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Technical Information about Total Foliar Fertilization of Vineyards
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THE EVOLUT IONA simple answer to a complex problem
Total Foliar Fertilization
BMS Micro-NutrientsBMS Micro-Nutrients
© Copyright 2011 - Published by BMS Micro-Nutrients NV - Rijksweg 32 -2880 Bornem -Belgium. Created and compilation: Hans JanssensTel: (+32) 3.899.10.10 - Fax: .
The recommendations and application programmes included in this publication areonly intended as examples and have to be adapted to the local climate and thespecific soil characteristics of the field and the crop on which the application will bedone. For any clarifications, we recommend that you consult our technicians in yourarea, or to take contact directly with our company.
The brand names FRUCTOL, CHELAL, PRIMARFER, LANDAMINE, HYBEROL, BORMAG,KALITOL, MICROLAN, NTF, NTF Nutrizione Totale Fogliare and the BMS Micro-Nutrients logoare registered trademarks.
(+32) 3.899.40.45 - [email protected]
Introduction
1
BMS Micro-Nutrients plant nutrition and foliar fertilization
BMS Micro-Nutrients
chelated micro-nutrients
foliar fertilizers
TOTAL FOLIAR FERTILIZATION (NUTRITION) (NTF )
NTF on grapevines
is specialised in since 1979. Aninnovative product line was developed based on chelated micro-nutrients (or traceelements) and macro-nutrients for use in foliar applications.Our technical assistance is provided by a team of technicians with experience in everycorner of Europe, in addition to other countries including Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, theUnited States, Egypt, and various Middle Eastern countries. We also carry out importantresearch projects in collaboration with a number of scientific and official institutions, andthese projects have led to interesting new developments in the field of plant nutrition.Research undertaken by has always been aimed at theimprovement and optimisation of crop nutrition. In order to reach this goal, BMS Micro-Nutrients developed an innovative range of fertilizers that permits the bettermanagement of crop nutrition using its leaves as the primary way of absorption of theplant nutrients. BMS Micro-Nutrients products are, first and foremost, a range of productswhose main ingredients are . The chelation technology usedby BMS Micro-Nutrients ensures that the applied nutrients are completely available to theplants, under all conditions. On the other hand, BMS Micro-Nutrients developed a widerange of that allows the proper balance of macro-nutrients to beprovided to the plants during the different stages of their development.The technique used by BMS Micro-Nutrients, does not limit itself to the punctualapplication of micro-nutrients, but includes also applications of
the of crops.BMS Micro-Nutrients first developed this technique on grapevines and it has beendemonstrating its value and delivering positive results to this crop for more than 15 years.In recent years, the NTF technique has also been used on other crops such as fruit trees,industrial tomatoes, potatoes, etc… .In this document, we would like to share our experiences of in order todemonstrate that, in addition to being scientifically valid, the technique is a tried-and-tested alternative method of fertilizing grapevines, which not only guarantees the qualityof the yield, but it is also economically interesting for the producer as well as beingenvironmentally friendly.
®
meso- and macro-nutrients in order to achieve ®
The Total Foliar Fertilization is not an EVOLUTION
but rather a REVOLUTION in the way in which
grapevines are fertilized.
2
T
F
F
otal
oliar
ertilization
3
The FactsThe issues withsoil fertilization
Plants have root systems whose primary function is to anchor them in the soil, but whichalso allow them to absorb water and nutrients. In traditional agriculture, fertilisers areadded to the soil in order to make use of the roots' ability to absorb nutrients.Soil fertilisers are normally applied at the beginning of the season,
(in other words, before the growing season) and in largequantities The soil'sspecific properties, such as its acidity (pH), organic matter content, salinity, texture, thetype of clay it contains and the presence and balance between other nutrients, ... mayall affect how the applied fertilisers interact with the soil and reduce their availability.These fertilisers are generally acids or salts of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, and micro-elements,chemical forms which react easily and rapidly with the soil. All reactions that lead to aprecipitation and/or adsorption with some of the soil's components, or which reduce thefertiliser's concentration within the soil solution, also decrease the fertiliser's availability toplants. With this in mind, we must recall that plants can only absorb nutrients if they aredissolved within the soil solution. Within this context, it is also easy to imagine that theavailability of nutrients can be reduced to almost zero if the plants are subject to very drygrowing conditions (droughts).The climate may also affect the availability of the applied fertilisers: temperature,humidity, and above all, the level of precipitation make the nutrients in the soil more orless available. Excessive or insufficient quantities of water may determine whether or notthe nutrients are available, and it may also favour the availability of one element overanother (see DONAN effect, next page).
For all these reasons BMS Micro-Nutrients proposes an alternative way of applyingfertilisers:
several months before
the crops actually need them
to make up for their variable and sometimes poor availability.
FOLIAR APPLICATIONS can be used to avoidreduced availability of nutrients in the soil and toPROVIDE the crop with a BALANCED NUTRITION
4
NPK
?? ?
Janua
ryFe
bru
ary
Ma
rch
Ap
ril
Ma
y
June
July
Aug
ust
Sep
tem
be
r
Oc
tob
er
No
vem
be
rD
ec
em
be
r
the FOLIAR FERTILIZATION.
5
Soilfertilization
Risk factors
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
NO 3
K
CaAl
Fe
Mg
S
Mn
Mo
Zn
Cu
B
P
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
A number of situations and conditions can cause a reduced availability of nutrients in thesoil. Next, we will list some conditions that may reduce the availability of the nutrients toplants.
- The relative proportions of the cations Ca, K, Mg and Na and the possible imbalancesbetween them, may affect their availability.
- High levels of Na and reduce K, Mg and Ca availability.
- Clay-rich soils reduce P and K availability.- Cold, wet weather reduces P availability.- High pH levels reduce P availability.- Excessive vegetative growth may increase Ca deficiency problems.- The balance between the quantity of leaves and quantity of fruits on the plant is alsoimportant for the Ca-nutrition.
- Light and acid soils retain low reserves and are leached rapidly.
Macro-nutrients:
NH
- High pH levels decrease the availability of all micro-nutrients(except for Mo)
- Cold, wet weather reduces Zn availability.- Excessive P levels reduce mainly the Zn availability (and also toa lesser extend Fe availability).
- In cases of K depletion in the soil, iron deficiency is more difficultto keep in check.
- Excessive vigour may increase the effects of a micro-nutrientdeficiencies.
- The balances between different elements are important: P/Zn,Ca/B, Fe/Mn,....
- In poorly structured soil, the activity of the root system isaffected, and therefore also the nutrient absorption.
- Texture: sandy soils are usually poor and retain low reservesof nutrients
- Droughts- Low levels of organic matter- Root system infections.
4
Micro-nutrients or trace elements:
Factors that reduce the availability of all elements:
Foliar
While working on a joint project with the US Atomic Energy Research Commission,Professor Tukey, an American researcher and Head of the Department of Horticulture atthe Michigan State College, discovered in the 1950s, that plants could be nourishedthrough their leaves .He observed that plants absorb nutrients not only through the roots, but also through thefoliage, the fruit, the twigs, the trunk, and even the flowers,and came to a very important conclusion: “ … we have
.
(5)
seen
that materials are absorbed by the plant and move rather
freely in the plant. The amounts may at first seem relatively
small, but to offset this handicap, the efficiency rate is
high! In fact, this is the most efficient method of applying
fertilizer to plants that we have yet discovered. If we apply
these materials to the leaves in soluble forms, as much as
95% of what is applied may be used by the plant..."(5)
Is it possible?
Completely?
Fertilization
6
Nitrogen 1 10-15
Phosphorus 1 20
Potash 1 27
Calcium 1 35-40
M agnesium 1 28
Sulphur 1 5-7
Boron 1 30
Copper 1 35-38
Iron 1 25-100
M anganese 1 20-25
Zinc 1 12
Quantity applied asfoliar fertilizer (kg)
Amount needed assoil fertilizer (kg)
Comparing Foliar/Soil Fertilization (kg/ha)
A great deal of research has been carried out regarding foliar fertilization of differentnutrients ever since Professor Tukey's discovery.Foliar applications are now regarded as the most efficient way to provide micro-elements to the crops. Soil applications of these elements, especially if it is in salt form, areinefficient for the simple reason that the soil conditions that decrease natural micro-nutrient availability also reduce the availability of the applied nutrients. This is why foliarapplications of micro-nutrients are between 12 and 100 times more efficient (see theattached table, providing a comparison of the quantities that have to be added to thesoil to produce the same effect as one unit applied by the foliar method). As plants needonly relatively small quantities of micro-nutrients, the concept of applying theneeds of the plants through , for this elements, is generallyaccepted.For the other plant nutrients, the meso- and macro-elements, the normal practice is toapply these elements only at specific times duringthe development of the crop, yet the potential ofthe plant to absorb them is much higher.Professor Fregoni of the Catholic University of theSacred Heart of Piacienza, Italy, investigated grapeleaves' absorption capacities and concluded that
. This means that the grapevineleaves' adsorption capacity is more than enough toabsorb the complete amount of potash it needs forits complete growth cycle. We recall that for thegrapevine, this nutrient is the most important one interms of quantities needed.
TOTAL
Foliar applications (NTF )
"the grapevine has a leaf surface area that is far
greater than the soil on which it grows, and its
cation exchange capacity (CEC) is three to four
times higher" (2)
®
APPLIED FETILIZERS
10 % 95 %
PLANT AVAILABILITY
SOIL FOLIAR
100 % 100 %
Professor Tukey already stated that it was and the table on the previous page confirmsthat foliar applications are far more efficient than those to the soil.Research into leaf physiology shows that the structures of external leaf cells
Prof. Nino Rossi at the University of Bologna writes,
The same researcher discovered a very interesting aspect of foliar fertilization. Many soilshave reserves of nutrients that plants are unable to absorb, but he states:
DO NOT
PREVENT absorption. “ the cells in leaf
tissues are nonetheless capable of absorbing nutrients that are necessary to plant
growth and development, as root cells do. In both tissue types, cell membranes have the
same biochemical mechanisms for absorption and use of ions." (1)
(1).
“ Treatments
with foliar fertilizers often favours the formation of a root system that is longer and
deeper than that of plants not receiving any foliar treatments.
This improved root development enables the exploitation of a
larger soil volume, resulting in a better absorption of water and
nutrients. The two types of absorption, foliar and via the roots,
complement each other in a very beneficial way”
We have observed this same phenomenon in a trial carried out incollaboration with ERSA, Italy (see also pages 8 and 9 for furtherexplanations). The plants which were grown with no soil fertilisers andwhich received foliar applications of macro- and micro-elements,had the best developed root systems. Plants receiving traditionalsoil fertilisers (in this case, organic/mineral) had a more superficialand less developed root systems. Photos of plants uprooted afterthe 10 year trial period, show the difference in root development.
Is it efficient?
No fertilization Traditional soilfertilization of the farm
Fertilization only withfoliar applications of
Chelal, Fructol and Kappa--
Our own research (ERSA) confirms
Prof. Nino Rossi's observations
7
In 1992, BMS Micro-Nutrients began its own research project, in order to gain firstly a betterunderstanding of grapevine nutritional needs and, secondly, to see if the grapevinecould be nourished entirely through its leaves. A ten-year research programme wasplanned and launched in cooperation with the Italian Institute "Ente Regionale diSviluppo Agricolo (ERSA)" in the Friuli Venezia Giulia area. It has resulted in the innovative
technique, a valuable alternative to traditional soilfertilization.Taking the above into account, we should highlight the existing scientific knowledgeabout the enormous absorption capacity of the leaves, particularly those of thegrapevine, which have a very high Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC). Many years ago,national and international research found that the CEC of arable soil is normally in therange of 10 to 20 meq per 100 g of dry material (DM) (2). The CEC of the roots ofmonocotyledons and dicotyledons is between 100 and 200 meq per 100 g of drymaterial, while that of the vine leaf is 66,7 meq per 100 g of DM. What do these figures tellus? The answer is very clear. The ability of the soil to exchange and adsorb nutrients issignificantly lower than the potential of the roots, and of the vine leaves.A simple calculation using this data, will allow you to calculate the grapevine leaf'sabsorption capacity for a certain nutrient, potash for example (K with an equivalentweight of 39). During the “ post-blooming” stage, the vine produces a quantity of leavesthat correspond more or less with 500 kg of DM, and later during the “ fruit-colouring”stage, it produces around 1000 kg of DM of leaves.-> The CEC of the vine leaf is 66,7 meq/100 g DM = 667 meq/kg-> 667 meq/kg x 500 kg of DM (produced during post-blooming) = 333 eq.-> 333 eq x 39 g (weight of 1 eq of K ) = 12987 g = 15,6 kg of
If we add in the fact that the leaves can absorb about 80% of this amount every 48 hours,this example shows that vine leaves can absorb about 12,5 kg every 48 hours and in
the fruit-colouring stage, 25 kg every 48 hours.
TOTAL FOLIAR FERTILIZATION (NTF )
+
+
®
absorption
K K O.
K O
K O
+
2
2
2
These figure demonstrate clearly
that the leaf 's considerable
absorption capacity, provides us
with an excellent opportunity to
fertilize the vines through
the leaves instead of the traditional
soil fertilization which depends
greatly on factors beyond our
control, such as soil, climate and
field characteristics.
completely
Introduction
8
In the field
Lea ves CEC Lea ves CEC
Wheat 21.2 Cherry 19.5
Oats 23.3 Pea rs 25.9
Luzern 36.7 Ap ple 48.8
Bea ns 43.0 Pea ch 53.7
Toma to 58.6 Vines 66.7
Roots CEC Roots CEC
Wheat 23 Corn 29
Bea ns 54 Tomato 62CEC expressed in Mili-equiva lents per 100 g o f d ry materia l
The ERSA Trial
9
To put the theory into practice, and to verify whether or not theNTF technique is economically viable without harming cropyield and/or quality, BMS Micro-Nutrients launched a researchproject in collaboration with ERSA in 1992, which continued formore then 10 years.To ensure that the trial would give representative results forviticulture in general, four varieties (Cabernet franc, Cabernetsauvignon, Chardonnay and Sauvignon) were included. Thedifferent models used in this trial were as follows:
- No fertilizers of any kind (neither to the soil nor foliar)- Traditional soil fertilization (organic/mineral)- Fertilization only with foliar applications (BMS Micro-Nutrientsmodel).
The first two years of the trial were spent entirelymeasuring the grapevine's needs. To obtain this data, entireplants were uprooted during different phases of their growingcycle. First of all, the weight of each plant structure was recorded, followed by thechemical analysis of the nutrient content, of each of these plant organs. This way, we wereable to trace growth and absorption curves and create nutritional requirements tablesduring the different phases of the grapevine’ s growing cycle.The summary (average of the 4 varieties) of the grapevine nutritional needs is shownbelow. These figures obtained by BMS Micro-Nutrients are highly comparable with thoseobtained by other researchers, such as Prof. Fregoni of the University of Piacenza (2).In the following two years (1995-1997), the ongoing trial had two important objectives:1) To verify the leaves' ability to receive large quantities of nutrients, applied through highly
concentrated nutrients solutions sprays, and to determine the nutrients' toxicity levels.2) To compare the quantity and quality of yields produced by the different models within
the trial.During the final years of the trial, from 1998 until 2001, three formulas of foliar fertilizerswere developed that correspond to grapevine's specific needs: and
(1992-1994)
(cfr page 13-14).Kappa V, Kappa G
Fructol®
Nutrient bunches WholeLeaves
Stems/wood and
roots
losses(soil)
N (kg/ha) 17 23 10 52
P2O5 (kg/ha) 6 5 5 12
K2O (kg/ha) 36 16 14 54
MgO (kg/ha) 2 6 3 95
CaO (g/ha) 5600 37800 14000 -
S (g/ha) 1073 2263 523 -
Na (g/ha) 204 376 199 -
Fe (g/ha) 55 126 396 -
Mn (g/ha) 20 167 43 -
Zn (g/ha) 76 48 81 -
Cu (g/ha) 187 - 122 -
B (g/ha) 56 29 16 -
Table 2 – Yearly consumption of macro -and micro-elements by grapes, stems
and leaves (1)
From 1997, even before we finished the research project launched in partnership withERSA, but having already received encouraging preliminary results from the trial, our firstclients began to make use of our NTF programmes.These vineyards were located in Italy (Bologne area, Ravenna, Forlì), as well as in Spain (LaRioja, Ribera del Duero, Rueda, Penedes), Portugal and France. Each of them obtainedquite similar results, despite their own very specific conditions of grape variety, climateconditions and soil variety/quality. Naturally, where necessary, the
using one or more of the following techniques:- Devise a certain treatment to tackle a specific deficiency (B, Fe, Mg, etc.).- In order to control the vegetative growth (vigour) of the crop, it was sometimes necessaryto substitute, for example, Kappa V for Kappa G (or reserve). Kappa V will stimulate vigourand in contrast Kappa G can slow down the vegetative growth if used at relative highdosage.
- Add on an extra treatment in situations of very poor soil conditions.
The possibility of being in grapegrowing, which is often conditioned by specific soil characteristics (pH, MO, CEC, ...), theclimate (and weather), ... by using foliar treatments, applied according to a programmethat follows the plant development cycle, forward forfarming. During the early stages, BMS Micro-Nutrients applied this nutritional concept onlyto the micro-nutrients, discovering later that the availability of meso- and macro-nutrientsalso depends on certain uncontrollable external factors. This led to the development ofour . These types of programmes enable us to significantly decreasethe amount of NPK fertilizer employed, which reduces the negative environmentalimpact considerably.
- Easy-to-follow programmes (can be applied together with most pesticides(phytosanitary treatments))
- Programmes that allow them to manage efficiently the vegetative growth of the plant(vigour)
- Programmes that produce quick results and plant reactions should specific problemsarise.
- Improved quality of the yields:- increased grape bunch uniformity- increased alcohol concentration- better must balance
It should also be said that our foliar fertilization programmes, including a few late-seasontreatments after grape maturity or harvest, restore the grapevines' internal reserves. Thisavoids the plants becoming exhausted and ensures excellent bud quality and goodproblem-free shoot formation the following year.
freed of the haphazard method of soil fertilization
represents a significant step
®
“ general NTF
programme” had to be adapted to each regions' specific conditions and
challenges,
NTF programmes
Some of the benefits enjoyed by our clients using NTF programmes, are as follows:
®
®
®
Years of experience!
10
11
Proven by researchIn 2006, researchers Belvini, Bavaresco & Della Costa published the results from 5 years oftrials. Using two grape varieties, Pinto Gris and Cabernet Sauvignon, they compared theresults from a vineyard WITHOUT any fertilization, with a vineyard using the TRADITIONAL soilfertilizers, and one using FOLIAR fertilization. (3)In their introduction, they confirmed that
and go on to say that
.They also state that vigorous plants are more sensitive to illnesses and infections.
- 2 varieties: Pinot Gris (clone H1) grafted onto 1103P;Cabernet Sauvignon (clone R5) grafted onto SO4
- Relatively rich soil- Emergency irrigation possible- Trial carried out from 2000 to 2004. 2003 was a year withexceptional weather conditions: low rainfall and very hot.
programme consisting of 16 kg Kappa V + 7.5 kg Fructol+ 20 kg Kappa G per ha, per year.
without any type of fertilizationTraditional soil fertilizer (60 UF N and 120 UF )
A significant difference was that the NTF treated vineyards hadhigher must acidity (and therefore a lower pH) than the vineyards inthe other models (0,8 - 1 gr/L more acidity, and a pH which was 0,03-0,06 units lower)Researchers observed that, mainly in years with difficultclimatological conditions, the differences between the 3 modelswhere the most obvious and the widest. In 2003, a year with verydifficult c significant differences wereobserved. High temperatures and low rainfall between April andOctober (only 372 mm, less than half the normal rainfall), wereregistered. Emergency irrigation (five sessions in 2003) was unable tocompletely eradicate plant stress. All the vineyards saw decreasedproduction that year. However:- the Pinot Gris vineyard receiving NTF showed better development (morebranches/wood had to be pruned at the end of the year).
- the Cabernet Sauvignon produced a better quality of wine, with a higher degree ofalcohol (brix)
The researchers concluded that
“ excessive use of fertilizers is not necessary to
produce good quality wine" "excessive fertiliser use, especially
excessive use of nitrogen, increases the plant's vegetative growth (vigour) considerably
at the expense of deposits of sugars and other metabolites in the berries”
NTF :
Control:Traditional Treatment:
®
These results showed that, in such a difficult year, the NTF technique provided a correct
and balanced nutrition to the plants, resulting in better vegetation (more wood) and a
higher alcohol level. (3)
“ The true effectiveness and superiority of foliar
fertilization compared with the control vineyard and the vineyard with soil
fertilization, stands clearly out in the dry and hot season of 2003. There was a
consistent increase in the sugar concentration in the Cabernet Sauvignon. Although
there were five emergency irrigation sessions, the control vineyard and the one with
soil fertilization were not able to influence the glucide metabolism as favourable as
the foliar programme could” .
General information about the trial:
Models:
Results and conclusions of the trial:
®
®
®
K O
limatological conditions,
2
®
12
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
he
cto
gra
do
/ha
NTF Traditional fertilisation
1997: frost which had a significant impact on yield
21/8/04 hail caused 78%-80%
damage
Another example is the vineyard, Calderoni, where over a period of 15 years an NTFprogramme was applied. The results shown in the chart hereunder, demonstratethat there are no significant production differences compared to the traditional soilfertilization, although, depending on the year, the NTF programme consumes between75% and 90% less units of NPK fertiliser.One of the special features of this vineyard is thatthey produce a lot more then the limits set out by theregional “ denomination of origin” . From the outset,the owners of the vineyard set out to optimize thebalance between quantity and quality. Theexperience in this vineyard during so many yearsshows clearly that the NTF technique is able tosustain also high production figures (above 35 T perha) over a long period of time.
®
®
®
clearly
Years of experience!
A further interesting aspect which we haven't addressed here yet is that plants which arefertilized through foliar applications generally accumulate more reserves and, as a result,they are better prepared for the winter, which in turn, guaranties that the plants can startthe next season in a more healthier and stronger condition.Perennial crops accumulate sugars, carbohydrates and starch, as reserves in the wood(stems). These molecules are the vital source of energy the plant needs in order tomaintain its metabolism to survive during the winter and also to launch the first phases ofgrowth the next season, when there is still not enough photosynthetic activity.In vineyards where there is an problem of iron deficiency, it is important to assure that theapplied programme maintains the plants greeness until the end of the season. Plants withdeficiency symptoms (chlorosis) at that time, will have more difficulty shooting andsometimes will do so already with chlorosis the next year.
Responses obtained in various trials, over numerous years, also confirm that in vineyardswithout specific deficiencies, the applications of nutritional programmes improveconsiderably the plant metabolism which will help accumulate more reserves at the endof the season. By way of example, we give here the results of some tests carried out inGermany (cfr table), on 2 vineyards, with 3 grape varieties: the wood analyses of plantstreated with a foliar programme (with mainly Fructol ) compared with untreated plantsshowed that the foliar fertilization increased significantly the energy reserves in the wood.
®
Reserves
% Dry Mat Sugars StarchUntreated 51,2 5 6,5Treated 53,4 5,6 8,2
% Dry Mat Sugars StarchUntreated 49,8 6,4 3,3Treated 49,4 6,6 4,3
% Dry Mat Sugars StarchUntreated 44,4 7 3,8Treated 48,8 7,6 4,9
Wgt Adeneuer - Ahrweiler - Var Spät Burgunder
Wgt G. Köwerich - M Regmery - Var Riesling
Wgt G. Köwerich - M Regmery - Var Sauvignon Blanc
13
NTF®
The key products of the general NTF programmes (cfr page 36) are:.
We would like to point out here that it could be necessary to complementthe general NTF programme, with one or more specific products in casethere are special nutritional needs (deficiencies) on the field.
irst of all,
®
®
®
Fructol , Kappa V, Kappa G, Landamine PK or Landamine Zn® ® ®
®
Fructol (5-8-15-4,4):®NF
Fructolis the most important product in the general NTF programme. FFructol contains not only a high concentrated mixture of chelated micro-nutrients, but also some chelated Magnesium, Sulphur and a limitedquantity of macro-elements. Fructol is recommended during the initialphysiological phases of the growth cycle of the vines, which are certainlythe most important periods. Fructol assures that the metabolism and thephotosynthesis of the plant always stays at a high level of activity, thus increasing theproductive potential of the plant. A healthy and well nourished plant from the beginningof the season up to flowering phase, guaranties a better yield (quantity and quality).
Total nitrogen (N): 5,0 % (Nitric nitrogen: 3,5 %; Ammoniacal nitrogen: 1,5 %)Phosphorus pentoxide (P O ) soluble in neutral ammonium citrate and in water: 8,0 %
Water-soluble phosphorus pentoxide (P O ): 8,0 %
Water-soluble potassium oxide (K O): 15,0 %
Water-soluble magnesium oxide (MgO): 4,4 %Water-soluble sulphur trioxide (SO ): 8,8 %
Water-soluble boron (B): 0,85 %Water-soluble iron (Fe): 0,8 % chelated by DTPA and EDTAWater-soluble manganese (Mn): 0,8 % chelated by EDTAWater-soluble molybdenum (Mo): 0,08 % chelated by EDTAWater-soluble zinc (Zn): 0,8 % chelated by EDTA
2 5
2 5
2
3
The products
14
NTF®
Kappa V, Kappa G Landamine Zn,and are highly concentrated foliar
fertilizers which are ideal for applying all the macro-nutrients (together with 1 or 2 micro-nutrients) the vine might need during its complete cycle. With these 4 products it is alsopossible to control and modulate the vigour of the plant.If the vine needs to be stimulated to grow more vigorously, it is recommended to useKappa V. This product is mainly used during the first phases of the growth cycle of the vinein order to support the vegetative growth. Later on in the season it can be used at anytime when the plant is under stress (for example: drought) to facilitate its prompt recovery.Kappa G is more appropriate for applications during the generative phase of the plant’ sdevelopment, from fruit set until fruit ripening. At slightly higher dosage than normallyrecommended, Kappa G can slow down the vegetative development in plants whichare excessively vigorous.
is a product that can be used in the same way as Kappa G. Inmany wine producing areas in Europe, deficiencies of Zinc are prevalent. Inthese areas it could be interesting to use Landamine Zn instead of Kappa G.
®
Kappa G (8,5-20-30):
Landamine Zn (0-21-24)®
Landamine Zn®
:
Total nitrogen (N): 8,5 % (Nitric nitrogen: 6,5 %; Ammoniacal nitrogen: 2,0 %)Phosphorus pentoxide (P O ) soluble in neutral ammonium citrate and in
water: 20,0 %Water-soluble phosphorus pentoxide (P O ): 20,0 %
Water-soluble potassium oxide (K O): 30,0 %
Water-soluble iron (Fe): 0,3 % chelated by EDTA
Total nitrogen (N): 18,0 % (Nitric nitrogen: 7,0 %; Ammoniacal nitrogen: 1,5%; Ureic nitrogen: 9,5 %)Phosphorus pentoxide (P O ) soluble in neutral ammonium citrate and in
water: 12,0 %;Water-soluble phosphorus pentoxide (P O ): 12,0 %
Water-soluble potassium oxide (K O): 27,0 %
Water-soluble boron (B): 0,3 %Water-soluble iron (Fe): 0,3 % chelated by EDTA
Water-soluble phosphorus pentoxide (P O ): 21 % (= 320 g P O /L)
Water-soluble potassium oxide (K O): 24 % (= 360 g K O/L)
Water-soluble zinc (Zn): 1,6 % chelated by DTPA, EDTA and HEEDTA (= 25 gZn/L)
2 5
2 5
2
2 5
2 5
2
2 5 2 5
2 2
Kappa V (18-12-27):
The products
15
Some conclusionsNTF®
In the NTF technique, the leaf is considered to be the fornutrient uptake. It is the way of providing all the nutrients(macro, meso and micro-nutrients) to the crops.
* * * * *Our NTF programmes contain significant amounts of
, which are essential to ensuring the efficient metabolismand optimal functioning of all plant processes, increasing, thereforethe
“ Foliar fertilization was always thought of as an alternative technique
to complement the soil fertilization, principally for the "low-
consumption" nutrients, but not for the “ high-consumption” nutrients.
For some time now, the author is convinced that it is also possible to
” (3)
®
®
®
* * * * *
* * * * *To apply the foliar fertilization programme generally, nosupplementary applications are necessary, as the products canusually be incorporated into the normal pesticide treatments and,therefore, do not generate any extra costs. The lower amount offertilizers used per hectare also decreases the vineyard's operatingcosts. Total Foliar Nutrition permits
, and under optimum conditions for producing a superiorquality product.
* * * * *NTF programmes do not add any elements to the soil and work wellwith low amounts of nutrients, which results in a
… without any concession to the production.
primary way
most efficient
micro-
nutrients
plants' production potential.
provide the macro-nutrients needs in its totality through foliar
nutrition alone
a vineyard to be maintained at a
low cost
lower environmental
impact
16
Other
aspects of
grapevine
nutrition
17
IronChlorosis
18
Many wine-growing regions in Europe are located in areas with calcareous soils, andtherefore with a high pH and high levels of free lime. Given these conditions, manynutrients have a low availability and can even be completely blocked. is inanycase the most problematic element, and deficiencies are frequent in thesecircumstances.
Other elements such as also show lowavailability in these types of soils. Where grapevine varieties are sensitive to deficiencies ofthese elements, additional nutritional imbalances can occur. These deficiencies,however, are secondary to the main deficiency, that of iron. It goes whitout saying thatthe typical symptoms of iron chlorosis are, of course, caused by the lack of iron, but thesame plants often suffer other nutrient deficiencies, and these symptoms are concealedbehind the main iron chlorosis symptoms.Traditional applications of iron chelates to the soil (like EDDHA) only provide iron and,therefore, do not always give satisfactory results. BMS Micro-Nutrients developed aneffective foliar programme that provides not only sufficient quantities of iron, but alsolesser amounts of other micro-nutrients. An application of all these nutrients together isrecommended in order to treat all nutritional disorders in the plant. Our foliar programmetreats the main deficiency (Fe) as well as the secondary deficiencies (mostly Zn and Mn).
BMS Micro-Nutrients proposes that give excellent results at a verycompetitive price:
- The combination of The programmeconsists of 2-3 treatments with the combination of the twoabove products (0,5-1,5 kg Chelal RD + 1 -2 L Chelal Fe),continuing with 2 - 4 treatments of only Chelal Fe.
- , a prepared mixture of the three micro-elements (Fe, Znand Mn). Iron is, naturally the main ingredient in this product.The programme consists of 2 – 5 treatments with 2 L Chelal 3.
® ®
®
®
Iron (Fe)
Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Boron (B)
Chelal Fe with Chelal RD.
Chelal 3
® ®
®
two foliar solutions
- deficiencies are first observed on young leaves at the ends of theshoots.
- do not appear uniformly on all above-ground plant parts.- chlorosis spreads and causes leaf necrosis.- young shoots can dry-out and the fully-developed leaves turnyellow.
Deficiency symptoms
19
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
T0 TS Tfe-RD T3
Iron
2 - 3 applications with
followed by 2 - 4 applications of
(0,5-1,5 kg Chelal RD NF + 1-2 L Chelal Fe)or (2 L Chelal 3),
1-2 L Chelal Fe or 1-2 L Chelal 3
® ®
®
® ®
We recommend starting the programme at the first signs of deficiency, or to applypreventive treatments on fields known to have iron chlorosis problems.Recommendations given here are merely examples. As BMS Micro-Nutrients has
various products containing iron (Manganese and/or Zinc) in its range, our experts will
help you in finding the best solution for your vineyard by analysing its specific
conditions.
Recommandations
- Controls iron deficiency and secondary deficiency (Zn, Mn and B) simultaneously.- Ensures a more balanced nutrition of the plants.- Due to the full chelation of the nutrients BMS MN products, they are absorbed rapidly andquickly translocated to all parts of the plant.
- Foliar treatments avoid potential blockage of the applied nutrients.- They keep the plant green until the end of the season, ensuring a better shoot growth thefollowing year.
- They can be used as both preventive and/or curative treatments.- They can be mixed directly with phytosanitary treatments.
Advantages
We carried out a study in collaboration with the University of Valladolid in 2010 to comparethe efficiency of traditional soil treatments with our foliar programmes.The trial was carried out on a field where it was very likely to have iron chlorosis present. Thesoil had a pH of 8,81 and a free lime concentration of 15,42%. The different test groupswere as follows:
Control group with no iron supplements10 g/vine of FeEDDHA chelate (6%, 5,25% o/o EDDHA). This dose corresponds with
40 kg of product per hectare.3 foliar treatments: 1,5 L Chelal Fe + 0,5 kg Chelal RD (2/5); 2 L Chelal Fe
+ 0,5 kg Chelal RD (2/6); 2 L Chelal Fe + 0,75 kg Chelal RD (22/7)3 foliar treatments: 2 L Chelal 3 + 2 L Chelal Alga L (2/5); 3 L Chelal 3
+ 2 L Chelal Alga L (2/6); 3 L Chelal 3 + 2 L Chelal Alga L (22/7)
The chlorophyll concentrations, measured during the fruitcolouring stage, reflected the effects of the treatments(cfr graph). We have to keep in mind that
. In the TS group,2400 g Fe was applied. By comparison, the foliarprogrammes employed less than 500 g of Fe.
T0:TS:
TFe-RD:
T3:
® ® ®
® ® ®
® ® ®
® ® ®
far less iron was
applied through our foliar programmes
Results
Concentration of chlorophylin the leaves
20
The Products
Chelal Fe:®
®
®
®
Chelal RD NF:
Chelal 3:
Chelal Mn:
Water-soluble boron (B): 0,85 % in a complexed formWater-soluble copper (Cu): 0,6 % chelated by EDTAWater-soluble iron (Fe): 3,5 % chelated by DTPAWater-soluble manganese (Mn): 4,4 % chelated by EDTAWater-soluble zinc (Zn): 5,5 % chelated by EDTA
Water-soluble iron (Fe): 4,5 % chelated by DTPA and EDTA (= 60 gFe/L)Water-soluble manganese (Mn): 1,2 % chelated by EDTA (= 15 gMn/L)Water-soluble zinc (Zn): 0,5 % chelated by EDTA (= 6 g Zn/L)
Water-soluble iron (Fe): 5,2 % (= 65 g Fe/L) of whichiron (Fe) chelated by DTPA: 3,0 %iron (Fe) chelated by EDTA: 1,2 %iron (Fe) chelated by HEEDTA: 1,0 %
Water-soluble manganese (Mn): 6,6 % (= 90 g Mn/L)Chelated manganese (Mn): 6,6 % chelated by DTPA, EDTA andHEEDTA (= 90 g Mn/L)
IronChlorosis
16
Borondeficiency
Boron is a micro-nutrient that affects the quality as well as the quantity of the yield in allcrops, including grapes.The list of its functions explains why it is so important:- Stimulates blooming and pollen production- Ensures orderly cell division- Increases fertility- Stabilises cell walls- Activates fruit set- Regulates and reduces the water consumption- Increases fruit trees' resistance to frost- Plays a role in the internal transportation of substances such as phytohormones,sugars and other nutrients (Ca, N, P).
- Increases K, Mg, Ca and P uptake- Increases the proportion of sugars in the reserve organs
The role of Boron
21
- “ Hen and chicken disease” (or “ coulure” ): smaller, greener and seedless grapes. This canbe caused by several factors such as a poor fruit set in a warm period followinga flowering period during a cold spell; genetic factors; secondary effects of pests, oralso by a boron deficiency.
- Poor pollination and lack of seed formation- Thicker, swollen and wrinkled leaves- New shoots that seem to be flattened and parted in 2 as a fork.- Shorter and thicker internodes, with cracks (both on the stems and the branches)- More compact plant shape- Berries remain very small, dry-out, with a limited growth and take on a brownish colour- Berries fall prematurely- Necrosis of the apex which can lead to secondary ramifications
Deficiency symtoms
17
1 - 2 treatments with
We recommend these treatments to be applied before the flowering phase.
(1 L Chelal B or 3 L Hyberol )® ®
Recommendations
22
Risk Factors- Soil with poor boron content- Light, leached soils- Calcareous soils- Excessive nitrogen or potassium nutrition of the plants- Weather: Alternating wet spells and dry spells
Boron
The productsChelal B
Hyberol
®
®
Chelal B
Chelal B
Chelal B
®
®
®
is a unique product on the market, containing boron which iscomplexed by alkanolamines and chelated by polyols. This formula guaranteescomplete foliar absorption and ensures a good translocation to all plant partsincluding the root system, new shoots, the developing grape bunches, etc.
ensures an orderly cell division, thereby influencing the development ofmeristemic tissues such as shoots, roots and new plant structures such as flowers.Boron stimulates the flowering, pollen production and cell division in new berries.There is a positive correlation between boron levels and flower quantity andquality, fruit set and the number of seeds in the berries (an vitally aspect of fruitquality!)
is a liquid, which means that it is easy to use. It is also compatible withmost phytosanitary products (cfr the miscibility list on our website).
Water-soluble boron (B): 8,0 % (= 105 g B/L)
Is a foliar fertilizer containing Boron, Zinc and also seaweed extract (60 g/LAscophyllum nodosum), natural sugars and a small quantity of nitrogen (3 % N =37 g N/L)
Water-soluble boron (B): 1,8 % (= 22 g B/L)Water-soluble zinc (Zn): 2,8 % chelated by DTPA, EDTA and HEEDTA (= 35 g Zn/L)
Declared content:
Declared content:
23
Deficiency symptoms
The role of Magnesium
The grapevine needs magnesium in relatively large quantities. This is why Magnesium isconsidered a meso-nutrient. Since grapes are quite susceptible to magnesiumdeficiency, we must pay special attention to this element.Deficiencies can have a very significant effect on the harvest (quality and quantity) andfoliar treatments make it possible to carry out several quick and efficient interventionsduring the year.
- Chlorosis between the veins- A green border remains on both sides of a principal vein.- The first symptoms of magnesium deficiency are small chlorotic spots (on the inside
or the border of the leaf). These will increase in size, and join-up accordingly as thedeficiency progresses and form cone-shaped yellow patches from the edge of theleaf to the interior.
- necrosis may appear in the chlorotic area at first, but more likely along the border ofthe leaf.
- on red varieties, the same deficiency symptoms are present, but discolouration isreddish-purple rather than yellow.
- Deficiency symptoms are strongest on the leaves near the grape bunches.- Necrosis on the stem at the top of the bunch of grapes, known as “ stem dieback” .
or “ stalk necrosis” . This symptom usually appears when the grape begins to turncolour. This type of necrosis reduces sap circulation to the grapes and thusdecreases the nutrition they receive. Grapes take on a shrivelled, wrinkledappearance and many fall from the bunch. The grapes that do not fall are sour andlacking in colour.
- has a favourable effect on phosphorus assimilation and transportation- is essential in chlorophyll formation and for optimal photosynthesis- stimulates also protein synthesis.
DeficiencyMagnesium
24
Recommendations
Risk Factors- Light (sandy) and acid soils- Drought- Soils with low magnesium content- Periods of heavy rainfall (especially between May and August):
this favours the absorption of monovalent cations such as Kand NH4 (Donan effect)
- High yields- Young plants are more sensitive- Strong potash fertilization (antagonism with K) or other
imbalances between K and Mg: the K/Mg relationship in theleaf should ideally be between 3 and 10.Deficiency symptoms appear:
in sensitive varieties when K/Mg > 10in less sensitive varieties when K/Mg > 15
+
+
Magnesium
Plants almost continuously absorb Magnesium, from when vegetation begins through toveraison (fruit colouring), when it reaches its maximum absorption. This is why werecommend the first application at fruit set, and some repetitions up to veraison itself.
We should remind you that our product also contains 4,4% MgO. Ourgeneral programme for grapes consists of various treatments with and,therefore, also acts as a preventive treatment for Mg deficiency.
2 - 3 applications of
2-4 L Chelal Mg/ha®
FRUCTOL NF
FRUCTOL NF
®
®
Effects of the treatmentsSince magnesium is a component of chlorophyll, magnesium deficiency directly affectsthe process of photosynthesis, meaning plant growth. It also means that the plant nolonger produces any sugars to nourish the growing grapes.The well-known phenomenon of “ stem dieback” or “ stalk necrosis” also keeps sap (mainlythe phloem that nourishes the fruit with metabolites produced in the leaves) fromreaching the fruit. As a result, the grapes wilt. This is why magnesium is recommended to
ensure optimum fruit quality.
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
caused by the “Donan” effect
Chelal Mg®
Declared content:Water-soluble magnesium oxide (MgO): 5,3 % (= 42 g Mg/L or 70 g MgO/L)of which:0,7 % magnesium oxide (MgO) chelated by DTPA (= 6 g Mg/L or 9 g MgO/L)3,3 % magnesium oxide (MgO) chelated by EDTA (= 26 g Mg/L or 44 g MgO/L)1,3 % magnesium oxide (MgO) chelated by HEEDTA (= 10 g Mg/L or 17 g MgO/L)
In this chapter, we would like to demonstrate how the absence of deficiencies and a well-balanced nutrition not only improves grape production, but also have enormouslybeneficial secondary effects on plant health:
The end goal of our foliar programmes is to increase crop profitability by improving theplants' productivity, its quality and its general health. In order to achieve this increasedlevel of quality, it is not only necessary to fertilize the plants correctly to avoid deficienciesof macro, meso and micro nutrients, but they also have to be kept healthy by applyingsome preventive treatments, which increase the auto-defence mechanisms of theplants. This is why it is so important to follow the complete programme, as recommendedby our company experts.Some elements play a very important role in and in
. These elements are mainly .BMS Micro-Nutrients, following many years of experience in chelating meso- and micro-
nutrients, developed the products Chelal Kubig and Chelal Omnical, which provide thetwo elements mentioned above in an ideal format, so that the plant can use them in
order to defend itself against external attacks. Chelal Alga L, a liquid pure marine plant(algae) extract, is another product that stimulates a plant to be prepared againstpotential invaders (” vaccine effect” ).Be advised that these areand, therefore, they do not cure infections and attacks that have already taken place.Our main objective is to strengthen plants by giving them better tools with which todefend themselves.
® ®
®
Well-nourished plants are healthier
plants
“ the crops health and nutrition”
“ plant auto-defence mechanisms” copper and calcium
nutritional products and they have only preventive effects
.
Health andNutrition
A well-nourished plantis a healthier plant
25
Correct nutrition positively affects the health of plants, as it does in all living things andcreatures. All nutrients are important, but it is not only the absolute concentration, but alsothe balances between the different nutrients that are decisive. Nevertheless, of allnutrients two elements, copper and calcium, exert a particular influence:Copper,
Calcium:
intervenes in lignin biosynthesis, which is how it increases the plant's physicalresistance. Copper also forms part of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme, which has, as itsmain functions, the correct maintanence of phytohormone balances, cell lignification,flower colouring, and most of all, strengthening the plant’ s defence mechanisms.Likewise, copper activates phytoalexin synthesis which reduces spore germination andfungal growth
The effect of this element mainly results from two factors: firstly, calciumreinforces cell membranes and walls, where most of this element is located within theplant, and secondly, it reduces the activity of the pectin lyase enzyme (12) used bypathogens to attack plant tissue as soon as they penetrate.As it is mainly present in the cell walls, calcium also regulates their permeability and,therefore, the passage of sugars and amino acids between cells, the concentration ofthese metabolites in the cells, the intercellular spaces, the plant sap and the plantexudates, that might attract sap sucking insects or propagate fungus development.
Calcium and Copper:important elements
Calcium and copper are the most important elements, but there are other nutrients aswell that strongly affect plant health. Some examples are shown below.
is a fundamental element for protein formation, but if it is present inconcentrations higher than the optimal for the plants, the endogenous production ofanti-fungal substances is inferior and cell walls become thinner.
is important for the development of plant cuticles, a physical barrier against pests.However, a high concentration of this nutrient can lead to calcium deficiency.
affect plant sensitivity to illnesses. Along with calcium, boronregulates metabolite translocation, and with manganese, it plays a role in themetabolism of phenols, substances toxic for many pathogens. Along with copper,manganese plays a role in the lignin formation, a substance which increases the plant'sexternal physical barrier.
works together with manganese to detoxify free radicals and, therefore, reduces thepotential damage to cells and slows down the plant's ageing process. Zinc also ensuresthe stability and integrity of the cell membranes. In the case of a zinc deficiency, leakageof sugars from the cell (or to the exterior of the plant) can be observed.In general, we can say that all that increase sugar or amino acidlevels in the plant's sap, or plant's exudates, promote primarily fungal growth and alsoincrease the intensity with which sap-eating insects feed.Yellow leaves (Chlorosis) caused by any type of deficiency also attract sap-eating insectsthat can be vectors of other diseases.
nutritional imbalances
Nitrogen
Potash
Boron and Manganese
Zinc
Other elements
26
The copper in Chelal Kubig is completely chelated and especially developed for foliarapplications. The translocation of absorbed copper, between the roots and the above-ground plant parts is generally very low, which is a particular problem with this element.Chelal Kubig ensures a good supply of copper, most of all to the leaves. Chelal Kubig isa copper chelate with a positive charge, and it works like a slow-release fertiliser. Thepositive charge ensures slow, gradual absorption, which gives Chelal Kubig its very lowtoxicity potential. Its completely soluble formula allows for a uniform distribution of theapplied copper over the whole leaf surface area of the sprayed field, creating a very finefilm of copper on the leaves.Although copper is essential for plants, it can also be toxic to plantsas well as to bacteria and fungi. However, plants can toleratehigher levels of copper than less-developed life forms, such asbacteria and fungi. We can take advantage of this difference intolerance: by maintaining the highest possible copper levels in theplant (and above all in the leaves) without risking toxicity problems,we create an unfavourable environment for pathogens and, thus,protect the plant in a completely natural way.The copper-polyamine chelate in Chelal Kubig enables copperto be exchanged with, and integrated into, the SAR-proteins thatprotect the plant (SAR = Systemic Acquired Resistance). ChelalKubig only strengthens the plant's self defence mechanismpreventively. It cannot be used to cure infections and diseasesalready aquired.
Water-soluble Copper (Cu): 8.0 %Copper (Cu): 8.0 % Chelating agent: TEPA. Chelating agentcontent: 24 %
®
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®
®
®
Declared content:
Chelal Kubig®
The main problem with the calcium nutrition of the plant is the translocating ofthis element within the plant itself. BMS Micro-Nutrients has developed a specificproduct to overcome this problem. The chelation of Chelal Omnical ensuresthat the foliar applied calcium translocates very well towards the fruits. This way,we avoid the problems directly related to calcium deficiency (bitter pit,blossom-end rot, etc… ) and also protect the fruits from possible infections (suchas botrytis) by increasing the strength and physical resistance of their cellmembranes and walls. For further information, see the following pages in thisdocument.
Water-soluble calcium oxide (CaO): 8,5 % (= 100 g CaO/L)of which 6,8 % calcium oxide (CaO) chelated by DTPA (= 80 g CaO/L)
®
Declared content:
Chelal Omnical®
Chelated Copper of the next
generation: CuTEPA2+
27
28
Marine plant extracts (derived algae) are also known for their ability to increaseplants' systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Plants have the capacity toproduce chemical compounds that protect them against fungal or insectattacks (when receiving external stimuli). The application of marine plantextracts can help to initiate this process within the plant. Some of theseprotective compounds will be produced in response to a wounds or lesions,while others attack directly the invaders. The effect is similar to that which isachieved by vaccinating an animal.The high concentrations of antioxidants in marine plant extracts reduce fungalinfections (such as mildew) and cytokinins have the secondary effect ofrepelling insects. This reduces the numbers of certain types of pests anddecreases their ability to spread other infections (insects might be vectors for fungi orviruses).Chelal Alga L also promotes the endogenous production of capsidiol, a phytoalexin thatthe plant itself produces as its first line of defence against fungal attacks.
Marine plant extract (derived from Ascophyllum Nodosum): 22,3 % (= 250 g/L); Water-soluble potassium oxide (K2O): 4,5 %.Registration number (Belgium): EM062.AE
®
Declared content:
Chelal Alga®
29
Effect on Botrytis cinereaIn partnership with the University of Bordeaux (France), an important research project wascarried out titled “ Research about the polygalacturonase activity in healthy grapes andgrapes infected with Botrytis Cinerea: the influence of calcium” (10).The most interesting results from this study are summarised below.Firstly, we must recall that most of the calcium within in the plant (90% to 95%) is locatedwithin the cell walls, and once it arrives there, it is incorporated permanently and DOESNOT move anymore. Plants absorb calcium mainly passively. Once it has beenabsorbed, the calcium translocates through the plant almost exclusively in the xylem sapupwards from the roots to the leaves, which is promoted by the plant's transpiration. Whenthe plants have good transpiration rates, the xylem flow is faster and more abundant and,therefore, the plants receive more calcium.
During the early stages of the fruit formation most of the calcium within the fruits isincorporated into the cell walls of the fruit (90 % during the first six weeks followingblooming). This is principally due to the fact that this is a period of active cell division,which consequently means that the cell walls are continuously forming. At this momentthe plant incorporates the calcium into its cell walls, increases its rigidity and also thehardness of the fruits themself.Botrytis penetrates the plants in different ways, mainly through damaged or woundedtissues, but the fungus itself can produce enzymes that attack cell walls. Cutinase orpolygalacturonase are such enzymes. They weaken the cell walls, allowing the fungus toenter the cells themselves. The activity of these enzymes is essential to the fungus beingable to penetrate the grape rapidly.The first chapters of this study compare polygalacturonase production by Botritis in vivoand in vitro. Production was highly similar in both cases.Next the influence of calcium on the relationship between plant and fungus wasexamined. In vitro Chelal Omnical had an inhibition coefficient of 50% at aconcentration of 0.5 mM. Calcium Chloride did not have this effect on Botrytisdevelopment. We should point out that that Chelal Omnical slowed the fungaldevelopment down; but DID NOT KILL the fungus, it managed to stop its developmentalmost completely. Chelal Omnical inhibited mycelium growth and spore germination.
®
®
®
ChelalOmnical
Reference: 10 mM CaCL
No inhibition of de development2 Chelal Omnical: 5 mM Ca
Inhibition of 50 % at 0,5 mMInhibition almost complete at 5mM
5 mM Ca corresponds with1 L Chelal Omnical in 300 L water
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30
Once they had observed the above effect in the laboratory, a trial was designed to verifythe results in the field.
T0: Control group with two water applicationsTA: Water applied at fruit set + applications of Chelal Omnical at veraisonTB: Two applications of Chelal Omnical: one at fruit set and one at veraison.TC: Chelal Omnical applied at fruit set + water application at veraisonCalcium concentrations were then measured in leaves, grapes, grape pulp and grapeskin.First, researchers noted that the effect of the treatment on the leaves was zero or evenslightly negative (not significant). The effect of the treatment, however was noticeable inthe gapes. The grapes which had received treatments had higher levels of Calcium. TheTB group (2 applications of Chelal Omnical) and the TC group (treatment during fruit set)had the highest Calcium concentrations.
The protocol of the trial was:
®
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
T0 TA TB TC
Frui t Set Veraison Ripe Frui t
Ca concentration in the leaves (mg/g DM)
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
T0 TA TB TC
Veraison Ripe Frui t
Ca concentration in the grape (mg/grape)
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
T0 TA TB TC
Veraison Ripe Frui t
Ca concentration in the pulp of the grape (mg/grape)
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
T0 TA TB TC
Veraison Ripe Frui t
Ca concentration in the skin of the grape (mg/grape)
By separating the grape pulp from the skin and analysing each structure separately,researchers obtained extremely interesting results. In the pulp, the Calciumconcentrations were initially higher in the treated groups (TB and TC) during veraison (fruitcolouring), but once the grape was mature (ripe), there were no significant differencesanymore.In contrast, the grape skin contained significantly higher concentrations of Calcium for alltreatment groups, and for the TB and TC groups, the difference was very large indeed(nearly double).
These results show that the application of during fruit set
ensures that Calcium will be incorporated into the grape skin, thus
strengthening the skin cells' cell walls and increasing the grape's physical
resistance against, for example, attacks from Botrytis Cinerea.
Chelal Omnical®
31
TREATED with
Chelal Omnical
and Chelal Kubig
CONTROL GROUP
Acidic Rot
Trial ResultsFollowing the research carried out in partnership with the University of Bordeaux, severalmore field trials have confirmed the effect of Chelal Omnical on the Botrytisdevelopment.Chelal Omnical may also be used in combination with Chelal Kubig, thus combiningthe preventive effects of both products.In one specific study (on Pinot Gris in Udine (Italy)), we compared the effects of traditionalanti-botrytis treatments (Control, normal pesticides) with a combined treatment usingboth traditional anti-botrytis treatments and BMS MN products (Chelal Omnical (1,5 L) +Chelal Kubig (0.5L) (4 applications)) (BMS MN).Interesting results were obtained on the control of 'acidic rot'.
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RecommendationsSince BMS Micro-Nutrients products are not pesticides, but rather intended to increase theplant's physical resistance and strengthening its self defence mechanisms, ChelalOmnical and Chelal Kubig must always only be applied preventively
(fruit set, berry touch, start veraison (fruit colouring), start of fruitripening)
®
®
4 treatment with
(1,5 L Chelal Omnical + 0,5-1 L Chelal Kubig)/ha® ®
Analysis of variance and mean compared with Duncan control (P=0,05)
5,16%
15,15%
23,43%
49,57%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Control
Chelal Omnical
+ Chelal Kubig
Diffusion Index
Damage to the Production
Health andNutrition
EU Regulations 834/2007 and 889/2008 determine exactly the outlines governingorganic production. These same regulations stipulate which fertilisers are permitted forthis type of farming. Unlike the previous regulation (2092/91), these new regulations(834/2007 and 889/2008) NO LONGER REQUIRE that fertilisers used in organic productionhave to be pre-registered before use nor authorised with a national regulatory controlbody. Despite this important change to the regulations, many producers still ask for proofof registration with control bodies before they are willing to use any fertilisers. For thisreason, BMS Micro-Nutrients still maintains its presence on the national registers of severalcountries such as France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Italy.In general, we can state that
(only whennecessary, and in the smallest quantities necessary).Other products made by BMS Micro-Nutrients containing macro- and/or meso-nutrientsare not permitted under these regulations. Finally, the European Regulations also permitthe use of certain types of plant marine extracts.
all “ EC Fertilisers” made by BMS Micro-Nutrients and
containing only micro-nutrients are permitted in organic production
All products made by BMS Micro-
Nutrients, containing plant marine extracts, also those containing chelated micro-
nutrients, meet these requirements and can, therefore, be used in organic
agriculture.
OrganicAgriculture
General Information
For many years now is one of the most important and most advanced products
within the BMS Micro-Nutrients product range. is a very complete product thatoptimizes plant nutrition and also serves as the key product in the foliar nutritionprogrammes, such as NTF.As organic agriculture is becoming increasingly more and more important in Europe andaround the world, BMS Micro-Nutrients has developed a new product that is as similar as
possible as our classic formula, while respecting the organic productionregulations for fertiliser use.This new product, , contains the same balance of chelated micro-elementsas the classic formula but the macro-nutrients have been substituted by marine plantextracts, which are rich in potash and also provide a certain degree of nitrogen.
Marine Plant extract: 12 % (= 150 g/L)Water-soluble boron (B): 0,5 % (= 6 g B/L)Water-soluble iron (Fe): 0,8 % chelated by DTPA and EDTA (= 10 g Fe/L)Water-soluble manganese (Mn): 0,8 % chelated by EDTA (= 10 g Mn/L)Water-soluble molybdenum (Mo): 0,08 % (= 1 g Mo/L)
Fructol
Fructol
Fructol
®
®
®
Fructol Bio®
Declared content:
Fructol Bio®
32
Fructol Bio® stimulates and regulates vegetation.
The micro-elements in the product control and stimulate all of the plant's enzymaticfunctions. Deficiencies of these nutrients will severely disturb the plants' metabolism andfunctions, such as photosynthesis, respiration, cell division, blooming, storage of reserves,
etc. The mixture of micro-elements in provides substantial amounts of each
of these nutrients in order to guarantee continuous and uninterrupted growth.improves product quality and yield and promotes precocity (early yield).The marine plant extracts in also provide amino acids, vitamins, betaines,antioxidants, carbohydrates and growth regulators such as cytokinins and auxins.Together, all these components improve root growth and nutrient absorption, andcontribute to a better management of biotic or abiotic stress. The marine plant extractshave also some secondary advantageous effects. First of all, high concentrations ofcytokinins have been proven to act as an insect repellent. Secondly, plants themselvesare known to synthesise compounds to protect themselves from fungal and insectattacks. Applying marine plant extracts can induce this process within the plant, whichcan be compared to vaccination, and will increase the Systemic Acquired Resistance(SAR) of the plant.The marine plant extracts in also provide nutrients, such as nitrogen, in anorganic form (amino acids) and above all, potash.
Fructol Bio
Fructol Bio
Fructol Bio
Fructol Bio
®
®
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Effects of Fructol Bio®
33
Fructol Bio is an easy-to-use liquid product that was developed specifically for foliarapplications.If the plants are suffering from deficiencies of one or more micro-nutrients, Fructol Biotreatments should be complemented with one or more products from our range thatprovide the missing nutrient or nutrients. We would like to point out that most of ourproducts, containing only micro-elements, are in accordance with the organicproduction legislation and can be applied if necessary. (Please consult our list ofregistered products).The recommended dose is:
3 - 4 treatments with
®
®
3-4 L Fructol Bio®
The use of Fructol Bio®
Control Fructol Bio®
Control Fructol Bio®
34
Fructol Bio was tested in vineyards in both France and Italy. The test results were veryuniform and homogenous. Fructol Bio was tested on four varieties - Cabernet Franc,Muscat, Pinot Grigio and Cabernet Sauvignon – and they all responded well to foliartreatments with Fructol Bio. They not only increased production, but also had a positiveeffect on numerous quality factors:
- bunches and grapes- grapesProduction increase on average (between 2% and 17 %)
- Similar or better oenological values:For most treatment groups, we obtained
.
More homogeneous
Larger and better-formed
of 7%
higher levels of sugars, alcohol and above
all polyphenols
®
®
®
Test Results
Control: 102Fructol Bio: 159®
Control: 33Fructol Bio: 37®
Control: 69Fructol Bio: 130®
Control: 13,14Fructol Bio: 13,32®
Control: 12,61Fructol Bio: 12,81®
Control: 10,40Fructol Bio: 12,98®
Control: 2179Fructol Bio: 2753®
Control: 2928Fructol Bio: 3046®
Control: 1563Fructol Bio: 2245®
Sugars (kg/ha) Alcohol (%) Polyphfenols (mg/L)
Muscat
Cabernet
Sauvignon (1)
Pinot Grigio
(1): compared to another foliar treatment (Control)Fructol Bio®
Cabernet Franc
35
Use andadvantages
BMS MN productsThe chelated micro-nutrients and foliar fertilisers made by BMS Micro-Nutrients enablegrowers to apply nutrients to the crop in the way possible, which makesthem very effective and generates a rapid response from the plant.
Products made by BMS Micro-Nutrients can be applied usingusually used for spraying, including the ultra-modern models which recycle some of thespraying solution.
Our BMS Micro-Nutrients formulations are extremely pure and stable, which means theycan be applied currently on the market. This means thatthere are no extra applications necessary, thus saving time and costs. However, werecommend checking our compatibility list on our website:http://www.chelal.com/produkten.php: Mixability List.
Our products' high quality, allow more flexibility in the application programmes. Naturally,we always recommend that the general instructions for foliar applications are respected,so that the optimum effect is obtained:- (by applying treatments in the morning or
evening)- applying treatments with is always better- indicated on the labels and in
the technical sheets.- in high-risk situations (varieties sensitive to deficiencies, soils with extreme pH levels,
etc.) where deficiencies reoccur every year, we recommend
MOST efficient
any type of machine
together with most pesticides
avoid the hottest moments of the day
fine droplets
espect the doses and maximum concentrations
preventive treatments
r
.
The small quantities used in NTFprogrammes for grapevines result in
of fertilisation for a vineyard.
®
an
important reduction of the logistical
costs
Fertilizers for 1 Ha of grapevines =>
ProgrammeDoses and recommendations per hectare. Please pay attention to the maximum concentrationsindicated on the labels.
NTF Programme®
Flowerclusters exposed
1,5 kg Fructol NF®
Flowerclusters visible
Prebloom
2,5 kg Fructol NF®
Flowering
Fruit set
2,5 kg Fructol NF
End of Fruit Set: 5-10 kg Kappa V
®
Berry touch
5 Kg Kappa G
Veraison
THIS PROGRAMME IS THE RESULT OF THE TRIAL AT ERSA. THE PROGRAMME MUST BE ADAPTED TO THE TOIN CASE OF A DEFICIENCY, THE MISSING NUTRIENT(S)
MUST BE ADDED TO THE PROGRAMME.We recommend to analyse the soil every two to three years (during winter after the harvest) and to do a leafanalysis after flowering to check the plant’ s nutritional state, in order to adapt the programme if necessary.
LOCALCONDITIONS AND SPECIFIC PROBLEMAS AT THE VINYARD.
Green Fruit
5 Kg Kappa G
36
General NTF®
“Hen and chicken disease” (or“coulure”) (Boron deficiency)
Iron Chlorosis (1) “ Stem dieback” or“ stalk necrosis” (1)
Flowerclusters exposed
1 L Chelal B®
Flowerclusters visible
1,5 L Chelal Fe +0,5 kg Chelal RD
®
®
Prebloom
1 L Chelal B® 2 L Chelal Fe+0,5 kg Chelal RD
®
®
Flowering
Fruit set
2 L Chelal Fe+0,5 kg Chelal RD
®
®
2 - 4 L Chelal Mg®
Berry touch
If the deficiency issevere, repeat with 2 LChelal Fe®
Veraison
2 - 4 L Chelal Mg®
Green Fruit
If the deficiency issevere, repeat the lasttreatment
37
SpecificDeficienciesDoses and recommendations per hectare. Please pay attention to the maximum concentrationsindicated on the labels.
1. Assorbimento di elementi e concimazione fogliare. Nino Rossi, Instituto di chimicaagraria Universita di Bologna, Agronomia 14/2000 p69-73
2. Potenzialità dell'assorbimento fogliare della vite. Mario Fregoni, Instituto di viticolturaUniversita Cattolica del Sacra Cuore Piacenza, L'informatore Agrario, 17/2000p63-64
3. Concimazione di produzione per via fogliare nella vite. Paolo Belvini - LuigiBavaresco - Lorenzo Della Costa, VigneVini 10/2006, p 67-70.
4. Enrico Maria Lodolini, Dipartimento di energetica, Università degli studi diAncona, L'informatore Agrario 24/2002, p52-54
5. Early experimental Developmen of foliar feeding. Dr H.B. Tukey, Head Departmentof Horticulture Michigan State College in coop with the U.S. Atomic EnergyResearch.
6. Concimazione Fogliare E/O Fertirrigazione? Luigi Tarricone - Antonio MariaAmendolagine - Giovanni Gentilesco - Gianvito Masi, VQ aprile 2011
7. Non solo fuoco per eliminare i sarmenti di potatura. Claudio Corradi, Terra eVita 47/2006, p59-60
8. Chimica viticolo-enologica. Elementi per la didattica di settore. M. Fregoni -C. Fregoni - R. Ferrarini - F. Spagnoli.
9. Le cuivre nuit à la qualité aromatique. Viti N° 300, 10/2004 p1110. Cabanne, Charlotte. “ Recherches sur la polygalacturonase du raisin sain et
infecté par Botrytis Cinerea – Influence du calcium” , Thèse n°792 pour le Doctoratde l’ Université Bordeaux 2 (sous la direction de M.B. Doneche), SciencesBiologiques et Médicales, Option : Œ nologie et Ampélologie. 2000, 177 pages.
11.Fregoni, Mario. « Some aspects of epigean nutrition of grapevines ». In “ FoliarFertilization – Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Foliar Fertilization” ,Ed. Alexander, A. 1986, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, pp. 205- 213.
12. wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin_lyase
Bibliography
38
Production:BMS Micro-Nutrients NV
Rijksweg 32 - 2880 Bornem - BelgiumTel: +(32)3.899.10.10 - Fax: +(32)3.899.40.45web: www.chelal.com - mail: [email protected]
