Nuclear Energy Development Towards the Future Society...The future of Nuclear Energy The world energy needs will still increase during the next decades. Besides renewable sources,

TSURUGA Summer Institute 1September 11, 2006

Nuclear Energy Development Towards the Future Society

Jacques BOUCHARDCommissariat à l’Energie Atomique – FranceChairman - Generation IV International Forum

Special International Advisor – JAEA, TSURUGA

Tsuruga Summer Institute on Nuclear EnergyWakasa Wan Energy Research Center

September 11, 2006


2 billion people still have no electricity

Energy as a factor of development

20 % of the population consume

60% of the energy

Energy is a factor of development

(An afghan use 300 times less energy than an US citizen)

% of peoplewho has no access to electricity

0

5

10

15

20

25

1800 1900 2000 2100

Billion or GTOE

Energy consumption IIASA SCENARIO

World population


Energy is necessary for Life

40

50

60

70

0 2,5 5 7,5Energy consumption per Capita (toe/y)

0

5

10

15

20

Life expectancy (years)% of children dying before the age of 5

EU North AmericaFranceChinaAfrica CEEC


Energy consumption per capita

(tons of oil equivalent)


A strong dependency on fossil fuels

Electricity 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1971 1997 2010 2020

RenewablesHydroNuclearGasOilCoal

SOURCE : AIE, World energy Outlook 2000

MTOE

87% of the energy consumption come from fossil fuel s


Energy for transportation

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Mto

e

Oil

Gas

Coal **

Electricity

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Mto

e

Oil

Gas

Coal

Electricity

Other*

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001

Mto

e

Oil

Gas

Coal

Electricity

Other*

Transports

Industry Households/Services

Transports :Transports :

a still increasing consumption

a dependence rate on oil > 95%

Oil

Gas

Coal

Power

Others

Mtoe

Mtoe

Mtoe

(source IEA)


Needs for Energy during the 21st Century

• Increasing needs to secure energy supply, higher geo-po litical tensions around the access to fossil fuels

• Energy savings and renewables are necessary but will n ot be sufficient

• New needs : Hydrogen, heat, desalinated water …

• Increasing energy demand in the world by 2050

• Need of a better equity in the access to energy

• Threat of increasing climate desorders due to green house gases emissions, in particular CO2


Evolution of the Primary Energy Structures

Source : IIASA/ WEC


What should be a sustainable scenario ?

• Limitation of CO2 emissions • Energy supply security

To satisfy an increasing energy demand in the world by 2050,but also

8 ,0 G te p

0 ,7 G te p

1 ,3 G te p E N R

C h a rb o n

P é tro le

G a z

N u c

T o ta l : 1 0 ,1 G te p(2 0 0 0 )

8 ,0 G te p

0 .7 G te p

G te p E N R

C h a rb o n

P é tro le

G a z

T o ta l : 1 0 ,1 G te p(2 0 0 0 )

E N R(h o rsP V )

?4 G te p

5 G te p

2 ,5 G te p

T o ta l : 1 4 G te p(2 0 5 0 ? )

É n e r g ie sc a r b o n é e s

(h o rss é q u e s tra t io n

C O 2 )

(M D E )(M D E )

T o ta l : 1 4 G te p(2 0 5 0 ? )

N u c 2 ,5 G te p

3 ,9 G te p

E N R

C h a rb o n

P é tro le

T o ta l : 1 0 ,1 G te p(2 0 0 0 )

1 2 ,6 G te p

3 ,2 G te p

E N R

C h a rb o n

P é tro le

G a z

N u c

T o ta l : 1 9 ,7 G te p( I IA S A B : 2 0 5 0 )

5 G te p

Nuclear energy could be used even more extensively if:

• The 2.5 GTOE of primary energy not yet allocated cannot be obtained from fossil fuels

• The obligations imposed in terms of energy management (MDE) and renewable energies (ENR) cannot be met

OIL

GAS

COAL

NUC

REN


Nuclear Energy is abundant

• Fission of 1 g of uranium gives the same energy as the combustion of 2 tons of oil

• There is plenty of uranium on earth (#5 billions tons in sea waters)

• But…

• Uranium resources at low cost are limited• Light Water Reactors cannot use more than 1% of natural

uranium• The development of fast reactors has been slowed down during

twenty years and is only restarting in the frame of Generation IV programs


Nuclear Power Plants (2004)

13FBR

361439Total

1317LWGR

1126GCR

1938PHWR

8192BWR

236263PWR

Total Capacity (GWe)

Nb of unitsType

•LWR are dominant,87% of total capacity

•# 70 tons of plutoniumproduced every year

•Most of it is in spent fuelstored in pools or drystorages


The 58 nuclear power plants & Phénix

REP 1300 MW (20)

REP 900 MW (34)

N4 1500 MW (4)

RNR Phénix

Gravelines

PenlyChooz

Cattenom

Fessenheim

Nogent

Paluel

Flamanville

Dampierre

St-Laurent

Chinon

Belleville

Civaux

Le Blayais

Golfech

Bugey

St-Maurice St-Alban

Cruas

Tricastin

Marcoule


Nuclear : an affordable energy

Source: EDF

Europe : Comparison of markets prices between fuel (coal, fuel oil, natural gas, nuclear) and po wer

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

janv-00

avr-00

juil-00

oct-00

janv-01

avr-01

juil-01

oct-01

Eur

os/M

Wh

Power Gas Coal Fuel Nuclear

Comparison of european power market prices and operating costs for different type of fuels

• Affordable

• Competitive

• Stable and predictable costs

• High capital costs : what incentives for utilities t o make the necessary investment at the right time with reasonabl e returns for investors ?


Nuclear energy competitiveness

• Several European studies issued over the last 6 years

• Real costs based on more than 1000 years x reactor of experience in France

31 to 9224 to 39Total

5 to 352 to 7Cost of impact on environment

26 to 5722 to 32Total cost of generation

Gas Turbine CCGT

Nuclear€/MWh*

* Real discount rates from 5% to 10% for power generation and 3% for external costs.

1997 : French Ministry of industry report (DIGEC)

1998 : International OECD study, (9 countries)

1999 : French Parliament report,

2000 : French report to the Prime Minister (Charpin, Pellat, Dessus),

Belgian report issued from the Ampere Commission,

Finnish study in view of building the fifth nuclear reactor,

2003 : French Ministry of industry report (DIDEME)

Existing reactors have improved their performances for the last Existing reactors have improved their performances for the last three three decades (life time, load factor and availability, b urndecades (life time, load factor and availability, b urn --up, fuel costup, fuel cost ……))

New European units may be at least 20% cheaper than CCGTNew European units may be at least 20% cheaper than CCGT


Nuclear tomorrow : even more competitive

• GEN IV target :• To reduce both Capital and O&M costs

- Construction cost < 1000 $/kWe- production cost < 20 $/MWh

• Prospects of internalization of the greenhouse gas emission cost in the kWhshould boost the competitiveness of nuclear against gas plants

• The cost of fossil fuels will remain at high values

• Nuclear energy costs will decreaseNuclear energy costs will decrease due to prospects of large deployment worldwide (mass production, standardization…)


Nuclear : a safe and reliable energy

Civaux NPP

Safety :• Gen II : satisfactory data for 15 years

Civaux NPP

2,38

1,66

0,85 0,880,77

0,46

0,28 0,3 0,26 0,210,12 0,09 0,08 0,04

0.03

0

1

2

3

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

Safety performancesat high levels

• A new step with Gen III reactors (EPR for instance)

�� Gradual improvements to be pursued for Gen IV react ors


Nuclear Energy is clean

• No emission of greenhouse gases;• Very low gaseous or liquid release of chemical or radioactive

elements;• Small amount of highly radioactive solid waste.

But…

• There is always the residual risk of a severe accident, even if the probability is very low;

• Mitigation measures developed for Generation III reactors should be taken into account for Generation IV systems.


Nuclear Waste : Low quantities

Some figures : (France, per year & per capita)

- Domestic waste : 2200 kg

- Industrial waste : 800 kg(i/c toxic waste 100kg)

- Nuclear waste : 1 kg

Short lives, low activities:>90% in volumes,< 1% of activity

Long lives, high activities:<1% in volumes>90% of activity


Plutonium Recycling in Light Water Reactors

Since 1987

1800 MOX fuel assemblies

delivered by Fragema

MELOX : MOX Fabrication Plant

La HAGUE reprocessing plant 20 French

2 Belgian

3 German

reactors

loaded

with

MOX

An industrial reality


The future of Nuclear Energy

� The world energy needs will still increase during the next decades.

� Besides renewable sources, nuclear energy is necessary to limit the use of fossil fuels.

� Nuclear industry is offering 3rd generation reactors which rely on the large experience with LWRs and bring new improvements in particular for safety.

� Generation IV systems should be developed to allow a sustainable use of nuclear energy, saving resources, minimizing waste and ensuring the best security.

Ensure a large part of energy needs are met without emitting greenhouse gases


International Ministerial Conference - IAEA - Paris, 21-22

March « Nuclear Power for the 21st Century »


The Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems

Generation I

Generation II

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

Generation III

First First ReactorsReactors

UNGGCHOOZ

Current Current ReactorsReactors

REP 900 REP 1300

N4 EPR

Advanced Advanced ReactorsReactors

Future Future SystemsSystems

Generation IV

?


Generation III : Advanced Reactors

- A new generation of reactors which design takes ben efit of thelarge experience acquired in the operation of Gen I I plants and of the lessons coming from TMI;

- Light Water Reactors are still dominating;

- To make new improvements in safety while keeping ec onomic competitiveness have been the main objective;

- Different approaches have been studied and are stil l competing in the industrial offer :

- small vs. large reactors,- passive vs. active safety systems;

- Mitigation of severe accident consequences is a maj or step.

Near term deployment of industrial reactors


Generation III : Market prospective

- Besides the renewal of existing power plants, there are many plans for new realizations (USA, China, India…);

- The nuclear production capacity could grow from 400 GWe to 1000 - 1500 GWe by 2050.

- Most of the new nuclear plants in the three or four coming decades will be Gen III systems.


Light Water Reactors : Generation III

Framatome – ANP : EPR


EPR in Finland

Okiluoto 3 under construction


FLAMANVILLE 3 : EPR in FRANCE


Generation 3+

Generation 4Existing fleet

40-year plant life

Plant life extension beyond 40 years

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

197

5

198

0

198

5

199

0

199

5

200

0

200

5

201

0

201

5

202

0

202

5

203

0

203

5

204

0

204

5

205

0

205

5

206

0

Average plant life : 48 years

Scenario for the renewal of French power reactors

Source : EDF

Inst

alle

d ca

paci

ty (

MW

e)

60 000

2 00 5

� Major role of LWRs over the 21st century� 2035-2040 : Transition from PWRs to Gen IV Fast reactor s


Gen IV : paves the way for a sustainable nuclear en ergy

� Gradual improvements� Economic competitiveness � Safety and reliability

� Significant steps forward:� Saving of natural resources � Waste minimization � Security: non-proliferation, physical protection

� An opening to other applications: � High temperature heat for industry � Hydrogen vector � Drinking water

Ensure energy needs are met in the long term without emitting greenhouse gases

Génération IV

International Forum

Members

Génération IV

International Forum

Members

U.S.A.U.S.A.

ArgentinaArgentina

BrazilBrazil

CanadaCanadaFranceFrance

JapanJapan

South AfricaSouth Africa

UnitedUnitedKingdomKingdom

South KoreaSouth Korea

SwitzerlSwitzerlandand

E.U.E.U.


Very High Temperature Reactor

Six Innovative concepts with technological breakthr oughs

Sodium Fast reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle

Once Through

Supercritical Water Reactor

Once/Closed

Molten Salt Reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle

Closed Fuel Cycle

Lead Fast Reactor

Gas Fast Reactor

Closed Fuel Cycle


Generation IV main objectives

� SUSTAINABILITY�Saving of natural resources �Waste minimization �Security: non-proliferation, physical protection

� DIVERSITY �High temperature heat for industry �Hydrogen vector �Drinking water


� A new generation of sodium cooledFast Reactors

� Reduced investment cost –Simplified design, system innovations(Pool/Loop design, ISIR – SC CO 2 PCS)

� Towards a passive safety approach� Integral recycling of actinides

Remote fabrication of TRU fuel

�� 2009 : Feasibility – 2015 : Performance �� 2020+ : SFR Demo

SFR SteeringCommittee

U.S.A.U.S.A.

JapanJapan

United KingdomUnited Kingdom

FranceFrance

South KoreaSouth Korea

EuratomEuratomcountriescountries

Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR)

Ele ctricalPower

GeneratorTurbine

Condenser

Heat Sink

Pump

Pump

Pump

PrimarySodium（（（（Cold ））））

Cold Plenum

Hot Plenum

PrimarySodium（（（（Hot ））））

Control Rods

Heat　　　　Exchanger

Steam Generator

Cor e

SecondarySodium

Ele ctricalPower

GeneratorTurbine

Condenser

Heat Sink

Pump

Pump

Pump

PrimarySodium（（（（Cold ））））

Cold Plenum

Hot Plenum

PrimarySodium（（（（Hot ））））

Control Rods

Heat　　　　Exchanger

Steam Generator

Cor e

SecondarySodium


SUPERPHENIXA 1200 MWe plant built at Creys-Malville (France)First criticality: 1985; Shutdown: 1997


Fast Reactor Prototypes


Minimizing waste

Plutonium recycling

Spent FuelNo reprocesisng

Uranium Ore (mine)

Time (years)

Rel

ativ

e ra

dio

toxi

city

P&T of MA

Pu +MA +FP

MA +FP

FP


Global Actinide Recycling

• Saving uranium resources

• Minimizing waste heat and radiotoxicity

• Ensuring a strong proliferation resistance

Unat

Actinides

Spentfuel

Ultimatewastes

FP

GEN IV FR

Treatment and

Re-fabrication


FBR Prototype MONJU


Medium & Low Temperature

Sulfur Bromine Hybrid Cycle

High Temperature reaction

Sulfur Iodine Cycle

Hybrid Sulfur Cycle

Heat

Oxygen

850 Co

O2

Heat

RejectHeat

Hydrogen

Water

450 Co

H O2H2

I2SO , H O2 2

H2 4SO HI

120 Co

HydrogenH2

Electrolysis

SO , H O2 2

H2 4SO

77 Co

RejectHeat

Water

H O2

SO , H O2 2RejectHeat

Hydrogen

77 Co

Br 2

H2

Br2

ElectrolysisChemicalReactor

ChemicalReactor

ChemicalReactor

ChemicalReactor

HBrH2 4SO

Water

H O2

Viability

Demonstration

With JAERI in Japan

With SNL and GA in the US

Optimization

Innovation

Sulfur Family HTE

An opening to other applications : H2 production

CEA in France


Key GNEP Program Elements

• Expand use of nuclear power• Minimize nuclear waste• Demonstrate recycle

technology• Demonstrate Advanced Burner

Reactors• Establish reliable fuel services• Demonstrate small, exportable

reactors• Enhanced nuclear safeguards

technology

“To build a secure energy future for America, we need to expand production of safe, clean nuclear power”

President Bush, 06/2004

(source US DOE)


The Russian President Initiative

• Various offers of nuclear power services

• Fuel leasing with back end operations in Russia

• Interim storage of spent fuel before reprocessing


A French prototype by 2020

President Chirac statement :

« A number of countries are working on future generation reactors, to become operational in 2030-2040, which will produce less waste and will make a better use of fissile materials. I have decided to launch, starting today, the design work by CEA of a prototype of the 4th generation reactor, which will be commissioned in 2020.

We will naturally welcome industrial or international partners who would like to get involved… »

Documents

Nuclear Energy Development Towards the Future Society...The future of Nuclear Energy The world energy needs will still increase during the next decades. Besides renewable sources,