Nuclear Fusion - Solution to the World's Energy Crisis

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Nuclear Fusion:

The Solution to the Worlds Energy Crisis

Monday March 14, 2011

Carolyn Labun, Ph.D

Group Six Writers:

Trevor Billows 68711084

Lukas Rusak 77312098

Reid Nielsen 53942090

Heather Mallory 28578102

Jered Lepp 87397107


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Table of Contents

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ivGlossary .......................................................................................................................................... vExecutive Summary ....................................................................................................................... viDiscussion Sections ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 12.0 The Origins of Nuclear Fusion .............................................................................................. 3

2.1 Naturally Occurring Fusion ............................................................................................... 32.2 Other Uses of Fusion Reactions ........................................................................................ 4

3.0 Current Production of Energy on Earth................................................................................. 53.1 Burning Coal...................................................................................................................... 53.2 Nuclear Fission .................................................................................................................. 53.3 Solar Energy ...................................................................................................................... 63.4 Finding a Better Method .................................................................................................... 7

4.0 Atomic Process of Nuclear Fusion ........................................................................................ 84.1 How Fusion Works ............................................................................................................ 8

4.1.1 Complexity..................................................................................................................8

4.1.2 The Process.................................................................................................................84.1.3 Energy Release............................................................................................................8

4.2 Fusion on Earth .................................................................................................................. 9

4.2.1 Elements......................................................................................................................9

4.2.2 Availability of Materials.............................................................................................9

4.2.3 Experimental Procedure..............................................................................................9

5.0 Fusion Challenges and Solutions ........................................................................................ 115.1 Achieving Star-like Conditions ....................................................................................... 115.2 Heat Containment/Management ...................................................................................... 11

5.2.1 Magnets.....................................................................................................................11

5.2.2 Modified Super Materials.......................................................................................12

5.2.3 Blankets and Ceramic Coatings................................................................................12


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5.3 Large Scale Experiment ................................................................................................... 136.0 Solving the Energy Need on Earth ...................................................................................... 14

6.1 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) ........................................... 146.2 Schedule of Construction ................................................................................................. 15

7.0 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 16References ..................................................................................................................................... 17Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 19


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List of Figures

Figure 2.1: The process of nuclear fusion on the sun ..............................................................................................7

Figure 3.1: Evolution of world coal estimates...............................................................................10

Figure 4.1: Atomic nuclear fusion used for energy production.....................................................13

Figure 4.2: A picture of the inside of the tokamak at Joint European Tours (JET).......................14

Figure 5.1: Schematic of a tokamak magnetic fusion device........................................................17

Figure 6.1: An aerial view of the ITER construction site in Cadarache, France...........................20


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Glossary

AntimatterRepresents the idea of antiparticle. Just as there is matter made up of particles there

is antimatter made up of antiparticles (positron, and antihydrogen).

DeuteriumA stable isotope of hydrogen containing one neutrons and one proton.

ITERInternational Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is the leading research

facility responsible for providing the newest knowledge into using fusion to produce energy.

Nuclear fissionA nuclear reaction where the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller

nuclei or atomic particles; the reverse of nuclear fusion.

Nuclear fusionA nuclear reaction where two or more nuclei join or fuse together to form a

larger and heavier nucleus.

NucleonA collective term for neutrons and protons.

PlasmaA state of matter where the material is heated significantly and a portion of the

particles become ionized. This separates electrons and positive ions.

TritiumAn unstable isotope of hydrogen containing two neutrons and one proton.

TokamakA device that employs a magnetic field to hold plasma in the shape of a torus.


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Executive Summary

One of the 14 grand engineering challenges of the 21st century is to provide energy through the

use of nuclear fusion. The purpose of this research report is to show how nuclear fusion is

leading the way as the worlds future energy source. The main points of this paper address: The

Origins of Nuclear Fusion, Current Production of Energy on Earth, Atomic Process of Nuclear

Fusion, Fusion Challenges and Solutions, and Solving the Energy Need on Earth. Nuclear fusion

is a reaction found on our sun and has been the source of life on earth since the beginning of

time. Nuclear fusion has been suggested, for over 60 years, as the worlds next future energy

source. It is important to look into the current research and development of nuclear fusion to

know what direction our world is headed. To quote Soviet fusion pioneer Lev Artsimovich,

Fusion will be ready when society needs it, that time is now (Cleary, D. 2006).

The Origins of nuclear fusion section focuses on fusion occurring on our sun and the uses of

fusion reactions and discusses how the first use of a fusion reaction was found in the hydrogen

bomb in 1952. The second section, Current Production of Energy on Earth, covers the current

energy sources that our world relies on such as: coal, nuclear fission, solar energy, and future

alternative energy sources. These energy sources are all well known with the possible exception

of nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the exact opposite of nuclear fusion where it gives off

energy when the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller, lighter nuclei. The third section, Atomic

Process of Nuclear Fusion, explains how fusion works and an overview of the fusion reaction.

The fusion reaction may seem simple in theory, combining two small atoms, but in real life it

takes an immense amount of energy to start the fusion reaction. This section is necessary to

understand the basics of a fusion reaction. The fourth section, Fusion Challenges and Solutions,


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outlines the challenges that scientists face when conducting a fusion reaction. The extreme

temperature of a fusion reaction is a hard challenge to overcome; magnets, modified materials,

liquid blankets, and ceramic coatings are all potential solutions to containing the heat and

pressure of the reaction. The final section, Solving the Energy Need on Earth, outlines the next

major step for nuclear fusion with the constructing an experimental reactor to test the nuclear

fusion reaction process, start to finish. This experimental reactor, called the International

Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, is being constructed to advance nuclear fusion research.

After reading this report, it is recommended that nuclear fusion is supported by any means

possible as it is our responsibility to not let this technology slip away. From a business point of

view, buying stocks or investing in nuclear fusion is highly recommended. When fusion

explodes as the number one renewable energy source of the world, fusion development

companies stocks will rise exponentially and stock holders will be well rewarded.


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Discussion Sections

1.0IntroductionThis technical research report has been written in response to one of the 14 Grand Challenges for

Engineering put forth by the National Academy of Engineering. The purpose of this report is to

discuss the possibilities of fusion being the future in energy production. Nuclear Fusion: The

Solution to the Worlds Energy Crisis will discuss the origin of nuclear fusion and how society

has already used this technology. Furthermore it will go on to explain the different methods

being used today to provide the world with energy. How and why nuclear fusion works will be

discussed in detail as well as the challenges encountered when dealing with a process such as

fusion. Suggestions as to a solution for this grand challenge of providing energy from fusion will

be given and the current major research project underway will be discussed.

In preparation for writing this report our research team was divided up and given positions such

as project manager, lead researcher and editor. The team then divided up the main topics to be

discussed and researched each specific topic individually. Many different tools were used to aid

in the research portion of this technical report. As a team it was decided upon to try and use as

many peer reviewed articles as possible as having at least two per section was one of the

requirements. We found that the best places to find these peer reviewed articles were in

databases such as Compendex and EBSCOhost and continued to rely on these two databases for

a majority of the research period. In addition to Compendex and EBSCOhost various corporate

and government websites were used to find specific information in regards to global energy

consumption and construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.


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The largest provider of energy in todays society is coal; it is not renewable and has a huge

negative impact on the environment. With the coal reserves continuously declining and no major

energy source to take its place it is imperative that a new way to provide a sustainable source of

clean energy is needed. If scientists can successfully find a way to harness fusion energy, the

world will be able to live without worrying about energy consumption for years to come.


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2.0 The Origins of Nuclear Fusion

When looking into nuclear fusion we must first look into where the idea first came from and

where our early attempts to harness it were. Fusion existed in stars before anywhere else and the

first time society tried to use it weapons were created to harm each other by harnessing the

energy given off by the fusion reaction.

2.1 Naturally Occurring Fusion

The thought of fusion usually brings to mind the thought of the sun, our main heat source.

It gives off immense amounts of heat and energy allowing us to be alive today on Earth.

At the suns core it is 15,000,000 degrees Kelvin, that is hotter than anything we can even

imagine (Grieb. C, 2006). These temperatures are only possible due to nuclear fusion of

hydrogen atoms. The fusion process on the sun is shown as:

. (1)

The process is actually completed in three steps, the first happens when two hydrogen

atoms combine together to form a deuterium atom (heavy hydrogen) (Manuel. O, 2009).

Further, one deuterium atom combines with another hydrogen atom and becomes helium,

two of these helium atoms can combine to become Helium 4 and when this happens they

let out two hydrogen atoms. The process is shown in Figure 2.1. This allows the process

to be able to be repeated because there is always hydrogen. The sun has an incredibly

large mass of 1.98892 1030

Kg which creates the huge amounts of pressure needed to

start the fusion reaction. Once the reaction has started the amount of heat produced adds

to the reaction and it becomes self-sustaining.


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2.2 Other Uses of Fusion Reactions

The atomic bomb (hydrogen bomb) was first thought of in the early 1940s. It was

predicted that, one gram ofdeuterium atoms would release the energy equivalent of 150

tons of TNT. (Tucker. J, 1996). When the concept finally became reality in 1952, a

hydrogen bomb was let off that was equivalent to 10.4 megatons of TNT (Tucker J,

1996). These early hydrogen bombs were actually a two stage design, the first being an

atomic bomb detonating creating nuclear fission. Once there was enough heat it

imploded a canister of liquid deuterium causing nuclear fusion and large amounts of

energy to be released. The first hydrogen bomb, codenamed Mike, was 20 feet in length.

These two examples are providing grounds for our future in harnessing the power of nuclear

fusion for the good of humanity. Studying the sun has provided us with many answers about the

process of nuclear fusion. The creation of the hydrogen bomb provided us with further

understanding of nuclear fusion and the power that it can provide. Now all that is needed is to

put nuclear fusion to good use.

Figure 2.1: The process of nuclear fusion on the sun

Note. From ScienceBlogs by Ethan Seigel (2010), retrieved from

http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/09/the_new_nu_news.php
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/09/the_new_nu_news.phphttp://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2010/09/the_new_nu_news.php


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3.0 Current Production of Energy on Earth

How our society currently produces energy for the massive worldwide demand.

3.1 Burning Coal

With coal being one of the worlds most widely used energy resources it is pertinent to

consider the ever decreasing amount of coal available for consumption as well as the

negative effects this resource has on the planet. Currently coal accounts for 26.5% of the

worlds prime energy sources. As of 2005, coal fired power plants accounted for over

42% of the worlds electricity supply (Hk et al, 2010). Unfortunately, with this being

said, these same power stations were responsible for 28% of the global carbon dioxide

emissions (International Energy Agency, 2010). It is estimated by the Coal Industry

Advisory Board, a sector of the International Energy Agency, that there were 909 billion

tonnes of coal remaining for consumption in 2005. With a global consumption rate of

approximately 6, 496, 334 thousand short tons of coal per year this resource is estimated

to last 155 years (U.S. Department of Energy, 2009). Accounting for an annual growth

rate of 5% this number drastically lowers to an astounding 45 years bringing us to the

year 2051. By looking at figure 3.1 it is possible to see the declining trend of the worlds

coal reserves. It becomes evident quite quickly that although this resource is well

researched and widely used, the need for something with more production efficiency,

sustainability, and a largely reduced environmental impact is fast approaching.

3.2 Nuclear Fission

Essentially being almost the exact opposite of nuclear fusion, nuclear fission requires the

nucleus of an atom to split in to smaller, lighter nuclei. This nuclear reaction is an

exothermic one which makes it possible to provide energy for both nuclear power and to


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drive the explosions within nuclear weaponry. In 2005 nuclear power, generated from the

process of nuclear fission, provided roughly 5.5% of the worlds energy. Given that this

number is small in comparison to other forms of energy production one would think that

the hazards and waste as a result of this process would be minimal as well. Unfortunately

this is not the case. Only a small portion of a nuclear fuel rod is actually used in the

production of nuclear power, the rest is high level waste that is stored away. Currently

scientists do not have a method of recycling this waste and so it just sits in containers.

With hazardous wastes being so high nuclear fission is not the ideal energy form of the

future.

3.3 Solar Energy

Every year humans use approximately 4.6 x 1020 joules of energy. This same amount of

energy can be provided by the sun alone in just one hour. Although these numbers pose

solar energy to be an attractive form of renewable energy, harnessing and storing this

energy brings life to a new challenge of converting this energy into a form that is useful

to society. Once solar energy has been successfully converted into either electricity or

heat it must be stored for time periods that are without daylight. The challenge of finding

a cost effective way to store solar energy once it has been converted into electricity and

heat has proved to be enough of a challenge that without a phenomenal leap in

technology solar energy will continue to be a fill in for other energy sources that are

more established and reliable (Crabtree, 2007).


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3.4 Finding a Better Method

Currently there are many projects underway around the world with the same common

goal of obtaining more knowledge in various areas of energy production and finding a

more sustainable energy resource for future generations. Perhaps one of the more notable

and large scale operations currently underway is for the advancement of nuclear fusion.

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) based in Cadarache,

France is currently under construction and will be the largest ever built thermonuclear

reactor and is anticipated to make groundbreaking discoveries in the area of nuclear

fusion. Without projects such as these which are dedicated to researching and advancing

the worlds current lack of large scale alternative energy society will be faced with an

impending energy crisis.

Figure 3.1: Evolution of world coal estimates

Note. From Global coal production outlooks based on a logistic model by M. Hk, W. Zittel,

J. Schindler, & K. Aleklett, 2010, Fuel, 89(11), pp. 3546-3558. Copyright Elsevier.


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4.0 Atomic Process of Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion at an atomic level is characterized below.

4.1 How Fusion Works

4.1.1 Complexity

The process of nuclear fusion seems simple when looking at the reaction on

paper; two smaller atoms are combined to produce one larger atom, a neutron and

energy. However with deeper analysis of the conditions required for the reaction

fusion is anything but simple.

4.1.2 The Process

The process requires two atoms nuclei to be brought extremely close together to

fuse and create a single nucleus. An atoms nucleus (made up of protons and

neutrons collectively called nucleons) has a positive charge due to the protons

(Sciulli, 2001). These like charges repel each other and take a great deal of

energy to overcome. However, in order to fuse the nuclei together this

electrostatic force must be conquered. Once pushed close enough together the

nuclear force (the force responsible for binding the nucleons together) prevails

over the electrostatic repulsion allowing the nuclei to attract one another and fuse.

4.1.3 Energy Release

When bonds are formed between nucleons significant amounts of energy is

released. The mass of the final nucleus is actually lighter than that of the

individual nucleons involved and by Einsteins famous formula (E=mc2) this

mass is converted to excess energy and huge amounts of it (Lange, 2001). This


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leads to significant more energy than chemical reactions and nuclear fusion is

second to only converting mass directly to energy (colliding matter and

antimatter) in terms of producing energy per unit mass. The release of this

energy draws interest in the hopes of gathering it.

4.2 Fusion on Earth

4.2.1 Elements

Research has led to significant breakthroughs using nuclear fusion as a method to

produce energy. The most efficient method on Earth has come from using a

deuterium (2H, hydrogen with a neutron) and tritium (

3H, hydrogen with two

extra neutrons) as fuel producing helium, a neutron, and energy (17.6 MeV)

(Smith & Ward, 2007). This is the most efficient method for a laboratory process

and is demonstrated in Figure 4.1.

4.2.2 Availability of Materials

Deuterium and tritium are both readily available on Earth. Deuterium is a

radioactive isotope but can easily be fabricated from water which is abundant

enough. Tritium is rare in nature but with a simple nuclear reaction from lithium,

also abundant, is practically endless in supply.

4.2.3 Experimental Procedure

The fuels are heated to 100,000,000 degrees Celsius, ten times hotter than the sun,

to form plasma. When a gas forms plasma, electrons become delocalized from

the atoms and the plasma becomes electrically charged. A tokamak (a device

that uses a magnetic field produced by electromagnets to hold plasma in a torus


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shape, see Figure 4.2) is used to house the reaction and harvest the energy

produced (Smith & Ward, 2005). Once started the process will be practically self

sustaining which allows the new technology to produce greater than break-even

energy output. The helium atom remains at a high temperature with energy and

electrically charged therefore stays in the plasma to maintain the process. Another

80 percent of the energy produced is received by the walls of the tokamak from a

neutron that escapes the magnetic field due to its neutral charge.

Figure 4.1: Atomic nuclear fusion used for energy production

Note. From Nuclear Fusion, Retrieved fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion, 10

March 2011

Figure 4.2: A picture of the inside of the tokamak at Joint European Tours (JET)

Note. From Nuclear fusion power: A bright long-term future by C.L. Smith & D. Ward, 2005,

Proceedings of the ICECivil Engineering, 158(6) pp. 59-63. Retrieved from

http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/cien.2005.158.6.59
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/cien.2005.158.6.59http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/cien.2005.158.6.59http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/cien.2005.158.6.59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion


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5.0 Fusion Challenges and Solutions

In all designs there are challenges and problems that have to be addressed in order for the design

to be successful. If there were no problems to overcome there would be no need reason for one to

construct a design that overcomes challenges. The reason for failure of any design is due to the

fact that certain problems were not approached and were not dealt with, at worst simply ignored.

Nuclear fusion faces its own challenges; these challenges are discussed below.

5.1 Achieving Star-like Conditions

Nuclear fusion requires immense amount of heat for the reaction to take place. Temperatures

surrounding the plasma have to replicate the conditions found on our sun; extreme temperatures

of 100 million degrees Kelvin must be achieved. Current technology has allowed scientists to

achieve these extreme temperatures by combining chain heating procedures such as: Ohmic

heating (electrical current applied through plasma), concentrated laser beams, and microwave

heating (Lee, 2010).

5.2 Heat Containment/Management

One of the main challenges faced in a feasible fusion method is the ability to contain heat,

pressure, and energy of the reaction; this task can appear impossible with temperatures of

100,000,000 degrees Kelvin. In order to handle this problem scientists have employed certain

tactics such as: superconducting magnets, modified materials, blankets, and ceramic coatings.

5.2.1 Magnets

Tokamak fusion reactors use an approach of magnetic confinement to carry out the

nuclear fusion process. The Tokamak magnetic fusion device, seen in Figure 1 below,

uses coils wrapped around a circular tube that is evacuated and filled with plasma

(deuterium and tritium fuel). The coils create a magnetic field around the metal walled


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tube which prevents the plasma inside from touching the inner walls. The major

challenge faced is creating a magnetic field that is capable of producing values of 10

teslas (Fowler, 1989).

5.2.2 Modified Super Materials

The materials of a fusion reactor are subjected to thermal, mechanical, chemical,

and radiation loads during reactor operation (Sahin et al, 2008). This being said,

the correct material must be capable of handling extreme conditions, be fairly

inexpensive, and provide a long service life. Austenitic stainless steels, as stated

in the Journal of Fusion Energy, have been chosen as the main structure for

ITER due to their excellent manufacturability, adequate mechanical properties,

and corrosion resistance (Sahin et al, 2008).

5.2.3 Blankets and Ceramic Coatings

Liquid based blankets are very crucial for a fusion reactor as they absorb heat,

prevent radiation escape, and absorb tritium (reusable fuel used in the fusion

reactor) given off from the fusion reaction. Liquid blankets surround the fusion

reactor and can be combined with ceramic coatings to provide excellent

containment(Mota, 2011). A ceramic coating made up of 30% SiO2 and 70%

Cr2O3 has proven to effectively reduce permeable radiation to the outside world.

The benefit of the coating is that it can be applied to vulnerable materials in and

around the reactor at a very low cost and high efficiency (Takayuki, 1997).


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5.3 Large Scale Experiment

The final challenge of fusion requires that all the research knowledge gained to this day

be incorporated into one large scale experiment. This task is currently in the works at a

cost of roughly 16 billion pounds and 10 years of construction to build a test facility

called the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.

Figure 5.1: Schematic of a tokamak magnetic fusion device

Note. From Nuclear Fusion by T.K. Fowler (1989),IEEE Potentials vol.8, pp 7-10. Copyright

1989 by IEEE


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6.0 Solving the Energy Need on Earth

The goals of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will be outlined

below.

6.1 International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)

The ITER complex is an experimental facility being constructed in Southern France on a

90 hectare piece of land, see Figure 5.1. It is being designed to draw the information

necessary to build a commercial fusion power plant. In this experiment physicists will

analyze plasma in the simulated conditions in order to see what is expected from a larger,

future power plant. The ITER power plant will be the first facility to produce net power

from fusion. This means it will at least be able to dispense as much energy as is put into it

(Ikeda, 2010). Power plants up until this period, specifically the Joint European Torus

(JET) have only produced a maximum of 70% output energy compared to input. The

ITER facility once fully running is expected to have a 1000% output rate. This breaks all

previous hypotheses that energy cannot be created, therefore this experiment will provide

mankind with a revolutionary future. For example, by putting in 50MW of energy, the

ITER is speculated to output 500MW of energy. These profound advances in supplying

energy will essentially provide an unlimited source of energy for the years to come.

Subsequent to the research performed at ITER, a full-scale fusion plant will be developed

called DEMO, basing itself on the results from ITER. This plant is expected to contribute

between 2 and 4 gigawatts of power into the commercial grid (Rebut, 1995). The

futuristic plant will exceed the 10 times output and provide the world with an incredible

amount of energy compared to the little energy that will need to be input.


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6.2 Schedule of Construction

As the ITER facility is currently being built, there is still a short wait for mankind before

they can fully delve into the mysteries of fusion. At this point in time the main apparatus

for fusion to be carried out is being constructed. The seven main countries working on

this project are fabricating this device called a tokamak: China, Europe, India, Japan,

Korea, Russia, and the USA. This year, 2011, the facility to hold the tokamak is being

constructed and by 2015 the assembly of the tokamak itself will begin. The engineers

working on this major project are aiming to have construction complete by 2018 in time

for what is hoped to be the first acquired plasma in November of 2019 (ITER, 2011).

This being a groundbreaking event for science, and even mankind, analysis of the plasma

will be carried out for several years until 2026 when the deuterium-tritium operation will

commence. Preceding the deuterium-tritium operations, the ITER complex will create

energy and draw data for the future DEMO project until 2038 when it will come to a

close. Upon the closing years of ITER, DEMO will be constructed and is speculated to

begin supplying the global power grid with energy by the year 2040 and onwards (EC,

2010).

Figure 6.1: An aerial view of the ITER construction site in Cadarache, France

Note. From CERN Document Server by Agence ITER France (2009),

http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1209650, Copyright 2009 by Agence ITER France/Vision du Ciel
http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1209650http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1209650


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7.0 Conclusion

We were able to successfully answer our grand engineering challenge of Providing Energy from

Fusion. With individual topics such as the origins of fusion power, current production of energy

on earth, the atomic process, challenges of fusion, and solving the energy need on earth, the

scope of our research covers all necessary approaches to answer this problem. After researching

into our topic we were able to come to the conclusion that fusion is not only a feasible energy

source, but the best choice against all alternatives.

With all the energy that we consume each day, we must find an alternative energy source. After

looking into the background of fusion energy we are able to see why it is the best choice

available. Other methods such as coal and solar power have many downsides that dont allow

them to be successful in our future. Fusion energy is a sustainable energy source that will be able

to supply us with power into the foreseeable future. Being a clean source of energy there is no

drawbacks to the environment. Currently the first fusion power plant is under construction and it

will be operational in 2019. ITER will prove to the rest of the world that fusion energy is both

environmentally friendly and efficient as a power source.

Recommending fusionpower is impossible as it isnt available yet. Furthermore, we do

recommend that people become more aware about fusion power and all the benefits it provides.

Fusion will be our leading energy source in the near future.


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Appendix

Figure 3.1: Evolution of World Coal Estimates

. (1)

Documents

Nuclear Fusion - Solution to the World's Energy Crisis