Description of L a n g u a g e - Jarmila ~anevovh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

~ e a n i n g , P r e s u p p o s i t i o n , and A 1 l e g a t i o n - Eva Hajicova . . 160

P a r t 11. Empirical Questions

T h e M e a n i n g of T e n s e and i t s Recurs i ve P r o p e r t i a s - Eva ~ajiEov5, Jarmila ~anevovs , and P e t r S g a l l . . . . 1 8 7

v e r b a l A s p e c t i n an E x p l i c i t D e s c r i p t i o n of L a n g u a g e - Jarmila ~anevovs, and P e t r S g a l l . . . . . . 236

O n S e a a n t i c Description of Verbal Modal i t y Eva Benesova . . . . . . . . . . C . v . . . . . . . . 258

( C o n t i n u e d )

F U ~ I C T I O N A L G E N E R A T I V E G R A M M A R

I N P R A G U E

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont inued)

The A d v e r b i a l of C a u s e in a Generative , D e s c r i p t i o n o f C z e c h - Svatava ~ a c h o v 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some Realizations of t h e Adverbial o f Cause - Svatava ~ a c h o v g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Remarks o n P o s s e s s l v i t y - P e t r ~ i f h a . . . . . . . . . . C o o r d i n a t i o n i n a G e n e r a t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n

- Petr Pitha and P e t r Sga l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the P r o g r a m m e of t h e L i n g u i s t i c s of T e x t - Petr Sgall . P a r t 111. Historical Background

I n t r o d u c t o r y Remarks a . . a . e e a * . . a a ~ . a . m

E d i t o r i a l ( P B M L 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . G e n e r a t i v e D e s c r i p t i o n o f L a n g u a g e a n d t h e C z e c h

D e c l e n s i o n - Petr S g a l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . E d i t o r i a l N o t e . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . - . . . . .

ISBN 3-589-00086-4

General

Computer and Information Science Research Center Ohio State University Columbus 43210

Organidation, objectives, scope, facilities, academic programs, interaction with the university and community, degrees awarded. Lists of courses offered, faculty, public seminars, related activities of the staff, publications, and technical reports.

Part ia l list of abst rac ts :

INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL (10 project^)^

HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING (2 projects)

INFORMATION ANALYSIS

A general theory of information flow and analysis. M. C. Yovits and J. G . Abilock.

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

Parallel recognition of formal languages. J. Rothstein and M. Moshell.

On the syntactic structures of unrestricted grammars. H. W. Buttelrnann . Generalized finite automata on unrestricted syrtactic structures. H. W. Buttelrnann.

A formal theory af the syntax, semantics and translation of phrase-structure languages. H. W. Buttelrnann.

Syntax-directed and semantic-directed translation of phrase structure languages. H. W. Buttelmann.

Semantic-directed translation--another approach. H. W. Buttelmann and A. Pyster.

Studies in d e c i d a b i l i t y , existence, and effectiveness of translations on phxase-structure languages. H. W. Buttelmann and R. Krishnaswamy.

Some properties of syntax-directed translations. H. W. Buttelrnann and F. J. Dickey.

The role of the nonterminal in language generation. H. W. Buttelmann and A. Pyster.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES, PROGRAMMING, COMPUTER NETWORKS (50 abstracts)

SYSTEMS

General

ANNUAL BULLETIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF LOGOPED I CS AND PHON I ATRI CS

University of Tokyo

No, 8 April 1973 - June 1974

A h i g h v o l t a g e t h i n X - r a y beam scanner f o r computer c o n t r o l l e d r a d i o - graphy. S . ~iritani, K. Itoh, and H. Imagawa. 1-5.

A flying spot scanner under computer control follows pellets placed on the tongue of the speaker.

A. p e l i m i n a r y s t u d y on t h e s imul taneous recor-ding o f l a r y n g e a l muscle a c t i v i t i e s and the g l o t t a l s h a p e during speech u t t e r a n c e . S . Niimi and M. Sawashima. 19-22.

A study of voiceless consonants using fiberscope, electromyo- graphy, and sound spectrograph. A 16k PDP computes the averaged electromyogram envelope curve of each muscle.

Formulat ion o f t h e c o a r t i c u l a t o r y process i n t h e fa-rrnant f requency domain a n d its application t o au tomat i c r e c o g n i t i o n o f connected vowels. H. Fujisaki, M. Yoshida, and Y. Sato. 79-90.

Formant frequencies are extracted by successive approximations, synthesizing the spectral envelope from factors of vocal tract transfer function, glottal source and radiation, and miscellaneous. A tree of decisions using linear discriminant functions sorts isolated, stationary vowels. The coarticulatory process is modeled by the step response of a critically damped second- order linear system. The initial vowel is recognized as stationary; target formant frequencies are estimated for the other vdwels from the same speaker; when the signal differs from the initial vowel sufficiently, the next vowel is determined by synthesis of trajectories to the four candidates. All vowels in 35 2-vowel samples by two speakers and in 71 3-vowel samples by one speaker were recognized correctly.

Final r e p o r t on t h e p ronunc ia t ion test system. Julie B. Lovins 99-108.

Diverse observations; the system was described in earlier reports.

An a p p r o a c h t o t h e a b b r e v i a t i o n o f code-sf rings f o r Chinese c h a r a c t e r i d q n t i f i c a t i o n . Ryohei Kagaya and Yo Kobayashi. 109-114.

A stroke belongs t p one of 6 classes, with one of 7 variations within the class; but only 17 strokes are defined. The strokes of a character are liriked by operators that indicate contact points. Rules of naturalness pertnit suppression of many operators.

General

Nils J. Nilsson Artificial I n t e l l i g e n c e Center Stanford Research Institute Menlo Park, California

Z n v i t e d p a p e r , IFIP Congress 7 4 . SRI P u b l i c a t i o n No. Z105

This survey divides A1 into f o u r core t o p i c s (enbodying the base for a s c i e n c e of intelligence) and e i g h t applications topics (in which research has been contributing t o core ideas). The paper discusses t h e h i s t o r y , t h e major landmarks, and some of t h e controversies in each of these twelve t o p i c s . Each topic is represented by a c h a r t citing the major references. These references are oontained in an extensive bibliography. The paper conc ludes with a d i s c u s s i o n of some of the criticisms of A1 and with some predictions about the c o u r s e of f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .

General-

U. S. News & W o r l d R e p o r t , J u n e 24, 1974, 8 6 - 8 7 .

S i m p l e r programming i s needed because of t h e lack of s k i l l e d programmers, the b r e a d t h of t h e market f o r computing s e r v i c e s for 'untrained u s e r s , and t h e inadequacy of c u r r a t sof tware . IBM i s desc r ibed as p r e p a r i n g systems for announcement i n 1 9 7 4 - 1976.

General

Joseph Raben Department of English, Queens College City University of New York, Flushing

Visible Language, VIII, 2 , 1974, 167-177

The attempts so far made to utilize computers in studying the humanities have resulted more i n a fundamenta l analysis of the subject areas themselves than in any significant results. The most substantial accomplishments to date have been the rational- ized lists of words.

SOME LUCUBRATIONS AND SPECI F I CATIONS FOR A NATURAL LANGUAGE ANALYZER

John B e Smith Department- of English and the Computation Center Pennsylvania State University

Computer S t u d i e s i n t h e H u m a n i t i e s & V e r b a l B e h a v i o r 4 , 2 , 9 1 - 9 6 A u g u s t 1973

The kinds of problems to which the computer has been applied in natural language analysis; difficulties with existing programming languages and systems; some suggestions for a system that would make analyses of this sort more practical. Associative processing.

~xperimental phonetics

0. Fujimura, I. F. Tatsumi and R. Kagaya Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics Faculty of Medicine University of Tokyo

J o u r n a l of P h o n e t i c s , 1, 1, 4 7 - 5 4 , J a n u a r y 1 9 7 3

The time courses of articulatory movements and their random variation have b f s n s t u d i e d by recording palato-lingual contact p a t t e r n s by use >f a t h i n artificial palate with a number of im- planted electrodes. The data were o b t a i n e d from one subject for 2 5 repeated utterances of a carrier s e n t e n c e in which a nonsense Japanese word of the form /aCa/ was embedded, where C r e p r e s e n t e d one of nine consonan t s characterized by tongue t i p articulations. Quantitative r e s u l t s were obtained by r e c o r d i n g , i n rea l t i m e , both t h e digitized palatal signals and ana log speech waveforms and then processing the data i n a small d i g i t a l computer, deriving i n p a r t i c u l a r f o u r charac te r i s t ic patterns f o r each consonant . The t e n s e - l a x characteristics of t h e Japanese /t/ and /d/ are briefly discussed as well as the a r t i c u l a t o r y characteristics of the- flap /r/.

Speech Recognition

ON THE AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF CONTINUOUS SPEECH! IMPLICATIONS FROM A SPECTROGRAM-READING EXPERIMENT,

Dennis H. Klatt and Kenneth N. Stevens Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Electrical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on A u d i o a n d E l e c t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , J u n e 1 9 7 3

An experiment in which the authors attempted to recognize a set of unknown sentences by visual examination of spectrograms and machine-aided lexical searching. Nineteen sentences representing data from five talkers were analyzed. &I initial partial transcription in terms of phonetic features was performed. The transcription contained many errors and omissions: 1'0% of the segments were omitted, 17% inco&ectly transcribed, and an additional 40% transcribed only partially in terms of phonetic features. The transcrtption was used to initiate computerized scans of a 200-word lexicon. A mHjority of the search responses did not contain the correct word. However, following extended interactions with the computer, a word-recognition rate of 96% was achieved by each investiga<or for the sentence material. Implications for automatic speech recognition are discussed. In particular, differ- ences between phonetic characteristics of isolated words and of the same words when they appear in sentences.

USING ADPCM CODED SPEECH

L. H. Rosenthal, R. W. Schafer, and L. R. Rabiner Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, N. J.

The Bell System T e c h n i c a l J o u r n a l 53,6, 1 9 7 4 1 1 2 7 - 1 1 3 5

A si,mple algorithm based on the fact that the code words for an adaptive differentiabl (ADPCM) representation of speech ex- hibit considerable variation among all quantization levels during both voiced and unvoiced speech intervals while, because of a con- straint on the minimum step size, during silent intervals the code words vary only slightly within the smallest quantization steps. The use of the algorithm is illustrated for automatically locating the beginning and end of vocabulary entries for a compufer voice response system.

Speech Recognition

AND NASAL COARTICULATION AS ACOUSTIC CLUES

Lo-Soun Su, and K . S . Fu School of Electrical Engineering Purdue Unive r s i t y La£ a y e t t e , Indiana

Report No. TR-EE73-33 AFOSR-TR-74-0114, September 1973

Nasal consonants prove best f o r speaker identificatioh and words, least favorable. A new approach which uses t h e statistical p r o p e r t i e s of t h e nasa l spectra was used to study the c o a r t i c u l a - t i o n of nasal consonants with vowels i n isolated /h CVd/ u t t e r - ances. The diffarences between t h e mean spectra of n a s a l s followed by back vowels wsre used as the a c o u s t i c measure of t h e c o a r t i c u l a - t i o n of ym,n) an3 the following vowel context (V). The coarticula- t i o n between (n)- and (V) was found to be about 30 percent of t h a t between (m) and (V). St rong speaker i d i o s y n c r a t i c characteristics of t h e c o a r t i c u l a t i o n process w e r e found. Speaker i q e n t i f i c a t i o n w a s performed using t h e (m) coarticulation measure as an acoustic c l u e along w i t h a c o r r e l a t i o n d e c i s i o n criterion. [AD9773 772/9GA; PC $ 9 . 2 5 , MF $1.451

SYLLABLE DETECTION I N CONTINUOUS SPEECH

D. C. Sarqent, K. P. Li, and K. S . Fu School of E l e c t r i c a l Engineering Purdue University Lafaye t t e , Indiana

Report No. AFOSR-TR-74-0121, October 1973

Machine e x t r a c t i o n of t h e a c o u s t i c c o r r e l a t e s of stress presupposes the ability of the machine t o detect each syllable i n a speech passage. Knowledge about the e x t e n t of t h e v o c a l i c por- t i o n of each syllable i s requ i red f o r such c o r r e l a t e s a s syllable d u r a t i o n , or changes i n intensity and voice fundamental frequency wi th in t he syllable. The s y l l a b l e detection program described i n t h i s paper was developed t o provide such s y l l a b l e information. [AD473 776/0GA; PC $4.00,, MI? $1.451

Speech Recoqnition

A PROCEDURE FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN

ACOUSTIC C L A S S I F I C A T I O N ANb L I N G U I S T I C DECODING I N

AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF CONTINUOUS SPEECH

C. C. Tappert and N. R. Dixon ~ B M Thomas 3. Watson Research Center, YorRtown Heights, N.Y.

Artificial Intelligence 5 , 1974, 95-113

An adaptive-control procedure is intended to improve both acoustic analysis and linguistic decoding in automatic recognition of continuous speech by bringing intoagreement data available at each of these stages. Specifically, hypotheses are formed by the decoder concerning the phonetic transcription derived during acoustic analysis. The procedure then accesses and utilizes relevant acoustic data in an attempt to verify or reject these hypotheses. Depending on the success of such attempts, actions are taken to constrain the decoding in subsequent processinlg iterations. Preliminary results are presented and discussed.

Speech Communication Group French Language Acousticians Association (GALF) Centre National D'Etude des Telecommunications Departement E.T.A., Lannion

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on Acoustics, Speech, and signal Processing, ASSP-22, 4, August 1974, 268-272

The Groupement des Acousticiens de-Langue ~rancLise (GALF) is an acoustical society composed of +bout 650 members (engineers, audio-phonologists, linguists, phoneticians, physicists, manufac- turers, etc). Within the GRLF, there are specialized groups corresp~nding to different areas of the acoustic field (Audition- Phonation, Electroacoustics, Musical Acoustics, Aeronautical Acougtics, etc.). The Speech Communication group was created in 1970, and about 100 researchers participate in its activities. This paper provides information on the research activities of French groups in the field of speech communication. In particular, the groups of speech analysis, synthesis, perception, recognition. A general bibliography with the main and recent publications of the groups is given.

Speech Recognition

Arun Agrawal and Wen C. Lin Department of Computing and Information Science Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio

IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n s on A c o u s t i c s , S p e e c h , and S i g n a l Processing, ASSP-20, 3 , J u n e 1974, 203-206

A computer administers the test, records the listener response, and automatically evaluates it on-line. This makes the intelligibility testing conditions uniform at all times and the tesymore efficient compared to conventional methods. The test words are presented in random scramblings by using a shuffling algorithm. The listener's response is entered via a graphic tablet. The response evaluation is based on the similarity of sounds and not of spellings. The system is being used in the development and evaluation of analysis-synthesis type of speech compression systems and for identifying perceptuaJ.1~ important parameters from the linear prediction model of speech. Adaption of this system to various speech perception experiments is also discussed.

USING LINEAR PREDICTION SPECTRA

Stephanie S. McCandless Lincoln Ldboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington, Mass

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on A c o u s t i c s , S p e e c h , and S i g n a l Processing, A S S P - 2 2 , 2 , A p r i l 1 9 7 4 , 135-141

An algorithm finds the frequency and amplitude of %he first three formants d u r i n g all vowel-like segments of continuous speech. It uses as input the peaks of the linear prediction spectra and a segmentation parameter to indicate energy and voicing. Ideally, the first three peaks are the first three formants. Frequently, however, two peaks merge, or spurious peaks appear, and the difficult part i s to reaognize such s i t u a t i o n s and deal w i t h them. The general method i s to fill formant slots with the available peaks at each frame, based on frequency position relative to an educa ted guess. Then, if a peak is left over and/or a slot is unfilled, special routines are called to decide how to deal with them.

Speech Recognition

1 NTERACTI ON BETWEEN SEGMENTAL AND NONSEGMENTAL FACTORS IN SPEECH RECOGNITION

Bjdrn E. F. Lindblom and Stig-GBran Svensson Department of Phonetics Department of Speech Communication Stockholm University Royal Institute of Technology Fack, Stockholm Stockholm

I E E E T r a q s a c t i o n s on A u d i o and E l e c t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 6 , December 19 73

Spectrograms of Swedish utterances can be read with great accuracy under nontrivial conditions, attributable primarily to the development of a formalized strategy designed so that spectrogram readers can derive information on ceztain grammatical features of an utterance: word class, word boundaries, endings, and function elements. The input to this strategy consists of segmental phonetic features extracted from the spectrographic display, and information on prosodic features such as stress and tonal accent, which is specified on the spectrogram for each syllable. An experimental situation is thus created that differs from the informal recognition of unknown utterances from spectrograms. subject can base his final identification of lexical items no3 only on segmental phonetic features but also on an error-free specification of prosodic features, and, in so far as he has been able to use the strategy successfully, on grammatical information. Experimental results indicate that subjects improve their performance markedly with the aid of the strategy. Attention is drawn to the important role that grammar and prosody appear to play in these experiments and to their implications for future work.

Speech Recognition 57 .I

AND ITS ACOUSTICAL CORRELATES

Hiroshi Matsumoto, Shizuo Hiki, Toshio Sone, and Tadamoto Nimura Reseaxch Institute of Electrical Communication Department of ~lectrtcal Engineering Tohoku University Sendai , Japan

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on A u d i o a n d E ~ e c ~ r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 5 October 1973

The personal quality of sustained vowels uttered by e i g h t male talkers was represented multidimensionally in a psychological auditory space (PAS) by means of Kruskal's multidimensional seal- ing procedure based on the pe rcep tua l confusion i n t a l k e r discrim- ination tests. Physical p r o p e r t i e s of vowels were analyzed in terms of elementary a c o u s t i c a l parameters: formant frequencies, slope of glottal source spectrum, mean fundamental pitch frequencyf and rapid fluctuation of fundamental pitch period. Relationship between the configuration on the PAS and the acoustical parameters was examined through multiple correlation and regression analysis. T h e contribution of those acoustical parameters to the petsonal quality of the five Japanese vowels and the relative contributions of the vocal t rac t and the g l o t t a l souzce characteristics are demonstrated quantitatively. Resul t s obtained partially by utilizing hybrid voices in which the source wave or the formant frequency pa t te rn was interchanged among different talkers.

Rein Turn Rand Corpora t ion S a n t a Monica, C a l i f o r n i a

Report No. R-1386-ARPA, January 1974

The i n t r i n s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e a s s o c i a t e d a t t r a c - tive f e a t u r e s and problem a r e a s of speech a s a man-computer communication channel . Among t h e a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e s of speech and a u d i t o r y channe ls are independence of v i s u a l and manual channe l s , o m n i d i r e c t i o n a l n a t u r e of speech p ropaga t ion , a b i l i t y t o communicate s imul taneous ly wi th men and machines, and poten- t i a l f o r u s ing a t e lephone in s t rumen t a s a complete computer t e r m i n a l . Problem a r e a s i n c l u d e incomplete knowledge of l i n - g u i s t i c and semant ic a s p e c t s of speech p r o c e s s i n g , l a c k of e f f e c t i v e t echn iques of a c o u s t i c signal process ing and need f o r l a r g e amounts of d i g i t a l p roces s ing . It i s expected t h a t r e s u l t s of c u r r e n t l a r g e speech unders tand ing r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s and ad- vances i n d i g i t a l technology should , i n a few y e a r s , pe rmi t economical ly a t t r a c t i v e implementat ion of speech-based man-com- p u t e r i n t e r f a c e s .

P, LOCALLY-ORGANIZED PARSER FOR SPOKEN INPUT

Perry L o w e l l Miller Massachuset t s I n s t i t u t e of ~ e c h n o l o g y Cambridge

Communications of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n f o r Computing M a c h ~ n e r y , 1 7 , 2 3 , 621-630, November 1974

The p a r s e r i s des igned f o r use i n a cont inuous speech recog- nizer. I t p r o c e s s e s a s t r i n g of phonemes which con ta in ambiguity and e r r o r . Each s e c t i o n o f i n p u t i s matched a g a i n s t words i n a dictionary, and a measure of 'phonet ic d i s t a n c e ' between them is made. Likely words have low p h o n e t i c d i s t a n c e . Good matches form 'islands of r e l i a b i l i t y ' . H e u r i s t i c r o u t i n e s d i r e c t matching i n areas between and around words found. P a r t i a l parse trees are formed for each proposed s t r i n g of words us ing an augmented t r a n - sition network grammar. T h i s grammar i s l o c a l l y o rgan ized i n the sense t h a t it processes the reliable s u b s t r i n g s rather t h a n s e n t e n - ces. The grammar i s f u r t h e r used t o p r e d i c t connec t ions between p a r t i a l p a r s e trees. More word matches gre t h e n sought i n s y n t a c t i c c a t e g o r i e s i n d i c a t e d by the connec t ions .

Speech Synthesis

Dennis L. Meredith News Office Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge

Computers a n d P e o p l e , 23, 9, 22-23 , & 3 5 , September 1 9 7 4

The first stage of the project, by Jonathan Allen, takes input typewritten words, segments t h e m i n t o morphs and applies letter-to-sound, morphophonsmic and l ex iaa l stress rules to produce phonetic symbols.

Dennis Klatt's computer model of the human vocal system transforms the phonetic symbols into control instructions for the model. At present o n l y word pronunciation is performed. To become more fiatural, phrase and sentence structure must be considered. A parser is be ing developed that searches exhaus- tively first f o r phrases, and only l a t e r seeks to link phrases.

Text Input

DATA BASES

Ann Porch Southwest Regional Laboratory for ~ducational Research

arid Development Los A l a m i t o s , California

Computer S t u d i e s I n t h e Humani t i e s and V e r b a l B e h a v i o r 4 , 2 , 8 1 - 8 9 A u g u s t 1973

Techniques fo r preparing a large f i l e of n a t u r a l language: dollar cost, ease of editing, time consumption, facility for in- sertion of identifying information w i t h i n t h e t e x t , and updating of a t e x t by merging. MTST and Telterm2 are two highly effective methods fo r t e x t preparat ion.

Orthography

ENCODING OF THE GENERALIZED ALPHABET OF WRITTEN ROMAN IAN

FOR THE IRIS 50 (FELIX C-256) COMPUTER, I , THE SUBSTANTIVE

[ C O D A G E LIE L ' A L P H A B E T CENERALISB DU ROUMAIN ECRIT P O U R L ' O R D I N A T E U R IRIS 5 0 ( F E L I X C-25G). I . LE S U B S T A N T I F ]

Minerva Bocsa University 6f Timi~oara Roman i a

Cahiers de L i n g u i s t i q u e ~ 1 1 6 o r i ~ u e e t ~ ~ p l i g u g e , 1 0 , 2 , 1 3 9 - 1 5 1 , 1 9 7 3

The inflection of Romanian nouns involves such alternations as a-a, t-t, a-e, o oa, and 1-6. Assign a unique internal code to each alterhation, using one-byte to encode type of a l t e r n a t i o n and one t o enumerate a l t e r n a t i o n s within t h e t y p e . An a s t u t e assign- ment of code values permits comparison of a d i c t i o n a r y entry w i t h an inflected form, using arithmetic addition to const-ruct the possible textual matches for any alternation.

Emily G. Johnson

C o m p u t e r G r a p h i c s a n d I m a g e Processing 3 , 1 , 8 3 - 8 9 , 1 9 7 4

A computer program rihich can distinguish printed t e x t from photographs, line drawings, and o t h e r n o n - t e x t material i s discussed. Recognition of text is based On the stripe-like texture of printed matter.

Orthoqraphy

A B IBLIOGRAPHY I N CHARACTER RECOGN ITION : TECHNIQUES FOR DESCRIBING CHARACTERS

R. Shi l lman, C . Cox, T. K u k l i n s k i , J. V e n t u r a , M. Eden, B. Blesser Cogni t ive Informat ion Process ing Group Massachuse t t s Institute o f Technology Cambridge

V i s i b l e L a n g u a g e , 8 , 2 , 152-166, 1974

A b ib l i og raphy i s p r e s e n t e d i n the f i e l d of c h a r a c t e r rec- o g n i t i o n . Many of t h e r e f e r e n c e s are from t h e fields of engineering and psychology and d e a l w i t h v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s f o r d e s c r i b i n g machine and hand-pr in ted characters.

Lexicography

RAND CORPORATION DATA I N SYSTRAN, VOLUME 2 Peter P. Toma, and Ludek A. Kozlik Latsec Inc. La Jolla, California

Report No. RADC-ER-73-262-Vol-2, A u g u s t 1973

Some empirical findings based on a million-word Russian corpus with syntactic a n n o t a t i o n s produced by the Rand Corporation. Text statistics: high frequency wordlists in descending frequency order as well as alphabetical order for both individual and corn- bined subject matters. [AD-769 560/4GA; PC $8.00, MF $1.451

Donald Sherman Department of Linguistics University of California Berkeley

C o m p u t e r s a n d the Humanities, 8, 1, 2 1 - 2 6 , J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4

Author's goals are to simplify computer access to Webster's Seventh by designing a new record structure for the data , and a l so t o use Machine Readable Catalog (MARC) project standards and con- ventions to guide and control the record definition process, with the ultimate aim of using MARC software systems for large-scale data analysis and retrieval. A new record format WEBbmRC is defined and a program developed to convert existing Welsster's Seventh tapes to the new WEBMARC structure.

Grammar

A S T R I N G G R A M M A R F O R F R E N C H :

D I S T R I B U T I O N A L A N A L Y S I S

Morris S a l k o f f Nat ional Scientific Research Council

Paris

Monographs in Mathematical Linguistics, 6

D U N O D Parrs-Bruxelles-Montreal

1 9 7 3

U B L E OF CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOREWORD

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. T H E O R E T I C A L F R A M E W O R K ,

2 . CENTER S T R I N G S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 1 A s s e r t i o n S t r i n g s 2 . 2 I n t e r r o g a t i v e S t r i n g s 2.3 Inverted C e n t e r S t r i n g s 2 . 4 S t k i n g s w i t h E x t r a c t i o n 2 . 5 S t r i n g s w i t h o u t A p p a r e n t Subject

3. OBJECTS . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 D e f i n i t i o n of Objec t 3.2 s i m p l e Objects 3.3 Verbal O b j e c t s 3.4 P h r a s a l Objects 3.5 O b j e c t s of E t r e 3.6 D e f o r m a t i o n s of S e n t e n c e s C o n t a i n i n g E t r e

4. FORMS O F T H E NOMINAL G R O U P . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 The N o m i n a l G r o u p N 4 . 2 S t r i n g s Q d e

d 4 . 3 S t r i n g s R e p l a c i n g t h e Noun

5 . S U B J E C T STRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 0 Introduction 5 . 1 S t r u c t u r e of the S u b j e c t S t r i n g

VII

Grammar

A S T R I N G G R A M H A R F O R F R E N C H :

D I S T R I B U T I O l i A L A N A L Y S I S

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

5.2 Noun 5 . 3 P r o n o u n 5 . 4 C o m p l e m e n t Strings

6 . A D J U N C T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 A d j u n c t s to t h e Adjective 6 . 2 A d j u n c t s t o t h e Verb 6 . 3 A d j u n c t s t o t h e Preposition, A d v e r b , a n d

Q u a n t i f i e r 6 . 4 A d j u n c t s t o the Sentence

7, T H E A N A L Y Z E R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 0 I n t r o d u c t i o n 7 . 1 T h e P r o w a m 7.2 A m b i g u i t y 7 . 3 E l i m i n a t i o n of F a l s e A n a l y s e s 7 - 4 C o n c l u s i o n s

8 . AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS O F A T E X T .. . . . . . , . . . . . . 8.1 The P r e s e n t a t i o n 8 .2 M u l t i p l e Analyses 8 . 3 C o m m e n t s 8 . 4 C o n c l u s i o n s

A P P E N D I X ; T H E S T R I N G S O F T H E GRAMMAR . . . . . . . . . . . B I B L I O G R A P H Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Une grammaire en chafne du fran~ais

ISBN 2-04-007733-2

Gxammar

Barry K. Rosen IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, N.Y.

I n f o r m a t i o n & C o n t r o l , 2 4 , 4 , 3 0 5 - 3 3 5 , April 1974

Several measures of syntactic complexity in mathematical linguistics allow infinitely many sentences to share a complexity value. Thus there is doubt about the existence of bounds on the memory requirements of parsing mechanisms in terms of the complex- ities of thsir inputs. This paper establisheg the existence of s u c h bounds for a l l measu re s which s a t i sTy c e r t a i n postulates. The general theorems are applied to familiar measures of depth, nesting and self embedding, as well as to a new measure. The methods of proof lead to unexpected linguistic interpretations of the results.

Vern Poythress Westminster Theological Seminary

f n f o r m a t i o n & C o n t r o l , 2 4 , 4 , 3 3 6 - 3 5 7 , A p r i l 1 9 7 4

This paper gives a formal rule for calculating the referents of English personal pronouns when such pronouns occur in certain fixed ways in direct annotations, direct annotations of direct annotations, direct annotations of direct annotations of direct annotations, etc. The rule of reference can be expressed in the form of an informal computations method, an automaton, or an algebraic formalism, all of which result in the same o u t p u t . The automaton and the algebraic formalism can be so constructed that they reject ungrammatical annotations.

Grammar

Peter P. Toma and Ludek A. Kozlik Latsec Inc. La Jolla, California

Report No. RADC-TR-73-262-Vol-1, A u g u s t 1973

Some empirical findings based on a million-word Russian corpus with syntactic annotations. Produced by the Rand Corpora- tion. Since all syntagrnas are explicitly marked in the Rand data base, little or no contextual reference is necessary in order to establish semosyntactic relationships that may be utilized as the most essential components of an automatic parser for S+T text. Text inventories of lexical items are given by syntactic type, for example, subject-predicate. A list of words inferring no relationship but essential to the parsing procedure is included. Ellipsis and app~sition are also described. [AD-769 551/3GA- PC $6.25, MF $1.45Ic

Andee Rubin Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge

Report No. AI-Memo-282, March 1973

The grammar which SHRDLU uses to parse sentences is out- lined in a series of flowcharts which attempt to modularize and illuminate its structure. In addition, a short discussion of systemic grammar is included. [AD-773 567/3GA; PC $3.25, MF $1.451

Parse r s

A METALANGUAGE FOR EXPRESSING GRAMMATICAL RESTRICTIONS I N NODAL SPANS PARSING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE

Jerry Robert Hobbs New York University

Doctoral d i s s e r t a t i o n , 1974

Easley's parsing algorithm produces all parses in pa ra l l e l in time n3, and yields a convenient representation of ambiguity. Candidates lists constrain possible interpretations to those con- sistent with t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of earlier p a r t s of t h e i n p a t . This dissertation uses Sager's English grammar. Candidates lists save up t o 50% i n space and time.

Nodal spans parsing requires that restrictions act strictly loca l ly . A metalanguage for expressing restrictions associates with each node in the parse tree a Word i n the i n p u t s t r i n g as i t s core and a set of flags which signal structural features in the subtrees below the node. [Univers i ty Microfilms order N o . 74-18, 167, 272 pages]

Semantics

Frank George Pagan University of Toronto

Doctoral dissertation, 1972

A methodology f o r computer-aided construction of graph structures r ep re sen t i ng semantic r e l a t i ons defined on the denota- tive lexical items of a n a t u r a l language: compatibility and hy- ponymy; comparisons w i t h o the r semantic models; semi-automatic discovery algorithms.

Comprehension

\HE MARYSIA SYSTEM Opis systemu MARYSIA

I , SCRIPTS AND SCREENPLAYS I. Z a s a d y p i s a n i a s c e n a r i u s z a i

Report N o . 4 1

Report No. 4 2

Repor t No. 4 3

IS. Wprowadzanie hase3 do systemu

111. Tworzenie c z q s c i q r a m a t y c z n y c h s3ownikow systemu

Janusz S t . B ien , Witold bukaszewicz, and S tan isaaw jzpakowicz

Computation Centre Warsaw University

Marysia i s a genera l -purpose , morphology-based, t a b l e - d r i v e n computer system f o r conve r s ing i n i n f l e x i o n a l l anguages , e .g . Polish. I t i s an interpreter of exchangeable s c r i p t s , supplemented by a u x i l i a r y programs called s c r e e n p l a y s . P a r t I d e s c r i b e s t h e syntax and semantics of scripts and screenplays as implemented in an exper imen ta l v e r s i o n f o r t h e GIER computer; t h e y are pa t - t e r n e d a f t e r hreizenbaum's ELIZA. A s c r i p t c o n s i s t s of decomposi- t i o n and composi t ion r u l e s ; a s c r e e n p l a y i s a c o u n t e r p a r t of t h e program part of an ELIZA s c r i p t . However, r u l e s can refer t o l i n g u i s t i c u n i t s a s w e l l as t o some sets of them d e s c r i b e d by means of morphological c o o r d i n a t e s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t o check s y n t a c t i c p r o p e r t i e s , eg. agreement o r government. P a r t I1 i s f o r those who write a model df n a t u r a l language. T h e d i c t i o n a r y consists of a l e x i c o n , l i n k e r , and index. The d e s c r i p t i o n o f an i t e m s u p p l i e d t h e l o a d e r c o n s i s t s o f syntax w r i t t e n i n BNF and a short o u t l i n e of semant ic features. The BNF is i n most cases compat ib le w i t h fo rmat of i n p u t data f o r t h e l o a d i n g programs. Par t 111 d e s c r i b e s grammar i n t h e l e x i c o n . Prepara - tion of tables of f i n i t e automata and1list of morphoJogica1 endings . The s y n t a x of each segment o f t h e grammar i s g iven i n BNF .

Comprehension

A METALANGUAGE FOR SYGTEMAT I C RESEARCH ON HUMAN COMMUN I CAT I ON V I A NATURAL LANGUAGE

Harold B. Pepinsky Departments of Psychology, and Computer and I n f o r m a t i o n Science Ohio State University Columbus

J o u r n a l of the A m e r i c a n Society f o r Information sc ience , 25 , . I , 59-69 J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y 1974

Systematic research on human communication will be enhanced by access to a metalanguage, which analyzes natural language texts rapidly and accurately into their structural counterparts. A rationale fo r constructing t h e metalanguage is provided in t h e context of a long r a n g e program of research, and illustrated by reference to an existing computer-Assis ted Language Analysis S y s tern (CALAS) f o r use with Engl i sh l anguage texts. Such a metalanguage has immediate practical applications. Its underlying rationale may also be extended to encompass the study of policy-oriented communications among persons or groups within or across human cultures,

W. A. Woods and J. Makhoul Bolt Beranek and Newman inc. Cambridge, Mass.

A r t i f i c i a l I n t e l l i g e n c e , 5, 1 73-91, 1974

~xperiments by Klat t and Stevens at MIT i n d i c a t e t h a t the process of deciphering the content of spoken sentences requires a close interaction between the acoustic-phonetic analysis of the speech signal and higher level linguistic knowledge of the listener. This paper describes a technique of "incremental simulation", used to discover the different roles of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and lexical information in this process and to evolve effective strategies for applying these different types of knowledge in a computer system for understanding co~tinuous speech. Two examples illustrate situations in which the different sources of information make their contributions, and the types of proba- b i l i s t i c , plausible inference techniques which are r equ i r ed to take advantage of them. [BBN Report No. 25651

Comprehension

Suzanne Marvin Strong Computer and Information Science Research Center Ohio State University Colunibus

Report No. OSU-CISRC-TR-73-3, A p r i l 1973

The surrogate makes explicit three important properties of language: context, syntactic function, and case role. The contextual properties of the surrogate differ markeday from those of linear strings (sentences) f r o m which they are derived. Thus the relatronships between the elements of text are made explicit and readily discernible in the surrogate. The construction and organ- i z a t i o n of the surrogates is syntactically based. Thus the shape of a graph is determined by the syntax of the sentence. The values associated with its nodes and edges are determined by the vocabulary. Whereas syntax defines relations among the elements of text, case roles characterize those relations. Such characteriza- tions, in turn, make possible automatic 'judgments' concerning specific elements of the structural surrogates using the results of a syntactic analysis system described elsewhere. [PB-227 395/PGA; PC $10.50, MF $1.451

Francis D. Tuggle, Daniel Moore, Stanley C. Vestal, & Richard Isaacs School of Business/Department of Computer Science University of Kansas

Computer S t u d i e s in t h e H u m a n i t i e s a n d V e r b a l Behavior 4,2,97-111 A u g u s t 1973

A computer program, called TP for Tds% Program succ.essfully solves verbal analogy problems of the form "A is to B as C is to which of 1,2,3,4,5?" with a minimum of memory processes. TP is modelled after Evans' ANALOGY geometric analogy computer program.

73 Comprehension

NATURAL LANGUAGE, LINGUISTIC PROCESSING, AND SPEECH UNDERSTANDING: RECENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE GOALS

Allen Klinger Computer Science Department University of Cali fornia L o s Angeles

T h e Rand C o r p o r a t i o n , R-1377-ARPA, 1973 S a n t a M o n i c a , C a l i f o r n i a

Conversational systems: ELIZA, STUDENT, SIR, CONVERSE. Deductive systems: QA4, Woods, PLANNER, CONNIVER. Data structure and deep structure: Thompson, Shapiro, Winograd, Woods, P l a t h , Simon. Parsing. Miscellaneous. Speech processing: an idealized system; evaluation. Research goals.

Inference

MRPPS - AN INTERACTIVE REFUTATION PROOF PROCEDURE SYSTEM

FOR QUESTION-ANSWERING

Jack Minker, James R. McSkimin, and Daniel H. Fishman Department of Computer Science University of Maryland, College Park

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal o f Computer and I n f o r m a t i o n S c i e n c e s , 3,2, 1 9 7 4 , 105-122

The Maryland refutation proof procedure system (MRPPS) is an interactive system which gives the user the ability to create and maintain a core-bound data base and to input queries either as well-formed formulas in the first-order predicate calculus or as clauses. Components: (1) inference rules, many of which are based on the resolution principle; (2) a search strategy for heuristically determining the sequence in which to select base clauses and to perform deductions on clauses already generated; and (3) a base clause selection strategy that uses heuristic and semantic information for determining which data axioms and general axioms are to be brought to bear on the problem.

A MAN - MACHINE THEOREM-PROVING SYSTEM

W e W e Bledsoe and Peter Bruell University of Texas Austin,

A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence, 5 , 5 1 - 7 2

A man-machine theorem-proving system has been used to prove a few theorems in general topology. The theorem (or subgoal) being proved is presented on the scope in its natural form so that the user can easily comprehend it and, by a series of interactive commands, can help with the proof when he desires. A feature called DETAIL allows the human to interact only when needed and only to the extent necessary for the proof. The program is built around a modified form of IMPLY, a natural-deduction-like theorem proving technique which has been described earlier. A few examples of proofs are given.

Inference

Yorick Wilks Department of Computer Science Stanford University California

R e p r i n t No. STAN-CS-73-383, AIM-211, A u g u s t 1973

The way in which a preference semantics system for natural language analysis and generation tackles anaphoric inference problems (finding the correct referent for an English pronoun in con- t e x t ) requiring e i t h e r analytic (conceptual) knowledge of a complex sort, or requiring weak inductive knowledge of the course of events in the real world. The method employed converts all available knowledge to a canonical template form and endeavors to create chains of non-deductive inferences from the unknowns to the possible referents. [AD-769 673/5GA; PC $ 3 . 0 0 , MI? $1.451

SYNTAX-DI RECTED CONCEPT ANALYS I s IN THE REASONING FOUNDATIONS OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

Robert S. Ledley

C o m p u t e r s i n B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e , 3 , 8 9 - 9 9 , 1 9 7 3

How do physicians handle medical diagnosis? They obviously do not remember all possible symptom complexes associated with a disease. A mathematical formalism simulates t h e implicit reasoning processes utilized by a physician in handling the problem of the multitude of symptom complexes. This formalism can itself be used to program a computer to more e a s i l y process symptom complexes as an aid to medical diagnosis.

Inference

A NUCLEUS OF A THEOREM-PROVER DESCRIBED I N ALGOL 68 Jaques Cohen. Laurent Trillins. and Peter Weaner

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal of Computer a n d Information Sc i ences + 3 , 1, 1-31, 1974

The tree method is a variant of Beth's semantic t ab l eaux . The p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e ALGOL 68 programs enables one to evaluate the f a c i l i t i e s available in t h a t language f o r exp re s s ing symbolic manipula t ion algorithms. The relationship between the tree method and resolution-based methods of theorem-proving i s briefly discussed .

Instruction

CASE - A NATURAL LANGUAGE COMPUTER MODEL

William G. Harless, Gary G. Drennon Johp J. Marxer, Judith A. Root, Linda L. Wilson and George E. Miller Center fo r Educational Development University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago

Computers in B i o l o g y and Medicine, 3 , 2 2 7 - 2 4 6 , 1973

A computer-aided simulation of the clinical encounter (CASE) offers a student the opportunity to assume the role of a practicing physician, making clinical decisions and observing the consequences. A solution to the natural language problem allows the student to interact with any CASE without being restricted in the use of his own language for inquiry.

GENESYS - A GENERATING SYSTEM FOR THE CASE NATURAL LANGUAGE MODEL

William G. Harless, Gary G. Drennon, John J. Marxer, Judith A. Root, Linda L. Wilson and George E. Miller Center for Educational Development University of Illinois College of Medicine Chicago

Computers in B i o l o g y and M e d i c i n e , 3 , 2 4 7 - 2 6 8 , 1973

A library of computer-aided simulations of the clinical en- coun te r , CASE, is being developed using GENESYS, a semi-automatic generating system. (2) generation, and called MREC (medica

Three essential phases are (1) interrogation, (3) integration. A Coursewriter I11 program

1 record entry. course) iltterrogates the author at a terminal, gathering information which is subsequently processed by a series of PL1 programs to form a CASE.

AT$ I N EXPOSITION

W. D. Hagamen, D. Linden, M. Leppo, W. B e l l , and J. C . Weber Department of Anatomy C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y Medical Co l l ege New York C i t y

Computer s i n B i 0 l ~ g y and Medicine, 3 , 205-226, 1973

ATS (A T u t o r i a l Sy'stem i s w r i t t e n i n APL/360. A n au tho r i n t e r r o g a t i o n program interviews t h e a u t h o r i n Eng l i sh and formats h i s t u t o r i a l f o r him, and a t u t o r i a l s u p e r v i s o r program i n t e r f a c e s w i t h t h e s t u d e n t s . The s u p e r v i s o r program c o n t a i n s many f e a t u r e s o f machine i n t e l l i g e n c e (a knowledge o f t h e r u l e s of human dis- cou r se ) which o p e r a t e i n eve ry t u t o r i a l w i t h o u t i n t e r v e n t i o n by t h e au tho r , and p rov ide t he d i s c o u r s e w i t h an aura o f i n t e l l i g e n t behavior. C a r t a i n a s p e c t s o f b o t h programs are i l l u s t r a t e d by t e r m i n a l examples.

Klaus Brunns te in and Joachim W. Schmidt German E l e c t r o n A c c e l e r a t o r DESY , Hamburg, Germany

i n t e r n a t i o n a l 3 o u r n a l of Computer & I n f o r m a t i o n Science, 2 , 2 , 89-101 J u n e 1973

S p e c i a l t e chn iques t o i n t r o d u c e in fo rmat ion systems i n t o l e a r n e r - c o n t r o l l e d i n s t r u c t i o n on a b roade r b a s i s t han encountered today . " In fo rmat ion networks" a r e d e f i n e d t o add t o t h e informa- t i o n stored i n the data base some k ind o f semant ic unders tanding of t h e l o g i c a l s t r u c t u r e s involved . T h i s appxoach d i f f e r s from o t h e r s , i n t h a t t h e s t u d e n t ( o r user) works himself w i th t h e i n f o r - mation netwcrrk, while other approaches try to guide the l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s via c o n v e r s a t i o n a l programs w h i c h a r e gene ra t ed accord ing t o a given network.

S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H r l I C A L I N F O R M A T I O N P R O C E S S I N G

A new s e r i a l t r a n s l a t i o n of Nauchno-Tekhnicheska y a Informatsi ya , ~ e r i y a 1

Allerton Press, Inc. 150 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10011

This Sov ie t journal is edi ted by A . I. Mikhailov and published by V I N I T I , the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical In- formation. It contains reports on manual and machine methods for s t o r i n g and retrieval.

SAMPLE CONTENTS

Func.tiona1 Analysis of R&D In forma t i o n Needs Efficient O r g a n i z a t i o n o f I n s t i t u t i o n a l Information Services D i s c i p l i n a r y ~ e v i e w s : Inforrna t i o n a l Groundwork f o r L o n g - T e r m

Planning and Forecas t ing Secondary Document Index ing iW Petroleum Chemistry S e l e c t i v e Dissemina t ion of I n f o r m a t i o n i n E l e c t r o t e c h n o l o g y O n - l i n e I n f o r m a t i o n P r o c e s s i n g o f I n f o r m a t i o n File D a t a Use of M i c r o f i l m for Automatic I n f o r m a t i o n Bandl ing i n E l e c t r i c a l

Engineering I n f o r m a t i o n a l R e v i e w s i n the A g e of I n f o p m a t i o n Crisis The Abstract J o u r n a l as a C o m p o n e n t of the S y s t e m of Announcement

a n d Current-Awareness S e r v i c e s i n P h y s i o l o g i c a l Sciences C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,o f Methods for Use i n S c i e n t i f i c a n d T e c h n i c a l

Institutes M u l t i - a s p e c t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Sys t em of Surveys C o m p u t i n g t h e space Requirements for a S c i e n t i f i c R e f e r e n c e L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of B i b l i o g r a p h y P u n c h e d . C a r d s i n the ~ i e l d of

Applied Human Phys io logy S p e c i a l ~ i l i n g u a l D ic t i onary : C o n s t r u c t i o n P r i n c i p l e s

Annual subscription ( 4 issues) $100.00

Documentation

I N F O R M A T I O I ~ S Y S T E M S

A NEW JOURNAL

Editor: Hans-Jochen Schneider Universitat Stuttgart

Regional E d i t o r s : Donald J. Hillman Lehigh University Frank King IBM San Jose A. Metaxides B e l l L a b o r a t ~ r i e g Gerard Salton Cornell University M i c h a e l E. Senko IBM- Palo Alto Vasile Taraboi National Institute

for Scientific and Technical Information, Bucharest

P r i c e :

A d d r e s s :

$60 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; $ 1 0 8 (1974-75 ) ; $ 3 0 for 16mm or 35 rnm microfi lm ( 1 9 7 4 )

Pergamon Press, Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, N e w York 10523

Scope :

Data bases: creation, management, and utilization.

Original contributions, reviews, notices of reports and theses, book reviews.

Documentat i o n

PROBLEMS OF FORMALIZATION OF LINGUISTIC DATA I N A SYSTEM FOR

INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF TEXTUAL AND GRAPHIC INFORMATION

(PROBLEMES DE F O R M A L I S A T I O N D E S D O N N E E S LINGUISTIQUES D A N S U N SYSTEME I N T E G R E DE T R A I T E M E N T DE L ' I N F O R M A T I O N TEXTUELLE ET GRAPHIQUE)

A. Borillo Center for Documentary Analys i s in Archeology Marseille

Report N o . ~ r t / 6 8 / 1 9 7 2

Shapes of ( s e c t i o n s of) amphorae are input with a l i g h t peq and are s t o r e d a s p o i n t s i n a two dimensional Eucl idean space . The da ta base can be interrogated on- l ine in n a t u r a l language (F rench) . The two problems s o l v e d are (I), the l i n g u i s t i c problem of des ign ing an i n t e r n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n language for t h e n a t u r a l language queries, and ( 2 ) t h e a n a l y t i c problem of sub- s t i t u t i n g forms f o r a g g r e g a t e s of c o o r d i n a t e s .

CONSTRUCTIONS I N THE FRAMEWORK OF AUTOMATIC QUESTION ANSWERING

(PROBLEMES D ' A N A L Y S E SYNTACTICO-SEMANTIQUE D E CONSTRUCTIONS I N T E R A O G A T I V f l S EN F R A N C A I S D A N S LE CADRE DU T R A I T E M E N T AUTOMATIQUE DE QUESTIONS)

A. B o r i l l o Archeological Documentation and Computation Research Uni t Marseille

Report No. Com/61 b i s / 1973

Linguistically, questions pose alternatives (yes -no ,e tc . ) o r c a l l f o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n (who? what? e t c . ) . Both t y p e s occur as d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t questions or w i t h the imperative of a verb such as dire. I n f o r m a t i o n a l analysis i n c l u d e s de te rmin ing %he t y p e of i n f o m a t i o n requested and the s t of o b j e c t s t o be examined. Al-

p

t e r n a t i v e q u e s t i o n s are t r a n s l a t e d into p r o p o s i t i o n s t o be matched in a f i l e . Some specification q u e s t i o n s can be answered with an element i n a semantically d e f i n e d r o l e i n a s to red p r o p o s i t i o n , but some c a l l for c a l c u l a t i o n : What is the difference between A and B? Some questions c a l l for exhaustive search;' others are satisfied - by t h e first p r o p a s i t i o n t o f i t a c e r t a i n p a t t e r n .

Documentation

T. DeHeer Institute TNO for Mathematics Information Processing and Statistics The Hague, Netherlands

I n f o r m a t i o n S t o r a g e & R e t r i e v a l , 10, 3 - 4 , 1 3 3 - 1 4 4 March-April 1 9 7 4

Syntactic traces consist of syntactic similarity patterns and data base pointers. The similarity patterns contain indica- tions about polygram-substrinqs that searchable parts of the different documents which are connected by means of the pointers have in common. A . experimental computer system called STORES (Syn- tactic Trace Organized Retrospective Enquiry System) makes use of an access-strategy based on the syntactic traces. The results show that just a minor part of the total dmata base has to be processed in order to find exactly all possible lists for a given information inquiry in the form of a Boolean expression.

IHE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF TWO DICTIONARY STRUCTURES FOR DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL

Phillip Ein-Dor School of Business Administration Tel-Aviv university Israel

INFOR: C a n a d i a n Journa l of Operational Research & I n f o r m a k i o n P r o c e s s i n g , 1 2 , 1, 8 7 - 1 0 8 , F e b r u a r y , 1974

Inverted lists and tree structures are compared in terms of their efficiency as indexes for document retrieval. The relative efficiency of search is shown to depend on the structure of the information file, the form of queries posed to it, and the interaction between them. Formulae are developed for computing the amount of search required in each case and examples provided.

Irwin D. J. Bross 2nd Davi2 F. Stermole R o s w e l L Park Memorial Institute Department of Anthropology Buff a10 University of Toronto

Computer S t u d i e s in t h e H u m a n i t i e s and V e r b a l ~ e h a v i o r , 4 , 2, 65-76 A u g u s t 197d

A procedure for .the Automated Coding of Report Narrative (ACORN) has been applied to discourse analysis of surgical reports. Information was extracted in the form of standardized 'kernels'. Variations in reporting by surgical departments and by individuals; selection of paraphrases.

WITH APPLICATION TO AUTOMATIC INDEXING

Carol Elizabeth Young Computer and Information Science Research Center Ohio State University, Columbus

Report No. OSU-CISRC-TR-73-2, April 1973

A theoretical framework within which relationships ,among words are de f ined and algorithms used to identify these relationships. The algorithms assign each word to a grammatical class, identify phrases and clauses, and assign case grammar roles. These linguistic analysis procedures are to be used to construct graphical representations of sentences. The graphs are proposed as the basis of a generalized indexing system. Portions of this document are not fully legible. [PB-227 088/2GA; PC $7.25, MF $1.451

Translation

Winfred P. Lehnann Linguistics Research Center University of Texas Aus t in

R e p o r t No. RADC-TR-73-260, A u g u s t 1 9 7 3 #

The theoretical basis of an operational system for machine translation of German scienQific and technical literature into Engl i sh ; the l i n g u i s t i c and programming effort c a r r i e d out t o demonstrate the validity of that theory . Lexicographic work was aimed a t t h e addition of semo-syntactic information adequate to translate German t e x t of specific s u b j e c t m a t t e r i n accordance with t h e 6ystem d i s e u s w d i n two ear l ier reports. Descript ions of t h e grammatical ana1pd.s and t h e programming effort c a r r i e d out t o demonstrate t he s e l e c t e d approach to machine translation. [AD-769 704/8GA; PC $ 3 . 7 5 , ME' $1.451

Annette Herskovits Department of Computer Science Stanford University California

Report No. STAN-CS-73-384, AIM-212, A u g u s t 1973

A brief description of pre fe rence semantics. The analysis algorithm which transforms phrases into semantic items called templates has been considered in detail elsewhere. The second phase of analysis binds templates toge ther into a h ighe r level semantic block corresponding t o an English paragraph, and interlocks with t h e French generation procedure. The semantic relations between templates are e x t r a c t e d , pronouns a r e r e f e r r e d and t h o s e word disambiguations a r e done that r e q u i r e t h e context o f a wrvole paragraph. These tasks require items called paraplates which are at- tached to key words such as prepositions, subjunctions and relative pronouns. The system chooses the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n which maximizes "semantic density". A system for the generation o f French sentences i s based on the recursive evaluat ion of procedural gen- e r a t i o n p a t t e r n s called s t e r e o t y p e s . [AD-769 379/9GA; PC $3.00, MF $1.451

Translation

Maurice Gross Laboratory for Automation in Documentation and Linguistics University of Paris

R e p o r t No. EOARD-TR-73-27, October 1973

Mechanical translation has often been criticized from the point of view of syntactic analysis. These criticisms are updated and restated within the framework of recent theoretical work in syntax. The role of semantic information is examined. Limitations are considered, and possible ways of improvement are indicated. [AD-770 755/7GA; PC $3.00, MF $1.451

Newsweek , 4 9 - 5 0 , F e b r u a r y 26, 1973'

According to this report, linguists were optimistic about MT but so unsuccessful at i t t h a t NSF cut them off in 1966. Yet Logos Pevelopment Corporation, and Latsec, Inc. are doing (or developing) MT for commercial and technical purposes, having re- nounced (at last?) belltristic translation.

Programming

Danie l G. Bobrow and Bertram Raphael Xerox Palo Alto Research Center Stanford Research Institute California Menlo Park, California

Computing S u r v e y s , 6 , 3 , 1 5 3 - 1 7 4 , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 4

New directions in Artificial rntelligence r e sea rch have led to the need for certain novel features to be embedded in programming languages. This paper gives an averview of the nature of these features, and their implementation in four principal families of A1 languages: SAIL; PLANNER/CONNIVER; QLISP/INTER- LISP; and PDPLER/POP-2. The programming features described include: new d a t a types and accessing mechanisms for stored ex- pressions; more flexible control structures, including multiple processes and backtrqcking; p a t t e r n matching to allow comparison of data item with a template, and extraction of labeled subex- pressions; and deduc t ive mechanisms which allow the programming system to carry out certain activities including modifying the data base and dec id ing which subrou t ines to run next using only constraints and guidelines set up by the programme .

Robotics

A PLANNING SYSTEM FOR ROBOT CONSTRUCTION TASKS

Soott Elliott Fahlman Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Cambridge, Mass

A r t i f i c i a l Intelligence, 5, 1 - 4 9 ( 1 9 7 4 )

BUILD generates plans for building specified structures out of simple objects such as toy blocks. A powerful heuristic control structure enables BUILD to use a number of sophisticated construction techniques in its plans. Among these are the incor- poration of pre-existing structure into the final design, pre- assembly of movable sub-structures on the table, and the use o f extra blocks as temporary supports and counterweights in the course of construction.

BUILD can maintain several world models at once, and contains modules for displaying states, testing them for inter-ob- j e c t contact and collision, and for checking the stability of complex structures involving frictional forces.

INTELLIGENT MACHINES ARE ON THE WAY

Oscar Firschein and Martin A. Fischler Lockheed Research Laboratory

L. Stephen Ooles and Jay M. Tenenbaum Stanford Research Institute

I E E E Spectrum, 4 1 - 4 8 , July 2 9 7 4

Speculation about robots and other intelligent machines hae long been the unchallenged preserve of the science-fiction writer and properly so, as long as the technology needed t o real- i z e these machines was a distant dream. Asserting that chunks of the technology required for robots, etc. are at hand, the authors encourage engineers to speculate about automated intelligence systems, t a l k i n g typewriters, voice-response order takers, automatic identification systems, automatic diagnosticians, i n d u s t r i a l robots, robot tutots, universal game players, computer-controlled artificial organs, etc.

Robotics

L. Stephen Coles Artificial Intelligence Center Stanford Research I n s t i t u t e Menlo Park, California 9 4 0 2 5

SRI P u b l i c a t i o n No. 2104

More t h a n 200 r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e f i e l d of robotics are divided into the following categories: Historical Robots, Robots in Literature, The S R I Robot Project, The Stanford University Hand/Eye Project , MIT Robot Projec ts , The Edinburgh Robot Project, The Berkeley Robot Project, The JPL Robot Project , Other Robot Projects (USA, England, USSR, Japan), General References, Tele- operators, Industrial~Robots, Orthotic/Prosthetic Systems, Philo- sophical Implications, Social Implications, Robots in Popular Maga- zines, and Robots in Films.

As a c u r r e n t version will be maintained in machine-readable form on the ARPA Network, readers are invited to send correct ions or additions to the author.

Literature

BULLET I N Volume 2 Number 2 Summer T e r m 1974 E d i t o x

J a a n M. Smith 6 Sevenoaks Ave

Heaton Moor, Stcckport Cheshire SK4 4AW ENGLAND

CONTENTS

GUEST E D I T O R I A L : A S S O C I A T I O N I INQUIRENTIUM P E R AUTOMATON DE S C R I P T I S HOMINUM SERMONIBUS IPSA SUAE REI N A T U R A DOCET FINES ALIOS S T A T U I NON P O S S E QUAM Q U I I N T E R N A T I O N A L I T A T I S . . .R . Busa, S . J .

OIy C O M P U T E R I Z I N G MEDIEVAL GERMAN G Y R I C M A N U S C R I P T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U. Muller

SOME POSSIBLE USES OF T H Z COMPUTER A R C H I V E O F MODERN E N G L I S H TEXT.S . . . . . . . . . Rosemary Leonard

DATEN V E R A R B E I T U N G FUR G E I S T E S W I S S E f i S C H A F T L E R L E H R V E R A N S T A L T U N G E N AN H O C H S C N U L E N DER R R D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W . O t t a n d A . S c h w a b

MSS - MANUSCRIPT STEMMA SIMULATOR . . . . . . . D. J. Shaw

. . . . THE X G P C O M P O T E R - D R I V E N P R I N T E R AT S T A N F O R D Y. Wilks

M A S C H I N E L L E SYNTAKTISCHE A N A L Y S E ' (MasA) - EIN T E I L D E S P R O J E K T E S 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DATENVERARBEITUNG' (LDV) . . . . . . . . . a . H. D. L U ~ Z

PUBLISHING COMPUTER OUTPUT OF PROCESSED N A T U R A L LANGUAGE T E X T S - II m . . . . m m e . m m . m R. W. Last

LITERARY S T A T I S T I C S I : ON E S T I M A T I O N . . N. D. Thornson 4 2

BU LLET I fJ V o l u m e 2 Number 2

S u m m e r T e r m 1974

CONTENTS (Continued)

I N T E R N A T I O N A L CONFERENCE ON COMPUTERS I N T H E H U M A N I T I E S . . . . ( I C C H ) I: M i n n e a p o l i s , J u l y 1 9 - 2 2 , 1 9 7 3 D. ROSS 4 8

FIFTH .INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTATIONAL L I N G U I S T I C S : P i s a , A u g u s t 2 7 - S e p t e m b e r L 1 9 7 3 A . Zamp~lli 5 2

L E S S I C O I N T E L L E T U A L E EUROPEO: R e p o r t of t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Colloquium h e l d in Rome J a n u a r y 7-9, 1974 . . . . . . . . . , . . Joan M. Smith 5 8

FACHSPRACHLICHE T E X T E - UMGANGSSPRACHLICHE COMMUNIKATION: I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s S y m p o s i u m , Bad H o m b u r g , B R D J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J, S . PetBfi 66

THE U S E O F COMPUTERS I N L I T E R A R Y A N D L I N G U I S T I C RESEARCH: 3 r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e o f Cardiff, A p r i l 1-5, 1 9 7 4 B . H . N d a l l 6 8

Literature

ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A NOVEL AND A ROMANCE:

A DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

B. B r a i n e r d Department of Mathematics University of Toronto

Computers and the ~ u m a n i t i e s , 7 , 5, 259-270, M a y 1 9 7 3 -

Since an author's use of articles and (personal) pronouns i s p a r t i c u l a r l y sensitive to t h e variation in the degree of formality of his writing, it might seem that the terms of th& opposition (romance, novel) might be quantitatively distinguished, using information about articles and pronouns. Author chooses f i f t y 50-word passages a t random in the works of four 'novelists' and three 'romancers' and computes the average number of articles and personal pronouns over these passages as an index.

L i t e r a t u r e

ON THE NUMBER OF WORDS A CHARACTER SPEAKS

B. Brainerd University of Toronto

Computer S t u d i e s in t h e H u m a n i t i e s a n d Verbal B e h a v i o r 4,2,57-63 A u g u s t 1973

The number of words a character speaks is roughly an ex- ponential function of his rank. We test this hypothesis and two o t h e r models: a power-function model ( e s s e n t i a l l y Zipf's Law) and a log-normal d i s t r i b u t i o n . Finally, t a k i n g each of t h e three basid genres ( t r a g e d i e s , h i s t o r y plays , and comedies) as a whole and t ak ing o t h e r possible parameters into effect, we cafi q u i t e satisfactorily account for the data u s i n g the expression w= a exp (b i+d ix) where a r b , and d a r e c o f g t a n t coefficients and w is the number of words spoken by t h e i r a n k i n g character in a play c o n t a i n i n g x characters. For t ragedies and histories these coefficients resemble each other c lose ly while the comedy coefficients are q u i t e different.

Psychology

Ruven Brooks and Belijamin Kleinmuntz Carnegie-Mellon University University of Illinois Pittsburgh Chicago Circle

B e h a v i o r a l s c i e n c e , 19,,, 1 , 1 6 - 2 0 , January 1 9 7 4

A computer psychodiagnostician with limited learning capa- bility is described. It i s an interact ive system which poses questions to persons who have observed psychiatric patients. It points out the r e l a t i v e probabilities that the described patient has one of the twenty diagnoses as well as the degree of overall psychopathology. Several practical and theoretical uses of the system are discussed.

Archeolosv

IZATION OF TEXTUAL DATA I N ARCHAEOLOGY: APPLICATION TO THE

In The Explanation of Culture Change, edited by Colin Renfrew. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd., London, 1973 141-148

The mechanized utilization of the Corpus of Latin Inscrip- tions in many fields (general, economic, social, military history; archaeology; history of language and epigraphy) depends on the ex- tremely variable qature of information contained in the inscrip- t i o n s (date; location; social purpose; physical and stylistic nature: literary form etc.), on their present state of preservation, implying some work of restoration and interpretation,, as well as on the constrsfnts of explicitness and completeness made necessary by the use of computers. The methodological problems raised by t h e fundamental operations of segmentation ( i . e . division of the data into 'segments' or elemental units) and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , specific to each analysis, are here dkf ined .

IATHEMATI CAL, LINGUISTIC, AND INFORMAT I c ELEMENTS

IF AN INTEGRATED AUTOMATIC SYSTEFS F O R PROCESSING rEXTUAL AND GRAPH 1 C I NFORMAT I ON

3. Borillo, M. Botillo, L. Bourrelly, E. Chouraqui, W. Fernandez ie l a ~ b g a , A . ~ u g n o c h e , A . Hesnard, J. T o g n o t t i , and J. Vi rbe l :entre National de la Recherche Scientifique, unit6 de Recherche l na ly se Documentaire et C a l c u l en ~sch6ologie 31 Chernin Joseph-Aiguier, 13 Marseil le 9, FRANCE

Tnformat ion S t o r a g e R e t r i e v a l , 9; 5 2 7 - 5 6 0 P p r g a m o n Pres s 1 9 7 3

Real-time answers to natural-language q u e s t i o n s about the shapes of amphorae. Shape is described both i n everyday terms ( long , thick, different) and in technical' terms (type Dressel 1, ~ o f d ) . Shapes are processed byb pencil-follower i n p u t , automatic xrve segmentation, numerical taxonomy; global and local characteristics are derived and correlated with names. Syntactic- semantic analysis of questions connects them with s tored informa- t i o ~ l .

Neural Nets

A THEORY FOR THE NEURAL B A S I S OF LANGUAGE

Robert J. Baron Department of Computer Science University of Iowa Iowa City

I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f Man-Machine S t u d i e s 6 , 1 3 - 4 8 (1974)

A theory and corresponding model for the neural basis of language. A detailed functional description of (1) encoding of visualApatterns,.(2) the representati~n of visual experience in memory, (3) the mechanisms of association between different types ox visual and verbal information, (4) the neural representation of phrases and simple sentences; (5) t h e r ecogn i t i on of simple sentences and the concept of meaning, and (6) verbally-directed recall of visual experience.

Operational definitions; neural networks; control strategies. Computer-simulation of (1) verbally directed visual recall ; (2) verbal understanding; (3) aspects of learning and forgetting; (4) aependence on contextual information; and (5) sentence generation.

A THEORY FOR THE NEURAL B A S I S OF LANGUAGE

Robert J. Baron Department of Computer Science University of Iowa Iowa City

In . t e rna t iona1 Journal of Man-Machine S t u d i e s , 6 , 1 5 5 - 2 0 4 , ( 1 9 7 4 )

A theory and corresponding model for the neural basis of language was presen ted in Part 1 of this paper. Computer simulation s tud ie s of the proposed model are presented here. Processes demonstrated are (1) verbally directed recall of visual experience; (2) understanding of verbal information; (3) aspeats of learning and forgetting; (4) the dependence of recognition and understanding on con tex t ; and (5 ) elementar concepts of sentence product ion . T A particular choice of contro functions for the model are described, and algorithms for $11 major computational processes are given. All programming was done in FORTRAN IV and executed on an IBM 360/65 computer.

Neural Nets

Michael A. Cunningham and Harry J. Gray Moore School of Electrical Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia

I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l of Man-Machine S t u d i e s , 6 , 4 9 - 1 0 4 , 3 9 7 4

In spite of our growing understanding of brain mechanisms, it is still difficult to see just how such complex behavior as language, problem solving and concept formation might be explained in terms of n e u r a l systems. The theories of Hebb and Piaget are two important alternatives to a strictly behavioral blackbox approach to the problems of psychology. Neither of these t w o investigators are content to observe and abstractly describe behavior without reference to possible internal mechanisms, processes, or representations. Therefore, their work should be of interest to persons working in artificial intelligence where the objects of primary concern and manipulation are precisely internal mechanisms, processes, and representations. Steps are taken in a Hebb-Piaget synthesis. The model is formulated as a computer program. A rigorous demonstration would consist of the program's behavior going through Piaget's stages. However we do not expect our first computer program to get through very many of Piaget's stages. Our aim i s to give a full demonstration of the stages of sensorimotor intelligence only at the end of a sequence of successive approXimations.