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Nuclear Reactions • Fission • Fusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus.

Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

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Page 1: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Nuclear Reactions• Fission • Fusion

There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus.

Page 2: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 3: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 4: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 5: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 6: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 7: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

CHEMICAL NUCLEAR

Occurs when bonds are broken or formed.

Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays.

Atoms remained unchanged, though may be rearranged.

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element.

Involves valence electrons May involve protons, neutrons or electrons

Small energy changes HUGE energy changes

Reaction rates affected by temp and pressure

Reaction rate NOT normally affected temp and pressure

Page 8: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Fission

Neutrons bombard nucleus

splitting nucleus

(from heavy to lighter)

release 2 things: neutrons and energy

Page 9: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Nuclear Power Plants• Fission is controlled by:

– releasing neutrons to start the chain reaction

– capturing neutrons to slow or stop the reaction.

Page 10: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

ISOTOPES

Page 11: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Radioactivity

• Any process where the nucleus emits particles or energy

Page 12: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Nuclear Decay

ALPHA

- a particle that has 2 protons and 2 neutrons (helium) is released from an unstable nucleus.

Ex:

uranium – 238

Fission

BETA

- occurs when a neutron in the nucleus of a radioactive isotope splits into a proton and an electron.

Ex:

Carbon - 14

GAMMA

- involves the release of HIGH energy and radiation from the nucleus of the atom.

Protons, neutrons and electrons not affected.

Ex: nuclear power fuels

Page 13: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Chapter 19

Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

Page 14: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

14

: The decay series.

Page 15: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

15

A representation of a Geiger-Müller counter.

Page 16: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

16

Unstable nucleus.

Page 17: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

17

Representation of a fission process.

Page 18: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

18

Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

Page 19: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.

19

Schematic of the reactor core.

Page 20: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

20

Radioactive particles and rays

vary greatly in penetrating power.

Page 21: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

21

Diagram for the tentative plan for deep underground isolation of

nuclear waste.

Page 22: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

                                      

An alpha particle is a Helium 4 nucleus (two protons and two neutrons). It is produced by nuclear fission in which a massive nucleus breaks apart into two

less-massive nuclei (one of them the alpha particle). This is a strong interaction process.

Page 23: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

                                      

A beta particle is an electron. It emerges from a weak decay process in which one of the neutrons

inside an atom decays to produce a proton, the beta electron and an anti-electron-type neutrino.

Page 24: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

                                       

A gamma particle is a photon. It is produced as a step in a radioactive decay chain when a massive

nucleus produced by fission relaxes from the excited state in which it first formed towards its lowest energy or ground-state configuration.

Page 25: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

How Far Away?• Inverse Square Law

Page 26: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Half-Life

• Amount of time it takes for ½ the radioactive material to decay

Page 27: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

E=mc2

• Eenergy• mmass• cspeed of light

– (3.0 x 108 m/s)

• Small mass=large output

Mass of proton and neutron in the nucleus is less than the same protons and neutrons separate?

Page 30: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Nuclear Medicine

• Used by >>1 in 3 admitted to hospital

• Biochemical & Physical changes occur in disease before anatomical can be identified

Page 31: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Radioactive Tracers

• Technetium-99– 6 hr half-life– Accumulate in cells

with rapid growth (tumors)

Page 32: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Gadolinium-153

• Accumulated in bone– Osteoporosis

Page 33: Nuclear Reactions FissionFusion There is a STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE that holds the neutron and protons together in the Nucleus

Fusion

• Interior of sun – 15 million °C

• Nuclei combine– H ‘s combine to form He