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Presented by G-4

Aneesh RajuAshwin RajNaga TejaIrshad .AKundan Kumar JhaSoumya K.N

SOP Owner Cris Abraham

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India go Nuclear

Adapting to the changes…. Is it really effective???

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It is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India.

As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW

They are Tarapur(4), Rajasthan(4), Kaiga(3), Madras, Narora, Kakrapur(2)

6 other are under construction and are

expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW.

Nuclear power in India

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Also involved in the nuclear fusion reaction development.

Continue…

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Till a few years ago, nuclear energy was a dirty business - risks and cost overruns.

Growing concern over global warming

Respectability due to the negligible carbon emissions from nuclear power plants.

Why Nuclear Renaissance?

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To sustain the 8% economic growth in 2030- increase electricity generation 4 times

Wind, Hydel and Biomass = one fourth of India’s future energy need.(CSTEP report)

Rest of the demand by Coal, nuclear and solar energy

Hopes for Renaissance in India

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World’s uranium reserves for 80 years(World Nuclear Association )

Growing energy demand and climate change

Reduced atmospheric pollution in power generation

Continued…

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Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited

Under the administrative control of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India.

It operates plants with motto ‘Safety first and production Next’.

NPCIL

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Operating the atomic power stations

Implementing the atomic power projects for generation of electricity

According to schemes and programs of the Government of India under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.

NPCIL

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It has equity participation in BHAVINI, an organization formed for implementation for Fast Breeder Reactors program

Continued…

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3 stage strategy

Proposed by Homi J Bhabha ,50 years ago

Indian Nuclear Program

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3 STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME

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A level of maturity in first stage.

Entered the second stage. (Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam)

Expected constructions will mark the third stage of the programme.

Level of stages

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INDIA GOES SHOPPING

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It is also called 123 Agreement US will supply technologies and fuel for 20

civilian nuclear plants. India will guarantee trade with US firms

worth US $ 70 billion. To set up two nuclear power plants in

Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

Civilian nuclear cooperation agreement

with US

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Prior consent to reprocess nuclear material, reprocess it and transfer its products

Development of a strategic reserve of fuel for the lifetime of India’s reactors.

It does not affect India’s right to conduct nuclear tests.

Continued…

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For setting up reactors and for fuel

2 light water reactors of 1650 MW at Jaitapur in Maharashtra

Hoping for stepping up the order to six.

MoU with Areva, France by NPCIL.

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For supplying nuclear fuel worth US $700 million for 5 years.

Would allow Russia to build a number of nuclear power plants in India.

On the peaceful use of nuclear energy

Deals with Russia

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For techno-commercial aspects of an advanced Boiling water reactor

For an advanced pressurized reactor

MoUs with GE Hitachi and Westinghouse Electric

company

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An opportunity for the two countries to sell heavy-water technology to third-party countries.

A research partnership to improve the pressurized heavy-water reactors used by both countries .

Co-operation agreement with Canada

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It will provide Uranium to India

India should give pressurized heavy water reactors

Bilateral agreement with Kazakhstan

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India… Present Scenario

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poor quality of Uranium ore in India.

Ultimate goal

India has approached Korea Electric Power Corporation for technology.

Reactors in India-situation

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Private Interest in management --India Inc, Reliance, Tata Power , Lanco, Punj Lloyd and Larsen and Toubro.

Request of IOC to involve them in an approved project so that the project is constructed by 2014

Rs 1,000 to Rs 1,500 crores by IOC as equity in the project with NPCIL

Continued…

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India’s logic behind pushing for fast reactors - to convert thorium into Uranium.

A prototype fast breed reactor is under construction in Kalpakam in Tamil Nadu.

According to experts suggestion India has to stay with heavy and light water reactors to go nuclear.

Continued…

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Completion of the land acquisition process for its five coastal-based plants in the next 18 months

NPCIL planned to create nuclear parks of up to 10,000 MW at each site.

Scientists are working on advanced versions of fast breed reactors but they are not commercially available.

Future Plans

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Current 3 per cent share of India’s electricity should rise to 25 per cent in 2050.

Plan to Touch 7000MW by next year

Continued…

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Long time frames and delays. Nuclear energy is capital –intensive and

delays result in cost overruns, making it more expensive.

For any foreign country to set up shop in India, it will take a couple of years for regulation clearances and approvals

Another 10 years for the reactors to be ready.

Hurdles in Business

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Second bottle neck is Technology.

Fast breed reactors necessary for the second stage of India’s nuclear program are fraught with financial and health risks..

Plutonium used are more radio active than Uranium-235 used in heavy water reactors.

Continued…

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The reactors are costly to build and maintain.

Areva(France) if gets its nuclear plants insured, the cost of electricity generation can go up 3 times.

Nuclear energy is a viable option only if viability is diluted

Continued…

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Capital Fuel Heavy water for reactors Fuel reprocessing Waste disposal Decommissioning of the plant Security for the power plant

COSTS OF NUCLEAR POWER

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Nuclear energy is capital –intensive Construction of reactor at Kaiga and

Rajasthan costed about 4 times the estimated cost.

The3400 crores estimated project at Kalpakkam is likely to exceed cost and proposed time limit.

Areva’s light water reactors cost nearly US$9000 per KW(estimated cost US$3000-4000kW)

Capital cost

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In India Electricity generation is by heavy water reactors .

Department of Atomic energy heavily subsidizes NPCIL to provide cheap heavy water(Rs.12000 per kg)

Atomic energy is unlikely to be economically competitive if the true cost of producing heavy water is taken into account

Besides cost overruns due to delay in construction also borne by DAE. This keeps the price competitive with coal fired thermal power plants.

Heavy water cost

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Being highly radioactive, the waste needs constant monitoring.

The half life of Plutonium-239 is 24400 years and that of uranium-235 is 710million years. Though the economic span of a reactor is only 30-40 years, it remains hazardous for thousands of years.

According to NPCIL ,of the total cost of a reactor,20% is set aside for waste management.

Waste management cost

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Per unit electricity cost is approximately between Rs.4 and 6

Hydel power costs much less and is renewable.

Preference decreasing in western countries.

Electricity cost

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Despite global recession, the nuclear energy has recorded a sustained growth.

439 operating nuclear reactors - 30 countries -capacity over 370 GWe,

Producing 2600 billion KWh= 15% of the world’s electricity.

50 reactors under construction in 13 countries.

Most reactors planned for Asian region, however there are major plans for new units in Europe, the USA and Russia.

Global Scenario

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At least 73 net new capacity by 2020, and then 511 to 807 GWe (Gigawatts electric). Data's are based on actions taken by number of countries.

 The IAEA projections would give nuclear power a 13.5 to 14.6% share in electricity production in 2020, and 12.6 to 15.9 % in 2030.

Continued…

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Plant upgrade in different countries.◦ Switzerland:- 5 reactors, Capacity increased by

12.3%.◦ Spain:- 9reactors, capacity increased by 11%.◦ Finland:- 2 reactors have been upgraded by 29%

& 10 % simultaneously.◦ Sweden: - 2 reactors under upgradation by 13% &

21%.

Continued…

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http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf17.html http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/11/stories/

2009121151330300.htm http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=17081&geo=2&size=A http://business.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/24/indian-oil-npcil-plan-

nuclear-power-plant.htm http://in.news.yahoo.com/241/20091209/1257/tnl-us-power-majors-

take-india-s-n-deal.html http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/25/canada-india-resume-

nuclear-energy-trade/ http://www.energy-business-review.com/companies/

nuclear_power_corporation_of_india_limited/ http://www.dancewithshadows.com/business/gmr-nuclear-power-plant-

for-india-in-5-years/ http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?102310 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-eye-on-US-cabinet-green-

signals-N-liability-bill/articleshow/5248664.cms

References

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